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Parsowith EJ, Stock MS, Kocuba O, Schumpp A, Jackson K, Brooks AM, Larson A, Dixon M, Fairman CM. Impact of Short-Term Creatine Supplementation on Muscular Performance among Breast Cancer Survivors. Nutrients 2024; 16:979. [PMID: 38613014 PMCID: PMC11013276 DOI: 10.3390/nu16070979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers in the United States. Advances in detection and treatment have resulted in an increased survival rate, meaning an increasing population experiencing declines in muscle mass and strength. Creatine supplementation has consistently demonstrated improvements in strength and muscle performance in older adults, though these findings have not been extended to cancer populations. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of short-term creatine supplementation on muscular performance in BC survivors. METHODS Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized design, 19 female BC survivors (mean ± SD age = 57.63 ± 10.77 years) were assigned to creatine (SUPP) (n = 9) or dextrose placebo (PLA) (n = 10) groups. The participants completed two familiarization sessions, then two test sessions, each separated by 7 days, where the participants supplemented with 5 g of SUPP or PLA 4 times/day between sessions. The testing sessions included sit-to-stand power, isometric/isokinetic peak torque, and upper/lower body strength via 10 repetition maximum (10RM) tests. The interaction between supplement (SUPP vs. PLA) and time (Pre vs. Post) was examined using a group × time ANOVA and effect sizes. RESULTS No significant effects were observed for sit-to-stand power (p = 0.471; ηp2 = 0.031), peak torque at 60°/second (p = 0.533; ηp2 = 0.023), peak torque at 120°/second (p = 0.944; ηp2 < 0.001), isometric peak torque (p = 0.905; ηp2 < 0.001), 10RM chest press (p = 0.407; ηp2 = 0.041), and 10RM leg extension (p = 0.932; ηp2 < 0.001). However, a large effect size for time occurred for the 10RM chest press (ηp2 = 0.531) and leg extension (ηp2 = 0.422). CONCLUSION Seven days of creatine supplementation does not influence muscular performance among BC survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Parsowith
- Cognition, Neuroplasticity, and Sarcopenia (CNS) Lab, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (E.J.P.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Matt S. Stock
- Cognition, Neuroplasticity, and Sarcopenia (CNS) Lab, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA; (E.J.P.); (M.S.S.)
| | - Olivia Kocuba
- Exercise Oncology Lab, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Alec Schumpp
- Exercise Oncology Lab, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Kylah Jackson
- Exercise Oncology Lab, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Alexander M. Brooks
- Exercise Oncology Lab, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Alena Larson
- Exercise Oncology Lab, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Madison Dixon
- Exercise Oncology Lab, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Ciaran M. Fairman
- Exercise Oncology Lab, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Reduced uremic metabolites are prominent feature of sarcopenia, distinct from antioxidative markers for frailty. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:20915-20934. [PMID: 34492634 PMCID: PMC8457568 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Due to global aging, frailty and sarcopenia are increasing. Sarcopenia is defined as loss of volume and strength of skeletal muscle in elderlies, while frailty involves multiple domains of aging-related dysfunction, impaired cognition, hypomobility, and decreased social activity. However, little is known about the metabolic basis of sarcopenia, either shared with or discrete from frailty. Here we analyzed comprehensive metabolomic data of human blood in relation to sarcopenia, previously collected from 19 elderly participants in our frailty study. Among 131 metabolites, we identified 22 sarcopenia markers, distinct from 15 frailty markers, mainly including antioxidants, although sarcopenia overlaps clinically with physical frailty. Notably, 21 metabolites that decline in sarcopenia or low SMI are uremic compounds that increase in kidney dysfunction. These comprise TCA cycle, urea cycle, nitrogen, and methylated metabolites. Sarcopenia markers imply a close link between muscle and kidney function, while frailty markers define a state vulnerable to oxidative stress.
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Chronic Dialysis Patients Are Depleted of Creatine: Review and Rationale for Intradialytic Creatine Supplementation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082709. [PMID: 34444869 PMCID: PMC8400647 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is great need for the identification of new, potentially modifiable risk factors for the poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and of the excess risk of mortality in dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease patients. Creatine is an essential contributor to cellular energy homeostasis, yet, on a daily basis, 1.6–1.7% of the total creatine pool is non-enzymatically degraded to creatinine and subsequently lost via urinary excretion, thereby necessitating a continuous supply of new creatine in order to remain in steady-state. Because of an insufficient ability to synthesize creatine, unopposed losses to the dialysis fluid, and insufficient intake due to dietary recommendations that are increasingly steered towards more plant-based diets, hemodialysis patients are prone to creatine deficiency, and may benefit from creatine supplementation. To avoid problems with compliance and fluid balance, and, furthermore, to prevent intradialytic losses of creatine to the dialysate, we aim to investigate the potential of intradialytic creatine supplementation in improving outcomes. Given the known physiological effects of creatine, intradialytic creatine supplementation may help to maintain creatine homeostasis among dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease patients, and consequently improve muscle status, nutritional status, neurocognitive status, HRQoL. Additionally, we describe the rationale and design for a block-randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. The aim of the pilot study is to explore the creatine uptake in the circulation and tissues following different creatine supplementation dosages.
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Benton MJ, Spicher JM, McCormick S. Community-Based Survey Exploring Use of the Dietary Supplement Creatine by Adult Non-Athletes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082529. [PMID: 34444689 PMCID: PMC8401943 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Creatine is classified as a “sports supplement”, but it also has health benefits. The purpose of this study was to assess use of creatine as a dietary supplement in adult non-athletes. Three hundred ninety-nine adults (19–89 years) completed an online survey. Among the respondents, 77% (n = 307) were regularly active, including participation in weightlifting (34%), running (34%), and cycling (21%). Twenty-eight percent (n = 111) reported use of creatine with an average dose of 6.4 ± 4.5 g. Daily creatine use was reported by 45%, and 38% reported using creatine 2–6 times weekly. Primary sources of information about creatine were trainers/coaches (29%), friends/family (32%), and internet (28%). Forty percent (n = 44) of creatine users were female. When compared by age, 46% of young, 32% of midlife, and 6% of old respondents reported creatine use with no differences in dose or frequency. Young and midlife respondents reported primarily trainers/coaches, friends/family, and internet as sources of information about creatine, but old respondents limited their sources to friends/family and fitness magazines. Although creatine is widely used by adult non-athletes who regularly exercise, dietitians and other healthcare providers are not the primary source of information. Fitness trainers can appropriately provide guidance and education regarding safe and effective use of creatine.
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Forbes SC, Candow DG, Ferreira LHB, Souza-Junior TP. Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Properties of Muscle, Bone, and Brain Function in Older Adults: A Narrative Review. J Diet Suppl 2021; 19:318-335. [PMID: 33502271 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1877232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with reductions in muscle and bone mass and brain function, which may be counteracted by several lifestyle factors, of which exercise appears to be most beneficial. However, less than 20% of older adults (> 55 years of age) adhere to performing the recommended amount of resistance training (≥ 2 days/week) and less than 12% regularly meet the aerobic exercise guidelines (≥ 150 min/week of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise) required to achieve significant health benefits. Therefore, from a healthy aging and clinical perspective, it is important to determine whether other lifestyle interventions (independent of exercise) can have beneficial effects on aging muscle quality and quantity, bone strength, and brain function. Creatine, a nitrogen containing organic compound found in all cells of the body, has the potential to have favorable effects on muscle, bone, and brain health (independent of exercise) in older adults. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine and summarize the small body of research investigating the effects of creatine supplementation alone on measures of muscle mass and performance, bone mineral and strength, and indices of brain health in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Luis H B Ferreira
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Tacito P Souza-Junior
- Research Group on Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Abiri B, Vafa M. The Role of Nutrition in Attenuating Age-Related Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1260:297-318. [PMID: 32304039 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-42667-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The elderly population is increasing rapidly worldwide, and we are faced with the significant challenge for maintaining or improving physical activity, independence, and quality of life. Sarcopenia, the age-related decline of skeletal muscle mass, is characterized by loss of muscle quantity and quality resulting to a gradual slowing of movement, a decrease in strength and power, elevated risk of fall-related injury, and often frailty. Supplemental, hormonal, and pharmacological approaches have been attempted to attenuate sarcopenia but these have not achieved outstanding results. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of nutrition-based therapies for counteracting sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Abiri
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. .,Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Miller SG, Hafen PS, Brault JJ. Increased Adenine Nucleotide Degradation in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E88. [PMID: 31877712 PMCID: PMC6981514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenine nucleotides (AdNs: ATP, ADP, AMP) are essential biological compounds that facilitate many necessary cellular processes by providing chemical energy, mediating intracellular signaling, and regulating protein metabolism and solubilization. A dramatic reduction in total AdNs is observed in atrophic skeletal muscle across numerous disease states and conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, COPD, sepsis, muscular dystrophy, denervation, disuse, and sarcopenia. The reduced AdNs in atrophic skeletal muscle are accompanied by increased expression/activities of AdN degrading enzymes and the accumulation of degradation products (IMP, hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid), suggesting that the lower AdN content is largely the result of increased nucleotide degradation. Furthermore, this characteristic decrease of AdNs suggests that increased nucleotide degradation contributes to the general pathophysiology of skeletal muscle atrophy. In view of the numerous energetic, and non-energetic, roles of AdNs in skeletal muscle, investigations into the physiological consequences of AdN degradation may provide valuable insight into the mechanisms of muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey J. Brault
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, 635 Barnhill Dr., Van Nuys Medical Science Bldg. 5035, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (S.G.M.); (P.S.H.)
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8
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Abstract
With an ever aging population, identifying interventions that can alleviate age-related functional declines has become increasingly important. Dietary supplements have taken center stage based on various health claims and have become a multi-million dollar business. One such supplement is creatine, a major contributor to normal cellular physiology. Creatine, an energy source that can be endogenously synthesized or obtained through diet and supplement, is involved primarily in cellular metabolism via ATP replenishment. The goal of this chapter is to summarize how creatine and its associated enzyme, creatine kinase, act under normal physiological conditions, and how altered levels of either may lead to detrimental functional outcomes. Furthermore, we will focus on the effect of aging on the creatine system and how supplementation may affect the aging process and perhaps reverse it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Sumien
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Ritu A Shetty
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Eric B Gonzales
- Department of Medical Education, TCU and UNTHSC School of Medicine, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
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Chami J, Candow DG. Effect of Creatine Supplementation Dosing Strategies on Aging Muscle Performance. J Nutr Health Aging 2019; 23:281-285. [PMID: 30820517 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-018-1148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared the effects of different creatine supplementation dosages, independent of resistance training, on aging muscle performance and functionality. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS Using a double-blind, repeated measures design, participants were randomized to one of three groups: Creatine-High (CR-H; n=11; 0.3 g/kg/day of creatine + 0.1 g/kg/day of maltodextrin), Creatine-Moderate (CR-M: n=11; 0.1 g/kg/day of creatine + 0.3 g/kg/day of maltodextrin) or Placebo (PLA; n=11; 0.4 g/kg/day of maltodextrin) for 10 consecutive days. MEASUREMENTS The primary dependent variables measured at baseline and after supplementation included muscle strength (1-repetition maximum leg press, chest press, hand-grip), muscle endurance (leg press and chest press; maximal number of repetitions performed for 1 set at 80% and 70% baseline 1-repetition maximum respectively), and physical performance (dynamic balance). RESULTS There was a significant increase over time for muscle strength (Leg press: CR-H pre 161.5 ± 55.1 kg, post 169.2 ± 59.2 kg; CR-M pre 145.2 ± 47.7 kg, post 151.7 ± 45.0 kg; PLA pre 163.7 ± 51.5 kg, post 178.2 ± 65.6 kg, p = 0.001; Chest press: CR-H pre 57.0 ± 26.2 kg, post 58.8 ± 28.0 kg; CR-M pre 54.5 ± 27.9 kg, post 56.8 ± 30.1 kg; PLA pre 55.1 ± 26.9 kg, post 58.5 ± 30.1 kg, p = 0.001) and endurance (Leg press: CR-H pre 17.1 ± 6.0 reps, post 21.0 ± 7.2 reps; CR-M pre 24.1 ± 11.6 reps, post 29.1 ± 17.0 reps; PLA pre 23.8 ± 9.7 reps, post 29.5 ± 11.9 reps, p = 0. 001; Chest press: CR-H pre 15.6 ± 2.7 reps, post 18.9 ± 2.7 reps; CR-M pre 18.0 ± 5.0 reps, post 19.9 ± 7.1 reps; PLA pre 20.5 ± 6.2 reps, post 21.6 ± 5.5 reps, p = 0. 001), with no other differences. CONCLUSION Short-term creatine supplementation, independent of dosage and resistance training, has no effect on aging muscle performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chami
- Darren G. Candow, PhD, Professor and Associate Dean-Graduate Studies and Research, Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, 3737 Wascana Parkway, University of Regina, Regina SK Canada, S4S 0A2,
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10
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No effect of creatine monohydrate supplementation on inflammatory and cartilage degradation biomarkers in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Nutr Res 2018; 51:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Polotow TG, Souza-Junior TP, Sampaio RC, Okuyama AR, Ganini D, Vardaris CV, Alves RC, McAnulty SR, Barros MP. Effect of 1 Repetition Maximum, 80% Repetition Maximum, and 50% Repetition Maximum Strength Exercise in Trained Individuals on Variations in Plasma Redox Biomarkers. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:2489-2497. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Wallimann T, Riek U, Möddel M. Intradialytic creatine supplementation: A scientific rationale for improving the health and quality of life of dialysis patients. Med Hypotheses 2017; 99:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Mobility, Balance, and Muscle Strength Adaptations to Short-Term Whole Body Vibration Training Plus Oral Creatine Supplementation in Elderly Women. Asian J Sports Med 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.36793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Kitzenberg D, Colgan SP, Glover LE. Creatine kinase in ischemic and inflammatory disorders. Clin Transl Med 2016; 5:31. [PMID: 27527620 PMCID: PMC4987751 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0114-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The creatine/phosphocreatine pathway plays a conserved and central role in energy metabolism. Compartmentalization of specific creatine kinase enzymes permits buffering of local high energy phosphates in a thermodynamically favorable manner, enabling both rapid energy storage and energy transfer within the cell. Augmentation of this metabolic pathway by nutritional creatine supplementation has been shown to elicit beneficial effects in a number of diverse pathologies, particularly those that incur tissue ischemia, hypoxia or oxidative stress. In these settings, creatine and phosphocreatine prevent depletion of intracellular ATP and internal acidification, enhance post-ischemic recovery of protein synthesis and promote free radical scavenging and stabilization of cellular membranes. The creatine kinase energy system is itself further regulated by hypoxic signaling, highlighting the existence of endogenous mechanisms in mammals that can enhance creatine metabolism during oxygen deprivation to promote tissue resolution and homeostasis. Here, we review recent insights into the creatine kinase pathway, and provide rationale for dietary creatine supplementation in human ischemic and inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kitzenberg
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Ave. MS B-146, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sean P Colgan
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Ave. MS B-146, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Louise E Glover
- Mucosal Inflammation Program, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Ave. MS B-146, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Johannsmeyer S, Candow DG, Brahms CM, Michel D, Zello GA. Effect of creatine supplementation and drop-set resistance training in untrained aging adults. Exp Gerontol 2016; 83:112-9. [PMID: 27523919 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of creatine supplementation and drop-set resistance training in untrained aging adults. Participants were randomized to one of two groups: Creatine (CR: n=14, 7 females, 7 males; 58.0±3.0yrs, 0.1g/kg/day of creatine+0.1g/kg/day of maltodextrin) or Placebo (PLA: n=17, 7 females, 10 males; age: 57.6±5.0yrs, 0.2g/kg/day of maltodextrin) during 12weeks of drop-set resistance training (3days/week; 2 sets of leg press, chest press, hack squat and lat pull-down exercises performed to muscle fatigue at 80% baseline 1-repetition maximum [1-RM] immediately followed by repetitions to muscle fatigue at 30% baseline 1-RM). METHODS Prior to and following training and supplementation, assessments were made for body composition, muscle strength, muscle endurance, tasks of functionality, muscle protein catabolism and diet. RESULTS Drop-set resistance training improved muscle mass, muscle strength, muscle endurance and tasks of functionality (p<0.05). The addition of creatine to drop-set resistance training significantly increased body mass (p=0.002) and muscle mass (p=0.007) compared to placebo. Males on creatine increased muscle strength (lat pull-down only) to a greater extent than females on creatine (p=0.005). Creatine enabled males to resistance train at a greater capacity over time compared to males on placebo (p=0.049) and females on creatine (p=0.012). Males on creatine (p=0.019) and females on placebo (p=0.014) decreased 3-MH compared to females on creatine. CONCLUSIONS The addition of creatine to drop-set resistance training augments the gains in muscle mass from resistance training alone. Creatine is more effective in untrained aging males compared to untrained aging females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Canada.
| | - C Markus Brahms
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Canada
| | - Deborah Michel
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Gordon A Zello
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
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16
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Creatine in combination with resistance training and improvement in muscle strength: evaluation of a health claim pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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17
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Kerksick CM, Roberts MD, Dalbo VJ, Sunderland KL. Intramuscular phosphagen status and the relationship to muscle performance across the age spectrum. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:115-27. [PMID: 26307531 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine age-related differences in intramuscular concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), free creatine (FCr), phosphocreatine (PCr) and total creatine (TCr) and if these differences were related to muscle performance. METHODS Forty-two healthy, non-sedentary, males between 20 and 76 years provided muscle samples to determine [ATP], [FCr], [PCr], and [TCr]. Maximal strength and endurance were assessed and correlated with intramuscular variables. RESULTS Intramuscular [ATP] decreased by 13.5% (p = 0.013) in the older cohort (18.0 ± 0.6 mmol/kg dry wt) vs. the young cohort (20.8 ± 0.9 mmol/kg dry wt) and was significantly correlated to age (r = -0.38, p = 0.008). No other differences were observed between age groups for intramuscular [PCr], [FCr], [TCr], or [PCr]:[TCr] (p > 0.05). The older cohort consumed significantly less (p < 0.05) dietary protein when compared to the young cohort. Bivariate correlations were found for intramuscular [ATP] and lower body 1RM (r = 0.24, p = 0.066), leg press volume and free creatine (r = 0.325, p = 0.036) and leg press repetitions and free creatine (r = 0.373, p = 0.015). Partial correlations controlling for age eliminated the relationship between [ATP] and 1RM while intramuscular free creatine and leg press repetitions remained significant (p < 0.05) and leg press volume approached significance (p = 0.095). CONCLUSION These results expand upon previous observations indicative of age-related reductions in intramuscular [ATP] and dietary protein intake. The lack of change in other intramuscular PCr system markers are suggestive of dysfunctions at the mitochondrial level while the impact of neuromuscular changes, lean mass cross-sectional area and differences in physical activity are also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kerksick
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, 63301, USA.
| | | | - Vincent J Dalbo
- Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Medicine and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, 4702, Australia
| | - Kyle L Sunderland
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, High Point, NC, 27262, USA
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Fougère B, Vellas B, van Kan GA, Cesari M. Identification of biological markers for better characterization of older subjects with physical frailty and sarcopenia. Transl Neurosci 2015; 6:103-110. [PMID: 28123793 PMCID: PMC4936618 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2015-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Population aging is rapidly accelerating worldwide; however, longer life expectancy is not the only public health goal. Indeed, extended lifetime involves maintaining function and the capacity of living independently. Sarcopenia and physical frailty are both highly relevant entities with regards to functionality and autonomy of older adults. The concepts and definitions of frailty and sarcopenia have largely been revised over the years. Sarcopenia is an age-related progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. On the other hand, frailty is a state of increased vulnerability to stressors, responsible for exposing the older person to enhanced risk of adverse outcomes. Physical frailty and sarcopenia substantially overlap and several adverse outcomes of frailty are likely mediated by sarcopenia. Indeed, the concepts of sarcopenia and physical frailty can be perceived as related to the same target organ (i.e., skeletal muscle) and it may be possible to combine them into a unique definition. The biological background of such a close relationship needs to be explored and clarified as it can potentially provide novel and pivotal insights for the assessment and treatment of these conditions in old age. The aim of this paper is to indicate and discuss possible biological markers to be considered in the framing of physical frailty and sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Fougère
- Gérontopôle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Inserm UMR1027, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Bruno Vellas
- Gérontopôle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Inserm UMR1027, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Gabor Abellan van Kan
- Gérontopôle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Inserm UMR1027, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Matteo Cesari
- Gérontopôle, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France; Inserm UMR1027, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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Novel insights on nutrient management of sarcopenia in elderly. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:524948. [PMID: 25705670 PMCID: PMC4326274 DOI: 10.1155/2015/524948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sarcopenia is defined as a syndrome characterized by progressive and generalized loss of muscle mass and strength. The more rationale approach to delay the progression of sarcopenia is based on the combination of proper nutrition, possibly associated with the use of dietary supplements and a regular exercise program. We performed a narrative literature review to evaluate the till-now evidence regarding (1) the metabolic and nutritional correlates of sarcopenia; (2) the optimum diet therapy for the treatment of these abnormalities. This review included 67 eligible studies. In addition to the well recognized link between adequate intake of proteins/amino acids and sarcopenia, the recent literature underlines that in sarcopenic elderly subjects there is an unbalance in vitamin D synthesis and in omega-6/omega-3 PUFA ratio. Given the detrimental effect of these metabolic abnormalities, a change in the lifestyle must be the cornerstone in the treatment of sarcopenia. The optimum diet therapy for the sarcopenia treatment must aim at achieving specific metabolic goals, which must be reached through accession of the elderly to specific personalized dietary program aimed at achieving and/or maintaining muscle mass; increasing their intake of fish (4 times/week) or taking omega-3 PUFA supplements; taking vitamin D supplementation, if there are low serum levels.
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Langille MGI, Meehan CJ, Koenig JE, Dhanani AS, Rose RA, Howlett SE, Beiko RG. Microbial shifts in the aging mouse gut. MICROBIOME 2014; 2:50. [PMID: 25520805 PMCID: PMC4269096 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-014-0050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The changes that occur in the microbiome of aging individuals are unclear, especially in light of the imperfect correlation of frailty with age. Studies in older human subjects have reported subtle effects, but these results may be confounded by other variables that often change with age such as diet and place of residence. To test these associations in a more controlled model system, we examined the relationship between age, frailty, and the gut microbiome of female C57BL/6 J mice. RESULTS The frailty index, which is based on the evaluation of 31 clinical signs of deterioration in mice, showed a near-perfect correlation with age. We observed a statistically significant relationship between age and the taxonomic composition of the corresponding microbiome. Consistent with previous human studies, the Rikenellaceae family, which includes the Alistipes genus, was the most significantly overrepresented taxon within middle-aged and older mice. The functional profile of the mouse gut microbiome also varied with host age and frailty. Bacterial-encoded functions that were underrepresented in older mice included cobalamin (B12) and biotin (B7) biosynthesis, and bacterial SOS genes associated with DNA repair. Conversely, creatine degradation, associated with muscle wasting, was overrepresented within the gut microbiomes of the older mice, as were bacterial-encoded β-glucuronidases, which can influence drug-induced epithelial cell toxicity. Older mice also showed an overabundance of monosaccharide utilization genes relative to di-, oligo-, and polysaccharide utilization genes, which may have a substantial impact on gut homeostasis. CONCLUSION We have identified taxonomic and functional patterns that correlate with age and frailty in the mouse microbiome. Differences in functions related to host nutrition and drug pharmacology vary in an age-dependent manner, suggesting that the availability and timing of essential functions may differ significantly with age and frailty. Future work with larger cohorts of mice will aim to separate the effects of age and frailty, and other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan GI Langille
- />Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
- />Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Conor J Meehan
- />Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
- />Mycobacteriology Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jeremy E Koenig
- />Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Akhilesh S Dhanani
- />Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Robert A Rose
- />Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Susan E Howlett
- />Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
- />Department of Medicine (Geriatric Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Robert G Beiko
- />Faculty of Computer Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada
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Villanueva MG, He J, Schroeder ET. Periodized resistance training with and without supplementation improve body composition and performance in older men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:891-905. [PMID: 24458508 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2821-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the effects of 12 weeks of periodized resistance training (RT) with and without combined creatine and whey protein supplementation on changes in body composition, muscular strength, and functional performance. METHODS Twenty-two male volunteers (68.1 ± 6.1 years) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: RT plus supplementation (RTS, n = 7); RT only (RT, n = 7); or control (C, n = 8). RTS consumed 0.3 g/kg/day of creatine for 5 days followed by 0.07 g/kg/day. RTS also consumed one 35 g liquid protein ready-to-drink daily. RT and RTS trained 3 days/week. RESULTS Following 12 weeks of training, there were no significant differences in the main measured outcome variables between RT and RTS. RTS increased relative (% change) lean body mass (LBM, 3.3 ± 3.1 %) compared with C (p = 0.01). Compared to baseline, RT increased LBM at week 6 (60.2 ± 8.3 to 61.6 ± 9.4 kg; p < 0.05), and decreased fat mass (20.8 ± 4.2 to 19.0 ± 3.9 kg; p = 0.05) and percentage body fat at week 12 (25.7 ± 3.8 to 23.8 ± 4.0 %; p = 0.05); RTS increased LBM at week 6 (p < 0.01) and week 12 (56.4 ± 4.3 to 58.2 ± 3.4 kg; p < 0.01), and decreased percentage body fat at week 12 (23.9 ± 4.4 to 22.0 ± 4.4 %; p < 0.01). In addition, compared to C, relative bench press 1-RM increased for RTS (72.4 ± 62.2 %; p < 0.01) and RT (50.1 ± 21.5 %; p = 0.05); relative leg press 1-RM increased for RTS (129.6 ± 39.4 %; p < 0.0001) and RT (112.9 ± 22.7 %; p < 0.0001); RTS increased relative Margaria stair-climbing power (38.3 ± 30.4 %; p < 0.05); and, relative 400-m walk time decreased for RT (-11 ± 9.2 %; p < 0.05) and RTS (-9.6 ± 9.4 %; p = 0.05). RT increased estimated VO2Max at week 6 (p < 0.01) and 12 (34.6 ± 1.9 to 36.4 ± 2.7 ml/kg/min; p = 0.01) compared to baseline. Lastly, RTS increased estimated VO2Max at week 12 (36.3 ± 2.7 to 37.5 ± 3.3 ml/kg/min; p = 0.05) compared to baseline. CONCLUSION Creatine and whey protein supplementation may not provide additional benefits in older adults performing periodized RT to augment muscular and functional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Villanueva
- Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, Clinical Exercise Research Center, University of Southern California, 1540 E. Alcazar St. CHP-149, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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22
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Cherniack EP. Ergogenic dietary aids for the elderly. Nutrition 2012; 28:225-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Wallimann T, Tokarska-Schlattner M, Schlattner U. The creatine kinase system and pleiotropic effects of creatine. Amino Acids 2011; 40:1271-96. [PMID: 21448658 PMCID: PMC3080659 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pleiotropic effects of creatine (Cr) are based mostly on the functions of the enzyme creatine kinase (CK) and its high-energy product phosphocreatine (PCr). Multidisciplinary studies have established molecular, cellular, organ and somatic functions of the CK/PCr system, in particular for cells and tissues with high and intermittent energy fluctuations. These studies include tissue-specific expression and subcellular localization of CK isoforms, high-resolution molecular structures and structure–function relationships, transgenic CK abrogation and reverse genetic approaches. Three energy-related physiological principles emerge, namely that the CK/PCr systems functions as (a) an immediately available temporal energy buffer, (b) a spatial energy buffer or intracellular energy transport system (the CK/PCr energy shuttle or circuit) and (c) a metabolic regulator. The CK/PCr energy shuttle connects sites of ATP production (glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation) with subcellular sites of ATP utilization (ATPases). Thus, diffusion limitations of ADP and ATP are overcome by PCr/Cr shuttling, as most clearly seen in polar cells such as spermatozoa, retina photoreceptor cells and sensory hair bundles of the inner ear. The CK/PCr system relies on the close exchange of substrates and products between CK isoforms and ATP-generating or -consuming processes. Mitochondrial CK in the mitochondrial outer compartment, for example, is tightly coupled to ATP export via adenine nucleotide transporter or carrier (ANT) and thus ATP-synthesis and respiratory chain activity, releasing PCr into the cytosol. This coupling also reduces formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition, an early event in apoptosis. Cr itself may also act as a direct and/or indirect anti-oxidant, while PCr can interact with and protect cellular membranes. Collectively, these factors may well explain the beneficial effects of Cr supplementation. The stimulating effects of Cr for muscle and bone growth and maintenance, and especially in neuroprotection, are now recognized and the first clinical studies are underway. Novel socio-economically relevant applications of Cr supplementation are emerging, e.g. for senior people, intensive care units and dialysis patients, who are notoriously Cr-depleted. Also, Cr will likely be beneficial for the healthy development of premature infants, who after separation from the placenta depend on external Cr. Cr supplementation of pregnant and lactating women, as well as of babies and infants are likely to be of benefit for child development. Last but not least, Cr harbours a global ecological potential as an additive for animal feed, replacing meat- and fish meal for animal (poultry and swine) and fish aqua farming. This may help to alleviate human starvation and at the same time prevent over-fishing of oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Wallimann
- Institute of Cell Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Rawson ES, Venezia AC. Use of creatine in the elderly and evidence for effects on cognitive function in young and old. Amino Acids 2011; 40:1349-62. [PMID: 21394604 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ingestion of the dietary supplement creatine (about 20 g/day for 5 days or about 2 g/day for 30 days) results in increased skeletal muscle creatine and phosphocreatine. Subsequently, the performance of high-intensity exercise tasks, which rely heavily on the creatine-phosphocreatine energy system, is enhanced. The well documented benefits of creatine supplementation in young adults, including increased lean body mass, increased strength, and enhanced fatigue resistance are particularly important to older adults. With aging and reduced physical activity, there are decreases in muscle creatine, muscle mass, bone density, and strength. However, there is evidence that creatine ingestion may reverse these changes, and subsequently improve activities of daily living. Several groups have demonstrated that in older adults, short-term high-dose creatine supplementation, independent of exercise training, increases body mass, enhances fatigue resistance, increases muscle strength, and improves the performance of activities of daily living. Similarly, in older adults, concurrent creatine supplementation and resistance training increase lean body mass, enhance fatigue resistance, increase muscle strength, and improve performance of activities of daily living to a greater extent than resistance training alone. Additionally, creatine supplementation plus resistance training results in a greater increase in bone mineral density than resistance training alone. Higher brain creatine is associated with improved neuropsychological performance, and recently, creatine supplementation has been shown to increase brain creatine and phosphocreatine. Subsequent studies have demonstrated that cognitive processing, that is either experimentally (following sleep deprivation) or naturally (due to aging) impaired, can be improved with creatine supplementation. Creatine is an inexpensive and safe dietary supplement that has both peripheral and central effects. The benefits afforded to older adults through creatine ingestion are substantial, can improve quality of life, and ultimately may reduce the disease burden associated with sarcopenia and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Rawson
- Department of Exercise Science, 131 CEH, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA 17815, USA.
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