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Someili A. Different Course And Management of Khat-Induced Autoimmune Hepatitis: Report On Three Cases. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med 2024; 11:004573. [PMID: 38846663 PMCID: PMC11152234 DOI: 10.12890/2024_004573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Khat is a plant that is commonly used for its stimulating effects and is chewed for its psychoactive properties. It creates feelings of euphoria that are similar to when taking amphetamines. There is an association between khat and liver injury, but the mechanism is not well known. We present three cases of khat-induced liver injury. All cases have elevated IgG and either positive antinuclear antibodies (ANA) or anti-smooth muscle antibody (ASMA); each case has a different course and requires different management. One case improved only by stopping khat, one required a short course of steroids and the last case required treatment such as that for autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). LEARNING POINTS This is the first report on different courses and management of khat-induced hepatitis.Although khat-induced AIH is rare, early detection and management have a significant effect on disease remission.Further studies are needed to evaluate the mechanism of how khat-induced autoimmune hepatitis as it is not well understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Someili
- Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Gosadi IM, Makeen AM, Alqassim AY, Aqeeli AA, Ryani MA, Bahri AA, Suwaydi HA, Najmi AA, Abualgasem MM. Khat chewing among parents and their children: A potential transgenerational effect. J Family Med Prim Care 2024; 13:903-910. [PMID: 38736817 PMCID: PMC11086802 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1415_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Khat has a stimulating and addictive effect and can induce consequences on the health and socioeconomic status of khat chewers. Objectives This study aims to assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of khat chewing among parents in Jazan and its consequential effect on their children. Methods This cross-sectional investigation was conducted in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. Data was collected via a web-based, self-administered questionnaire measuring demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices concerning khat chewing. The Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used to assess factors associated with khat chewing among parents and its consequential effect on their children. Results A total of 724 parents were included. The sample had an overall good knowledge about the health hazards of khat chewing and an attitude against khat chewing. Nonetheless, the number of parents who reported that they had ever tried khat chewing was 200 (27.6%) and 106 parents (14.6%) confirmed that their children were khat chewers. Additionally, 98 (13.5%) parents declared that they practiced khat chewing in front of their children. Higher frequencies of parents who reported providing khat to their children were identified among parents with higher attitude levels that favor khat chewing (P value = 0.04). Conclusions Efforts should be made to develop targeted preventive and educational strategies to reduce khat chewing among parents who have favorable attitudes toward khat chewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M. Gosadi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M. Makeen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Y. Alqassim
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahab A. Aqeeli
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed A. Ryani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Bahri
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Suwaydi
- Department of Public Health in Jazan, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Najmi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Fahad Central Hospital, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Ayano G, Ayalew M, Bedaso A, Duko B. Epidemiology of Khat ( Catha edulis) Chewing in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and meta-analysis. J Psychoactive Drugs 2024; 56:40-49. [PMID: 36508190 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2022.2155735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In several countries, including Ethiopia, the shrub Catha edulis (khat) leaves are chewed for their stimulant properties. The present review summarizes evidence on the prevalence of khat use in Ethiopia and forwards recommendations for future action. PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched for studies examining the prevalence of Khat chewing among adolescent and/or adult populations in Ethiopia. A random-effects model was employed to estimate the pooled prevalence of khat chewing. Of the 568 articles identified, 26 were included in the review. The pooled prevalence of current and lifetime khat use was 19.55% (95% CI 14.62-25.64) and 26.14% (CI 17.66-36.87), respectively. The current prevalence of khat use was higher in men, 23.72% (CI 13.42-38.41), than in women 8.45% (CI 4.94-14.08). Lifetime prevalence of khat use was higher in men, 29.8% (CI: 22.80-37.99) than in women 13.02% (CI 8.96-18.56). The results of the meta-analysis demonstrated a higher odds of current (OR = 4.00, CI 2.80-5.73) and lifetime (OR = 2.84, CI 2.50-3.23) khat use in men than in women. Our review found a high prevalence of current (19.55%) and lifetime (26.14%) khat chewing in Ethiopia and demonstrated higher odds of current and lifetime khat use in men than in women. Awareness creation and integrated management of khat use problems at the primary health-care level is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getinet Ayano
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mohammed Ayalew
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Ethiopia
| | - Asres Bedaso
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Ethiopia
- Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Bereket Duko
- Faculty of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Ethiopia
- Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Olani AB, Gerbaba M, Getnet M, Soboka M, Decorte T. Is chewing khat associated with mental health disorders? A scoping review of the content and quality of the current evidence base. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2023; 18:39. [PMID: 37370160 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-023-00545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Khat (Catha edulis) is a plant commonly found in the horn of Africa whose leaves are chewed for their psycho-stimulant effects. Several studies have demonstrated the association between khat use and mental health problems. Nevertheless, evidence is mixed and inconsistent, warranting further review of available studies. This scoping review is aimed at investigating the content and quality of evidence base on the associations between khat use and mental health disorders and suggesting avenues for further research. METHODS We used a scoping review methodology to map the existing evidence using PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase, and CINAHL databases. Primary studies focusing on the association between any pattern of khat use and any form of mental health disorders are included. The review focused on all age groups, any study design, all geographical locations, and any publication year. The terms used for searching eligible studies include khat, mental disorders, and various alternative terminologies. Narrative review is employed to present findings. RESULTS 7,121 articles were found, of which 108 were eligible, conducted across 12 different countries. The majority of the studies was done during the last ten years and the studies mostly employed cross-sectional design. About 10 different categories of mental health disorders have been identified as showing associations with khat use. Despite many contradictory findings between the studies, most of the evidence base suggests that khat use is associated with mental health disorders. Non-specific psychological distress is the most frequently mentioned mental health problem (reported in 26.9% of the studies). Khat use as a predictor variable is mostly assessed using a 'yes/no' category, and as a result, dose-dependent effects of khat use on mental health are not given much consideration. CONCLUSION Although most of the studies associate khat use with mental health disorders, the causal relationships are inconclusive given the cross-sectional design of the studies, and the presence of potential confounders and several forms of biases. Available studies also report contradictory findings. Further studies are recommended using prospective designs, standardized and valid measures of khat use, and focusing on specific types of mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanti Baru Olani
- Institute for Social Drug Research, Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Universiteitstraat 4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium.
- Department of Sociology, Jimma University, Jimma, P.O.Box 378, Ethiopia.
| | - Mulusew Gerbaba
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, P.O.Box 378, Ethiopia
| | - Masrie Getnet
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, P.O.Box 378, Ethiopia
| | - Matiwos Soboka
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, P.O.Box 378, Ethiopia
| | - Tom Decorte
- Institute for Social Drug Research, Department of Criminology, Criminal Law and Social Law, Ghent University, Universiteitstraat 4, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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Mardhiyah A, Panduragan SL, Mediani HS, Yosep I. Nursing Interventions to Improve Quality of Life Among Children and Adolescents with Thalassemia: A Scoping Review. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:1749-1762. [PMID: 37383528 PMCID: PMC10295575 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s415314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder affecting hemoglobin synthesis which leads to chronic hemolysis that can reduce the quality of life of children with it due to the disease and the treatment given. However, the intervention still focuses on handling physical problems due to thalassemia. So that an intervention that focuses on improving the quality of life of children with thalassemia is needed. The purpose of this study is to explore interventions that could improve the quality of life of children with thalassemia. A scoping review study design was used in this study. The databases used are CINAHL, PubMed, and Scopus. Articles published from last five years (2018-2022), open access full-text, in English, and with the type of randomized controlled trial (RCT). The keywords used in English are "thalassemia or beta-thalassemia" AND "quality of life OR Life Quality OR Health-Related Quality of Life" AND "nursing intervention OR nursing care". From ten articles analyzed, we found five types of nursing intervention: Health Care Instructions, Psychological Program, Educational Program, Counseling Program, and Self-care Model, which were carried out for 1-7 months. The articles in this study are from Egypt and Iran. The sample in this study is the range of 20-173 respondents. The thalassemia patients in this study were in the age range of 7-35 years, but the average age of the patients was in their 20s. Nursing intervention can potentially improve the quality of life in children and adolescents with thalassemia. Nurses need to pay attention to the patient's age, family and patient knowledge about the disease, length of stay, and the patient's physical and psychological condition in providing nursing care to patients with thalassemia. Implementation of nursing is given by paying attention to the stages of child development and involving the family. Nursing interventions can be carried out by nurses or nurses teach families to intervene at home. This nursing intervention has the potential to improve the quality of life of patients with thalassemia while still taking into account the conditions of the patient and family in a comprehensive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Mardhiyah
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
- Faculty of Health Science, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Henny Suzana Mediani
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Iyus Yosep
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
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Halboub E, Alamri AA, Kamili G, Alqahtani AS. Dental caries experience among qat chewers in dental college clinics, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:114. [PMID: 36803499 PMCID: PMC9940438 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS There is a considerable debate on the impact of qat chewing on dental and oral health. Thereby, this study aimed at assessing the dental caries among qat chewers (QC) and non-qat chewers (NQC) who attend outpatient dental clinics, College of Dentistry, Jazan, Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample of 100 QC and 100 NQC were recruited amongst those attended dental clinics, college of dentistry, Jazan University during the 2018-2019 academic year. Their dental health was assessed by three pre-calibrated male interns using DMFT index. The Care Index, Restorative Index and Treatment Index were calculated. Comparisons between both subgroups were done using independent t test. Multiple linear regression analyses were further conducted to stand on the independent determinants of the oral health among this population. RESULTS QC were unintentionally older (36.55 ± 8.74 years) than NQC (32.96 ± 8.49 years; P = 0.004). Fifty-six percent of QC reported brushing their teeth compared to only 35% (P = 0.001). NQC with university and postgraduate educational levels were more than QC. The mean Decayed [5.91 (5.16)] and DMFT [9.15 (5.87)] were higher among QC compared to NQC [3.73 (3.62) and 6.7 (4.58); P = 0.001 and 0.001, respectively]. The other indices were not different between both subgroups. The multiple linear regression revealed that qat chewing and age, individually or together, as independent determinants for the dental decay, missing, DMFT and TI. CONCLUSION Qat chewing habit has a detrimental impact on dental health. It is associated with higher dental caries and missing teeth, and a lower treatment index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam Halboub
- grid.411831.e0000 0004 0398 1027Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostics Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulwahab Ahmed Alamri
- grid.411831.e0000 0004 0398 1027Dental Intern, Internship Program, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazi Kamili
- grid.411831.e0000 0004 0398 1027Dental Intern, Internship Program, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Shaher Alqahtani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostics Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
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Alkhormi AH, Alshahrani NZ, Mahmood SE. Khat chewing leads to increase in glycaemic parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2021; 15:565-568. [PMID: 33689938 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Khat is known to have a stimulating effect on the sympathetic nervous system by producing a temporary sensation of activeness and happiness, along with mood disturbance and anxiety. Despite growing evidence of the association between khat chewing and glycaemic control in patients with diabetes, the position of khat chewing in DM is not fully recognised. AIM To evaluate the association of khat chewing with the risk of elevated blood glucose levels among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHOD A web-based literature search was performed using the electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE and Google Scholar. Databases were searched for studies published about khat chewing and diabetes mellitus in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia and Yemen. RESULT Twenty-five published articles studying the relation between khat chewing and diabetes mellitus were identified, but only 10 studies reported an association between khat chewing and blood glucose levels and were included. CONCLUSION Khat chewing increases fasting blood glucose, post-prandial blood glucose and HbA1c levels in patients with diabetes in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman H Alkhormi
- Departement of Preventive Medicine, King Fahd Central Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jazan 84211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najim Z Alshahrani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Esam Mahmood
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
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Al Abri MZ, Farag MA, Al Mosawi AS, Al Awaidy ST. Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Patterns of Substance Use Disorder in Oman: A retrospective study of the National Registry Surveillance Programme between 2004 and 2018. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2020; 20:e296-e303. [PMID: 33414933 PMCID: PMC7757916 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2020.20.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Substance use disorder is a global challenge. Therefore, this study aimed to provide an updated view of socio-demographic characteristics and patterns of substance use in Oman. METHODS This retrospective descriptive study was conducted between 2004 and 2018. Data were retrieved from Oman's National Drug Addict Registry. The data collected included the socio-demographic characteristics of registered cases, the proportion of various psychoactive substances' consumption and their routes of administration, the associated sociodemographic determinants as well as comorbid conditions. RESULTS A total of 6,453 cases were registered during the study's timeframe. The majority of which were Omani (97.9%), male (98.7%), single (57.9%), unemployed (50.2%), had an education level below university (81.0%) and were adolescents and young adults (77.0%). Opiates were the most common substance used (66.6%) and more than half of the sample were polydrug users (51.0%). Injecting-drug users constituted 53.4% of the total registered cases. The proportion of people with hepatitis virus C, hepatits virus B and HIV among the registered cases were 46.9%, 5.1% and 3.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION The findings are in favour of rapidly escalating the introduction of a substance use preventive programme at all school levels as well as making opioid substitution therapy and other harm reduction programmes available in Oman.
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Spatial Distribution and Factors Associated with Khat Chewing among Adult Males 15-59 Years in Ethiopia Using a Secondary Analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2016: Spatial and Multilevel Analysis. PSYCHIATRY JOURNAL 2020; 2020:8369693. [PMID: 32373642 PMCID: PMC7191385 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8369693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Khat chewing has become prevalent in the world due to the improvement of road and air transportation. In Ethiopia, khat chewing is more prevalent and widely practiced by men. Khat has a negative effect on social, economic, and mental health. There is variation in khat cultivation, use, and factors that associated with khat chewing in the Ethiopian regions. Therefore, this study is aimed at showing spatial distribution and factors associated with khat chewing among male adults 15-59 years in Ethiopia. Methods A total of 12,594 men were included in this study. ArcGIS version 10.7 software was used to show the spatial distribution of chewing khat among adult men in Ethiopia. The Bernoulli model was applied using Kilduff SaTScan version 9.6 software to identify significant purely spatial clusters for chewing khat in Ethiopia. A multilevel logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors associated with khat chewing. A P value < 0.05 was taken to declare statistically significant predictors. Results The EDHS 2016 survey showed that the high proportion of chewing khat was found in Dire Dawa, Harari, Southern Oromia, Somali, and Benishangul Gumuz regions. In spatial scan statistics analysis, a total of 126 clusters (LLR = 946.60, P value < 0.001) were identified. Age group 30-44 years old (AOR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.37, 1.86) and 45-59 years old (AOR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.61), being single (AOR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.64, 2.12), Muslim religion followers (AOR = 15.03, 95% CI: 11.90, 18.90), media exposed (AOR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.86), had work (AOR = 2.48, 95% CI: 2.08, 2.95), alcohol drinker (AOR = 3.75, 95% CI: 3.10, 4.53), and region (Afar, Amhara, Benishangul Gumuz, Gambela, Harari, Oromia, Somali, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR), and Tigray) and two cities (Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa) were statistically significant factors affecting chewing khat in Ethiopia. Conclusions In Ethiopia, the spatial distribution of khat chewing among adult men was nonrandom. A high proportion of khat chewing was observed in Dire Dawa, Harari, Southern Oromia, Somali, and Benishangul Gumuz regions. Older age group, being single marital status, alcohol drinker, media unexposed, had no work, and Muslim religion follower were factors affecting khat chewing. Policymakers should be given spatial attention in reducing the prevalence of chewing khat by teaching the health impact of khat chewing through media in the identified regions.
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Alawami AS, Abdulla FA. Psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the modified fatigue impact scale in patients with multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 43:3251-3259. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1731853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer S. Alawami
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad A. Abdulla
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Badedi M, Darraj H, Hummadi A, Najmi A, Solan Y, Zakry I, Khawaji A, Zaylai S, Rajeh N, Alhafaf H, Hakami W, Bakkari A, Kriry M, Dagreri A, Haddad E. Khat Chewing and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:307-312. [PMID: 32104027 PMCID: PMC7024885 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s240680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Knowledge about the effects of khat chewing on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development and glycemic control is very sparse. Emerging data suggest that khat chewing may increase the risk of T2DM occurrence. Therefore, this study aimed to measure the prevalence of khat chewing in Saudi people with T2DM in Jazan, Saudi Arabia and to determine the association of khat chewing with T2DM development and glycemic control in T2DM. METHODS This is an analytical, cross-sectional study that included 472 Saudi participants selected randomly from primary healthcare centers in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. A chi-square test and logistic regression were performed in the statistical analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of khat chewing in Saudi patients with T2DM in Jazan was 29.3%. After adjusting for covariates, khat chewing was significantly associated with T2DM (odds ratio 3.5), indicating that khat chewers had a more than three times higher risk of developing T2DM than those who do not chew khat. However, there was no association between khat chewing and glycemic control in T2DM. CONCLUSION Khat chewing was highly prevalent in Saudi people with T2DM in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. There was an association between khat chewing and the development of T2DM. Establishing the causal association of khat chewing with T2DM development and glycemic control and clarifying the biological role of khat in T2DM are important aims for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Badedi
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Darraj
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Hummadi
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Najmi
- Jazan Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahiya Solan
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Zakry
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Khawaji
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayedah Zaylai
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah Rajeh
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Alhafaf
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wali Hakami
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awaji Bakkari
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Kriry
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulraheem Dagreri
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebrahim Haddad
- Jazan Diabetes and Endocrine Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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El-Setouhy M, Hassan A, Hobani Y, Mosbah N, Abdalla S, Zaino M, Mohan S. Chronic khat (Catha edulis) chewing and genotoxicity: The role of antioxidant defense system and oxidative damage of DNA. Pharmacogn Mag 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_455_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
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Abdulla FA, Al-Khamis FA, Alsulaiman AA, Alshami AM. Psychometric properties of an Arabic version of the fatigue severity scale in patients with stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 2019; 26:448-455. [DOI: 10.1080/10749357.2019.1628465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fuad A. Abdulla
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahd A. Al-Khamis
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulla A. Alsulaiman
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M. Alshami
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Alhajj MN, Halboub E, Amran AG, Alkheraif AA, Al-Sanabani FA, Al-Makramani BM, Al-Basmi AA, Al-Ghabri FA. Link between perceived oral and general health status among Yemeni adult dental patients. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:93. [PMID: 31138198 PMCID: PMC6540451 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Self-perceived health is an essential measure of health status and even a paramount predictor of mortality. So long as it is said that oral health (OH) and general health (GH) are mirrors to each other. This study sought to determine how Yemeni adults rate their OH and GH, whether such a self-rating influenced by some potential risk factors, and whether both ratings (OH and GH) are correlated. METHODS A sample of 587 Yemeni dental patients aged 20 years and over were consecutively recruited. A structured interview form was used covering the following variables: age, gender, marital status, educational level, presence of dental prosthesis (DP), smoking and Qat chewing habits as independent variables, along with questions on "perceived oral health (POH)" and "perceived general health (PGH)" as dependent variables. The bivariate and multiple ordinal regression analyses were applied at P-value < 0.05. RESULTS Most of participants were women (73.6%), and married (71.4%), and more than half of them were young adults (58.2%), with high educational levels (53.3%), and not having DP. Only 310 participants responded to the questions on smoking and Qat chewing habits. Of these, 88.5% were non-smokers and 62.1% were Qat non-chewers. Up to 50% of the participants reported their POH as poor or fair, while lower proportions of participants (17%) reported their PGH as such. Younger age (compared to elders), high education levels (compared to primary education) and being single (compared to married) significantly revealed better levels of POH, while high education levels and being females significantly revealed better levels of PGH. Smoking and Qat chewing habits were found to have no effect on the perception of POH or PGH. POH and PGH were found to be significantly correlated (r = 0.486; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Higher levels of oral health problems can be anticipated among patients who perceive poor general health, and vice versa. The age, marital status and education were independent determinants of POH, while the gender and education were independent determinants of PGH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esam Halboub
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G Amran
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
| | - Abdulaziz A Alkheraif
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad A Al-Sanabani
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan university, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar M Al-Makramani
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, Jazan university, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Fawaz A Al-Ghabri
- Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
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El-Setouhy M, Alsanosy R, Makeen AM, Ghailan KY, Alsharqi A, Sheikh KA. Impact of khat price increases on consumption behavior - price elasticity analysis. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2019; 14:19. [PMID: 31088478 PMCID: PMC6518615 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-019-0208-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The long border of Saudi Arabia with Yemen is the primary route for khat entry to the Kingdom. As of April 2015, the government of SA tightened the border, making it more difficult to import khat into the country. As a result, local user prices of khat probably increased due in part to higher supply costs and perhaps lower quantities. One anti-drug strategy is to increase consumption cost by increasing the price of supply. We aim in this study to measure the responsiveness of khat demand to price changes. Methods This study used a cross-sectional survey design. Two stage sampling was used to recruit 350 khat chewers from four selected primary healthcare centers in Jazan province (South western province of Saudi Arabia). The data were collected during the first quarter of 2017. This study used both contingent valuation and revealed preference methods to assess the impact of price increases on the purchasing of khat. Graphical analysis, paired-samples t-test, and one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to assess the impact of price increases on khat consumption. Results The study results showed a significant decrease in khat consumption amount (t = 8.63, p ≤ 0.05), frequency (t = 30.42, p ≤ 0.05), and expenditure (t = 34.67, p ≤ 0.05) after the tightening of the Saudi–Yemeni border. Hence khat demand is price elastic. The price elasticity of khat demand in Jazan is estimated to be between − 2.38 and − 1.07. Therefore, each 1% increase in price is associated with 1–2% reduction in quantity demanded. This means khat chewers are relatively responsive to price changes (i.e., khat demand is price elastic). Repeated measures analysis of variance showed price increases significantly affect the quantity {F(4, 2.58) = 257, p ≤ 0.05, ηp2 = 0.423} and frequency {F(4, 1.83) = 415, p ≤ 0.05, ηp2 = 0.543} of khat chewing. Conclusions Increased prices for khat would significantly decrease demand. Accordingly, we recommend implementing law enforcement strategies focused on disrupting the khat supply chain to realize high prices and so discourage use, hence reducing the incidence of khat-related illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged El-Setouhy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Community, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rashad Alsanosy
- Substance Abuse Research Center (SARC), Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar M Makeen
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Yaser Ghailan
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health &Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Kamaludin Ahmed Sheikh
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health &Tropical Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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Ayano G, Yohannis K, Abraha M. Epidemiology of khat (Catha edulis) consumption among university students: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:150. [PMID: 30717743 PMCID: PMC6360776 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6495-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Khat is amphetamine-like substance commonly consumed by students when they wish to study for long hours especially during examination periods. Khat consumption is associated with increased rates of cardiovascular problems, stroke, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, periodontal disease, gastritis, poor oral hygiene, psychosis, decreased quality of life, and poor academic performance. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, and SCOPUS were systematically searched without restriction by publication status. Publications were screened according to predefined inclusion criteria. Twenty-five articles were included. Random effect model was used to calculate weighted prevalence, odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). We assessed the risk of publication bias by using funnel plot and Eggers's regression tests. RESULTS The pooled prevalence of current khat use among university students was 14.16% (95% CI; 11.87-16.81). The pooled prevalence of current khat use was highest in Saudi Arabia 18.85% and it was 13.59% in Ethiopia and 13.04% in Yemen. In addition, the current pooled prevalence of khat use was higher in men at 19.26% than in women 6.41%. Regarding lifetime khat use, in this study, the pooled prevalence of lifetime khat use was 27.31%. The lifetime prevalence was higher in men at 31.47% than in women 11.79%. Moreover, the lifetime prevalence of khat use was 43.27% in Yemen, 37.32% in Saudi Arabia, and 24.82% in Ethiopia. We found significantly increased odds of current (OR 3.59; 95%CI 2.01-6.41) as well as lifetime (OR 3.48; 95%CI 2.09-5.78) khat chewing in men as compared to women. CONCLUSION The pooled prevalence of current and lifetime khat consumption was 14.16 and 27.31%, respectively. Both the current and lifetime prevalence of khat use was higher in men than in women. In addition, both the current and lifetime prevalence estimates of khat consumption were low in Ethiopia than in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the odds of both current and lifetime khat consumption were higher in male students than in female students. Programmes that specifically aim at increasing awareness and that most motivate reduced khat consumption among university students were recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getinet Ayano
- Research and Training Department, Amanuel Mental Specialized Hospital, POBOX: 1971, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Mebratu Abraha
- Department of Psychiatry, Paulo's millennium medical college, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Al Wahaibi N, Al Lawati A, Al Ruqeishy F, Al Khatri A, Al-Farsi Y, Juma TMA, Al Hinai F, Al-Sibani N, Mahadevan S, Al-Adawi S. The characteristics and patterns of utilization of healthcare services among Omanis with substance use disorders attending therapy for cessation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210532. [PMID: 30703131 PMCID: PMC6354979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is indicated that Oman is witnessing an increase in issues pertinent to alcohol and psychoactive substance use. AIM The aim of this study was to identify the characteristics of Omanis with substance use disorder attending a specialized hospital in Oman and the pattern of their utilization of healthcare services. A related aim was to ascertain the age group most vulnerable to alcohol and substance use in Oman. METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care center specialized for treatment of those engaging in substance use in Oman. The participants in the study were selected from a convenience sample among patients seeking consultation at the center for alcohol and substance use. A six-part questionnaire was designed to obtain information regarding socio-demographic background, clinical history, healthcare utilization and perceived hurdles to access. Chi-square analyses were used to evaluate the significance of differences among categorical data. Logistic regression modelling was used to obtain measures of association after adjusting for confounding factors. RESULTS Among the patients (n = 293) seeking cessation therapy, 99% were male and less than 30 years of age. Peer influences on the initiation of substance use were significant. Most patients had a history of polysubstance use, including intravenous substance use. Cannabis and alcohol were the first substances consumed by most patients and Hepatitis C and psychiatric disorders were found to be the most common co-morbidities. The participants that reported use of cannabis and benzodiazepines were more likely to perceive "improvement" upon receiving treatment. CONCLUSION This study indicated that males below 30 years of age with a history of polysubstance use were likely to attend a hospital specialized in treating substance use disorder in Oman. This study identified information regarding socio-demographic background, risk factors and perceived hurdles to healthcare that could serve as groundwork for further studies conducted on newly emerging issues of substance use in Oman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Al Wahaibi
- Wadi Kabir Health Centre, Directorate General of Health Services, Muscat Governorate, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Anwaar Al Lawati
- Ruwi Health Centre, Directorate General of Health Services, Muscat Governorate, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Falaah Al Ruqeishy
- Muscat Health Centre, Directorate General of Health Services, Muscat Governorate, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | | | - Yahya Al-Farsi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Muscat, Oman
| | - Tahira M. A. Juma
- Directorate of Health Services, Muttrah, Muscat Governorate, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Fatma Al Hinai
- Directorate of Health Services, Muttrah, Muscat Governorate, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Nasser Al-Sibani
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sangeetha Mahadevan
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Samir Al-Adawi
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Gholami M, Esmaeilzadeh Bahabadi S. Kaurene as the major constituent of the essential oils of the narcotic plant, Khat ( Catha edulis Forsk). Nat Prod Res 2019; 33:126-129. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1437424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Gholami
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran
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Kassa A, Loha E, Esaiyas A. Prevalence of khat chewing and its effect on academic performance in Sidama zone, Southern Ethiopia. Afr Health Sci 2017; 17:175-185. [PMID: 29026391 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v17i1.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Khat use is a well-established public health problem in Yemen, Arabian Peninsula, and Ethiopia. Along with its large scale production, the magnitude of khat use is increasing among students. OBJECTIVE This study was intended to assess the prevalence, determinants, and effect of khat use on academic performance of high school students in Sidama Ethiopia. METHODOLOGY A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2015. We used a stratified sampling technique to draw a total of 1,577 students. The data was collected using self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to determine the prevalence, effects, and predictors of khat use. RESULT The life time and current prevalence of khat use were 14.6% and 13%, respectively. Smoking cigarette (AOR=5.1, 95% C.I: 2.3-14.3), drinking alcohol (AOR=3.0, 95% C.I: 1.4-6.3), having a family growing khat (AOR=2.0, 95% C.I: 1.1-2.5), having friend chewing khat (AOR=3. 95% C.I: 2.0-4.6), were some of factors that increased the odds of students' khat use. Student's khat use increased the odds of student's poor academic performance (AOR=2.1, 95% C.I: 1.1-3.9). CONCLUSION The prevalence of khat use in high khat producing districts of Sidama and its contribution to poor academic performance demand prompt intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andargachew Kassa
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Eskindir Loha
- School of Public and Environmental Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Atkilt Esaiyas
- School of Medicine, Physiology Unit, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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20
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Lins L, Carvalho FM. SF-36 total score as a single measure of health-related quality of life: Scoping review. SAGE Open Med 2016; 4:2050312116671725. [PMID: 27757230 PMCID: PMC5052926 DOI: 10.1177/2050312116671725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey questionnaire developers, a global measure of health-related quality of life such as the “SF-36 Total/Global/Overall Score” cannot be generated from the questionnaire. However, studies keep on reporting such measure. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency and to describe some characteristics of articles reporting the SF-36 Total/Global/Overall Score in the scientific literature. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses method was adapted to a scoping review. We performed searches in PubMed, Web of Science, SCOPUS, BVS, and Cochrane Library databases for articles using such scores. We found 172 articles published between 1997 and 2015; 110 (64.0%) of them were published from 2010 onwards; 30.0% appeared in journals with Impact Factor 3.00 or greater. Overall, 129 (75.0%) out of the 172 studies did not specify the method for calculating the “SF-36 Total Score”; 13 studies did not specify their methods but referred to the SF-36 developers’ studies or others; and 30 articles used different strategies for calculating such score, the most frequent being arithmetic averaging of the eight SF-36 domains scores. We concluded that the “SF-36 Total/Global/Overall Score” has been increasingly reported in the scientific literature. Researchers should be aware of this procedure and of its possible impacts upon human health.
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Sallam MA, Sheikh KA, Baxendale R, Azam MN, El-Setouhy M. The physiological and perceptual effects of plant extracts (Catha Edulis Forsk) during sustained exercise. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2016; 11:18. [PMID: 27165661 PMCID: PMC4862078 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-016-0063-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Khat (Catha Edulis Forsk) is a natural psychoactive substance that contains addictive substances such as Cathine and Cathinone which have similar structure and action to amphetamine. This substance has been suggested that it can decrease perceived exertion and thus improve performance. There is no study in the literature regarding the effect of khat on exercise performance. Therefore, the aim of this study is to find out whether khat leaves can decrease perceived exertion in humans. Methods This study is an experimental crossover study conducted at the Substance Abuse Research Centre in Jazan University, Saudi Arabia. Twenty one healthy volunteers were randomly assigned into two experiment trials. Each volunteer visited the lab three times. The first visit was a familiarization session about the nature of the study and the equipment. On the second visit, 45 min before the experiment volunteers ingested either 33 ml of fruit juice (placebo) or the juice mixed with 45 g of ground khat leaves. Then the participants were instructed to perform a 10 Km cycling on an ergometer and recorded the following physiological variables repeatedly on every 5 min of cycling: heart rate, time to complete 10 km cycling, tympanic temperature, and perceived exertion rate. On the third visit a crossover trial was conducted one week after the second visit; then the same cycling test was performed and the same variables were recorded as the second visit. The experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by Research Ethical Committee of the Medical Research Centre, Jazan University. Results According to study results, khat dramatically decreased time taken to complete a 10 km cycling time trail (p < 0.05), and significantly increased heart rate (p < 0.05) and tympanic temperature (p < 0.01). However, khat did not reduce participant's perceived exertion during the physical trial. The Bonferrini simultaneous confidence intervals using multivariate Hotelling’s T2 was performed to test the significance of the mean vectors for the placebo group and the Khat group and found that groups are statistically significant. Conclusions Khat showed a clear enhancing effect on physical performance. The most parsimonious explanation for this effect is that, like the related amphetamines, cathine/cathinone act as stimulants to increase the capacity to perform exercise. Thus, khat produces the same effects which lead to the banning of amphetamine. These findings conform & endorse the recent prohibition of cathinone by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA, 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mowaffaq Awad Sallam
- Substance Abuse Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ronald Baxendale
- School of Life Science, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Mohammad Nurul Azam
- Researchers support and service unit, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged El-Setouhy
- Substance Abuse Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Teni FS, Surur AS, Hailemariam A, Aye A, Mitiku G, Gurmu AE, Tessema B. Prevalence, Reasons, and Perceived Effects of Khat Chewing Among Students of a College in Gondar Town, Northwestern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Ann Med Health Sci Res 2016; 5:454-60. [PMID: 27057386 PMCID: PMC4804659 DOI: 10.4103/2141-9248.177992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The estimate of the number of people chewing Khat globally ranges from 5 to 10 million people. Its use may result in a variety of effects due to the different compounds in it with effects on the gastro-intestinal system and nervous system being the principal ones. Aim: To assess the prevalence, factors, and effects of Khat chewing among students of a college in Gondar town, northwestern Ethiopia. Subjects and Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 15th to 20th of April 2009 on a total sample of 424 students who were selected using stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected by three of the principal investigators using a structured pretested data collection instrument and analyzed by Epi Info version 3.5.2. Results: The lifetime and current prevalence of Khat chewing among the respondents were 42% (168/400) and 32.5% (130/400), respectively. Sex (P < 0.01), religion (P < 0.001), and income (P < 0.01) showed statistically significant variation in Khat chewing. The commonest frequency of Khat chewing was once a day 33.1% (43/130) while alcohol (40.8% [53/130]) and cigarette (40.0% [52/130]) were the mostly used substances with Khat. More than half of the chewers (53.85% [70/130]) reported spending 1–4 h for one Khat chewing ceremony. Financially majority of the chewers reported spending up to 10 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) (1.13 United States Dollar) on Khat ( 54.6% [71/130]) and other substances (64.6% [84/130]). Nearly two-thirds (62.3% [81/130]) of the chewers mentioned seeking concentration during study as their main reason for chewing. Among chewers, 83.1% (108/130) reported they faced problem associated to sleep disturbance, 82.3% (107/130) loss of appetite, and 80.8% (105/130) constipation. Conclusion: The prevalence of Khat chewing was fairly high among the students and the majority among them used other substances together with Khat. Spending of a significant amount of money and facing health problems were reported to be consequences of the habit. The college should take steps to make students aware of the ills of Khat chewing and associated habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- F S Teni
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - A S Surur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - A Hailemariam
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - A Aye
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - G Mitiku
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - A E Gurmu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - B Tessema
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Oral Lesions Induced by Chronic Khat Use Consist Essentially of Thickened Hyperkeratinized Epithelium. Int J Dent 2015; 2015:104812. [PMID: 26491446 PMCID: PMC4600501 DOI: 10.1155/2015/104812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. The habit of khat chewing is prevalent in many Middle Eastern and African cultures and has been associated with various adverse conditions in humans. This study aimed to describe histological changes induced by chronic khat chewing on the buccal mucosa. Methods. Biopsies of the buccal mucosa from 14 chronic khat chewers, 20 chronic khat chewers who also smoked tobacco, and 8 nonchewers were compared for epithelial thickness, degree and type of keratinization, and connective tissue changes. Results. Tissues from khat chewers depicted abnormal keratinization of the superficial cell layer and showed increased epithelial thickness affecting all layers. Epithelial thickness in control samples was 205 ± 26 μm whereas thickness in khat chewers and khat chewers who smoked tobacco was significantly higher measuring 330 ± 35 μm and 335 ± 19 μm, respectively. Tissues from khat chewers also showed increased intracellular edema, increased melanin pigment deposits, and increased number of rete pegs most of which were thin and deep. Conclusions. These results show that oral lesions induced by chronic chewing of khat in the buccal mucosa present with white and brown discoloration due to increased epithelial thickness, increased keratinization, and melanin deposition.
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Zyoud SH. Bibliometric analysis on global Catha edulis (khat) research production during the period of 1952-2014. Global Health 2015; 11:39. [PMID: 26337534 PMCID: PMC4558725 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-015-0124-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Publication of scientific articles related to khat (Catha edulis) in peer-reviewed journals is considered a measure of research productivity. The principal objectives of this study were to quantify the research contribution related to khat at the global level, as well as to determine its relative growth rate, collaborative measures taken, productivity at the institutional level, and the most prolific journals publishing on the topic. METHODS On the basis of title words related to khat, publications were identified for all data in Scopus bibliographic database's history up to December 31, 2014. The research productivity for the top 10 countries was evaluated in relation to the population size and gross domestic product (GDP) in 2013. RESULTS The criteria were met by 651documents published in 51 countries. The largest number of articles associated with khat was from the UK (15.2 %), followed by Yemen (10.3 %), the USA (9.7 %) and Ethiopia (9.1 %). Ethiopia, Yemen, and Kenya had the highest productivity of publications after standardization by population size and GDP. Furthermore, Yemen achieved the highest number of collaborations, by having researchers from 19 countries. Ethiopia followed, having researchers from 16 countries. CONCLUSIONS This bibliometric study provides a demonstration for the worldwide research activity regarding khat. The number of articles related to khat has increased rapidly over the last 10 years. The present study is a good starting point to evaluate research activity in the field of khat. Although the data shows a promising increase in the research activity, the quantity of khat-related research is still too little compared to the massive use of khat in certain countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa'ed H Zyoud
- Poison Control and Drug Information Center (PCDIC), College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine.
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, 44839, Palestine.
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El-Menyar A, Mekkodathil A, Al-Thani H, Al-Motarreb A. Khat use: history and heart failure. Oman Med J 2015; 30:77-82. [PMID: 25960830 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports suggest that 20 million people worldwide are regularly using khat as a stimulant, even though the habit of chewing khat is known to cause serious health issues. Historical evidence suggests khat use has existed since the 13th century in Ethiopia and the southwestern Arabian regions even before the cultivation and use of coffee. In the past three decades, its availability and use spread all over the world including the United States and Europe. Most of the consumers in the Western world are immigrant groups from Eastern Africa or the Middle East. The global transport and availability of khat has been enhanced by the development of synthetic forms of its active component. The World Health Organization considers khat a drug of abuse since it causes a range of health problems. However, it remains lawful in some countries. Khat use has long been a part of Yemeni culture and is used in virtually every social occasion. The main component of khat is cathinone, which is structurally and functionally similar to amphetamine and cocaine. Several studies have demonstrated that khat chewing has unfavorable cardiovascular effects. The effect on the myocardium could be explained by its effect on the heart rate, blood pressure, its vasomotor effect on the coronary vessels, and its amphetamine-like effects. However, its direct effect on the myocardium needs further elaboration. To date, there are few articles that contribute death among khat chewers to khat-induced heart failure. Further studies are needed to address the risk factors in khat chewers that may explain khat-induced cardiotoxicity, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman El-Menyar
- Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar ; Cardiology Unit, Ahmed Maher Teaching Hospital, Egypt ; Clinical Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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