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Lai H, Levitt BB. The roles of intensity, exposure duration, and modulation on the biological effects of radiofrequency radiation and exposure guidelines. Electromagn Biol Med 2022; 41:230-255. [PMID: 35438055 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2022.2065683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the literature on three important exposure metrics that are inadequately represented in most major radiofrequency radiation (RFR) exposure guidelines today: intensity, exposure duration, and signal modulation. Exposure intensity produces unpredictable effects as demonstrated by nonlinear effects. This is most likely caused by the biological system's ability to adjust and compensate but could lead to eventual biomic breakdown after prolonged exposure. A review of 112 low-intensity studies reveals that biological effects of RFR could occur at a median specific absorption rate of 0.0165 W/kg. Intensity and exposure duration interact since the dose of energy absorbed is the product of intensity and time. The result is that RFR behaves like a biological "stressor" capable of affecting numerous living systems. In addition to intensity and duration, man-made RFR is generally modulated to allow information to be encrypted. The effects of modulation on biological functions are not well understood. Four types of modulation outcomes are discussed. In addition, it is invalid to make direct comparisons between thermal energy and radiofrequency electromagnetic energy. Research data indicate that electromagnetic energy is more biologically potent in causing effects than thermal changes. The two likely functionthrough different mechanisms. As such, any current RFR exposure guidelines based on acute continuous-wave exposure are inadequate for health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Lai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Zare T, Fardid R, Naderi S. Synergetic Effect of Silver Nanoparticles and UVC Irradiation on H2AX Gene Expression in TK6 Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 21:204-209. [PMID: 30825294 PMCID: PMC6397600 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2019.5898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of nanoscale particles, for instance silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) has considerably increased recently. Since Ag NPs can be transmuted into silver ions; the toxicity and genotoxicity of these NPs along with other external factors such as ultraviolet type C (UVC) irradiation must be evaluated. In the present study, the aim was to investigate the genotoxic effects Ag NPs and UVC co-exposure on human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experimental study, Ag NPs (~20 nm) were purchased from US Research Nanomaterials Inc. and H2AX gene expression was evaluated using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), 1 and 24 hours post Ag NPs and UVC treatment. RESULTS Results showed that treatment of TK6 cells with different Ag NP concentrations without exposure to UVC can reduce H2AX gene expression, but treatment of these cells with Ag NPs in combination UVC irradiation can reduce viability that leads to a synergistic increase in the amount of H2AX gene expression. CONCLUSION According to our findings, Ag NPs can act to sensitize cells to UVC radiation when used for cancer treatment. So, combination of Ag NPs and UVC irradiation could be used in radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Zare
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Fardid
- Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. electronic address:
- Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Samaneh Naderi
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Jain V, Das B. Global transcriptome profile reveals abundance of DNA damage response and repair genes in individuals from high level natural radiation areas of Kerala coast. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187274. [PMID: 29161272 PMCID: PMC5697823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The high level natural radiation areas (HLNRA) of Kerala coast in south west India is unique for its wide variation in the background radiation dose (<1.0mGy to 45mGy/year) and vast population size. Several biological studies conducted in this area did not reveal any adverse effects of chronic low dose and low dose rate radiation on human population. In the present study, global transcriptome analysis was carried out in peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells of 36 individuals belonging to different background dose groups [NLNRA, (Group I, ≤1.50 mGy/year) and three groups of HLNRA; Group II, 1.51–5.0 mGy/year), Group III, 5.01-15mGy/year and Group IV, >15.0 mGy/year] to find out differentially expressed genes and their biological significance in response to chronic low dose radiation exposure. Our results revealed a dose dependent increase in the number of differentially expressed genes with respect to different background dose levels. Gene ontology analysis revealed majority of these differentially expressed genes are involved in DNA damage response (DDR) signaling, DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, histone/chromatin modification and immune response. In the present study, 64 background dose responsive genes have been identified as possible chronic low dose radiation signatures. Validation of 30 differentially expressed genes was carried out using fluorescent based universal probe library. Abundance of DDR and DNA repair genes along with pathways such as MAPK, p53 and JNK in higher background dose groups (> 5.0mGy/year) indicated a possible threshold dose for DDR signaling and are plausible reason of observing in vivo radio-adaptive response and non-carcinogenesis in HLNRA population. To our knowledge, this is the first study on molecular effect of chronic low dose radiation exposure on human population from high background radiation areas at transcriptome level using high throughput approach. These findings have tremendous implications in understanding low dose radiation biology especially, the effect of low dose radiation exposure in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Jain
- Low Level Radiation Research Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
| | - Birajalaxmi Das
- Low Level Radiation Research Section, Radiation Biology and Health Sciences Division, Bio-Science Group, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India
- * E-mail: ,
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Gökçek-Saraç Ç, Er H, Kencebay Manas C, Kantar Gok D, Özen Ş, Derin N. Effects of acute and chronic exposure to both 900 MHz and 2100 MHz electromagnetic radiation on glutamate receptor signaling pathway. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:980-989. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1337279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Çiğdem Gökçek-Saraç
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Hakan Er
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ceren Kencebay Manas
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Deniz Kantar Gok
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Özen
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Narin Derin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Kuzniar A, Laffeber C, Eppink B, Bezstarosti K, Dekkers D, Woelders H, Zwamborn APM, Demmers J, Lebbink JHG, Kanaar R. Semi-quantitative proteomics of mammalian cells upon short-term exposure to non-ionizing electromagnetic fields. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170762. [PMID: 28234898 PMCID: PMC5325209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMFs), such as those emitted by power-lines (in extremely low frequency range), mobile cellular systems and wireless networking devices (in radio frequency range) on human health have been intensively researched and debated. However, how exposure to these EMFs may lead to biological changes underlying possible health effects is still unclear. To reveal EMF-induced molecular changes, unbiased experiments (without a priori focusing on specific biological processes) with sensitive readouts are required. We present the first proteome-wide semi-quantitative mass spectrometry analysis of human fibroblasts, osteosarcomas and mouse embryonic stem cells exposed to three types of non-ionizing EMFs (ELF 50 Hz, UMTS 2.1 GHz and WiFi 5.8 GHz). We performed controlled in vitro EMF exposures of metabolically labeled mammalian cells followed by reliable statistical analyses of differential protein- and pathway-level regulations using an array of established bioinformatics methods. Our results indicate that less than 1% of the quantitated human or mouse proteome responds to the EMFs by small changes in protein abundance. Further network-based analysis of the differentially regulated proteins did not detect significantly perturbed cellular processes or pathways in human and mouse cells in response to ELF, UMTS or WiFi exposure. In conclusion, our extensive bioinformatics analyses of semi-quantitative mass spectrometry data do not support the notion that the short-time exposures to non-ionizing EMFs have a consistent biologically significant bearing on mammalian cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold Kuzniar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands eScience Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (RK); (AK)
| | - Charlie Laffeber
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Berina Eppink
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karel Bezstarosti
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dick Dekkers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henri Woelders
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jeroen Demmers
- Proteomics Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joyce H. G. Lebbink
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Cancer Genomics Netherlands, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (RK); (AK)
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McLoughlin A, Rochfort KD, McDonnell CJ, Kerrigan SW, Cummins PM. Staphylococcus aureus-mediated blood-brain barrier injury: an in vitro human brain microvascular endothelial cell model. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27598716 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption constitutes a hallmark event during pathogen-mediated neurological disorders such as bacterial meningitis. As a prevalent opportunistic pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is of particular interest in this context, although our fundamental understanding of how SA disrupts the BBB is very limited. This paper employs in vitro infection models to address this. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMvECs) were infected with formaldehyde-fixed (multiplicity of infection [MOI] 0-250, 0-48 hr) and live (MOI 0-100, 0-3 hr) SA cultures. Both Fixed-SA and Live-SA could adhere to HBMvECs with equal efficacy and cause elevated paracellular permeability. In further studies employing Fixed-SA, infection of HBMvECs caused dose-dependent release of cytokines/chemokines (TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, IP-10, and thrombomodulin), reduced expression of interendothelial junction proteins (VE-Cadherin, claudin-5, and ZO-1), and activation of both canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways. Using N-acetylcysteine, we determined that these events were coupled to the SA-mediated induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within HBMvECs. Finally, treatment of HBMvECs with Fixed-ΔSpA (MOI 0-250, 48 hr), a gene deletion mutant of Staphylococcal protein A associated with bacterial infectivity, had relatively similar effects to Newman WT Fixed-SA. In conclusion, these findings provide insight into how SA infection may activate proinflammatory mechanisms within the brain microvascular endothelium to elicit BBB failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keith D Rochfort
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cormac J McDonnell
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven W Kerrigan
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Philip M Cummins
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Schmid G, Kuster N. The discrepancy between maximum in vitro exposure levels and realistic conservative exposure levels of mobile phones operating at 900/1800 MHz. Bioelectromagnetics 2015; 36:133-48. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Niels Kuster
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS); Zurich Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH); Zurich Switzerland
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Nylund R, Lemola E, Hartwig S, Lehr S, Acheva A, Jahns J, Hildebrandt G, Lindholm C. Profiling of low molecular weight proteins in plasma from locally irradiated individuals. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2014; 55:674-82. [PMID: 24570173 PMCID: PMC4099999 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In studies reported in the 1960s and since, blood plasma from radiation-exposed individuals has been shown to induce chromosome damage when transferred into lymphocyte cultures of non-irradiated persons. This effect has been described to occur via clastogenic factors, whose nature is still mostly unknown. We have previously examined clastogenic factors from irradiated individuals by looking at plasma-induced DNA damage in reporter cells. Plasma was tested from ca. 30 locally exposed clinical patients receiving fractionated radiation treatment, as well as from three radiological accident victims exposed in 1994, albeit sampled 14 years post-accident. In the current work, proteome changes in the plasma from all subjects were examined with 2D gel electrophoresis-based proteomics techniques, in order to evaluate the level of protein expression with respect to the findings of a clastogenic factor effect. No differences were observed in protein expression due to local radiation exposure (pre- vs post-exposure). In contrast, plasma from the radiation accident victims showed alterations in the expression of 18 protein spots (in comparison with plasma from the control group). Among these, proteins such as haptoglobin, serotransferrin/transferrin, fibrinogen and ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40 were observed, none of them likely to be clastogenic factors. In conclusion, the proteomics techniques applied were unable to identify changes in the proteome of the locally irradiated patients, whereas such differences were observed for the accident victims. However, association with the clastogenic effect or any specific clastogenic factor remains unresolved and thus further studies with more sensitive techniques are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reetta Nylund
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Laippatie 4, PO Box 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Lemola
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Laippatie 4, PO Box 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sonja Hartwig
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Lehr
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, German Diabetes Center, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Acheva
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Laippatie 4, PO Box 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jutta Jahns
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 9a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Guido Hildebrandt
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Leipzig, Stephanstrasse 9a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Department of Radiotherapy, University of Rostock, Suedring 75, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Carita Lindholm
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Laippatie 4, PO Box 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland
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Leszczynski D. Radiation proteomics: A brief overview. Proteomics 2014; 14:481-8. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Leszczynski
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
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Leszczynski D. Effects of radiofrequency-modulated electromagnetic fields on proteome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 990:101-6. [PMID: 23378005 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5896-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics, the science that examines the repertoire of proteins present in an organism using both high-throughput and low-throughput techniques, might give a better understanding of the functional processes ongoing in cells than genomics or transcriptomics, because proteins are the molecules that directly regulate physiological processes. Not all changes in gene expression are necessarily reflected in the proteome. Therefore, using proteomics approaches to study the effects of RF-EMF might provide information about potential biological and health effects. Especially that the RF-EMF used in wireless communication devices has very low energy and is unable to directly induce gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Leszczynski
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Laippatie 4, Helsinki, 00880, Finland.
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Leszczynski D, de Pomerai D, Koczan D, Stoll D, Franke H, Albar JP. Five years later: the current status of the use of proteomics and transcriptomics in EMF research. Proteomics 2012; 12:2493-509. [PMID: 22707462 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The World Health Organization's and Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority's "Workshop on Application of Proteomics and Transcriptomics in Electromagnetic Fields Research" was held in Helsinki in the October/November 2005. As a consequence of this meeting, Proteomics journal published in 2006 a special issue "Application of Proteomics and Transcriptomics in EMF Research" (Vol. 6 No. 17; Guest Editor: D. Leszczynski). This Proteomics issue presented the status of research, of the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) using proteomics and transcriptomics methods, present in 2005. The current overview/opinion article presents the status of research in this area by reviewing all studies that were published by the end of 2010. The review work was a part of the European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST) Action BM0704 that created a structure in which researchers in the field of EMF and health shared knowledge and information. The review was prepared by the members of the COST Action BM0704 task group on the high-throughput screening techniques and electromagnetic fields (TG-HTST-EMF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Leszczynski
- Radiation Biology Laboratory, STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, Helsinki, Finland.
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Hänninen O, Huttunen P, Ekman R. Electromagnetic irradiation exposure and its bioindication--an overview. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23:1409-1414. [PMID: 22432274 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Man made electromagnetic irradiation and fields cover now the globe due to the recent extensive propagation of mobile telephony. The increased load affects animals and also plants. Especially birds have been studied. Humans are also sensitive. They are good bioindicators as epidemiological methods are available. Humans can also report symptoms which cannot be directly measured with presently available technologies. The nonionizing irradiation can as the ionizing one break the DNA, damage proteins, even increase the blood brain barrier permeability, disturb the night rest, cause fatigue and hormonal disturbances. An increase of the tumours of human head has been described in correlation with the long-term mobile phone use and on that side more exposed. The regulations covering mobile telephony are already about two decades old and need re-evaluation. The multitude of irradiation and the interaction of the different wavelength exposures, i.e., frequency sensitivity is poorly known at present. We should not forget the comparative studies of different species especially those which rely in their lives on electromagnetic orientation physiology. Some countries have issued warnings on the exposures of children. The producers of mobile technology have recently warned the users not to keep those devices in active stage in skin contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osmo Hänninen
- Department of Physiology, Kuopio Campus, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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