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Yang Q, Nguyen EP, Panáček D, Šedajová V, Hrubý V, Rosati G, Silva CDCC, Bakandritsos A, Otyepka M, Merkoçi A. Metal-free cysteamine-functionalized graphene alleviates mutual interferences in heavy metal electrochemical detection. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2023; 25:1647-1657. [PMID: 36824602 PMCID: PMC9940303 DOI: 10.1039/d2gc02978b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollutants are of great concern to environmental monitoring due to their potent toxicity. Electrochemical detection, one of the main techniques, is hindered by the mutual interferences of various heavy metal ions in practical use. In particular, the sensitivity of carbon electrodes to Cd2+ ions (one of the most toxic heavy metals) is often overshadowed by some heavy metals (e.g. Pb2+ and Cu2+). To mitigate interference, metallic particles/films (e.g. Hg, Au, Bi, and Sn) typically need to be embedded in the carbon electrodes. However, these additional metallic materials may face issues of secondary pollution and unsustainability. In this study, a metal-free and sustainable nanomaterial, namely cysteamine covalently functionalized graphene (GSH), was found to lead to a 6-fold boost in the Cd2+ sensitivity of the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE), while the sensitivities to Pb2+ and Cu2+ were not influenced in simultaneous detection. The selective enhancement could be attributed to the grafted thiols on GSH sheets with good affinity to Cd2+ ions based on Pearson's hard and soft acid and base principle. More intriguingly, the GSH-modified SPCE (GSH-SPCE) featured high reusability with extended cycling times (23 times), surpassing the state-of-art SPCEs modified by non-covalently functionalized graphene derivatives. Last, the GSH-SPCE was validated in tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Yang
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Department of Materials Science, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Campus de la UAB Plaça Cívica 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - Emily P Nguyen
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - David Panáček
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Šedajová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Hrubý
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc 17. listopadu 12 771 46 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Giulio Rosati
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - Cecilia de Carvalho Castro Silva
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- MackGraphe-Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian University Consolação Street 930 01302-907 São Paulo Brazil
| | - Aristides Bakandritsos
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic
- Nanotechnology Centre, Centre of Energy and Environmental Technologies, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava 17. listopadu 2172/15 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba Czech Republic
| | - Michal Otyepka
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 783 71 Olomouc Czech Republic
- IT4Innovations, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava 17. listopadu 2172/15 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba Czech Republic
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics and Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC Campus UAB Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona 08010 Spain
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2
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Pérez-Herráez I, Justo-Tirado M, Bueno-Cuenca M, Zaballos-García E, Pérez-Prieto J. Flavin adenine dinucleotide-capped gold nanoclusters: biocompatible photo-emissive nanomaterial and reservoir of lumichrome. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:2250-2254. [PMID: 36133697 PMCID: PMC9418107 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00110a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel biocompatible nanohybrid consisting of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) capped with FAD cofactor molecules exhibits distinctive and unique features compared to those of free FAD. The spherical shape of the AuNC provides a large surface to volume ratio, thereby enabling a huge amount of FAD on the AuNC surface while, in basic media and under nitrogen atmosphere, the considerable curvature of its surface enables light-triggered delivery of lumichrome, which is an effective photosensitizer and fluorescent probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pérez-Herráez
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de Valencia Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universitat de Valencia Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Miguel Justo-Tirado
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de Valencia Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universitat de Valencia Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Mar Bueno-Cuenca
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universitat de Valencia Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Elena Zaballos-García
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universitat de Valencia Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n 46100 Burjassot Valencia Spain
| | - Julia Pérez-Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de Valencia Calle Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Valencia Spain
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Saini D, Kaushik J, Garg AK, Dalal C, Sonkar SK. N, S-codoped Carbon Dots for Nontoxic Cell Imaging and As a Sunlight-Active Photocatalytic Material for the Removal of Chromium. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:3656-3663. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Saini
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Jaidev Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Anjali Kumari Garg
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Chumki Dalal
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Jaipur 302017, India
| | - Sumit Kumar Sonkar
- Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Jaipur 302017, India
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Pranantyo D, Liu P, Zhong W, Kang ET, Chan-Park MB. Antimicrobial Peptide-Reduced Gold Nanoclusters with Charge-Reversal Moieties for Bacterial Targeting and Imaging. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2922-2933. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dicky Pranantyo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117585, Republic of Singapore
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117585, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wenbin Zhong
- Centre of Antimicrobial Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Republic of Singapore
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117585, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mary B. Chan-Park
- Centre of Antimicrobial Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Republic of Singapore
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Rosenthal A, Rauch S, Eichhorn KJ, Stamm M, Uhlmann P. Enzyme immobilization on protein-resistant PNIPAAm brushes: impact of biotin linker length on enzyme amount and catalytic activity. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 171:351-357. [PMID: 30056296 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) brushes with terminal click functionality can be used to selectively immobilize enzymes. Exploiting their inherent protein-repellent and thus non-fouling properties, surfaces with specific bioactivity can be created in this way. This report describes the functionalization of alkyne-PNIPAAm brushes with two biotin linkers of different poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) spacer length via click chemistry and the subsequent immobilization of streptavidin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (SA-HRP) by the strong interaction between biotin and streptavidin. Spectroscopic ellipsometry is used to quantify the biotin and the SA-HRP amount on the PNIPAAm brushes. Enzyme activities are determined by UV‑vis spectroscopy. A better accessibility to the alkyne-functionalized chain ends for the short biotin-PEG3 linker leads to a higher biotin amount on these PNIPAAm brushes, which in turn results in higher SA‑HRP amounts on biotin-PEG3-modified brushes in the swollen (20 °C) and collapsed state (37 °C) compared to biotin-PEG23-modified ones. For both linkers, an increased immobilization temperature leads to higher SA-HRP amounts due to an enhanced reaction kinetics and mobility. All immobilized SA-HRP amounts are in range of 81-98% monolayer coverage, except for SA-HRP immobilized on biotin-PEG23-modified PNIPAAm brushes at 20 °C, exhibiting only 43% monolayer coverage. A high mobility of the biotin linker combined with a low surface loading of SA-HRP is found to be beneficial for the activity of SA-HRP. Hence, the highest specific activity as measured by HRP-catalyzed 3,3´,5,5´‑tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) oxidation is found for a low SA-HRP amount on biotin-PEG23-modified brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Rosenthal
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rauch
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Stamm
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Physical Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Petra Uhlmann
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Hamilton Hall, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, United States.
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Kalmodia S, Parameswaran S, Ganapathy K, Yang W, Barrow CJ, Kanwar JR, Roy K, Vasudevan M, Kulkarni K, Elchuri SV, Krishnakumar S. Characterization and Molecular Mechanism of Peptide-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticle Inhibiting p53-HDM2 Interaction in Retinoblastoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 9:349-364. [PMID: 29246314 PMCID: PMC5684491 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the interaction between p53 and HDM2 is an effective therapeutic strategy in cancers that harbor a wild-type p53 protein such as retinoblastoma (RB). Nanoparticle-based delivery of therapeutic molecules has been shown to be advantageous in localized delivery, including to the eye, by overcoming ocular barriers. In this study, we utilized biocompatible gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to deliver anti-HDM2 peptide to RB cells. Characterization studies suggested that GNP-HDM2 was stable in biologically relevant solvents and had optimal cellular internalization capability, the primary requirement of any therapeutic molecule. GNP-HDM2 treatment in RB cells in vitro suggested that they function by arresting RB cells at the G2M phase of the cell cycle and initiating apoptosis. Analysis of molecular changes in GNP-HDM2-treated cells by qRT-PCR and western blotting revealed that the p53 protein was upregulated; however, transactivation of its downstream targets was minimal, except for the PUMA-BCl2 and Bax axis. Global gene expression and in silico bioinformatic analysis of GNP-HDM2-treated cells suggested that upregulation of p53 might presumptively mediate apoptosis through the induction of p53-inducible miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Kalmodia
- Department of Nano Biotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 006, India; Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Sowmya Parameswaran
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 006, India
| | - Kalaivani Ganapathy
- Department of Nano Biotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 006, India
| | - Wenrong Yang
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine -Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medicine Research (C-MMR), Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Kislay Roy
- Nanomedicine -Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medicine Research (C-MMR), Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3217, Australia
| | | | | | - Sailaja V Elchuri
- Department of Nano Biotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 006, India
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- Department of Nano Biotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 006, India.
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Schöffer JDN, Matte CR, Charqueiro DS, de Menezes EW, Costa TMH, Benvenutti EV, Rodrigues RC, Hertz PF. Directed immobilization of CGTase: The effect of the enzyme orientation on the enzyme activity and its use in packed-bed reactor for continuous production of cyclodextrins. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Corrigan D, Schulze H, Ciani I, Henihan G, Mount A, Bachmann T. Improving performance of a rapid electrochemical MRSA assay: Optimisation of assay conditions to achieve enhanced discrimination of clinically important DNA sequences under ambient conditions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Site directed immobilization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase via thiol-disulfide interchange: Influence on catalytic activity of cysteines introduced at different positions. J Biotechnol 2013; 167:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Prats-Alfonso E, Oberhansl S, Lagunas A, Martínez E, Samitier J, Albericio F. Effective and Versatile Strategy for the Total Solid-Phase Synthesis of Alkanethiols for Biological Applications. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Prats-Alfonso E, Sisquella X, Zine N, Gabriel G, Guimerà A, del Campo FJ, Villa R, Eisenberg AH, Mrksich M, Errachid A, Aguiló J, Albericio F. Cancer prognostics by direct detection of p53-antibodies on gold surfaces by impedance measurements. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:2106-15. [PMID: 22511467 PMCID: PMC3753068 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201102724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The identification and measurement of biomarkers is critical to a broad range of methods that diagnose and monitor many diseases. Serum auto-antibodies are rapidly becoming interesting targets because of their biological and medical relevance. This paper describes a highly sensitive, label-free approach for the detection of p53-antibodies, a prognostic indicator in ovarian cancer as well as a biomarker in the early stages of other cancers. This approach uses impedance measurements on gold microelectrodes to measure antibody concentrations at the picomolar level in undiluted serum samples. The biosensor shows high selectivity as a result of the optimization of the epitopes responsible for the detection of p53-antibodies and was validated by several techniques including microcontact printing, self-assembled-monolayer desorption ionization (SAMDI) mass spectrometry, and adhesion pull-off force by atomic force microscopy (AFM). This transduction method will lead to fast and accurate diagnostic tools for the early detection of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Prats-Alfonso
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Sisquella
- Nanotechnology Platform, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadia Zine
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, UMR 5180 institut des Sciences Analytiques, Bat CPE, 43, Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Gemma Gabriel
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Anton Guimerà
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - F. Javier del Campo
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Rosa Villa
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Adam H. Eisenberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Northwestern University, Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Northwestern University, Departments of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston IL 60208
| | - Abdelhamid Errachid
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, UMR 5180 institut des Sciences Analytiques, Bat CPE, 43, Bd du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Jordi Aguiló
- Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, 08028-Barcelona, Spain
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Pilolli R, Ditaranto N, Cioffi N, Sabbatini L. Non-destructive depth profile reconstruction of bio-engineered surfaces by parallel-angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:713-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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