The association between CYP1A1 genetic polymorphisms and coronary artery disease in the Uygur and Han of China

Study on Potential Differentially Expressed Genes in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Bioinformatics and Next-Generation Sequencing Data Analysis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic progressive lung disease with reduced quality of life and earlier mortality, but its pathogenesis and key genes are still unclear. In this investigation, bioinformatics was used to deeply analyze the pathogenesis of IPF and related key genes, so as to investigate the potential molecular pathogenesis of IPF and provide guidance for clinical treatment. Next-generation sequencing dataset GSE213001 was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between IPF and normal control group. The DEGs between IPF and normal control group were screened with the DESeq2 package of R language. The Gene Ontology (GO) and REACTOME pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs were performed. Using the g:Profiler, the function and pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed. Then, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed via the Integrated Interactions Database (IID) database. Cytoscape with Network Analyzer was used to identify the hub genes. miRNet and NetworkAnalyst databaseswereused to construct the targeted microRNAs (miRNAs), transcription factors (TFs), and small drug molecules. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to validate the hub genes. A total of 958 DEGs were screened out in this study, including 479 up regulated genes and 479 down regulated genes. Most of the DEGs were significantly enriched in response to stimulus, GPCR ligand binding, microtubule-based process, and defective GALNT3 causes HFTC. In combination with the results of the PPI network, miRNA-hub gene regulatory network and TF-hub gene regulatory network, hub genes including LRRK2, BMI1, EBP, MNDA, KBTBD7, KRT15, OTX1, TEKT4, SPAG8, and EFHC2 were selected. Cyclothiazide and rotigotinethe are predicted small drug molecules for IPF treatment. Our findings will contribute to identification of potential biomarkers and novel strategies for the treatment of IPF, and provide a novel strategy for clinical therapy.

Genic-intergenic polymorphisms of CYP1A genes and their clinical impact

The humancytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) subfamily genes, CYP1A1 and CYP1A2, encoding monooxygenases are critically involved in biotransformation of key endogenous substrates (estradiol, arachidonic acid, cholesterol) and exogenous compounds (smoke constituents, carcinogens, caffeine, therapeutic drugs). This suggests their significant involvement in multiple biological pathways with a primary role of maintaining endogenous homeostasis and xenobiotic detoxification. Large interindividual variability exist in CYP1A gene expression and/or catalytic activity of the enzyme, which is primarily due to the existence of polymorphic alleles which encode them. These polymorphisms (mainly single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) have been extensively studied as susceptibility factors in a spectrum of clinical phenotypes. An in-depth understanding of the effects of polymorphic CYP1A genes on the differential metabolic activity and the resulting biological pathways is needed to explain the clinical implications of CYP1A polymorphisms. The present review is intended to provide an integrated understanding of CYP1A metabolic activity with unique substrate specificity and their involvement in physiological and pathophysiological roles. The article further emphasizes on the impact of widely studied CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 SNPs and their complex interaction with non-genetic factors like smoking and caffeine intake on multiple clinical phenotypes. Finally, we attempted to discuss the alterations in metabolism/physiology concerning the polymorphic CYP1A genes, which may underlie the reported clinical associations. This knowledge may provide insights into the disease pathogenesis, risk stratification, response to therapy and potential drug targets for individuals with certain CYP1A genotypes.

5-Methoxyflavone ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through targeting the cytochrome P450 1A1

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a highly prevalent liver disease that is closely related to obesity and metabolic disorders. 5-methoxyflavone (5-MF) is a flavonoid with DNA polymerase-β inhibitory properties. In this study, we explored the effects of 5-MF on NAFLD and its potential mechanisms using oleic acid/palmitic acid-treated HepG2 cells and high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. Our results showed that 5-MF not only alleviated fat deposition and hepatic steatosis, but also improved oxidative damage. In addition, 5-MF has the effect of alleviating disorders of glucose metabolism and enhancing energy expenditure in HFD-induced obese mice. Mechanistically, reverse screening methods and molecular docking analysis were used in combination, and revealed that cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) is the target for 5-MF. Further experiments showed that 5-MF ameliorated triglycerides deposition by inhibiting the enzyme activity and protein expression of CYP1A1. In conclusion, 5-MF provides a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of high-fat-induced NAFLD.

Contribution of CYP19A1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2 polymorphisms in coronary heart disease risk among the Chinese Han population

The previous study has pointed to that endogenous CYP metabolites play an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD). The study aimed to identify the association of CYP19A1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2 polymorphisms with CHD susceptibility in a Chinese Han population. A total of 960 genetically unrelated participants consist of 480 CHD patients and 480 healthy controls were enrolled. Nine SNPs in CYP19A1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2 were randomly selected and genotyped using the Agena MassARRAY platform. Logistic regression analysis was used for the relationship between selected SNPs and CHD susceptibility by calculating odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for age and gender. The distribution of clinical characteristics in different genotypes was evaluated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). CYP1A2 rs2470890 TT genotype had a higher CHD risk compared with CC genotype (OR = 3.06, p = 0.032) or CC-CT genotype (OR = 3.04, p = 0.033). Moreover, the contribution of CYP19A1 and CYP1A2 polymorphisms to CHD susceptibility was associated with age, gender, and clinical phenotypes (course of the disease and Gensini score). Besides, CYP1A2 rs762551 was related to serum levels of red blood cell, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, p < 0.05). Our findings provided scientific evidence about CYP19A1, CYP1A1, and CYP1A2 polymorphisms on CHD incidence.

The association study between CYP20A1, CYP4F2, CYP2D6 gene polymorphisms and coronary heart disease risk in the Han population in southern China

BACKGROUND

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a disease that seriously harms human health. Genetic factors seriously affect the CHD susceptibility. The CYP20A1, CYP4F2 and CYP2D6 are important drug metabolism enzymes in the human body.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to explore the association between CYP20A1, CYP4F2, CYP2D6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and CHD risk in the Chinese Southern Han population.

METHODS

Based on the 'case-control' experimental design (505 cases and 508 controls), we conducted an association study between 5 candidate SNPs selected from CYP20A1 (rs2043449), CYP4F2 (rs2108622, rs3093106, rs309310), CYP2D6 (rs1065852) and CHD risk. Logistic regression was used to analyze the CHD susceptibility under different genetic models. Multi-factor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was used to analyze the interaction of 'SNP-SNP' in CHD risk.

RESULTS

Our results showed that under multiple genetic models, CYP2D6 rs1065852 significantly increased the CHD risk in these participants who are ≤ 60 years old (OR 1.40, CI 1.07-1.82, p = 0.013), smokers (OR 1.40, CI 1.02-1.93, p = 0.039), or have family history (OR 1.24, CI 1.02-1.51, p = 0.035). CYP4F2 SNPs rs2108622 (OR 0.63, CI 0.43-0.93, p = 0.020), rs3093106 (OR 0.52, CI 0.29-0.92, p = 0.023), and rs309310 (OR 0.55, CI 0.31-0.96, p = 0.033) were potentially associated with the course of CHD patients.

CONCLUSION

Our study found that CY2D6 rs1065852 has an outstanding and significant association with increased CHD risk. Our study provided data supplements for CHD genetic susceptibility loci, and also provided a new and valuable reference for CHD drug treatment.

Novel Synthetic Analogues of 19(S/R)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Exhibit Noncompetitive Inhibitory Effect on the Activity of Cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 and CYP1B1 enzymes play a significant role in the pathogenesis of cancer and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Previously, we have demonstrated that R- and S-enantiomers of 19-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (19-HETE), an arachidonic acid endogenous metabolite, enantioselectively inhibit CYP1B1. The current study was conducted to test the possible inhibitory effect of novel synthetic analogues of R- and S-enantiomers of 19-HETE on the activity of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, and CYP1B1.

METHODS

The O-dealkylation rate of 7-ethoxyresorufin (EROD) by recombinant human CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, in addition to the O-dealkylation rate of 7-methoxyresorufin (MROD) by recombinant human CYP1A2, were measured in the absence and presence of varying concentrations (0-40 nM) of the synthetic analogues of 19(R)- and 19(S)-HETE. Also, the possible inhibitory effect of both analogues on the catalytic activity of EROD and MROD, using RL-14 cells and human liver microsomes, was assessed.

RESULTS

The results showed that both synthetic analogues of 19(R)- and 19(S)-HETE exhibited direct inhibitory effects on the activity of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, while they had no significant effect on CYP1A2 activity. Nonlinear regression analysis and comparisons showed that the mode of inhibition for both analogues is noncompetitive inhibition of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 enzymes. Also, nonlinear regression analysis and Dixon plots showed that the R- and S-analogues have K_I values of 15.7 ± 4.4 and 6.1 ± 1.5 nM for CYP1A1 and 26.1 ± 2.9 and 9.1 ± 1.8 nM for CYP1B1, respectively. Moreover, both analogues were able to inhibit EROD and MROD activities in a cell-based assay and human liver microsomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Therefore, the synthetic analogues of 19-HETE could be considered as a novel therapeutic approach in the treatment of cancer and CVD.

Molecular role of cytochrome P4501A enzymes inoxidative stress

Cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) enzymes play important roles in xenobiotic and endobiotic metabolism. Due to uncoupling reactions during the enzymatic cycle, CYP1A enzymes can release reactive oxidative species (ROS) in the form of superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical etc. An imbalance between production of free radicals and the ability of antioxidants to detoxify the free radicals can lead to accumulation of ROS, which in turn can lead to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can lead to inflammation and toxicity, which in turn can cause human diseases such as bronchopulmonary disease (BPD), ARDS, renal hypertension, etc. CYP1A enzymes, depending on the organ system, they either contribute or protect against oxidative injury. Thus, they have dual roles in regard to oxidative stress. This review presents an overview of the mechanistic relationship between CYP1A enzymes and oxidative stress in relation to various diseases in different organs (e.g., liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, and reproductive organs).

Analysis on the polymorphisms of site RS4977574, and RS1333045 in region 9p21 and the susceptibility of coronary heart disease in Chinese population

Background

Rs4977574 (A > G) and Rs1333045 (C > T) are both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related with coronary artery disease, locating on chromosome 9p21.3. The study aimed to identify the correlation between rs4977574 and rs1333045 polymorphism genotypes and coronary heart disease (CHD) in a Chinese population.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from 855 subjects. A case-control study was used in this experiment, and 598 cases in the CHD group and 257 subjects in the control group were enrolled. Genotyping was identified by the Agena MassARRAY system. Statistical analysis was conducted by SPSS (Ver 16.0) and plink (Ver. 1.07, Shaun Purcell). Haplotype analysis was performed using Haploview software.

Results

Association analysis by plink indicated a significant difference in the allele distribution for single nucleotide polymorphisms between cases and controls (rs4977574 P = 0.003, rs1333045 P = 0.035). Fisher’s exact test by plink proved that allele G may be associated with a higher risk of CHD (P = 0.003, odds ratio (OR) = 1.371) and the T allele was likely to reduce the risk of coronary events (P = 0.035, OR = 0.798). The serum levels of apolipoprotein A (ApoA) were higher in subjects with the AG + AA genotype of rs4977574 compared to those with the GG genotype (P = 0.028). In the dominant model of rs1333045, the levels of ApoA were higher and LDL levels were lower in the TC + TT genotype than in the CC genotype.

Conclusions

The present study examined the association between the 9p21 chromosome rs4977574 and rs1333045 polymorphism genotypes and CHD in a population of Chinese patients. The G allele of rs4977574 and the C allele of rs1333045 are the susceptibility sites of CHD.

Rs10757274 gene polymorphisms in coronary artery disease: A systematic review and a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

It has been reported the rs10757274 SNP (present on locus 9p21 in the gene for CDKN2BAS1) might be associated with susceptibility to coronary artery disease (CAD). Owing to mixed and inconclusive results, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the association between rs10757274 polymorphism and the risk of CAD.

OBJECTIVES

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between rs10757274 polymorphism and the risk of CAD.

METHODS

All studies of the rs10757274 SNP with CAD that were published between 2007 and 2018 were retrieved from the PubMed database. Meta-analysis was performed with Stata 14.0 software. The effect size of the rs10757274 SNP with CAD risk was assessed based on the odds ratios (ORs) with calculation of 95% confidence interval (CI).

RESULTS

Eleven studies including 52,209 subjects (cases: 7990, controls: 44,219) were included in the final data combination. Pooled overall analyses showed that rs10757274 (allele model: P < .001; dominant model: P < .001; recessive model: P < .001; Heterozygote codominant: P = .002; Homozygote codominant: P < .001) polymorphisms were significantly associated with the likelihood of CAD. Significant heterogeneity between individual studies appears in all 5 models. Further subgroup analyses revealed that rs10757274 polymorphisms were all significantly correlated with the likelihood of CAD and no heterogeneity were observed in West Asians.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicated that rs10757274 polymorphisms may serve as genetic biomarkers of CAD, especially in West Asians.

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway: Role, regulation and intervention in atherosclerosis therapy (Review)

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand‑activated transcription factor originally isolated and characterized as the dioxin or xenobiotic receptor. With the discovery of endogenous ligands and studies of AhR knockout mice, AhR has been found to serve an important role in several biological processes, including immune responses and developmental and pathological regulation. In particular, it has been considered as a new major player in cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have revealed that the development of atherosclerosis is closely associated with AhR function. However, the roles of the AhR in the pathological development of atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis‑associated diseases remain unclear. The current review presents the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of AhR expression during inflammation, oxidative stress and lipid deposition. Additionally, the role of the AhR in atherosclerosis and atherosclerosis‑associated diseases is reviewed.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms at a Distance from Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) Binding Sites Influence AHR Ligand-Dependent Gene Expression

Greater than 90% of significant genome-wide association study (GWAS) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are in noncoding regions of the genome, but only 25.6% are known expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs). Therefore, the function of many significant GWAS SNPs remains unclear. We have identified a novel type of eQTL for which SNPs distant from ligand-activated transcription factor (TF) binding sites can alter target gene expression in a SNP genotype-by-ligand–dependent fashion that we refer to as pharmacogenomic eQTLs (PGx-eQTLs)—loci that may have important pharmacotherapeutic implications. In the present study, we integrated chromatin immunoprecipitation-seq with RNA-seq and SNP genotype data for a panel of lymphoblastoid cell lines to identify 10 novel cis PGx-eQTLs dependent on the ligand-activated TF aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR)—a critical environmental sensor for xenobiotic (drug) and immune response. Those 10 cis PGx-eQTLs were eQTLs only after AHR ligand treatment, even though the SNPs did not create/destroy an AHR response element—the DNA sequence motif recognized and bound by AHR. Additional functional studies in multiple cell lines demonstrated that some cis PGx-eQTLs are functional in multiple cell types, whereas others displayed SNP-by-ligand–dependent effects in just one cell type. Furthermore, four of those cis PGx-eQTLs had previously been associated with clinical phenotypes, indicating that those loci might have the potential to inform clinical decisions. Therefore, SNPs across the genome that are distant from TF binding sites for ligand-activated TFs might function as PGx-eQTLs and, as a result, might have important clinical implications for interindividual variation in drug response.

Association of CYP1A1 rs1048943 variant with aggressive periodontitis and its interaction with hyperlipidemia on the periodontal status

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

CYP1A1 rs1048943 polymorphism was reported to be correlated with periodontitis; however, its association with aggressive periodontitis (AgP) has not yet been investigated. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between the CYP1A1 gene rs1048943 variant with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) and platelet activation and analyse whether its interaction with hyperlipidemia affects periodontal status in a Chinese population.

METHODS

A case-control study of 224 GAgP patients and 139 healthy controls was conducted. The clinical parameters of probing depth (PD), attachment loss (AL) and bleeding index (BI) were recorded. Platelet count (PLT), platelet distribution width (PDW), platelet large cell ratio (PLCR), mean platelet volume (MPV), serum total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), high and low-density lipoprotein (HDL and LDL) were also measured. The CYP1A1 rs1048943 SNP was genotyped by time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Logistic and linear regression models were used to measure correlation.

RESULTS

The CYP1A1 rs1048943 AG/GG genotype was associated with GAgP (OR = 1.56, 95%CI: 1.01, 2.42), PD, AL and decreased PDW, PLCR and MPV after adjustment for covariates. Gene-lipid interactions were found between CYP1A1 rs1048943 and HDL for PD (P_interaction  = 0.0033), BI (P_interaction  = 0.0311) and AL (P_interaction  = 0.0141) and between CYP1A1 rs1048943 and LDL for PD (P_interaction  = 0.013) among patients with GAgP.

CONCLUSION

The G allele of the CYP1A1 rs1048943 gene was associated with GAgP, periodontal status and platelet-related inflammation status in a Chinese population. Hyperlipidemia could modulate the effect of CYP1A1 rs1048943 on the periodontal status of GAgP.

The Role of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) in Immune and Inflammatory Diseases

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a nuclear receptor that modulates the response to environmental stimuli. It was recognized historically for its role in toxicology but, in recent decades, it has been increasingly recognized as an important modulator of disease—especially for its role in modulating immune and inflammatory responses. AHR has been implicated in many diseases that are driven by immune/inflammatory processes, including major depressive disorder, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and allergic responses, among others. The mechanisms by which AHR has been suggested to impact immune/inflammatory diseases include targeted gene expression and altered immune differentiation. It has been suggested that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are near AHR-regulated genes may contribute to AHR-dependent disease mechanisms/pathways. Further, we have found that SNPs that are outside of nuclear receptor binding sites (i.e., outside of AHR response elements (AHREs)) may contribute to AHR-dependent gene regulation in a SNP- and ligand-dependent manner. This review will discuss the evidence and mechanisms of AHR contributions to immune/inflammatory diseases and will consider the possibility that SNPs that are outside of AHR binding sites might contribute to AHR ligand-dependent inter-individual variation in disease pathophysiology and response to pharmacotherapeutics.

Characterization of ADME genes variation in Roma and 20 populations worldwide

The products of the polymorphic ADME genes are involved in Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of drugs. The pharmacogenetic data have been studied extensively due to their clinical importance in the appropriate drug prescription, but such data from the isolated populations are rather scarce. We analyzed the distribution of 95 polymorphisms in 31 core ADME genes in 20 populations worldwide and in newly genotyped samples from the Roma (Gypsy) population living in Croatia. Global distribution of ADME core gene loci differentiated three major clusters; (1) African, (2) East Asian, and (3) joint European, South Asian and South American cluster. The SLCO1B3 (rs4149117) and CYP3A4 (rs2242480) genes differentiated at the highest level the African group of populations, while NAT2 gene loci (rs1208, rs1801280, and rs1799929) and VKORC1 (rs9923231) differentiated East Asian populations. The VKORC1 rs9923231 was among the investigated loci the one with the largest global minor allele frequency (MAF) range; its MAF ranged from 0.027 in Nigeria to 0.924 in Han Chinese. The distribution of the investigated gene loci positions Roma population within the joined European and South Asian clusters, suggesting that their ADME gene pool is a combination of ancestral (Indian) and more recent (European) surrounding, as it was already implied by other genetic markers. However, when compared to the populations worldwide, the Croatian Roma have extreme MAF values in 10 out of the 95 investigated ADME core gene loci. Among loci which have extraordinary MAFs in Roma population two have strong proof of clinical importance: rs1799853 (CYP2C9) for warfarin dosage, and rs12248560 (CYP2C19) for clopidogrel dosage, efficacy and toxicity. This finding confirms the importance of taking the Roma as well as the other isolated populations`genetic profiles into account in pharmaco-therapeutic practice.

The interplay of LncRNA ANRIL and miR-181b on the inflammation-relevant coronary artery disease through mediating NF-κB signalling pathway

This study was designed to investigate whether ANRIL affected the aetiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) by acting on downstream miR-181b and NF-κB signalling. Altogether 327 CAD patients diagnosed by angiography were included, and mice models of CAD were established. Human coronary endothelial cells (HCAECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were also purchased. In addition, shRNA-ANRIL, shRNA-NC, pcDNA3.1-ANRIL, miR-181b mimic, miR-181b inhibitor and miR-NC were transfected into the cells. The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) were also added to activate or deactivate NF-κB signalling. Both highly expressed ANRIL and lowly expressed miR-181b were associated with CAD population aged over 60 years old, with smoking history, with hypertension and hyperlipidemia, with CHOL H 4.34 mmol/L, TG ≥ 1.93 mmol/L and Hcy ≥ 16.8 μmol/L (all P < 0.05). Besides, IL-6, IL-8, NF-κB, TNF-α, iNOS, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and COX-2 expressions observed within AD mice models were all beyond those within NC and sham-operated groups (P < 0.05). Also VEGF and HSP 70 were highly expressed within AD mice models than within NC and sham-operated mice (P < 0.05). Transfection of either pcDNA-ANRIL or miR-181b inhibitor could significantly fortify HCAECs' viability and put on their survival rate. At the meantime, the inflammatory factors and vascular-protective parameters were released to a greater level (P < 0.05). Finally, highly expressed ANRIL also notably bring down miR-181b expression and raise p50/p65 expressions within HCAECs (P < 0.05). The joint role of ANRIL, miR-181b and NF-κB signalling could aid in further treating and diagnosing CAD.

Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) Catalyzes Lipid Peroxidation of Oleic Acid-Induced HepG2 Cells

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic hepatic disease associated with excessive accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes. As the disease progresses, oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of hepatic lipid peroxidation. Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), a subtype of the cytochrome P450 family, has been shown to be a vital modulator in production of reactive oxygen species. However, the exact role of CYP1A1 in NAFLD is still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CYP1A1 on lipid peroxidation in oleic acid (OA)-treated human hepatoma cells (HepG2). We found that the expression of CYP1A1 is elevated in OA-stimulated HepG2 cells. The results of siRNA transfection analysis indicated that CYP1A1-siRNA inhibited the lipid peroxidation in OA-treated HepG2 cells. Additionally, compared with siRNA-transfected and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-OA-induced HepG2 cells, overexpression of CYP1A1 by BaP further accelerated the lipid peroxidation in OA-treated HepG2 cells. These observations reveal a regulatory role of CYP1A1 in liver lipid peroxidation and imply CYP1A1 as a potential therapeutic target.

Gene-gene interaction between PPARG and CYP1A1 gene on coronary artery disease in the Chinese Han Population

AIMS

To observe the influence of the peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor-G (PPAR-G) gene and cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and interactions among several SNPs on coronary artery disease (CAD) risk.

METHODS

A total of 1106 participants (including 583 males and 523 females) including 550 CAD patients and 556 control subjects were recruited in this study, and the mean age for these participants was 55.5 ± 11.8 years old. Logistic regression was used to observe association of SNP within PPARG and CYP1A1 with CAD risk and GMDR model was used to screen the best interaction combinations.

RESULTS

CAD susceptibility was higher in those with homozygous mutant of rs10865710, rs1805192 and rs4646903 than those with wild-type homozygotes, OR (95%CI) were 1.47 (1.15-1.92), 1.69 (1.27-2.09) and 1.72 (1.35-2.32), respectively. We also found a significant two-locus model involving rs1805192 and rs4646903 (p = 0.0107), and the cross-validation consistency of this locus model was 10 of 10, the testing accuracy of this model is 62.17%. Logistic regression shown that CAD risk was the highest in those with rs1805192- Pro/Ala or Ala/Ala and rs4646903- AG+GG genotype, and was lowest in those with rs1805192- Pro/ Pro and rs4646903- AA genotype, OR(95%CI) = 3.56 (1.91-5.42).

CONCLUSIONS

Polymorphism in rs10865710, rs1805192 and rs4646903 and interaction between rs1805192 and rs4646903 were related with increased CAD susceptibility.

Deleterious genetic variants in ciliopathy genes increase risk of ritodrine-induced cardiac and pulmonary side effects

Background

Ritodrine is a commonly used tocolytic to prevent preterm labour. However, it can cause unexpected serious adverse reactions, such as pulmonary oedema, pulmonary congestion, and tachycardia. It is unknown whether such adverse reactions are associated with pharmacogenomic variants in patients.

Methods

Whole-exome sequencing of 13 subjects with serious ritodrine-induced cardiac and pulmonary side-effects was performed to identify causal genes and variants. The deleterious impact of nonsynonymous substitutions for all genes was computed and compared between cases (n = 13) and controls (n = 30). The significant genes were annotated with Gene Ontology (GO), and the associated disease terms were categorised into four functional classes for functional enrichment tests. To assess the impact of distributed rare variants in cases with side effects, we carried out rare variant association tests with a minor allele frequency ≤ 1% using the burden test, the sequence Kernel association test (SKAT), and optimised SKAT.

Results

We identified 28 genes that showed significantly lower gene-wise deleteriousness scores in cases than in controls. Three of the identified genes—CYP1A1, CYP8B1, and SERPINA7—are pharmacokinetic genes. The significantly identified genes were categorized into four functional classes: ion binding, ATP binding, Ca²⁺-related, and ciliopathies-related. These four classes were significantly enriched with ciliary genes according to SYSCILIA Gold Standard genes (P < 0.01), thus representing ciliary genes. Furthermore, SKAT showed a marginal trend toward significance after Bonferroni correction with Joubert Syndrome ciliopathy genes (P = 0.05). With respect to the pharmacokinetic genes, rs1048943 (CYP1A1) and rs1804495 (SERPINA7) showed a significantly higher frequency in cases than controls, as determined by Fisher’s exact test (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively).

Conclusions

Ritodrine-induced cardiac and pulmonary side effects may be associated with deleterious genetic variants in ciliary and pharmacokinetic genes.

Genetic variation of cytochrome P450 in Uyghur Chinese population

Interindividual and interethnic variability of drug responses could be attributed to the differences of genetic polymorphisms in the drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters genes among the populations. Here we reviewed the studies of genetic variations in Uyghur Chinese of fifteen CYP450 genes including CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, CYP2J2, CYP2W1, CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP4A11, and CYP17A1, which totally covered 277 variants. We also collected the data of 277 variants covered in our study in two extensive population sequencing projects, the International HapMap Project (Hap-Map) and the 1000 Genomes Project and compared them with the data of Uyghur Chinese. The results suggested that remarkable differences of variants allele frequencies of CYP450 genes were existed among Uyghur Chinese and other world populations and drug doses should be adjusted clinically in Uyghur in contrast to Han Chinese and Caucasians.

Sex-specific association of SH2B3 and SMARCA4 polymorphisms with coronary artery disease susceptibility

To determine whether sex differences affect the association between genetic polymorphisms and coronary artery disease (CAD) in the Chinese Han population, we conducted a study comparing the frequency of SH2B3 and SMARCA4 variants in 456 CAD patients (291 men, 165 women) and 685 age-matched controls (385 men, 300 women). Ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SH2B3 and SMARCA4 were genotyped using MassARRAY technology. Allelic and genotypic models and haplotype frequencies were compared between groups. Logistic regression was used to estimate the CAD risk associated with the genotypes. We found that the “A” alleles in both rs11879293 and rs12232780 of SMARCA4 were associated with CAD risk in men (p = 0.036 and p = 0.001, respectively). The genetic model showed that SH2B3 was associated with CAD susceptibility in both women and men, while SMARCA4 was associated with reduced odds of CAD in men. SH2B3 haplotypes were associated with decreased CAD risk in women (p = 0.007) and increased CAD risk in men (p = 0.047). By providing evidence for the sex-related association between SH2B3 and SMARCA4 gene variants and CAD susceptibility in the Chinese Han population, this study may help define useful diagnostic and preventive markers for these patients.

Apolipoprotein A1 polymorphisms and risk of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

It has been reported that APOA1 -75G/A polymorphism might be associated with susceptibility to coronary artery disease (CAD). Owing to mixed and inconclusive results, we conducted a meta-analysis to systematically summarize and clarify the association between APOA1-75G/A polymorphism and the risk of CAD.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A systematic search of studies on the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with susceptibility to CAD was conducted. A total of 9 case-control studies (1864 cases and 1196 controls) on the APOA1-75G/A polymorphism were included.

RESULTS

We observed no statistically significant association between APOA1 -75G/A polymorphism and risk of CAD under the dominant genetic model (AA + AG vs. GG: OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.65-1.66), allelic contrast (A vs. G: OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.58-1.32), heterozygote model (AG vs. GG: OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 0.81-1.89) or homozygote model (AA vs. GG: OR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.26-1.05). Significant heterogeneity between individual studies appears in all five models, but a strong association under the recessive genetic model (AA vs. AG + GG: OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.28-0.92). In the subgroup analysis by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE; the presence or absence of HWE in controls), significantly decreased CAD risk and no significant heterogeneity were observed among controls consistent with HWE. Overall, the APOA1 A allele is one of the protective factors of CAD. A stronger association between APOA1-75G/A polymorphisms and CAD risk was present in the studies consistent with HWE.

CONCLUSIONS

The minor allele of the APOA1-75G/A polymorphism is a protective factor for CAD, especially in the studies consistent with HWE.

Impact of interaction between CYP1A1 genetic polymorphisms and smoking on coronary artery disease in the Han of China

AIMS

To investigate the association of CYP1A1 genotype and additional gene-smoking interaction with coronary artery disease (CAD) risk based on a Chinese case-control study.

METHODS

A total of 1862 participants (1134 men, 728 women) were selected, including 620 CAD patients and 1242 normal controls. Logistic regression was performed to investigate association of CYP1A1 genotype, gene-gene, and gene-smoking interaction with CAD. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was used to screen the best gene-gene and gene-smoking interaction combination, cross-validation consistency, the testing balanced accuracy, and the sign test, to assess if each selected interaction was calculated.

RESULTS

The carriers of homozygous mutant of rs4886605 polymorphism and heterozygous of rs4646903 are associated with increased CAD risk than those with wild-type homozygotes; OR (95% CI) was 1.98 (1.53-2.61) and 1.58 (1.24-1.96), respectively. The carriers of homozygous mutant of rs1048943 polymorphism is associated with decreased CAD risk than those with wild-type homozygotes, OR (95% CI) = 0.75 (0.60-0.93). GMDR model indicated a potential gene-gene interaction between rs4886605 and rs4646903 and a potential gene-smoking interaction between rs4886605 and smoking. Participants with rs4886605-CT or TT and rs4646903-TC or CC genotype have the highest CAD risk, compared to participants with rs4886605-CC and rs4646903-TT genotype; OR (95% CI) was 2.72 (2.03-3.61). In addition, we also found that smokers with rs4886605-CT or TT genotype have the highest CAD risk, compared to nonsmokers with rs4886605-CC genotype; OR (95% CI) was 3.07 (2.23-3.96).

CONCLUSIONS

rs4886605 and rs4646903 are associated with increased CAD risk, but rs1048943 is associated with decreased CAD risk; we also found gene-gene interaction between rs4886605 and rs4646903 and gene-environment interaction between rs4886605 and smoking.

Regulation of Human Cytochrome P4501A1 (hCYP1A1): A Plausible Target for Chemoprevention?

Human cytochrome P450 1A1 (hCYP1A1) has been an object of study due to its role in precarcinogen metabolism; for this reason it is relevant to know more in depth the mechanisms that rule out its expression and activity, which make this enzyme a target for the development of novel chemiopreventive agents. The aim of this work is to review the origin, regulation, and structural and functional characteristics of CYP1A1 letting us understand its role in the bioactivation of precarcinogen and the consequences of its modulation in other physiological processes, as well as guide us in the study of this important protein.

Increased mood symptoms in postmenopausal women related to the polymorphism rs743572 of the CYP17 A1 gene

BACKGROUND

Menopausal and depressive symptoms are highly prevalent after the menopause; but may vary from one population to another and genetics play a key role.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the intensity of these symptoms in relation to the genetic variants of the rs743572 polymorphism of the CYP17 A1 gene in postmenopausal women.

METHODS

DNA was extracted from the whole blood of 168 natural postmenopausal women (40-65 years) and tested for the rs743572 polymorphism of the CYP17 A1 gene. Intensity of menopausal (Menopause Rating Scale, MRS) and depressive symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depressive Scale, HADS) were correlated to polymorphism genotypes.

RESULTS

Women with the GG genotype of the rs743572 polymorphism displayed significantly higher scores for the MRS (items 5 and 6 [irritability and anxiety] and the psychological subscale) and the HADS (total and subscales).

CONCLUSION

The intensity of menopausal symptoms related to mood was found higher among postmenopausal women presenting the GG genotype of the rs743572 polymorphism of the CYP17 A1 gene. There is a need for more research in this regard.

The association of CYP1A1 genetic polymorphisms and additional gene-gene interaction with ischemic stroke in the eastern Han of China

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between CYP1A1 gene polymorphism and ischaemic stroke (IS) risk, and the impact of gene-gene interaction on IS risk based on a Chinese Han case-control study. A total of 1162 subjects (612 men and 550 women), with a mean age of 63.1 ± 12.5 years old, were selected, including 580 IS patients and 582 normal controls. Logistic regression was performed to investigate association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and IS risk, and generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was used to analyze the gene-gene interaction. Logistic regression analysis showed that the frequency for rs4646903 minor alleles was lower in cases than that in normal controls, and C allele of rs4646903 was 20.7 % in ischemic stroke cases and 27.1 % in controls subjects (p < 0.001). Logistic analysis showed the significant association between genotypes of variants in rs4646903 and decreased ischemic stroke risk. GMDR analysis indicated that there was a significant two-locus model (p = 0.0107) involving rs4646903 and rs1048943, indicating a potential gene-gene interaction between rs4646903 and rs1048943. Overall, the two- locus models had a cross-validation consistency of 9 of 10, and had the testing accuracy of 60.72 %. Subjects with TC or CC of rs4646903 and AG or GG of rs1048943 genotype have lowest ischemic stroke risk, compared to subjects with TT of rs4646903 and AA of rs1048943 genotype, and OR (95 % CI) was 0.63 (0.42-0.89). rs4646903 minor alleles and interaction between rs4646903 and rs1048943 were associated with decreased IS risk.

The Association of CYP1A1 Gene With Cervical Cancer and Additional SNP-SNP Interaction in Chinese Women

AIMS

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between CYP1A1 gene polymorphism and cervical cancer risk, and the impact of SNP-SNP interaction on cervical cancer risk in Chinese women.

METHODS

A total of 728 females with a mean age of 60.1 ± 14.5 years old were selected, including 360 cervical cancer patients and 368 normal controls. Logistic regression was performed to investigate association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and cervical cancer risk. Generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) was used to analyze the SNP-SNP interaction.

RESULTS

Logistic analysis showed a significant association between rs4646903 and increased cervical cancer risk. The carriers of homozygous mutant of rs4646903 polymorphism revealed increased cervical cancer risk than those with wild-type homozygotes, OR (95%CI) were 1.45 (1.20-1.95). There was a significant two-locus model (P = 0.0107) involving rs4646903 and rs1048943, indicating a potential SNP-SNP interaction between rs4646903 and rs1048943. Overall, the two-locus models had a cross-validation consistency of 10 of 10, and had the testing accuracy of 60.72%. Subjects with TC or CC of rs4646903 and AG or GG of rs1048943 genotype have the highest cervical cancer risk, compared to subjects with TT of rs4646903 and AA of rs1048943 genotype, OR (95%CI) was 2.03 (1.42-2.89).

CONCLUSIONS

rs4646903 minor alleles and interaction between rs4646903 and rs1048943 were associated with increased cervical cancer risk.

Intronic Polymorphisms in the CDKN2B-AS1 Gene Are Strongly Associated with the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Artery Disease in the Saudi Population

Recent genome-wide association studies identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the chromosome 9p21.3 conferring the risk for CAD (coronary artery disease) in individuals of Caucasian ancestry. We performed a genetic association study to investigate the effect of 12 candidate SNPs within 9p21.3 locus on the risk of CAD in the Saudi population of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. A total of 250 Saudi CAD patients who had experienced an myocardial infarction (MI) and 252 Saudi age-matched healthy controls were genotyped using TaqMan assay. Controls with evidenced lack of CAD provided 90% of statistical power at the type I error rate of 0.05. Five percent of the results were rechecked for quality control using Sanger sequencing, the results of which concurred with the TaqMan genotyping results. Association analysis of 12 SNPs indicated a significant difference in the genotype distribution for four SNPs between cases and controls (rs564398 p = 0.0315, χ² = 4.6, odds ratio (OD) = 1.5; rs4977574 p = 0.0336, χ² = 4.5, OD = 1.4; rs2891168 p = 1.85 × 10 − 10, χ² = 40.6, OD = 2.1 and rs1333042 p = 5.14 × 10 − 9, χ² = 34.1, OD = 2.2). The study identified three protective haplotypes (TAAG p = 1.00 × 10 − 4; AGTA p = 0.022 and GGGCC p = 0.0175) and a risk haplotype (TGGA p = 2.86 × 10 − 10) for the development of CAD. This study is in line with others that indicated that the SNPs located in the intronic region of the CDKN2B-AS1 gene are associated with CAD.

Effect of apolipoprotein A1 genetic polymorphisms on lipid profiles and the risk of coronary artery disease

Background

The disorder of lipid metabolism and genetic predisposition are major risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). Variants in the apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) gene play an important role in the regulation of lipids. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of two polymorphisms (-75 G/A and +83 C/T) of APOA1 on lipid profiles and the risk of CAD.

Methods

A total number of 300 subjects with CAD and 300 age and sex matched healthy controls were enrolled for the study. Genotyping of the APOA1 was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) combined with gel electrophoresis, and then confirmed by direct sequencing.

Results

The frequencies of APOA1 -75 AA genotype [odds ratio (OR) =0.50, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.28, 0.88; P = 0.02] and APOA1 -75 A allele (OR =0.76, 95 % CI = 0.59, 0.98; P = 0.04) were significantly lower in CAD than in controls. The APOA1 -75 A allele was significantly associated with increasing serum concentrations of ApoA1 and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The individuals with the APOA1 -75 A allele were likely to have a lower risk of CAD as a result of its effect on higher serum concentrations of ApoA1 and HDL-C.

Genetic Variation in NFKB1 and NFKBIA and Susceptibility to Coronary Artery Disease in a Chinese Uygur Population

OBJECTIVES

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common chronic inflammatory disease worldwide. NF-κB, a central regulator of inflammation, is involved in various inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between NFKB1 and NFKBIA polymorphisms and the susceptibility to CAD and their impact on plasma levels of IL-6 in a Chinese Uygur population.

METHODS

We genotyped NFKB1-94ins/del ATTG (rs28362491) and NFKBIA3' UTR A/G (rs696) using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays in 960 Uygur CAD cases and Uygur 1060 CAD-negative controls. IL-6 plasma levels were measured in 360 stable angina pectoris (SAP) cases and 360 controls using ELISA method.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in the distribution of the genotypes and alleles of rs696 polymorphism in CAD cases and controls. Significant difference in the frequency of genotypes (P = 0.001) and alleles (P = 0.001) of rs28362491 polymorphism was observed in CAD cases compared to controls. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, SNP rs28362491 was consistently associated with CAD risk in a recessive model after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors (OR = 1.581, 95% CI 1.222 to 2.046, P<0.001). SAP cases had significantly higher plasma levels of IL-6 compared to controls (P<0.001). General linear model analysis showed rs28362491 was independently associated with increased IL-6 levels by analyses of a recessive model (P<0.001) after adjustment for covariates.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicates that NFKB1-94 ins/del ATTG polymorphism may play a role in CAD susceptibility in Chinese Uygur population and is functionally associated with IL-6 expression, suggesting a mechanistic link between NFKB1-94 ins/del ATTG polymorphism and CAD susceptibility.