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Koh R, Szeverenyi I, Lunny DP, Eng GH, Lane EB. Loss of keratin 14 expression from immortalized keratinocytes by promoter methylation. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15143. [PMID: 39073059 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Immortalized keratinocytes can offer a low-cost experimental platform for human skin research, with increased cell yield compared to primary cultures. However, the usefulness of these surrogate cell models is highly dependent on their ability to retain the phenotypic attributes of the parent cells. Keratins K14 and K5 are the hallmarks of undifferentiated, mitotically active basal keratinocytes. We observed occasional progressive loss of K14 expression in growing keratinocyte cell lines, with persistent retention of K5 and an epithelial phenotype, and investigated possible reasons for this. We show that K14 repression occurs by DNA promoter methylation of KRT14 gene and is compounded by histone deacetylation and by the presence of EGF. In vivo, keratinocytes shut down K14 synthesis as they commit to terminal differentiation and move from the basal to spinous layer, but by laser-capture microdissection of human epidermis we could detect no evidence of increased selective KRT14 methylation in this normal process. Loss of K14 expression suggests that epidermal identity of cultured keratinocytes can be compromised in certain tissue culture situations, possibly due to the immortalization method and persistent EGF supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Koh
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ildiko Szeverenyi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, Singapore
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Georgikon Campus, Keszthely, Hungary
| | - Declan P Lunny
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Goi Hui Eng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Reyimu A, Xing F, Zhou W, Zheng Y, Liu B, Dai J, Xing Y, Gao J. Screening of potential key genes in esophageal cancer based on RBP and expression verification of HENMT1. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36544. [PMID: 38065897 PMCID: PMC10713111 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
To screen key biomarkers of esophageal cancer (ESCA) by bioinformatics and analyze the correlation between key genes and immune infiltration. Expression profile data of ESCA was downloaded from TCGA database, and DEGs in ESCA were screened with R software. After the RNA binding proteins (RBPs) in DEGs were screened, the protein interaction network was constructed using tools such as STRING and Cytoscape and the key genes (HENMT1) were screened. Survival analysis of HENMT1 was performed by Kaplan-Meier method. Functional enrichment analysis of HENMT1 interacting proteins was performed using the DAVID website, and GSEA predicted the signal pathways involved by HENMT1. CIBERSORT algorithm was used to analyze the infiltration of immune cells in ESCA. The expression of HENMT1 in ESCA was detected by immunohistochemistry. A total of 105 RNA binding proteins (RBPs) were differentially expressed in ESCA, and a PPI network was constructed to screen the key gene HENMT1. The expression level of hemmt1 gene was closely related to the infiltration of B cells naive, T cells regulatory (Tregs), neutrophils, T cells CD4 memory activated, master cells resting and dendritic cells resting in ESCA tissues (P < .05). Immunohistochemical results showed that HENMT1 was highly expressed in ESCA tissues and was positively correlated with the expression of MKI67. HENMT1 is related to the occurrence and prognosis of ESCA, and is also related to the infiltration of immune cells in ESCA tissue, which may provide a new idea for the targeted treatment of ESCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdusemer Reyimu
- Medical College, Anhui University of science and technology, Huainan, Anhui, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Fei Xing
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People’s Hospital of Huaian, The Affiliated Huaian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wubi Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Dai
- Department of Medical Laboratory, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yingru Xing
- Department of Medical Laboratory, AnHui ZhongKe GengJiu Hospital, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Anhui University of science and technology, Huainan, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Medical Records, The Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai’an, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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3
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Arnouk H. Cornulin as a Prognosticator for Lymph Node Involvement in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cureus 2022; 14:e33130. [PMID: 36721574 PMCID: PMC9884428 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.33130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cornulin is an epidermal differentiation marker and a stress-related protein. Its expression patterns are likely to reflect the multi-step tumorigenesis process of cSCC, given its role as a tumor suppressor. The aim of this study is to evaluate the utility of Cornulin as a prognosticator for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Specifically, the correlation between Cornulin expression and the clinicopathological parameter of lymph node involvement (nodal status), which plays a major role in determining cSCC prognosis and recurrence. We predicted that Cornulin expression declines as cSCC tumors metastasize to regional lymph nodes. Methodology Tissue samples of cSCC lesions of variable nodal involvement status were stained using immunohistochemistry, and high-resolution images were acquired. Aperio ImageScope software (Leica Biosystems) equipped with a positive-pixel-counting algorithm was used to quantify the staining intensity. Subsequently, Cornulin immunoreactivity was calculated as a Histo-score (H-score) value, which is based on the staining intensity and the percentage of positively stained cells. Mean H-scores were compared between groups using an unpaired t-test. Results A significant inverse correlation was found between Cornulin expression levels and metastasis to the lymph nodes. Specifically, primary tumors with metastasis to regional lymph nodes (N1) exhibited 9.5-fold decrease in Cornulin immunoreactivity compared to the primary tumor samples without lymph node involvement (N0). Conclusion Cornulin was found to be significantly downregulated in primary tumors with lymph node metastases. Detection assays to measure Cornulin expression in cSCC primary tumors might aid in determining the nodal status in these patients and possibly help determine cases of occult lymph node metastasis or micrometastasis. Future clinical studies are needed to help establish Cornulin's role in enhancing the predictive power of histopathological examination and improving survival rates for patients suffering from this type of skin cancer.
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4
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Human Papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 Oncoproteins Alter the Abundance of Proteins Associated with DNA Damage Response, Immune Signaling and Epidermal Differentiation. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081764. [PMID: 36016386 PMCID: PMC9415472 DOI: 10.3390/v14081764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-risk human papillomaviruses are oncogenic viruses associated with almost all cases of cervical carcinomas, and increasing numbers of anal, and oral cancers. Two oncogenic HPV proteins, E6 and E7, are capable of immortalizing keratinocytes and are required for HPV associated cell transformation. Currently, the influence of these oncoproteins on the global regulation of the host proteome is not well defined. Liquid chromatography coupled with quantitative tandem mass spectrometry using isobaric-tagged peptides was used to investigate the effects of the HPV16 oncoproteins E6 and E7 on protein levels in human neonatal keratinocytes (HEKn). Pathway and gene ontology enrichment analyses revealed that the cells expressing the HPV oncoproteins have elevated levels of proteins related to interferon response, inflammation and DNA damage response, while the proteins related to cell organization and epithelial development are downregulated. This study identifies dysregulated pathways and potential biomarkers associated with HPV oncoproteins in primary keratinocytes which may have therapeutic implications. Most notably, DNA damage response pathways, DNA replication, and interferon signaling pathways were affected in cells transduced with HPV16 E6 and E7 lentiviruses. Moreover, proteins associated with cell organization and differentiation were significantly downregulated in keratinocytes expressing HPV16 E6 + E7. High-risk HPV E6 and E7 oncoproteins are necessary for the HPV-associated transformation of keratinocytes. However their influence on the global dysregulation of keratinocyte proteome is not well documented. Here shotgun proteomics using TMT-labeling detected over 2500 significantly dysregulated proteins associated with E6 and E7 expression. Networks of proteins related to interferon response, inflammation and DNA damage repair pathways were altered.
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Zheng Y, Meng XW, Yang JP. Exploring Potential Regulatory Anesthetic Drugs Based on RNA Binding Protein and Constructing CESC Prognosis Model: A Study Based on TCGA Database. Front Surg 2022; 9:823566. [PMID: 35449547 PMCID: PMC9018109 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.823566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the differential expression of RBPs in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CESC), analyze the regulatory effect of narcotic drugs on RBPs, and establish the prognostic risk model of CESC patients. Methods RNA-SEQ data and clinical case data of cancer and normal samples from CESC patients were obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database. Differentially expressed RBPs were screened by R language and enriched. The CMAP database is used to predict the anesthetic drugs that regulate the differential expression of RBPs. The prognostic risk score model was constructed by COX regression analysis. Risk score of each CESC patient was calculated and divided into high-risk group and low-risk group according to the median risk score. The prediction efficiency of prognostic risk model was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and the correlation between prognostic risk model and clinical characteristics was analyzed. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of RNASEH2A and HENMT1 in tissues. Results There were 65 differentially expressed RBPs in CESC. Five anesthetics, including benzocaine, procaine, pentoxyverine, and tetracaine were obtained to regulate RBPs. Survival analysis showed that seven genes were related to the prognosis of patients, and the CESC risk score model was constructed by COX regression. The risk score can be used as an independent prognostic factor. RNASEH2A and HENMT1 are up-regulated in tumors, which can effectively distinguish normal tissues from tumor tissues. Conclusion It is found that different anesthetic drugs have different regulatory effects on the differential expression of RBPs. Based on the differentially expressed RBPs, the prognostic risk score model of CESC patients was constructed. To provide ideas for the formulation of individualized precise anesthesia scheme and cancer pain analgesia scheme, which is helpful to improve the perioperative survival rate of cancer patients.
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6
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A novel humanized mouse model to study the function of human cutaneous memory T cells in vivo in human skin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11164. [PMID: 32636404 PMCID: PMC7341892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67430-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin contains a population of memory T cells that supports tissue homeostasis and provides protective immunity. The study of human memory T cells is often restricted to in vitro studies and to human PBMC serving as primary cell source. Because the tissue environment impacts the phenotype and function of memory T cells, it is crucial to study these cells within their tissue. Here we utilized immunodeficient NOD-scid IL2rγnull (NSG) mice that carried in vivo-generated engineered human skin (ES). ES was generated from human keratinocytes and fibroblasts and was initially devoid of skin-resident immune cells. Upon adoptive transfer of human PBMC, this reductionist system allowed us to study human T cell recruitment from a circulating pool of T cells into non-inflamed human skin in vivo. Circulating human memory T cells preferentially infiltrated ES and showed diverse functional profiles of T cells found in fresh human skin. The chemokine and cytokine microenvironment of ES closely resembled that of non-inflamed human skin. Upon entering the ES T cells assumed a resident memory T cell-like phenotype in the absence of infection, and a proportion of these cutaneous T cells can be locally activated upon injection of monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs) that presented Candida albicans. Interestingly, we found that CD69+ memory T cells produced higher levels of effector cytokines in response to Candida albicans, compared to CD69- T cells. Overall, this model has broad utility in many areas of human skin immunology research, including the study of immune-mediated skin diseases.
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7
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Klicznik MM, Morawski PA, Höllbacher B, Varkhande SR, Motley SJ, Kuri-Cervantes L, Goodwin E, Rosenblum MD, Long SA, Brachtl G, Duhen T, Betts MR, Campbell DJ, Gratz IK. Human CD4 +CD103 + cutaneous resident memory T cells are found in the circulation of healthy individuals. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/37/eaav8995. [PMID: 31278120 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aav8995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) persist locally in nonlymphoid tissues where they provide frontline defense against recurring insults. TRM at barrier surfaces express the markers CD103 and/or CD69, which function to retain them in epithelial tissues. In humans, neither the long-term migratory behavior of TRM nor their ability to reenter the circulation and potentially migrate to distant tissue sites has been investigated. Using tissue explant cultures, we found that CD4+CD69+CD103+ TRM in human skin can down-regulate CD69 and exit the tissue. In addition, we identified a skin-tropic CD4+CD69-CD103+ population in human lymph and blood that is transcriptionally, functionally, and clonally related to the CD4+CD69+CD103+ TRM population in the skin. Using a skin xenograft model, we confirmed that a fraction of the human cutaneous CD4+CD103+ TRM population can reenter circulation and migrate to secondary human skin sites where they reassume a TRM phenotype. Thus, our data challenge current concepts regarding the strict tissue compartmentalization of CD4+ T cell memory in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Klicznik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Barbara Höllbacher
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Suraj R Varkhande
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eileen Goodwin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - S Alice Long
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Gabriele Brachtl
- Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Duhen
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Campbell
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Iris K Gratz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria. .,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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8
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Turnbull A, Bermejo-Rodríguez C, Preston MA, Garrido-Barros M, Pimentel B, de la Cueva-Méndez G. Targeted Cancer Cell Killing by Highly Selective miRNA-Triggered Activation of a Prokaryotic Toxin-Antitoxin System. ACS Synth Biol 2019; 8:1730-1736. [PMID: 31348648 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although not evolved to function in eukaryotes, prokaryotic toxin Kid induces apoptosis in human cells, and this is avoided by coexpression of its neutralizing antitoxin, Kis. Inspired by the way Kid becomes active in bacterial cells we had previously engineered a synthetic toxin-antitoxin system bearing a Kis protein variant that is selectively degraded in cells expressing viral oncoprotein E6, thus achieving highly selective killing of cancer cells transformed by human papillomavirus. Here we aimed to broaden the type of oncogenic insults, and therefore of cancer cells, that can be targeted using this approach. We show that appropriate linkage of the kis gene to a single, fully complementary, target site for an oncogenic human microRNA enables the construction of a synthetic toxin-antitoxin pair that selectively kills cancer cells overexpressing that particular microRNA. Importantly, the resulting system spares nontargeted cells from collateral damage, even when they overexpress highly homologous, though nontargeted, microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Turnbull
- MRC Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, U.K
| | | | - Mark A. Preston
- MRC Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, U.K
| | - María Garrido-Barros
- Synthetic Biology and Smart Therapeutic Nanosystems Laboratory, Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology−BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Nanobioengineering of Smart Therapeutic and Diagnostic Systems Laboratory, Area of Oncology and Oncohematology, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga−IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Belén Pimentel
- MRC Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, U.K
- Synthetic Biology and Smart Therapeutic Nanosystems Laboratory, Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology−BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Nanobioengineering of Smart Therapeutic and Diagnostic Systems Laboratory, Area of Oncology and Oncohematology, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga−IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Guillermo de la Cueva-Méndez
- MRC Cancer Cell Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, U.K
- Synthetic Biology and Smart Therapeutic Nanosystems Laboratory, Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology−BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Nanobioengineering of Smart Therapeutic and Diagnostic Systems Laboratory, Area of Oncology and Oncohematology, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga−IBIMA, 29010 Málaga, Spain
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Dalzon B, Aude-Garcia C, Collin-Faure V, Diemer H, Béal D, Dussert F, Fenel D, Schoehn G, Cianférani S, Carrière M, Rabilloud T. Differential proteomics highlights macrophage-specific responses to amorphous silica nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:9641-9658. [PMID: 28671223 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02140b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The technological and economic benefits of engineered nanomaterials may be offset by their adverse effects on living organisms. One of the highly produced nanomaterials under such scrutiny is amorphous silica nanoparticles, which are known to have an appreciable, although reversible, inflammatory potential. This is due to their selective toxicity toward macrophages, and it is thus important to study the cellular responses of this cell type to silica nanoparticles to better understand the direct or indirect adverse effects of nanosilica. We have here studied the responses of the RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells and of the control MPC11 plasma cells to subtoxic concentrations of nanosilica, using a combination of proteomic and targeted approaches. This allowed us to document alterations in the cellular cytoskeleton, in the phagocytic capacity of the cells as well as their ability to respond to bacterial stimuli. More surprisingly, silica nanoparticles also induce a greater sensitivity of macrophages to DNA alkylating agents, such as styrene oxide, even at doses which do not induce any appreciable cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Dalzon
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, UMR 5249, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble, France.
| | - Catherine Aude-Garcia
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, UMR 5249, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble, France.
| | - Véronique Collin-Faure
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, UMR 5249, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble, France.
| | - Hélène Diemer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - David Béal
- Chimie Interface Biologie pour l'Environnement, la Santé et la Toxicologie (CIBEST), UMR 5819, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Fanny Dussert
- Chimie Interface Biologie pour l'Environnement, la Santé et la Toxicologie (CIBEST), UMR 5819, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, INAC, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Daphna Fenel
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, UMR5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Guy Schoehn
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, UMR5075, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie Carrière
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Rabilloud
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, UMR 5249, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Grenoble, France.
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Lü P, Xing Y, Hu Z, Yang Y, Pan Y, Chen K, Zhu F, Zhou Y, Chen K, Yao Q. A characterization of structural proteins expressed by Bombyx mori bidensovirus. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 144:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Woods RSR, Keegan H, White C, Tewari P, Toner M, Kennedy S, O'Regan EM, Martin CM, Timon CVI, O'Leary JJ. Cytokeratin 7 in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Junctional Biomarker for Human Papillomavirus-Related Tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 26:702-710. [PMID: 28082347 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) represents a distinct subgroup of head and neck tumors. We analyze the expression of cytokeratin 7, a junctional biomarker with a SEQIKA fragment, which stabilizes HPV-16 E7 transcripts, in oropharyngeal SCCs.Methods: Archived tumor specimens and epidemiologic data were collected from patients with oropharyngeal SCCs over 10 years. Briefly, DNA was extracted from tissue blocks, and HPV testing was carried out using SPF10 HPV PCR and INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping. Immunohistochemical staining for CK7 and p16ink4a was performed on the Ventana BenchMark Ultra Immunostainer. Analysis was by light microscopy using the H-score. CK7 expression was correlated with epidemiologic data, p16ink4a positivity, and HPV status using SPSS.Results: CK7 expression was observed specifically and uniformly in the tonsillar crypt epithelium of normal tonsils and tumor specimens. There were 226 cases of oropharyngeal SCCs, with 70 demonstrating both HPV and p16 positivity. Of 216 cases evaluated for CK7, 106 demonstrated some positivity, whereas H-score > 60 was seen in 55 of these. CK7 H-score > 60 was significantly associated with tonsillar subsite and HPV and p16 positivity.Conclusions: An association between CK7 and HPV has been demonstrated. CK7-expressing tonsillar crypt cells potentially represent an oropharyngeal subsite susceptible to HPV-related SCC.Impact: Along with the cervix and anorectum, specific oropharyngeal expression of CK7 in a site predisposed to HPV-related tumors may suggest a role for CK7 in the pathogenesis of this subgroup of tumors. Further research is warranted to characterize the association between CK7 and HPV-related head and neck SCC. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(5); 702-10. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robbie S R Woods
- Department of Otolaryngology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. .,Department of Otolaryngology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Histopathology & Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,CERVIVA Research Consortium, Ireland
| | - Helen Keegan
- Department of Histopathology & Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,CERVIVA Research Consortium, Ireland
| | - Christine White
- Department of Histopathology & Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,CERVIVA Research Consortium, Ireland
| | - Prerna Tewari
- Department of Histopathology & Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,CERVIVA Research Consortium, Ireland
| | - Mary Toner
- Department of Histopathology & Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Histopathology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan Kennedy
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Esther M O'Regan
- Department of Histopathology & Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Histopathology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cara M Martin
- Department of Histopathology & Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,CERVIVA Research Consortium, Ireland
| | - Conrad V I Timon
- Department of Otolaryngology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Otolaryngology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John J O'Leary
- Department of Histopathology & Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,CERVIVA Research Consortium, Ireland.,Department of Histopathology, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Preston MA, Pimentel B, Bermejo-Rodríguez C, Dionne I, Turnbull A, de la Cueva-Méndez G. Repurposing a Prokaryotic Toxin-Antitoxin System for the Selective Killing of Oncogenically Stressed Human Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2016; 5:540-6. [PMID: 26230535 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.5b00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prokaryotes express intracellular toxins that pass unnoticed to carrying cells until coexpressed antitoxin partners are degraded in response to stress. Although not evolved to function in eukaryotes, one of these toxins, Kid, induces apoptosis in mammalian cells, an effect that is neutralized by its cognate antitoxin, Kis. Here we engineered this toxin-antitoxin pair to create a synthetic system that becomes active in human cells suffering a specific oncogenic stress. Inspired by the way Kid becomes active in bacterial cells, we produced a Kis variant that is selectively degraded in human cells expressing oncoprotein E6. The resulting toxin-antitoxin system functions autonomously in human cells, distinguishing those that suffer the oncogenic insult, which are killed by Kid, from those that do not, which remain protected by Kis. Our results provide a framework for developing personalized anticancer strategies avoiding off-target effects, a challenge that has been hardly tractable by other means thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Preston
- MRC Cancer Cell Unit. Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, U.K
| | - Belén Pimentel
- MRC Cancer Cell Unit. Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, U.K
| | | | - Isabelle Dionne
- MRC Cancer Cell Unit. Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, U.K
| | - Alice Turnbull
- MRC Cancer Cell Unit. Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, U.K
| | - Guillermo de la Cueva-Méndez
- MRC Cancer Cell Unit. Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, U.K
- Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology (BIONAND), Parque Tecnológico de Andalucı́a, C/Severo Ochoa 35, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga, Spain
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13
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Triboulet S, Aude-Garcia C, Armand L, Collin-Faure V, Chevallet M, Diemer H, Gerdil A, Proamer F, Strub JM, Habert A, Herlin N, Van Dorsselaer A, Carrière M, Rabilloud T. Comparative proteomic analysis of the molecular responses of mouse macrophages to titanium dioxide and copper oxide nanoparticles unravels some toxic mechanisms for copper oxide nanoparticles in macrophages. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124496. [PMID: 25902355 PMCID: PMC4406518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide and copper oxide nanoparticles are more and more widely used because of their catalytic properties, of their light absorbing properties (titanium dioxide) or of their biocidal properties (copper oxide), increasing the risk of adverse health effects. In this frame, the responses of mouse macrophages were studied. Both proteomic and targeted analyses were performed to investigate several parameters, such as phagocytic capacity, cytokine release, copper release, and response at sub toxic doses. Besides titanium dioxide and copper oxide nanoparticles, copper ions were used as controls. We also showed that the overall copper release in the cell does not explain per se the toxicity observed with copper oxide nanoparticles. In addition, both copper ion and copper oxide nanoparticles, but not titanium oxide, induced DNA strands breaks in macrophages. As to functional responses, the phagocytic capacity was not hampered by any of the treatments at non-toxic doses, while copper ion decreased the lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine and nitric oxide productions. The proteomic analyses highlighted very few changes induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles, but an induction of heme oxygenase, an increase of glutathione synthesis and a decrease of tetrahydrobiopterin in response to copper oxide nanoparticles. Subsequent targeted analyses demonstrated that the increase in glutathione biosynthesis and the induction of heme oxygenase (e.g. by lovastatin/monacolin K) are critical for macrophages to survive a copper challenge, and that the intermediates of the catecholamine pathway induce a strong cross toxicity with copper oxide nanoparticles and copper ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Triboulet
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Catherine Aude-Garcia
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, CEA/ iRTSV, Grenoble, France
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, CNRS UMR5249, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucie Armand
- Service de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, Univ. Grenoble Alpes & CEA, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Mireille Chevallet
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, CEA/ iRTSV, Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Diemer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Université de Strasbourg & CNRS UMR 7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
| | - Adèle Gerdil
- Laboratoire Francis Perrin (Unité de recherche Associée 2453), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Fabienne Proamer
- Etablissement Français du Sang-Alsace, Unité MIxte de recherche S949 Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marc Strub
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Université de Strasbourg & CNRS UMR 7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
| | - Aurélie Habert
- Laboratoire Francis Perrin (Unité de recherche Associée 2453), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Nathalie Herlin
- Laboratoire Francis Perrin (Unité de recherche Associée 2453), Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, CEA-Saclay 91191 Gif/Yvette, France
| | - Alain Van Dorsselaer
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), Université de Strasbourg & CNRS UMR 7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marie Carrière
- Service de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, Univ. Grenoble Alpes & CEA, Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Rabilloud
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, CNRS UMR5249, Grenoble, France
- * E-mail:
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14
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Rabilloud T, Lescuyer P. Proteomics in mechanistic toxicology: History, concepts, achievements, caveats, and potential. Proteomics 2014; 15:1051-74. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Rabilloud
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals; CNRS UMR; 5249 Grenoble France
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals; Université Grenoble Alpes; Grenoble France
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals; CEA Grenoble; iRTSV/CBM; Grenoble France
| | - Pierre Lescuyer
- Department of Human Protein Sciences; Clinical Proteomics and Chemistry Group; Geneva University; Geneva Switzerland
- Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Laboratory; Department of Genetic and Laboratory Medicine; Geneva University Hospitals; Geneva Switzerland
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15
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Triboulet S, Aude-Garcia C, Armand L, Gerdil A, Diemer H, Proamer F, Collin-Faure V, Habert A, Strub JM, Hanau D, Herlin N, Carrière M, Van Dorsselaer A, Rabilloud T. Analysis of cellular responses of macrophages to zinc ions and zinc oxide nanoparticles: a combined targeted and proteomic approach. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:6102-6114. [PMID: 24788578 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00319e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two different zinc oxide nanoparticles, as well as zinc ions, are used to study the cellular responses of the RAW 264 macrophage cell line. A proteomic screen is used to provide a wide view of the molecular effects of zinc, and the most prominent results are cross-validated by targeted studies. Furthermore, the alteration of important macrophage functions (e.g. phagocytosis) by zinc is also investigated. The intracellular dissolution/uptake of zinc is also studied to further characterize zinc toxicity. Zinc oxide nanoparticles dissolve readily in the cells, leading to high intracellular zinc concentrations, mostly as protein-bound zinc. The proteomic screen reveals a rather weak response in the oxidative stress response pathway, but a strong response both in the central metabolism and in the proteasomal protein degradation pathway. Targeted experiments confirm that carbohydrate catabolism and proteasome are critical determinants of sensitivity to zinc, which also induces DNA damage. Conversely, glutathione levels and phagocytosis appear unaffected at moderately toxic zinc concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Triboulet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, UMR CNRS-CEA-UJF 5249, iRTSV/LCBM, CEA Grenoble, 17 rue des martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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16
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Chen L, Xia H, Wang Y, Chen K, Qin L, Wang B, Yao Q, Li J, He Y, Zhao E. Proteomic profiling of liver from Elaphe taeniura, a common snake in eastern and southeastern Asia. Genet Mol Biol 2013; 36:438-47. [PMID: 24130453 PMCID: PMC3795165 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572013000300020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Snake liver has been implicated in the adaptation of snakes to a variety of habitats. However, to date, there has been no systematic analysis of snake liver proteins. In this study, we undertook a proteomic analysis of liver from the colubrid snake Elaphe taeniura using a combination of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flightmass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). We also constructed a local protein sequence database based on transcriptome sequencing to facilitate protein identification. Of the 268 protein spots revealed by 2-DE 109 gave positive MS signals, 84 of which were identified by searching the NCBInr, Swiss-Prot and local databases. The other 25 protein spots could not be identified, possibly because their transcripts were not be stable enough to be detected by transcriptome sequencing. GO analysis showed that most proteins may be involved in binding, catalysis, cellular processes and metabolic processes. Forty-two of the liver proteins identified were found in other reptiles and in amphibians. The findings of this study provide a good reference map of snake liver proteins that will be useful in molecular investigations of snake physiology and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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17
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Kim HJ, Do IG, Jeon HK, Cho YJ, Park YA, Choi JJ, Sung CO, Lee YY, Choi CH, Kim TJ, Kim BG, Lee JW, Bae DS. Galectin 1 expression is associated with tumor invasion and metastasis in stage IB to IIA cervical cancer. Hum Pathol 2012; 44:62-8. [PMID: 22939954 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Galectin 1 is a 14-kd laminin-binding lectin involved in important biologic mechanisms of tumors, including neoplastic transformation, cell survival, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and metastasis. In this study, we investigated the role of galectin 1 in cell survival and metastasis in cervical cancer. The expression of galectin 1 was determined in 73 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical cancer tissues using an immunohistochemical method and compared with clinicopathologic risk factors for recurrence after surgery. To evaluate the role of galectin 1 in cell proliferation and invasion, we performed proliferation and invasion assays with galectin 1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) using cervical cancer cell lines, including HeLa and SiHa cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that galectin 1 expression was found in most peritumoral stroma samples (72/73; 98.6%). Galectin 1 expression was significantly correlated with the depth of invasion in the cervix (P=.015) and lymph node metastasis (P=.045) on univariate analysis. When progression-free survival of all of the patients studied was analyzed based upon galectin 1 expression, galectin 1 expression was not correlated with progression-free survival (P=.32). Down-regulation of galectin 1 using small interfering RNA resulted in the inhibition of cell growth and proliferation of HeLa and SiHa cells. Moreover, the ability of cells to invade was significantly reduced by galectin 1 small interfering RNA. Our results revealed that high galectin 1 expression in peritumoral stroma was significantly correlated with depth of invasion in cervical lesions and lymph node metastasis of cervical cancer and that galectin 1 may be functionally involved in cell proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Jeong Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 135-710, Korea
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18
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HPV infection and p16 expression in carcinomas of the minor salivary glands. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2011; 269:2265-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-011-1894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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19
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Heaton PR, Deyrieux AF, Bian XL, Wilson VG. HPV E6 proteins target Ubc9, the SUMO conjugating enzyme. Virus Res 2011; 158:199-208. [PMID: 21510985 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human papillomavirus oncogenic protein, E6, interacts with a number of cellular proteins, and for some targets, E6 directs their degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Post-translational modification with ubiquitin-like modifiers, such as SUMO, also influences protein activities, protein-protein interactions, and protein stability. We report that the high risk HPVE6 proteins reduce the intracellular quantity of the sole SUMO conjugation enzyme, Ubc9, concomitant with decreased host sumoylation. E6 did not significantly influence transcription of Ubc9, indicating that the effects were likely at the protein level. Consistent with typical E6-mediated proteasomal degradation, E6 bound to Ubc9 in vitro, and required E6AP for reduction of Ubc9 levels. Under stable E6 expression conditions in differentiating keratinocytes there was a decrease in Ubc9 and a loss of numerous sumoylated targets indicating a significant perturbation of the normal sumoylation profile. While E6 is known to inhibit PIASy, a SUMO ligase, our results suggest that HPV E6 also targets the Ubc9 protein to modulate host cell sumoylation, suggesting that the sumoylation system may be an important target during viral reproduction and possibly the subsequent development of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip R Heaton
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, TX 77843-1114, USA
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20
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Dütting S, Brachs S, Mielenz D. Fraternal twins: Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 and Swiprosin-2/EFhd1, two homologous EF-hand containing calcium binding adaptor proteins with distinct functions. Cell Commun Signal 2011; 9:2. [PMID: 21244694 PMCID: PMC3036668 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in the intracellular calcium concentration govern cytoskeletal rearrangement, mitosis, apoptosis, transcriptional regulation or synaptic transmission, thereby, regulating cellular effector and organ functions. Calcium binding proteins respond to changes in the intracellular calcium concentration with structural changes, triggering enzymatic activation and association with downstream proteins. One type of calcium binding proteins are EF-hand super family proteins. Here, we describe two recently discovered homologous EF-hand containing adaptor proteins, Swiprosin-1/EF-hand domain containing 2 (EFhd2) and Swiprosin-2/EF-hand domain containing 1 (EFhd1), which are related to allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1). For reasons of simplicity and concision we propose to name Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 and Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 from now on EFhd2 and EFhd1, according to their respective gene symbols. AIF-1 and Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 are already present in Bilateria, for instance in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenhorhabditis elegans. Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 arose later from gene duplication in the tetrapodal lineage. Secondary structure prediction of AIF-1 reveals disordered regions and one functional EF-hand. Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 and Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 exhibit a disordered region at the N-terminus, followed by two EF-hands and a coiled-coil domain. Whereas both proteins are similar in their predicted overall structure they differ in a non-homologous stretch of 60 amino acids just in front of the EF-hands. AIF-1 controls calcium-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement in innate immune cells by means of its functional EF-hand. We propose that Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 as well is a cytoskeleton associated adaptor protein involved in immune and brain cell function. Pro-inflammatory conditions are likely to modulate expression and function of Swiprosin-1/EFhd2. Swiprosin-2/EFhd1, on the other hand, modulates apoptosis and differentiation of neuronal and muscle precursor cells, probably through an association with mitochondria. We suggest furthermore that Swiprosin-2/EFhd1 is part of a cellular response to oxidative stress, which could explain its pro-survival activity in neuronal, muscle and perhaps some malignant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dütting
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine III, Nikolaus Fiebiger Center, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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21
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Allen CT, Lewis JS, El-Mofty SK, Haughey BH, Nussenbaum B. Human papillomavirus and oropharynx cancer: biology, detection and clinical implications. Laryngoscope 2010; 120:1756-72. [PMID: 20669304 DOI: 10.1002/lary.20936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review evidence for the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the etiology of oropharyngeal cancers, methods of viral detection, and the resulting clinical implications. STUDY DESIGN Contemporary review. METHODS Published journal articles identified through PubMed and conference proceedings were reviewed. RESULTS HPV-associated squamous cell carcinomas represent a distinct disease entity from carcinogen-associated squamous cell carcinomas. HPV oncoproteins lead to mucosal cell transformation through well-defined mechanisms. Different methods of detecting HPV exist with variable levels of sensitivity and specificity for biologically active virus. Although virus is detected in a number of head and neck subsites, studies demonstrate improved outcomes in HPV-associated carcinoma of the oropharynx only. The cell cycle regulatory protein p16 is upregulated by biologically active HPV and serves as a biomarker of improved response to therapy. CONCLUSIONS HPV-associated squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx is a biologically distinct entity from carcinogen-associated carcinoma. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the improved outcomes in patients with HPV-associated oropharyngeal carcinoma may lead to novel therapeutics for patients with carcinogen-associated carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint T Allen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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