Association of transforming growth factor-β1 gene C-509T and T869C polymorphisms with atherosclerotic cerebral infarction in the Chinese: a case-control study

Genetic Risk Factors Related to Coronary Artery Disease and Role of Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1 Polymorphisms

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the leading causes of mortality globally and has long been known to be heritable; however, the specific genetic factors involved have yet to be identified. Recent advances have started to unravel the genetic architecture of this disease and set high expectations about the future use of novel susceptibility variants for its prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In the past decade, there has been major progress in this area. New tools, like common variant association studies, genome-wide association studies, meta-analyses, and genetic risk scores, allow a better understanding of the genetic risk factors driving CAD. In recent years, researchers have conducted further studies that confirmed the role of numerous genetic factors in the development of CAD. These include genes that affect lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, regulate the function of the endothelium and vascular smooth muscles, influence the coagulation system, or affect the immune system. Many CAD-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified, although many of their functions are largely unknown. The inflammatory process that occurs in the coronary vessels is very important in the development of CAD. One important mediator of inflammation is TGFβ1. TGFβ1 plays an important role in the processes leading to CAD, such as by stimulating macrophage and fibroblast chemotaxis, as well as increasing extracellular matrix synthesis. This review discusses the genetic risk factors related to the development of CAD, with a particular focus on polymorphisms of the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) gene and its receptor.

Serum Transforming Growth Factor β1 and Its Genetic Variants Are Associated with Increased Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1β and Susceptibility to Idiopathic Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common entrapment neuropathy in which one of the body's peripheral nerves becomes pinched or crushed. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of CTS. An association between TGF-β1 polymorphisms and the susceptibility or progression of a number of diseases has been reported. In this study, three TGF-β1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), serum TGF-β1, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP-1β) were investigated as potential diagnostic markers for the progression of CTS in Egyptian patients. One hundred CTS patients and 100 healthy controls were recruited for the study. TGF-β1 SNPs +915G/C, -509C/T and -800G/A were determined by TaqMan genotyping assay. Serum TGF-β1 and MIP-1β levels were measured by ELISA. Serum TGF-β1 and MIP-1β levels increased significantly and were strongly correlated with the occurrence of CTS. The C allele of +915G/C, the T allele of -509C/T, and the G allele of -800G/A occurred more frequently in patients from CTS than in controls. The serum levels of TGF-β1 and MIP-1β in the group of carriers of the genotypes +915G/C GC and CC, the genotype -509C/T TT and the genotype -800G/A GA and AA were significantly higher in CTS patients. TGF-β1 and its +915G/C, -509C/T, and -800G/A SNPs and MIP-1β could be useful prognostic markers for the occurrence of CTS.

The role of IL-17 rs2275913, IL-17RC rs708567 and TGFB1 rs1800469 SNPs and IL-17A serum levels in patients with lupus nephritis

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease and polymorphisms in the cytokine genes and their receptors are thought to influence its development. The aim of this case-control study was to investigate the association of the IL-17A rs2275913, IL-17RC rs708567 and TGFB1 rs1800469 polymorphisms with SLE, its clinical manifestations and the polymorphisms influence on the IL-17A serum levels. Altogether 59 SLE patients with lupus nephritis and 95 healthy controls were genotyped by TaqMan assay. Serum levels were determined by Human IL-17A Platinum ELISA kit. From the studied polymorphisms, only TGFB1 T allele was found to be associated with SLE. Within the patient group, IL-17A GG genotype and TGFB1 -509T allele showed an association with the neurological disease and IL-17RC CC genotype appeared to be associated with lupus arthritis. The IL17A serum levels in the SLE and control groups (7.24 pg/ml and 5.76 pg/ml, respectively) did not show any statistical difference. A weak correlation between IL17A levels and SLEDAI-2K was observed. Our results indicate that IL-17A rs2275913, IL-17RCrs708567 and TGFB1 rs1800469 polymorphisms might play a role in the susceptibility and the clinical manifestations of SLE and IL-17A serum levels should be monitored in the course of the disease. The identification of subsets of SLE with an IL-17-driven disease could improve the therapeutic approach leading to more precise personalized treatment.

Genetic Diversity of Human Host Genes Involved in Immune Response and the Binding of Malaria Parasite in Patients Residing along the Thai-Myanmar border

Polymorphisms of the genes encoding proteins involved in immune functions and the binding of malaria parasites to human host cells have been the focus of research in recent years, aiming to understand malaria pathogenesis and case severity and to exploit this knowledge to assert control over malaria. This study investigated the genetic diversity of the human host genes encoding proteins that are involved in immune functions and malaria parasite binding, i.e., MCP1 (−2518), TGFβ1 (−509), TNFα (−308), IL4 (VNTR), IL6 (−174), IL10 (−3575), TLR4 (299), CD36 (−188), and ICAM1 (469) in patients with mono-infection of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax infections in the multidrug-resistant areas along the Thai-Myanmar border. The association between gene polymorphisms and parasite density was also investigated. Genomic DNA (gDNA) of P. falciparum and P. vivax were extracted from whole blood and dried blood spot (DBS). Gene amplification and genotyping were performed by PCR and PCR-RFLP analysis, respectively. Of these samples, 178 and 209 samples were, respectively, mono-infection with P. falciparum and P. vivax. The ratio of P. falciparum: P. vivax was 46%:54%. Results showed marked variation in the frequency distribution and patterns of the genotypes and gene alleles of the nine immune response genes or human host genes. The SNPs of TGFβ1, IL10 and ICAM1, were significantly associated with P. falciparum, but not P. vivax parasite density. TGFβ1, IL10 and ICAM1, may play more significant roles in modulating P. falciparum than P. vivax parasitemia. The prevalence of the genotypes and gene alleles of these genes, including their association with parasite density, may vary depending on patient ethnicity and endemic areas. Information obtained from each endemic area is essential for treatment strategies and the development of vaccines for malaria prophylaxis in specific areas.

Transforming Growth Factor-β Protects against Inflammation-Related Atherosclerosis in South African CKD Patients

Background

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) may inhibit the development of atherosclerosis. We evaluated serum levels of TGF-β isoforms concurrently with serum levels of endotoxin and various inflammatory markers. In addition, we determined if any association exists between polymorphisms in the TGF-β1 gene and atherosclerosis in South African CKD patients.

Methods

We studied 120 CKD patients and 40 healthy controls. Serum TGF-β1, TGF-β2, TGF-β3, endotoxin, and inflammatory markers were measured. Functional polymorphisms in the TGF-β1 genes were genotyped using a polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer method and carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) was assessed by B-mode ultrasonography.

Results

TGF-β isoforms levels were significantly lower in the patients with atherosclerosis compared to patients without atherosclerosis (p<0.001). Overall, TGF-β isoforms had inverse relationships with CIMT. TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 levels were significantly lower in patients with carotid plaque compared to those without carotid plaque [TGF-β1: 31.9 (17.2 – 42.2) versus 45.9 (35.4 – 58.1) ng/ml, p=0.016; and TGF-β2: 1.46 (1.30 – 1.57) versus 1.70 (1.50 – 1.87) ng/ml, p=0.013]. In multiple logistic regression, age, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3 were the only independent predictors of subclinical atherosclerosis in CKD patients [age: odds ratio (OR), 1.054; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.003 – 1.109, p=0.039; TGF-β2: OR, 0.996; 95% CI: 0.994–0.999, p=0.018; TGF-β3: OR, 0.992; 95% CI: 0.985–0.999, p=0.029). TGF-β1 genotypes did not influence serum levels of TGF-β1 and no association was found between the TGF-β1 gene polymorphisms and atherosclerosis risk.

Conclusion

TGF-β isoforms seem to offer protection against the development of atherosclerosis among South African CKD patients.

Transforming growth factor-β1 (C509T, G800A, and T869C) gene polymorphisms and risk of ischemic stroke in North Indian population: A hospital-based case-control study

Background:

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional pleiotropic cytokine involved in inflammation and pathogenesis of cerebrovascular diseases. There is limited information on the association between variations within the TGF-β1 gene polymorphisms and risk of ischemic stroke (IS). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the TGF-β1 gene (C509T, G800A, and T869C) polymorphisms, and their haplotypes with the risk of IS in North Indian population.

Methods:

A total of 250 IS patients and 250 age- and sex-matched controls were studied. IS was classified using the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment classification. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the strength of association between TGF-β1 gene polymorphisms and risk of IS. Genotyping was performed using SNaPshot method.

Results:

Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, alcohol, smoking, family history of stroke, sedentary lifestyle, and low socioeconomic status were found to be associated with the risk of IS. The distribution of C509T, G800A and T869C genotypes was consistent with Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in the IS and control groups. Adjusted conditional logistic regression analysis showed a significant association of TGF-β1 C509T (odds ratio [OR], 2.1; 95% CI; 1.2–3.8; P = 0.006), G800A (OR, 4.4; 95% CI; 2.1–9.3; P < 0.001) and T869C (OR, 2.6; 95% CI; 1.5–4.5; P = 0.001) with the risk of IS under dominant model. Haplotype analysis showed that C509-A800-T869 and T509-G800-C869 haplotypes were significantly associated with the increased risk of IS. C509T and T869C were in strong linkage disequilibrium (D' =0.51, r² = 0.23).

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that TGF-β1 polymorphisms and their haplotypes are significantly associated with the risk of IS in North Indian population.

Association of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1-509C/T Gene Polymorphism with Ischemic Stroke: A Meta Analysis

INTRODUCTION

Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic cytokine with potent anti-inflammatory property, which has been considered as an essential risk factor in the inflammatory process of Ischemic Stroke (IS), by involving in the pathophysiological progression of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and lipid metabolisms. -509C/T TGF-β1 gene polymorphism has been found to be associated with the risk of IS. The aim of this meta-analysis was to provide a relatively comprehensive account of the relation between -509C/T gene polymorphisms of TGF-β1 and susceptibility to IS.

METHODS

A review of literature for eligible genetic association Studies published before October 20, 2014 was conducted in the PubMed, EMBASE, Google Scholar and Trip database. The strength of association was calculated by pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals using RevMan 5.3 software. Heterogeneity was examined using Higgins I-squared, Tau-squared, and Chi-squared tests.

RESULTS

A total of 2 studies involving 614 cases and 617 controls were found. The overall estimates did not show any significant relation between TGF-β1-509C/T polymorphism and risk of IS under dominant (CC+CT vs. TT: OR=1.01, 95%CI=0.31 to 3.26; P=0.99), recessive (CC vs. CT+TT: OR=0.94, 95%CI=0.47 to 1.90; P=0.87), and allelic models (T vs. C: OR=1.06, 95%CI=0.55 to 2.04; P=0.86).

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis showed that TGF-β1-509C/T gene polymorphism has no significant association with the susceptibility of IS. Further well-designed prospective studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm these findings.

Association of transforming growth factor-β1 gene C509T, G800A and T869C polymorphisms with intracerebral hemorrhage in North Indian Population: a case-control study

Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a multifunctional pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in inflammation and pathogenesis of cerebrovascular disease. As per our knowledge, there is no published study investigating the association between variations within the TGF-β1 gene polymorphisms and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the TGF-β1 gene (C509T, G800A and T869C) polymorphisms, and their haplotypes with the risk of ICH in North Indian population. 100 ICH patients and 100 age- and sex-matched controls were studied. Genotyping was performed using SNaPshot method. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to calculate the strength of association between TGF-β1 gene polymorphisms and risk of ICH. Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, low socioeconomic status, smoking, physical activity were found to be associated with the risk of ICH. The distribution of C509T, G800A and T869C genotypes was consistent with Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) in the ICH and control group. Adjusted conditional logistic regression analysis showed an independent association of TGF-β1 G800A (OR 9.07; 95% CI 2.3-35.6; P = 0.002) and T869C (OR 5.1; 95 % CI 1.9-13.2; P = 0.001) with the risk of ICH under dominant model. Haplotype analysis showed that C509-G800-C869 and C509-A800-C869 haplotypes were significantly associated with the increased risk of ICH. C509T and T869C were in strong linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.53, r(2) = 0.23). Our results suggest that TGF-β1 (G800A, T869C) gene polymorphisms and their haplotypes are significantly associated with the risk of ICH in North Indian population. Further prospective studies with large sample size are required for independent validation. Our findings could be helpful in identifying individuals at increased risk for developing ICH.

Transforming growth factor-β: an important mediator in Helicobacter pylori-associated pathogenesis

Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, helical bacillus that specifically colonizes the gastric mucosa. The interaction of virulence factors, host genetic factors, and environmental factors contributes to the pathogenesis of H. pylori-associated conditions, such as atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia. Infection with H. pylori has recently been recognized as the strongest risk factor for gastric cancer. As a pleiotropic cytokine, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β regulates various biological processes, including cell cycle, proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. Recent studies have shed new light on the involvement of TGF-β signaling in the pathogenesis of H. pylori infection. This review focuses on the potential etiological roles of TGF-β in H. pylori-mediated gastric pathogenesis.

Study of the association of the T869C polymorphism of the transforming growth factor-β1 gene with polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common multifactorial disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance and chronic oligoanovulation. In addition, a number of females with PCOS have ovaries with multiple cysts, an irregular or no menstrual cycle and an imbalance of female hormones compared with normal controls. The transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‑β1) gene is one of the genes associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, which are characteristic symptoms of PCOS. The present study, therefore, investigated the association between the T869C polymorphism of the TGF‑β1 gene, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of TGF‑β1 and PCOS. The genomic DNA from 285 patients with PCOS and 129 healthy control individuals was used in the present study. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference between the groups. The present study findings suggested that the frequency of genotypes provided no significant association between the T869C polymorphism in the TGF‑β1 gene and patients with PCOS. Although the present study concluded that the T869C polymorphism in the TGF‑β1 gene is not associated with the pathogenesis of PCOS, further studies regarding the correlation between other SNPs of the TGF‑β1 gene and PCOS are required.

Lack of Association of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α G-308A and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 C-509T Polymorphisms in Patients with Deep Neck Space Infections

Deep neck space infections are defined as infections that spread along the fascial planes and spaces of the head and neck. Even in the era of antibiotics, these infections can and have been potentially life-threatening conditions. The role of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) genes in deep neck infections has not been studied. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of the TNF-α G-308A and TGF-β1 C-509T polymorphisms in patients suffering from infections of deep neck spaces and to determine the correlation of these polymorphisms with the values of inflammation markers [C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell (WBC) count]. A total of 41 patients with infections of deep neck spaces and 44 healthy controls were screened for TNF-α G-308A and TGF-β1 C-509T polymorphisms using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The distribution of the TNF-α G-308A genotype in patients did not reveal statistically significant correlation compared to con-trols (p = 0.483, χ(2) = 0.491) as well as the distribution of the TGF-β1 C-509T genotypes (p = 0.644, χ(2) = 0.725). The distribution of TNF-α -308 and TGF-β1 -509 alleles was not significantly different in patients compared to controls. Moreover, CRP levels and WBC counts were not associated with TNF-α G-308A and TGF-β1 C-509T promoter polymorphisms in patients with deep neck infections. In conclusion, our study suggests that the TNF-α G-308A and TGF-β1 C-509T polymorphisms are not associated with infections of deep neck spaces.

Association between transforming growth factor-beta 1 T869C polymorphism and ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis

Objective

To explore the association between transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) T869C polymorphism and risk of ischemic stroke (IS) by performing a meta-analysis based on published articles.

Methods

Systematic electronic searches of PubMed, Science Direct, BIOSIS Previews, Chinese Biomedical Database, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and WANFANG Database were performed. The strength of the association was calculated by pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). Subgroup analysis was conducted to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis was performed to elucidate the stability of the outcomes. Publication bias was evaluated by Begg’s funnel plot and Egger’s test.

Results

A total of 6 studies involving 1701 cases were included. The overall estimates did not show any significant association between TGF-β1 T869C polymorphism and risk of IS under all genetic models (C vs. T: OR = 1.08,95%CI = 0.88–1.32; CC vs. TT:OR = 1.17,95%CI = 0.79–1.72; CT vs. TT: OR = 0.91, 95%CI = 0.68–1.22; CC+CT vs. TT: OR = 0.99, 95%CI = 0.73–1.35; CC vs. CT+TT: OR = 1.23, 95%CI = 0.95–1.59). Similar lacking associations were observed in subgroup analysis based on ethnicity and source of controls. When stratified by study design, significant increased association of IS risk was found in cohort studies under genetic models except recessive model(C vs. T: OR = 1.18, 95%CI = 1.05–1.32; CC vs. TT: OR = 1.40, 95%CI = 1.10–1.77; CT vs. TT: OR = 1.23, 95%CI = 1.02–1.49; CC+CT vs. TT: OR = 1.27, 95%CI = 1.03–1.57; CC vs. CT+TT, OR = 1.21, 95%CI = 0.99–1.47), whereas in case-control studies a significant decreased risk was detected under heterozygote comparison(CT vs. CC: OR = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.57–0.92). However, after correction for multiple testing, the associations were observed to be null significant in both cohort and case-control subgroups among all genetic models.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis suggested that current epidemiological studies of TGF-β1 T869C polymorphism are too inconsistent to draw a conclusion on the association with IS susceptibility. Given the small sample size and remarkable between-study heterogeneity, further well-designed prospective large-scale studies are warranted.

The haplotype of the TGFβ1 gene associated with cerebral infarction in Chinese

BACKGROUND

Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFβ1) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in inflammation and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between human TGFβ1 gene +869T>C (rs1800470), -509C>T (rs1800469) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes and cerebral infarction (CI) in a Chinese population.

METHODS

The genetic association study was performed in 450 Chinese patients (306 male and 144 female) with CI and 450 control subjects (326 male and 124 female). TGFβ1 gene +869T>C and -509C>T polymorphisms were identified with amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing method.

RESULTS

The individual SNPs analysis showed the +869T and -509C in an additive model (+869T vs +869C; -509 C vs T), +869TT genotype in a recessive model (TT vs TC+CC) and 509CC genotype in a dominant model (CC+ CT vs TT) were identified to be related to CI (P<0.05). +869T>C and -509C>T SNPs were in strong linkage disequilibrium (d'=0.87, R2=0.75). Haplotype analysis showed that +869C/-509T haplotype was associated with a significant decreased risk of CI (OR= 0.86, 95%CI, 0.70-0.92; P=0.007). Furthermore,+869T/-509C haplotype was associated with a significant increased risk of CI (OR=1.31, 95%CI, 1.10-2.03; P=0.019).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study indicate that polymorphisms and the haplotypes in the TGFβ1 gene might be genetic markers for CI in the Chinese population.

Association between IL10, IL10RA, and IL10RB SNPs and ischemic stroke with hypertension in Korean population

The pathogenesis of stroke is associated with the immune and inflammatory responses. Cytokines, such as interleukin 10 (IL10), play an important role in the process of inflammation. To investigate whether IL10, IL10RA, and IL10RB polymorphisms are associated with the risk of ischemic stroke (IS), selected two IL10 SNPs (rs1518111 and rs1554286), three IL10RA SNPs (rs2256111, rs4252243, and rs2228054), and two IL10RB SNPs (rs999788 and rs2834167) were analyzed in 120 patients with IS and 285 control subjects. All IS patients were classified into the clinical subgroups, according to the levels of blood pressure (hypertension, present and absent), fasting plasma glucose (diabetes mellitus, present and absent), and lipids (dyslipidemia, present and absent). SNPStats and SPSS 18.0 program were used to obtain the odds ratios, 95 % confidence intervals, and P values. Multiple logistic regression models (codominant1, codominant2, dominant, recessive, and log-additive models) were performed to analyze the genetic data. Seven polymorphisms were not associated with the IS, but showed significant associations with hypertension, in the risk of IS. These results suggest that the IL10, IL10RA, and IL10RB genes may be contributed to the hypertension in the risk of IS in the Korean population.

The complex regulation of TGF-β in cardiovascular disease

Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic cytokine with many and complex effects in cell and tissue physiology. This is made possible by a very complex and interwoven signaling system, whose regulation continues to be the focus of a growing line of research. This complex regulation translates to a key role in cardiovascular physiology, hemostasis, and the blood–vessel interface. In accordance with this, the TGF-β1 pathway appears to be deregulated in related disorders, such as atherosclerotic vascular disease and myeloproliferative syndromes. It is expected that the growing amount of experimental and clinical research will yield medical advances in the applications of knowledge of the TGF-β1 pathway to diagnosis and therapeutics.

Screening of cerebral infarction-related genetic markers using a Cox regression analysis between onset age and heterozygosity at randomly selected short tandem repeat loci

The aim of this paper is to explore whether the heterozygosity at the 9 CODIS short tandem repeats (STR) loci including D3S1358, vWA, FGA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317 and D7S820 is associated with the risk of atherosclerotic cerebral infarction (CI). The DNA samples were collected from patients with CI (n = 72) and people over the age of 90 years without CI (n = 59). Alleles of the STR loci were determined using the STR Profiler Plus PCR amplification kit. The relationship between the age of onset and heterozygosity was determined with the Cox regression method. A correlation between the age of onset and heterozygosity was observed for the D8S1179 locus (p < 0.05). It implied that regions in the vicinity of locus D8S1179 may harbor susceptibility genes for CI. The analysis of heterozygosity for particular loci as genetic markers using our new study design may be an efficient and reliable approach to estimate genetic predispositions.