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Alejandria MM, Dalmacio LMM, Climacosa FMM, Tan-Lim CSC, Abaca MJM, Callanta MLJ, Mercado MEP. Virgin Coconut Oil as Adjunctive Therapy for Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in a Tertiary Referral Hospital: A Randomized Controlled Trial. ACTA MEDICA PHILIPPINA 2024; 58:31-41. [PMID: 38812763 PMCID: PMC11132283 DOI: 10.47895/amp.vi0.7498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Background Virgin coconut oil (VCO) has anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a potential therapeutic candidate against COVID-19 infection. Objective To determine the efficacy and safety of VCO as adjunctive therapy for hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Methods We conducted a randomized, open-label controlled trial involving laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted at the Philippine General Hospital. The study participants were randomized to the intervention group who received virgin coconut oil with local standard of care, or to the control group who received local standard of care alone. Results We enrolled 39 participants into the VCO group and 38 participants into the control group. Significantly fewer participants in the VCO group had abnormal CRP levels at the end of treatment compared to control. (relative risk [RR] 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58 to 0.95; p=0.02) No significant difference was found in the duration of hospital stay (mean 9.33 days for VCO vs. 10.29 days for control; p=0.45) and time to symptom resolution (mean 6.8 days for VCO, vs. 6.74 days for control; p=0.91). Although the proportion of patients who developed the secondary outcomes of mortality, need for ICU admission, need for invasive ventilation, and negative viral conversion was lower in the VCO group, results did not reach statistical significance. The VCO group had larger reduction in the inflammatory markers ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase, TNF-alpha, IP-10 and IL-6, but results did not reach statistical significance. Adverse events were significantly higher in the VCO group (RR 4.87, 95% CI 1.14 to 20.79; p=0.03). Conclusion This clinical trial on hospitalized patients showed significant benefit in CRP levels of participants given VCO compared to control. There was no significant benefit in the use of VCO as adjunctive therapy in reducing duration of hospital stay. Larger studies are needed to conclusively demonstrate the effect of VCO on other clinical outcomes and inflammatory markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa M. Alejandria
- Department of Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila
| | | | | | | | - Mark Joseph M. Abaca
- Department of Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila
| | - Maria Llaine J. Callanta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila
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Ajibare AJ, Akintoye OO, Folawiyo MA, Babalola KT, Omotuyi OI, Oladun BT, Aransi-ola KT, Odetayo AF, Olayaki LA. Therapeutic potential of virgin coconut oil in mitigating sodium benzoate- model of male infertility: Role of Nrf2/Hmox-1/NF-kB signaling pathway. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 27:543-551. [PMID: 38629097 PMCID: PMC11017850 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2024.71288.15484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Male infertility is a major public health issue due to increased prevalence, so there is an urgent need for a therapeutic solution. The search for a natural dietary substance that could modulate redox balance and inflammation and protect testicular function is in demand. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) has found use in the treatment of diabetes, and cancer owing to the presence of polyphenols. However, there is a dearth of information on its effect on testicular toxicity. The present study investigated VCO as a possible treatment for testicular toxicity in the Sodium Benzoate (SB) model of male infertility by evaluating the oxidative and inflammatory status, circulating hormonal levels, and key sperm indices. Materials and Methods Twenty adult male rats were randomly assigned to four groups of 5 rats each and were treated with normal saline, sodium benzoate, sodium benzoate+5% VCO, and sodium benzoate+15% VCO for 30 days respectively. Biochemical analysis of reproductive hormones was assessed. Sperm parameters assessed include sperm function tests and sperm kinematics. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Tukey tests was performed. Results 5% VCO reverts the deranged serum reproductive hormones caused by sodium benzoate. 5% VCO was more potent as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory treatment than 15% VCO. However, both doses prevented SB's effect on the sperm function test and kinematics. Conclusion VCO-supplemented diet can ameliorate SB-induced testicular toxicity by inhibiting its mechanisms of toxicity that are related to oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Johnson Ajibare
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Lead City University Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Kabirat Temitope Babalola
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Lead City University Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olaposi Idowu Omotuyi
- Department of Pharmacology& Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti-State, Nigeria
| | - Busayo Timothy Oladun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Lead City University Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Kafilat Temidayo Aransi-ola
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Lead City University Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | | | - Luqman Aribidesi Olayaki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin. Nigeria
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Mad-adam N, Madla S, Lailerd N, Hiransai P, Graidist P. Piper nigrum Extract: Dietary Supplement for Reducing Mammary Tumor Incidence and Chemotherapy-Induced Toxicity. Foods 2023; 12:2053. [PMID: 37238871 PMCID: PMC10216990 DOI: 10.3390/foods12102053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A low piperine fractional Piper nigrum extract (PFPE) was prepared by mixing cold-pressed coconut oil and honey in distilled water, namely, PFPE-CH. In this study, PFPE-CH was orally administered as a dietary supplement to decrease the risk of tumor formation and reduce the side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs during breast cancer treatment. The toxicity study demonstrated no mortality or adverse effects after administrating PFPE-CH at 5000 mg/kg during a 14-day observation period. Additionally, PFPE-CH at 86 mg/kg BW/day did not cause any harm to the kidney or liver function of the rats for six months. In a cancer prevention study, treatment with PFPE-CH at 100 mg/kg BW for 101 days induced oxidative stress and increased the immune response by altering the levels of cancer-associated cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-g), leading to a reduction in the tumor incidence of up to 71.4% without any adverse effects. In combination with doxorubicin, PFPE-CH did not disrupt the anticancer effects of the drug in rats with mammary tumors. Surprisingly, PFPE-CH reduced chemotherapy-induced toxicity by improving some hematological and biochemical parameters. Therefore, our results suggest that PFPE-CH is safe and effective in reducing breast tumor incidence and toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs during cancer treatment in mammary tumor rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeeya Mad-adam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Siribhon Madla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Narissara Lailerd
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Poonsit Hiransai
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Marijuana, Hemp, and Kratom, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Potchanapond Graidist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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Zeng Y, Ali MK, Du J, Li X, Yang X, Yang J, Pu X, Yang L, Hong J, Mou B, Li L, Zhou Y. Resistant Starch in Rice: Its Biosynthesis and Mechanism of Action Against Diabetes-Related Diseases. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2024221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zeng
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Muhammad Kazim Ali
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Karachi Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Juan Du
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xia Li
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory of the Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming, China
| | - Jiazhen Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaoying Pu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Li’E Yang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jingan Hong
- Clinical Nutrition Department, The First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Bo Mou
- Clinical Nutrition Department, The Second People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Ling Li
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Clinical Nutrition Department, The Second People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
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Alves DVDS, Sousa MSB, Tavares MGB, Batista-de-Oliveira Hornsby M, Amancio-Dos-Santos A. Coconut oil supplementation during development reduces brain excitability in adult rats nourished and overnourished in lactation. Food Funct 2021; 12:3096-3103. [PMID: 33720258 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00086a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coconut oil has been considered as a therapeutic alternative in several pathologies, but there is limited information regarding its effects on brain functioning. OBJECTIVE This study analyzed whether early virgin coconut oil (VCO) supplementation interferes with electrical activity of the adult rat brain and its lipid peroxidation. Moreover, it investigated whether the putative effect on brain electrophysiology could be affected by overnutrition occurring during lactation, and/or by environmental enrichment (EE). Electrophysiology was measured through cortical spreading depression (CSD), a phenomenon related to brain excitability. METHODS Wistar rats were suckled in litters of either nine or three pups, forming nourished (N) or overnourished (ON) groups, respectively. Between the 7th and 30th days of life, half of the animals in each group received VCO (10 mg kg-1 d-1; by gavage). The other half received an equivalent amount of vehicle (V, 0.009% cremophor). On day 36, animals from both groups were subjected to EE for 4 weeks. At 105 ± 15 days of life, each animal was subjected to CSD recordings and lipid peroxidation analyses. RESULTS Overnutrition during lactation enhanced body and brain weights. VCO decelerated the CSD propagation velocity (control - 3.57 ± 0.23 mm min-1versus VCO - 3.27 ± 0.18 mm min-1; p < 0.001), regardless of whether subjected to overnourishment or EE exposure. Neither VCO nor EE modified the cerebral lipid peroxidation (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION VCO supplementation impaired the spreading of CSD, indicating reduction of brain excitability. VCO effects occurred regardless of the nutritional state during lactation.
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Syed Mohammad Salleh SN, Farooqui M, Gnanasan S, Karuppannan M. Use of complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) among Malaysian cancer patients for the management of chemotherapy related side effects (CRSE). JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 18:805-812. [PMID: 33818034 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2020-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chemotherapy-related side effects (CRSE) are among the most distressing events cancer patients face. Some patients seek complementary and alternative medicines (CAM), increasing the risk of undesirable drug- CAM interactions. This study aims to identify the prevalence and type of CAM used for CRSE among cancer patients and patient's disclosure of CAM use to their prescribers. METHODS This was a questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study. Data was collected from cancer patients attending to three departments: surgical, medical and gynaecology at a local hospital in Malaysia. Ethical approval was obtained from the Medical Research Ethics Committee, Ministry of Health, Malaysia. RESULTS A total of 273 patients were recruited. Prevalence of CAM used for CRSE management was 166 (60.8%). Of the CAM users, 144 (86.7%) were female, 102 (61.4%) were employed and 123 (74.1%) were married. Breast cancer patients were found to be the highest users of CAM (n=76; 45.8%). The top three CAM used by patients in managing CRSE were dietary supplements (n=166; 100%); herbal products (n=154; 92.8%) and traditional Malay therapy (n=147; 88.6%). About 83% (n=137) patients disclosed CAM use to their prescribers. Among these, 58 (42.3%) reported that their doctors encouraged the use, whereas 89 (65.0%) patients claimed their doctors disagreed the use of CAM. CONCLUSIONS Prescribers still have doubt in combining chemotherapy with CAM, hence patients use CAM discreetly. Increasing the awareness and understanding of CAM use are mandatory to distinguish its possible synergistic or adverse reactions with cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Farooqui
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shubashini Gnanasan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mahmathi Karuppannan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Deen A, Visvanathan R, Wickramarachchi D, Marikkar N, Nammi S, Jayawardana BC, Liyanage R. Chemical composition and health benefits of coconut oil: an overview. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2182-2193. [PMID: 33022082 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Coconut oil is an integral part of Sri Lankan and many South Asian diets. Initially, coconut oil was classified along with saturated fatty acid food items and criticized for its negative impact on health. However, research studies have shown that coconut oil is a rich source of medium-chain fatty acids. Thus, this has opened new prospects for its use in many fields. Beyond its usage in cooking, coconut oil has attracted attention due to its hypocholesterolemic, anticancer, antihepatosteatotic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and skin moisturizing properties. Despite all the health benefits, consumption of coconut oil is still underrated due to a lack of supportive scientific evidence. Even though studies done in Asian countries claim a favorable impact on cardiac health and serum lipid profile, the limitations in the number of studies conducted among Western countries impede the endorsement of the real value of coconut oil. Hence, long-term extensive studies with proper methodologies are suggested to clear all the controversies and misconceptions of coconut oil consumption. This review discusses the composition and functional properties of coconut oils extracted using various processing methods. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afka Deen
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Rizliya Visvanathan
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Nazrim Marikkar
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Sirinivas Nammi
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barana C Jayawardana
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Ruvini Liyanage
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
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Coconut Oil Supplementation Does Not Affect Blood Pressure Variability and Oxidative Stress: A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study in Stage-1 Hypertensive Patients. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030798. [PMID: 33670999 PMCID: PMC7997205 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploring an alternative to improve the clinical management of hypertension, we tested the hypothesis that food supplementation with coconut oil (EVCO), alone or combined with aerobic exercise training, could exert an antihypertensive effect (primary outcome) in patients with stage 1 hypertension. Forty-five hypertensive volunteers of both genders participated in a placebo-controlled clinical trial. The volunteers were submitted to 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, analysis of blood pressure variability (BPV), measurement of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and nutritional assessment. Results indicate that EVCO consumption had no adverse effects. The supplementation did not increase the caloric intake compared with placebo, and the dietary constituents were similar between groups, except for the saturated fats, especially lauric acid. The analysis of blood pressure indicated absence of antihypertensive effect of EVCO alone or combined with physical training. Furthermore, no effects on blood pressure variability and oxidative stress were observed in the supplemented hypertensive patients. Thus, despite the results observed in pre-clinical studies, the current clinical study did not provide evidence to support the use of coconut oil as an adjuvant in the management of hypertension in humans.
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The Glucose-Lowering Effects of Coconut Oil: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Rep Endocrinol 2020; 2020:8841781. [PMID: 33425401 PMCID: PMC7781718 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8841781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Coconut oil, a saturated fat comprised mostly of the medium-chain fatty acid, lauric acid, has become increasingly popular over the past few decades due to its touted anti-inflammatory, metabolic, and lipid-lowering properties. There have been many studies with mixed results evaluating the effects of coconut oil consumption on lipid metabolism and cardiometabolic risk. However, the effects on glucose metabolism are less clear. There are few trials on the effects of coconut oil on glucose homeostasis but no case reports prior to the current one. Case We present a case of a 66-year-old man with a history of type 2 diabetes managed with insulin who developed recurrent hypoglycemia and required reduction in insulin therapy quickly after consuming coconut oil supplementation. Conclusion This is the first known case report of coconut oil supplementation in a diabetic patient on insulin resulting in hypoglycemia. Review of the literature shows that coconut oil supplementation can have a favorable effect on glycemic control, possibly through phenolic compounds mediating anti-inflammatory effects. This effect is inconsistent throughout the studies reviewed, likely due to variations in types of coconut oil supplementation and scarcity of trials. Further research is required both in animal models and in humans before coconut oil intake is widely advised and popularized. This is especially true in patients with diabetes, who are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and in whom reduction in saturated fat intake is advised.
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Supplementation with babassu oil reduces fatigue and inflammation in breast cancer patients: A pilot randomized clinical trial. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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A Comparative Study of Virgin Coconut Oil, Coconut Oil and Palm Oil in Terms of Their Active Ingredients. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8040402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aims to study the unique factors of virgin coconut oil (VCO) compared with coconut oil (i.e., coconut oil processed through heating the coconut milk and palm oil sold on the market). Its novelty is that it (VCO) contains lactic acid bacteria and bacteriocin. Lauric acid content was analyzed by the Chromatographic Gas method. Isolation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was conducted by the dilution method using MRSA + 0.5% CaCO3 media. Iodium number, peroxide, and %FFA were analyzed using a general method, and isolation bacteriocin by the deposition method using ammonium sulfate. In addition, macromolecular identification was conducted by 16S rRNA. VCO was distinguished by a higher content of lauric acid (C12:0) 41%–54.5% as compared with 0% coconut and 0, 1% palm oil, respectively. The VCO also contains LAB, namely Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus paracasei, and can inhibit the growth of pathogenic bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Proteus, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhosa and bacteriocin. Comparison with VCO is based on having a high content of lauric acid, 54%, and LAB content. The difference between VCO and coconut oil and palm oil is fatty acids. In VCO there are lauric acid and stearic acid, namely lauric acid VCO (A) 54.06%, VCO (B) 53.9% and VCO (C) 53.7%. The content of stearic acid VCO (A) is 12.03%, VCO (B) 12.01% and VCO (C) 11.9%. Coconut oil contains a little lauric acid, which is 2.81%, stearic acid 2.65% and palmitic acid 2.31%. Palm oil can be said to have very little lauric acid, namely in palm oil 1, 0.45%, and even in palm oil 2, 0%; in turn, palmitic acid palm oil 1 has 2.88% and palm oil 2 palmitic acid has 24.42%.
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Verma P, Naik S, Nanda P, Banerjee S, Naik S, Ghosh A. In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil and its Fractions in Liver and Oral Cancer Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:2223-2230. [PMID: 31736449 DOI: 10.2174/1871520619666191021160752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coconut oil is an edible oil obtained from fresh, mature coconut kernels. Few studies have reported the anticancer role of coconut oil. The fatty acid component of coconut oil directly targets the liver by portal circulation and as chylomicron via lymph. However, the anti-cancer activity of coconut oil against liver cancer cells and oral cancer cells is yet to be tested. The active component of coconut oil, that is responsible for the anticancer activity is not well understood. In this study, three different coconut oils, Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), Processed Coconut Oil (PCO) and Fractionated Coconut Oil (FCO), were used. OBJECTIVE Based on previous studies, it can be hypothesized that fatty acids in coconut oil may have anticancer potential and may trigger cell death in cancer cell lines. METHODS Each cell line was treated with different concentrations of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO), Processed Coconut Oil (PCO) and Fractionated Coconut Oil (FCO). The treated cells were assayed by MTT after 72 hr of incubation. The fatty acid composition of different coconut oils was analyzed by gas chromatography. RESULT Different concentrations of coconut oils were used to treat the cells. Interestingly, the anticancer efficacy of VCO, PCO and FCO was not uniform, rather the efficacy varied from cell line to cell line. Only 20% VCO showed significant anticancer activity in HepG2 cells in comparison to 80% PCO against the KB cell line. Remarkably, 20% of PCO and 5% of FCO showed potential growth inhibition in the KB cell line as compared to 80% PCO in HepG2 cells. Moreover, there was a difference in the efficacy of VCO, PCO and FCO, which might be due to their fatty acid composition. Comparing the anticancer efficacy of VCO, PCO and FCO in this study helped to predict which class of fatty acids and which fatty acid might be associated with the anticancer activity of VCO. CONCLUSION This study shows that VCO, PCO and FCO have anticancer efficacy and may be used for the treatment of cancer, especially liver and oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Verma
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751019, India
| | - Sanjukta Naik
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751019, India
| | - Pranati Nanda
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751019, India
| | - Silvi Banerjee
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751019, India
| | - Satyanarayan Naik
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Center for Rural Development and Technology, New Delhi-110016, India
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar-751019, India
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sales and consumption of coconut oil have been on the raise due to effective marketing strategies. Coconut oil is stated to offer various benefits including weight loss, improvement in immunity, heart health support, and memory enhancement. Also, it is often portrayed as an excellent source of medium chain triglycerides (MCTs). Here, we review the evidence behind the clinical utility of coconut oil consumption. RECENT FINDINGS Several studies consistently showed consumption of coconut oil increases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and thereby could increase adverse cardiovascular health. Even though coconut oil has relatively high MCT concentration, the clinical benefits of commercial MCT oils cannot be generalized to coconut oil. Until the long-term effects of coconut oil on cardiovascular health are clearly established, coconut oil should be considered as a saturated fat and its consumption should not exceed the USDA's daily recommendation (less than 10% of total calorie intake).
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Sankararaman
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Suite 737, MS RBC 6004, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Thomas J Sferra
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Suite 737, MS RBC 6004, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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Vázquez L, Corzo-Martínez M, Arranz-Martínez P, Barroso E, Reglero G, Torres C. Bioactive Lipids. BIOACTIVE MOLECULES IN FOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78030-6_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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15
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Health impacts of different edible oils prepared from coconut (Cocos nucifera): A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Dietary supplements and fatigue in patients with breast cancer: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 171:515-526. [PMID: 29915949 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is defined as a distressing, persistent, and subjective sense of physical or emotional and/or cognitive exhaustion. The treatment of CRF includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies; dietary strategies with promising results have also been used. This study aimed to identify dietary supplements that improve fatigue in patients with breast cancer. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Data were obtained from PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and CINAHL databases using the following MeSH terms: breast neoplasms, dietary supplements, diet, and fatigue. In addition, the Google and Google Scholar search engines were used to find grey literature. Methodological quality was evaluated using the risk of bias in randomised clinical trials in the systematic Cochrane reviews, and the quality of the evidence was also analysed using the GRADE system. RESULTS A total of 893 studies were assessed, of which eight were included in the review, with 932 women diagnosed with breast cancer. The most commonly used supplements that improve fatigue were guarana, acetyl-L-carnitine, and co-enzyme Q10. Two studies had a low risk of bias in all categories and three had high-quality evidence. CONCLUSIONS Dietary supplements or diet patterns are seldom used to treat fatigue in patients with breast cancer. The results of this review showed that guarana extract and a diet rich in whole foods, omega-3 fatty acids, fruits, and vegetables could be used to treat CRF in patients with breast cancer. The studies had a low risk of bias with high-quality evidence on the efficacy of the interventions in treating fatigue in the study population.
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Tomlinson D, Robinson P, Oberoi S, Cataudella D, Culos-Reed N, Davis H, Duong N, Gibson F, Götte M, Hinds P, Nijhof S, van der Torre P, Cabral S, Dupuis L, Sung L. Pharmacologic interventions for fatigue in cancer and transplantation: a meta-analysis. Curr Oncol 2018; 25:e152-e167. [PMID: 29719440 PMCID: PMC5927795 DOI: 10.3747/co.25.3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our objective was to determine whether, compared with control interventions, pharmacologic interventions reduce the severity of fatigue in patients with cancer or recipients of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (hsct). Methods For a systematic review, we searched medline, embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, cinahl, and Psychinfo for randomized trials of systemic pharmacologic interventions for the management of fatigue in patients with cancer or recipients of hsct. Two authors independently identified studies and abstracted data. Methodologic quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. The primary outcome was fatigue severity measured using various fatigue scales. Data were synthesized using random-effects models. Results In the 117 included trials (19,819 patients), the pharmacologic agents used were erythropoietins (n = 31), stimulants (n = 19), l-carnitine (n = 6), corticosteroids (n = 5), antidepressants (n = 5), appetite stimulants (n = 3), and other agents (n = 48). Fatigue was significantly reduced with erythropoietin [standardized mean difference (smd): -0.52; 95% confidence interval (ci): -0.89 to -0.14] and with methylphenidate (smd: -0.36; 95% ci: -0.56 to -0.15); modafinil (or armodafinil) and corticosteroids were not effective. Conclusions Erythropoietin and methylphenidate significantly reduced fatigue severity in patients with cancer and in recipients of hsct. Concerns about the safety of those agents might limit their usefulness. Future research should identify effective interventions for fatigue that have minimal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Tomlinson
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
| | | | - S. Oberoi
- Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario, Toronto, ON
| | - D. Cataudella
- Department of Pediatric Psychology, Children’s Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON
| | - N. Culos-Reed
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB
| | - H. Davis
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
| | - N. Duong
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
| | - F. Gibson
- Centre for Outcomes and Experiences Research in Children’s Health, Illness, and Disability, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, and School of Health Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K
| | - M. Götte
- University Hospital Essen, Center for Child and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Essen, Germany
| | - P. Hinds
- Department of Nursing Science, Professional Practice, and Quality, Children’s National Health System; and Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, U.S.A
| | - S.L. Nijhof
- Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital (part of UMC Utrecht), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - P. van der Torre
- Division of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital (part of UMC Utrecht), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - S. Cabral
- Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario, Toronto, ON
| | - L.L. Dupuis
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
- Department of Pharmacy, The Hospital for Sick Children; and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
| | - L. Sung
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON
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Lira GM, Cabral CCVQ, de Oliveira ÍBA, Figueirêdo BC, Simon SJGB, Bragagnolo N. Changes in the lipid fraction of king mackerel pan fried in coconut oil and cooked in coconut milk. Food Res Int 2017; 101:198-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The lauric acid-activated signaling prompts apoptosis in cancer cells. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17063. [PMID: 28924490 PMCID: PMC5601385 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The saturated medium-chain fatty-acid lauric acid (LA) has been associated to certain health-promoting benefits of coconut oil intake, including the improvement of the quality of life in breast cancer patients during chemotherapy. As it concerns the potential to hamper tumor growth, LA was shown to elicit inhibitory effects only in colon cancer cells. Here, we provide novel insights regarding the molecular mechanisms through which LA triggers antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects in both breast and endometrial cancer cells. In particular, our results demonstrate that LA increases reactive oxygen species levels, stimulates the phosphorylation of EGFR, ERK and c-Jun and induces the expression of c-fos. In addition, our data evidence that LA via the Rho-associated kinase-mediated pathway promotes stress fiber formation, which exerts a main role in the morphological changes associated with apoptotic cell death. Next, we found that the increase of p21Cip1/WAF1 expression, which occurs upon LA exposure in a p53-independent manner, is involved in the apoptotic effects prompted by LA in both breast and endometrial cancer cells. Collectively, our findings may pave the way to better understand the anticancer action of LA, although additional studies are warranted to further corroborate its usefulness in more comprehensive therapeutic approaches.
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Meng Y, Zhang J, Zhang F, Ai W, Zhu X, Shu G, Wang L, Gao P, Xi Q, Zhang Y, Liang X, Jiang Q, Wang S. Lauric Acid Stimulates Mammary Gland Development of Pubertal Mice through Activation of GPR84 and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:95-103. [PMID: 27978622 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that dietary fat affects pubertal mammary gland development. However, the role of lauric acid (LA) in this process remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of LA on mammary gland development in pubertal mice and to explore the underlying mechanism. In vitro, 100 μM LA significantly promoted proliferation of mouse mammary epithelial cell line HC11 by regulating expression of proliferative markers (cyclin D1/3, p21, PCNA). Meanwhile, LA activated the G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In agreement, dietary 1% LA enhanced mammary duct development, increased the expression of GPR84 and cyclin D1, and activated PI3K/Akt in mammary gland of pubertal mice. Furthermore, knockdown of GPR84 or inhibition of PI3K/Akt totally abolished the promotion of HC11 proliferation induced by LA. These results showed that LA stimulated mammary gland development of pubertal mice through activation of GPR84 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Meng
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Fenglin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ai
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Zhu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Gang Shu
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Lina Wang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Ping Gao
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Xingwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangxi High Education Laboratory for Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology, Guangxi University , Nanning 530004, P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
| | - Songbo Wang
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
- ALLTECH-SCAU Animal Nutrition Control Research Alliance, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, P. R. China
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Ogedengbe OO, Jegede AI, Onanuga IO, Offor U, Naidu EC, Peter AI, Azu OO. Coconut Oil Extract Mitigates Testicular Injury Following Adjuvant Treatment with Antiretroviral Drugs. Toxicol Res 2016; 32:317-325. [PMID: 27818734 PMCID: PMC5080853 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2016.32.4.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased access to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has made the management of drug toxicities an increasingly crucial component of HIV. This study investigated the effects of adjuvant use of coconut oil and HAART on testicular morphology and seminal parameters in Sprague- Dawley rats. Twelve adult male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 153~169 g were distributed into four groups (A–D) and treated as follows: A served as control (distilled water); B (HAART cocktail- Zidovudine, Lamivudine and Nevirapine); C (HAART + Virgin coconut oil 10 mL/kg) and D (Virgin coconut oil 10 mL/kg). After 56 days of treatment, animals were killed and laparotomy to exercise the epididymis for seminal fluid analyses done whilst testicular tissues were processed for histomorphometric studies. Result showed a significant decline in sperm motility (P < 0.05) and count (P < 0.0001) in HAART-treated animals while there was insignificant changes in other parameters in groups C and D except count that was reduced (P < 0.0001) when compared with controls. Histomorphological studies showed HAART caused disorders in seminiferous tubular architecture with significant (P < 0.01) decline in epithelial height closely mirrored by extensive reticulin framework and positive PAS cells. Adjuvant Virgin coconut oil + HAART resulted in significant decrease in seminiferous tubular diameter (P < 0.05), but other morphometric and histological parameters were similar to control or Virgin coconut oil alone (which showed normal histoarchitecture levels). While derangements in testicular and seminal fluid parameters occurred following HAART, adjuvant treatment with Virgin coconut oil restored the distortions emanating thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin O Ogedengbe
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Ayoola I Jegede
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Ismail O Onanuga
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Western Campus, Ishaka, Uganda
| | - Ugochukwu Offor
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Edwin Cs Naidu
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Aniekan I Peter
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo-Nigeria, Uyo, Nigeria
| | - Onyemaechi O Azu
- Discipline of Clinical Anatomy, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Hadi N, Shabaninezhad E, Shabgard Shahraki Z, Montazeri A, Tahmasebi S, Zakeri Z, Talei A. The Reduction in Upper Extremity Volume and Improved Quality of Life in Women With Post-Mastectomy Lymphedema by Complex Decongestive Therapy. WOMEN’S HEALTH BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/whb-29324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Breast Cancer EDGE Task Force Outcomes: Clinical Measures of Health Related Quality of Life. REHABILITATION ONCOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1097/01893697-201533010-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Boemeke L, Marcadenti A, Busnello FM, Gottschall CBA. Effects of Coconut Oil on Human Health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ojemd.2015.57011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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