1
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Zhang Y, Lv X, Chen L, Liu Y. The role and function of CLU in cancer biology and therapy. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:1375-1391. [PMID: 36098834 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) is a highly evolutionary conserved glycoprotein with multiple isoform-specific functions and is widely distributed in different species. Accumulated evidence has shown the prominent role of CLU in regulating several essential physiological processes, including programmed cell death, metastasis, invasion, proliferation and cell growth via regulating diverse signaling pathways to mediate cancer progression in various cancers, such as prostate, breast, lung, liver, colon, bladder and pancreatic cancer. Several studies have revealed the potential benefit of inhibiting CLU in CLU inhibition-based targeted cancer therapies in vitro, in vivo or in human, suggesting CLU is a promising therapeutic target. This review discusses the multiple functions and mechanisms of CLU in regulating tumor progression of various cancers and summarizes the inhibitors of CLU used in CLU inhibition-based targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cancer, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cancer, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cancer, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cancer, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Gross C, Guérin LP, Socol BG, Germain L, Guérin SL. The Ins and Outs of Clusterin: Its Role in Cancer, Eye Diseases and Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13182. [PMID: 37685987 PMCID: PMC10488069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) is a glycoprotein originally discovered in 1983 in ram testis fluid. Rapidly observed in other tissues, it was initially given various names based on its function in different tissues. In 1992, it was finally named CLU by consensus. Nearly omnipresent in human tissues, CLU is strongly expressed at fluid-tissue interfaces, including in the eye and in particular the cornea. Recent research has identified different forms of CLU, with the most prominent being a 75-80 kDa heterodimeric protein that is secreted. Another truncated version of CLU (55 kDa) is localized to the nucleus and exerts pro-apoptotic activities. CLU has been reported to be involved in various physiological processes such as sperm maturation, lipid transportation, complement inhibition and chaperone activity. CLU was also reported to exert important functions in tissue remodeling, cell-cell adhesion, cell-substratum interaction, cytoprotection, apoptotic cell death, cell proliferation and migration. Hence, this protein is sparking interest in tissue wound healing. Moreover, CLU gene expression is finely regulated by cytokines, growth factors and stress-inducing agents, leading to abnormally elevated levels of CLU in many states of cellular disturbance, including cancer and neurodegenerative conditions. In the eye, CLU expression has been reported as being severely increased in several pathologies, such as age-related macular degeneration and Fuch's corneal dystrophy, while it is depleted in others, such as pathologic keratinization. Nevertheless, the precise role of CLU in the development of ocular pathologies has yet to be deciphered. The question of whether CLU expression is influenced by these disorders or contributes to them remains open. In this article, we review the actual knowledge about CLU at both the protein and gene expression level in wound healing, and explore the possibility that CLU is a key factor in cancer and eye diseases. Understanding the expression and regulation of CLU could lead to the development of novel therapeutics for promoting wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Gross
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (C.G.); (B.G.S.); (L.G.)
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Bianca G. Socol
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (C.G.); (B.G.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Lucie Germain
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (C.G.); (B.G.S.); (L.G.)
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sylvain L. Guérin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (C.G.); (B.G.S.); (L.G.)
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Québec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
- Département d’Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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3
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Fu D, Huang Y, Wang S, Liu J, Li C. HAGLROS
knockdown restrained cell proliferation, migration and invasion and facilitated apoptosis in laryngeal cancer via
miR
‐138‐5p/
CLN5
axis. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24712. [DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Fu
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ENT department Tianjin China
| | - Yongwang Huang
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ENT department Tianjin China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ENT department Tianjin China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ENT department Tianjin China
| | - Chao Li
- The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University ENT department Tianjin China
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4
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Mitsufuji S, Iwagami Y, Kobayashi S, Sasaki K, Yamada D, Tomimaru Y, Akita H, Asaoka T, Noda T, Gotoh K, Takahashi H, Tanemura M, Doki Y, Eguchi H. Inhibition of Clusterin Represses Proliferation by Inducing Cellular Senescence in Pancreatic Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2022; 29:4937-4946. [PMID: 35397747 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-11668-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outcome of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is unsatisfactory, and the identification of novel therapeutic targets is urgently needed. Clinical studies on the antisense oligonucleotide that targets clusterin (CLU) expression have been conducted and have shown efficacy in other cancers. We aimed to investigate the effects of CLU in PDAC and the underlying mechanisms with a view to the clinical application of existing drugs. METHODS We knocked down CLU in PDAC cells and evaluated changes in cell proliferation. To elucidate the mechanism responsible for these changes, we performed western blot analysis, cell cycle assay, and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining. To evaluate the clinical significance of CLU, immunohistochemistry was performed, and CLU expression was analyzed in specimens resected from PDAC patients not treated with preoperative chemotherapy. RESULTS Knockdown of CLU significantly decreased cell proliferation and did not induce apoptosis, but did induce cellular senescence by increasing the percentage of G1-phase and SA-β-gal staining-positive cells. A marker of DNA damage such as γH2AX and factors related to cellular senescence, such as p21 and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype, were upregulated by knockdown of CLU. CLU expression in resected PDAC specimens was located in the cytoplasm of tumor cells and revealed significantly better recurrence-free survival and overall survival in the CLU-low group than in the CLU-high group. CONCLUSIONS We identified that CLU inhibition leads to cellular senescence in PDAC. Our findings suggest that CLU is a novel therapeutic target that contributes to the prognosis of PDAC by inducing cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Mitsufuji
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Iwagami
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisaku Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tomimaru
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadafumi Asaoka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takehiro Noda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kunihito Gotoh
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenori Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tanemura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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5
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Praharaj PP, Patra S, Panigrahi DP, Patra SK, Bhutia SK. Clusterin as modulator of carcinogenesis: A potential avenue for targeted cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188500. [PMID: 33385484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) is an evolutionary conserved molecular chaperone present in different human tissues and fluids and established to be a significant cancer regulator. It controls several cancer-associated cellular events, including cancer cell proliferation, stemness, survival, metastasis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, therapy resistance, and inhibition of programmed cell death to support cancer growth and recurrence. This multifunctional role of CLU makes it an ideal target for cancer control. More importantly, genetic and antisense-mediated (OGX-011) inhibition of CLU enhances the anticancer potential of different FDA-approved chemotherapeutic drugs at the clinical level, improving patient's survival. In this review, we have discussed the detailed mechanism of CLU-mediated modulation of different cancer-associated signaling pathways. We have also provided updated information on the current preclinical and clinical findings that drive trials in various cancer types for potential targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Priyadarshi Praharaj
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Srimanta Patra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Debasna Pritimanjari Panigrahi
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Samir Kumar Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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6
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Wei ZD, Sun YZ, Tu CX, Qi RQ, Huo W, Chen HD, Gao XH. DNAJA4 deficiency augments hyperthermia-induced Clusterin and ERK activation: two critical protective factors of human keratinocytes from hyperthermia-induced injury. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34:2308-2317. [PMID: 32277496 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperthermia upregulates DNAJA4, a member of heat shock proteins (HSPs) 40 family, in human keratinocytes and HPV-infected tissue. DNAJA4 deficiency enhances growth arrest induced by hyperthermia. Clusterin (CLU) and phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) play a role in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, under environmental stress. OBJECTIVES To examine the downstream molecules and signalling pathways of DNAJA4 and assess their roles in cell cycle and apoptosis of keratinocytes in response to hyperthermia. METHODS Wild-type and DNAJA4-knockout (KO) HaCaT cells were exposed to either 44 °C (hyperthermia) or 37 °C (control) for 30 min. The expression levels of CLU and p-ERK were determined by RT-PCR and Western blotting. RNAi and PD98059 were used to inhibit the expression of CLU and p-ERK, respectively. Cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis were analysed by MTS assay and flow cytometry. Fresh biopsy samples of human normal foreskin or condyloma acuminatum (CA) were utilized to examine the expression of CLU and p-ERK after ex vivo culture at 44 °C. RESULTS The expression of CLU and p-ERK was significantly increased by hyperthermia treatment at 44 °C in HaCaT cells, foreskin and HPV-infected tissues. In HaCaT cells subjected to hyperthermia, DNAJA4 deficiency further augmented the expression of CLU and p-ERK. CLU deficiency enhanced the p-ERK expression. Hyperthermia-induced CLU and p-ERK exerted protective roles mainly through inhibiting apoptosis and maintaining cell cycle, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In keratinocytes, CLU and p-ERK are induced by hyperthermia, an effect which can be further enhanced by DNAJA4 deficiency. CLU deficiency also increases p-ERK expression. Both CLU and p-ERK are critical protective factors of human keratinocytes from hyperthermia-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-D Wei
- China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, China and National Engineering Research Center for Immunodermatoloigcal Theranostics, Shenyang, China.,Department of Dermatology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Y-Z Sun
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, China and National Engineering Research Center for Immunodermatoloigcal Theranostics, Shenyang, China
| | - C-X Tu
- Department of Dermatology, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - R-Q Qi
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, China and National Engineering Research Center for Immunodermatoloigcal Theranostics, Shenyang, China
| | - W Huo
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, China and National Engineering Research Center for Immunodermatoloigcal Theranostics, Shenyang, China
| | - H-D Chen
- Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, China and National Engineering Research Center for Immunodermatoloigcal Theranostics, Shenyang, China
| | - X-H Gao
- China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Immunodermatology, Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education, China and National Engineering Research Center for Immunodermatoloigcal Theranostics, Shenyang, China
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7
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Bertacchini J, Mediani L, Beretti F, Guida M, Ghalali A, Brugnoli F, Bertagnolo V, Petricoin E, Poti F, Arioli J, Anselmi L, Bari A, McCubrey J, Martelli AM, Cocco L, Capitani S, Marmiroli S. Clusterin enhances AKT2-mediated motility of normal and cancer prostate cells through a PTEN and PHLPP1 circuit. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:11188-11199. [PMID: 30565691 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) is a chaperone-like protein with multiple functions. sCLU is frequently upregulated in prostate tumor cells after chemo- or radiotherapy and after surgical or pharmacological castration. Moreover, CLU has been documented to modulate the cellular homolog of murine thymoma virus akt8 oncogene (AKT) activity. Here, we investigated how CLU overexpression influences phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling in human normal and cancer epithelial prostate cells. Human prostate cells stably transfected with CLU were broadly profiled by reverse phase protein array (RPPA), with particular emphasis on the PI3K/AKT pathway. The effect of CLU overexpression on normal and cancer cell motility was also tested. Our results clearly indicate that CLU overexpression enhances phosphorylation of AKT restricted to isoform 2. Mechanistically, this can be explained by the finding that the phosphatase PH domain leucine-rich repeat-containing protein phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1), known to dephosphorylate AKT2 at S474, is markedly downregulated by CLU, whereas miR-190, a negative regulator of PHLPP1, is upregulated. Moreover, we found that phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was heavily phosphorylated at the inhibitory site S380, contributing to the hyperactivation of AKT signaling. By keeping AKT2 phosphorylation high, CLU dramatically enhances the migratory behavior of prostate epithelial cell lines with different migratory and invasive phenotypes, namely prostate normal epithelial 1A (PNT1A) and prostatic carcinoma 3 (PC3) cells. Altogether, our results unravel for the first time a circuit by which CLU can switch a low migration phenotype toward a high migration phenotype, through miR-190-dependent downmodulation of PHLPP1 expression and, in turn, stabilization of AKT2 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Bertacchini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, Section of Morphology, Signal Transduction Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Mediani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, Section of Morphology, Signal Transduction Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Beretti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery, Dentistry, and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Marianna Guida
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, Section of Morphology, Signal Transduction Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Aram Ghalali
- Institute of Environment Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Federica Brugnoli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valeria Bertagnolo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Emanuel Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics & Molecular Medicine, GMU, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Francesco Poti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery-Unit of Neurosciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Jessica Arioli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, Section of Morphology, Signal Transduction Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Anselmi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, Section of Morphology, Signal Transduction Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessia Bari
- Department of Diagnostic, Clinical Medicine and Public Health, Program of Innovative Therapy in Oncology and Hematology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - James McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvano Capitani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery, and Experimental Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology and LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sandra Marmiroli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, Section of Morphology, Signal Transduction Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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8
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Shakya G, Balasubramanian S, Hoda M, Rajagopalan R. Inhibition of metastasis and angiogenesis in Hep-2 cells by wheatgrass extract - an in vitro and in silico approach. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 28:205-218. [PMID: 29160133 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1388460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the major hindrance in the treatment of all cancers, including laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Intensive researches are under way to identify the effective natural polyphenols with anti-metastatic ability for cancer treatment. Wheatgrass, an herbal plant has been reported to show anticancer effects. Hence, in this study, we aimed to analyze the anti-metastatic effect of methanol extract of wheatgrass (MEWG). The levels of metastatic marker proteins were determined by western blot. PI3K and AKT levels were determined by real time (RT)-PCR analysis. In silico molecular docking was done to check the interaction of the 14 components (identified by HPLC/GCMS) of MEWG with PI3K and AKT. MEWG effectively decreased the metastatic protein expressions, namely VEGF, MMP-9 and COX-2 and increased TIMP-2. RT-PCR results showed reduced m-RNA levels of both PI3K and AKT when compared to control. Molecular docking studies revealed interaction of most of the identified compounds of the extract with the important residues of PI3K and AKT. These findings indicate that MEWG inhibits metastasis and angiogenesis in Hep-2 cells possibly via PI3K/AKT due to the cumulative effect of polyphenols and other constituent present in extract. The compounds of the extract were also found to be directly involved in inhibition of AKT/PI3K, thus could help to restrain metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Shakya
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences , Pondicherry University , Kalapet , Puducherry , India
| | - Sangeetha Balasubramanian
- b Centre for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences , Pondicherry University , Kalapet , Puducherry , India
| | - Muddasarul Hoda
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences , Pondicherry University , Kalapet , Puducherry , India
| | - Rukkumani Rajagopalan
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences , Pondicherry University , Kalapet , Puducherry , India
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9
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Al Nakouzi N, Wang CK, Beraldi E, Jager W, Ettinger S, Fazli L, Nappi L, Bishop J, Zhang F, Chauchereau A, Loriot Y, Gleave M. Clusterin knockdown sensitizes prostate cancer cells to taxane by modulating mitosis. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:761-78. [PMID: 27198502 PMCID: PMC4931290 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clusterin (CLU) is a stress‐activated molecular chaperone that confers treatment resistance to taxanes when highly expressed. While CLU inhibition potentiates activity of taxanes and other anti‐cancer therapies in preclinical models, progression to treatment‐resistant disease still occurs implicating additional compensatory survival mechanisms. Taxanes are believed to selectively target cells in mitosis, a complex mechanism controlled in part by balancing antagonistic roles of Cdc25C and Wee1 in mitosis progression. Our data indicate that CLU silencing induces a constitutive activation of Cdc25C, which delays mitotic exit and hence sensitizes cancer cells to mitotic‐targeting agents such as taxanes. Unchecked Cdc25C activation leads to mitotic catastrophe and cell death unless cells up‐regulate protective mechanisms mediated through the cell cycle regulators Wee1 and Cdk1. In this study, we show that CLU silencing induces a constitutive activation of Cdc25C via the phosphatase PP2A leading to relief of negative feedback inhibition and activation of Wee1‐Cdk1 to promote survival and limit therapeutic efficacy. Simultaneous inhibition of CLU‐regulated cell cycle effector Wee1 may improve synergistic responses of biologically rational combinatorial regimens using taxanes and CLU inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Al Nakouzi
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Chris Kedong Wang
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eliana Beraldi
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Jager
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Susan Ettinger
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ladan Fazli
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lucia Nappi
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jennifer Bishop
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fan Zhang
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anne Chauchereau
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris, University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France INSERM U981, Villejuif, France
| | - Yohann Loriot
- Department of Cancer Medicine, Gustave Roussy, Cancer Campus, Grand Paris, University of Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France INSERM U981, Villejuif, France
| | - Martin Gleave
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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10
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Integrative proteomics and transcriptomics identify novel invasive-related biomarkers of non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:8923-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4767-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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11
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Deming Y, Xia J, Cai Y, Lord J, Holmans P, Bertelsen S, Holtzman D, Morris JC, Bales K, Pickering EH, Kauwe J, Goate A, Cruchaga C. A potential endophenotype for Alzheimer's disease: cerebrospinal fluid clusterin. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 37:208.e1-208.e9. [PMID: 26545630 PMCID: PMC5118651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have associated clusterin (CLU) variants with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the role of CLU on AD pathogenesis is not totally understood. We used cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma CLU levels as endophenotypes for genetic studies to understand the role of CLU in AD. CSF, but not plasma, CLU levels were significantly associated with AD status and CSF tau/amyloid-beta ratio, and highly correlated with CSF apolipoprotein E (APOE) levels. Several loci showed almost genome-wide significant associations including LINC00917 (p = 3.98 × 10(-7)) and interleukin 6 (IL6, p = 9.94 × 10(-6), in the entire data set and in the APOE ε4- individuals p = 7.40 × 10(-8)). Gene ontology analyses suggest that CSF CLU levels may be associated with wound healing and immune response which supports previous functional studies that demonstrated an association between CLU and IL6. CLU may play a role in AD by influencing immune system changes that have been observed in AD or by disrupting healing after neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuetiva Deming
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yefei Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jenny Lord
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Peter Holmans
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Center for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Sarah Bertelsen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kelly Bales
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - Eve H Pickering
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, CT, USA
| | - John Kauwe
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Wang X, Liu R, Wang Y, Cai H, Zhang L. Effects of down-regulation of clusterin by small interference RNA on human acute myeloid leukemia cells. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8:20925-20931. [PMID: 26885020 PMCID: PMC4723865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS AND BACKGROUND Up-regulation of clusterin is associated with the survival and progression of various malignancies, and down-regulation of clusterin promotes apoptosis and inhibits invasion. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of clusterin small interference RNA (siRNA) on the proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of HL-60 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. METHODS siRNA transfection was performed using Lipofectamine™2000 reagent. Relative protein expressions were quantified by Western blot. Trypan blue assay was performed to assess tumor cell proliferation after siRNA transfection. The cytotoxic effect of clusterin siRNA on leukemic cells was measured using MTT assay. Apoptosis was detected using fluorescence microscopy assay. Migration and invasion was detected after clusterin was silenced. RESULTS Clusterin siRNA clearly lowered clusterin protein levels in a time- dependent manner, leading to marked inhibition of cell survival, proliferation and invasion. Furthermore, clusterin down-regulation significantly enhanced the extent of HL-60 apoptotic cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the down-regulation of clusterin by siRNA can effectively trigger apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation and invasion of leukemic cells. Therefore, clusterin siRNA may be a potent adjuvant in AML therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People’s Hospital of LaiwuLaiwu, China
| | - Ruidong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, People’s Hospital of LaiwuLaiwu, China
| | - Yanxia Wang
- Department of Cardiology, People’s Hospital of ZhangqiuJinan, China
| | - Hengjuan Cai
- Department of Neurology, People’s Hospital of ZhangqiuJinan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qingdao Women and Children’s HospitalQingdao, China
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