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Chakraborty S, Ye J, Wang H, Sun M, Zhang Y, Sang X, Zhuang Z. Application of toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their agonists in cancer vaccines and immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1227833. [PMID: 37936697 PMCID: PMC10626551 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1227833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed in various immune cell types and perform multiple purposes and duties involved in the induction of innate and adaptive immunity. Their capability to propagate immunity makes them attractive targets for the expansion of numerous immunotherapeutic approaches targeting cancer. These immunotherapeutic strategies include using TLR ligands/agonists as monotherapy or combined therapeutic strategies. Several TLR agonists have demonstrated significant efficacy in advanced clinical trials. In recent years, multiple reports established the applicability of TLR agonists as adjuvants to chemotherapeutic drugs, radiation, and immunotherapies, including cancer vaccines. Cancer vaccines are a relatively novel approach in the field of cancer immunotherapy and are currently under extensive evaluation for treating different cancers. In the present review, we tried to deliver an inclusive discussion of the significant TLR agonists and discussed their application and challenges to their incorporation into cancer immunotherapy approaches, particularly highlighting the usage of TLR agonists as functional adjuvants to cancer vaccines. Finally, we present the translational potential of rWTC-MBTA vaccination [irradiated whole tumor cells (rWTC) pulsed with phagocytic agonists Mannan-BAM, TLR ligands, and anti-CD40 agonisticAntibody], an autologous cancer vaccine leveraging membrane-bound Mannan-BAM, and the immune-inducing prowess of TLR agonists as a probable immunotherapy in multiple cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samik Chakraborty
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- NE1 Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - Juan Ye
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Herui Wang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mitchell Sun
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yaping Zhang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Xueyu Sang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zhengping Zhuang
- Neuro-Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Bin Park W, Kim S, Kyung SM, Lee ES, Lee YJ, Yoo HS. Gene expression of Toll-like receptors, cytokines and a nuclear factor and cytokine secretion in DH82 canine macrophage cells infected with Brucella canis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 260:110607. [PMID: 37148644 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Canine brucellosis caused by Brucella canis infection occurs mainly in dogs, and is a zoonotic disease that also has the possibility of infection in humans. Many studies have been conducted to understand the immunopathological mechanism of B. canis infection. However, the precise immune mechanism remains to be elucidated because compared to other Brucella spp., B. canis has different immune evasion mechanisms. In this study, gene expression levels of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and TLR-associated molecules and cytokine production were analyzed to figure out the roles of immune-related host factors in B. canis infection. Time-dependent gene expression of TLRs (1-10) and TLR-related molecules (TNF-α, IL-5, IL-23, CCL4, CD40 and NFκ-B) and release of Th1, Th2 and Th17-related cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17A) were investigated in DH82 canine macrophages infected with B. canis. Time-dependent induction of TLRs 3, 7 and 8 was observed, and TLR 7 had the highest expression level (p <0.05). The expression levels of all TLR-related genes were significantly increased after infection. In particular, the expression of the CCL4 and IL-23 genes was highly induced. The amounts of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly increased by B. canis infection, but the amounts of IL-4 and IL-17A were not. The production of IL-1β and IL-6 was the highest at 24 hr after B. canis infection (p <0.05). This study demonstrates that TLRs 3, 7 and 8 are prominent sites of to immune response induction with the production of related cytokines and a nuclear factor in DH82 cells infected with B. canis. These results suggest a sequential immune mechanism of B. canis infection, involving TLRs, cytokines and their associated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Bin Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; BK21 FOUR and Research Institution for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Min Kyung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; BK21 FOUR and Research Institution for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seo Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; BK21 FOUR and Research Institution for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; BK21 FOUR and Research Institution for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, South Korea.
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Melo ARDS, de Macêdo LS, Invenção MDCV, de Moura IA, da Gama MATM, de Melo CML, Silva AJD, Batista MVDA, de Freitas AC. Third-Generation Vaccines: Features of Nucleic Acid Vaccines and Strategies to Improve Their Efficiency. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13122287. [PMID: 36553554 PMCID: PMC9777941 DOI: 10.3390/genes13122287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene immunization comprises mRNA and DNA vaccines, which stand out due to their simple design, maintenance, and high efficacy. Several studies indicate promising results in preclinical and clinical trials regarding immunization against ebola, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza, and human papillomavirus (HPV). The efficiency of nucleic acid vaccines has been highlighted in the fight against COVID-19 with unprecedented approval of their use in humans. However, their low intrinsic immunogenicity points to the need to use strategies capable of overcoming this characteristic and increasing the efficiency of vaccine campaigns. These strategies include the improvement of the epitopes' presentation to the system via MHC, the evaluation of immunodominant epitopes with high coverage against emerging viral subtypes, the use of adjuvants that enhance immunogenicity, and the increase in the efficiency of vaccine transfection. In this review, we provide updates regarding some characteristics, construction, and improvement of such vaccines, especially about the production of synthetic multi-epitope genes, widely employed in the current gene-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanne Rayssa da Silva Melo
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Larissa Silva de Macêdo
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Maria da Conceição Viana Invenção
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Andrêssa de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Turiah Machado da Gama
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Moutinho Lagos de Melo
- Laboratory of Immunological and Antitumor Analysis, Department of Antibiotics, Bioscience Center, and Keizo Asami Imunophatology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Anna Jéssica Duarte Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius de Aragão Batista
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology (GMBio), Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Studies and Experimental Therapy—LEMTE, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-8199-6067-671
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Chen G, Kang W, Li W, Chen S, Gao Y. Oral delivery of protein and peptide drugs: from non-specific formulation approaches to intestinal cell targeting strategies. Theranostics 2022; 12:1419-1439. [PMID: 35154498 PMCID: PMC8771547 DOI: 10.7150/thno.61747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The past few years has witnessed a booming market of protein and peptide drugs, owing to their superior efficiency and biocompatibility. Parenteral route is the most commonly employed method for protein and peptide drugs administration. However, short plasma half-life protein and peptide drugs requires repetitive injections and results in poor patient compliance. Oral delivery is a promising alternative but hindered by harsh gastrointestinal environment and defensive intestinal epithelial barriers. Therefore, designing suitable oral delivery systems for peptide and protein drugs has been a persistent challenge. This review summarizes the main challenges for oral protein and peptide drugs delivery and highlights the advanced formulation strategies to improve their oral bioavailability. More importantly, major intestinal cell types and available targeting receptors are introduced along with the potential strategies to target these cell types. We also described the multifunctional biomaterials which can be used to prepare oral carrier systems as well as to modulate the mucosal immune response. Understanding the emerging delivery strategies and challenges for protein and peptide drugs will surely inspire the production of promising oral delivery systems that serves therapeutic needs in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weirong Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wanqiong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaomeng Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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5
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Oso BJ, Olaoye IF, Ogidi CO. In silico Design of a Vaccine Candidate for SAR S-CoV-2 Based on Multiple T-cell and B-cell Epitopes. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 76:1191-1202. [PMID: 35355741 PMCID: PMC8934067 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2020.351605.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (2019-nCoV) are large single-stranded RNA viruses that usually cause respiratory infections with a crude lethality ratio of 3.8% and high levels of transmissibility. There is yet no applicable clinical evaluation to assess the efficacy of various therapeutic agents that have been suggested as investigational drugs against the viruses despite their respective supposed hypothetical claims due to their antiviral potentials. Moreover, the development of a safe and effective vaccine has been suggested as an intervention to control the 2019-nCoV pandemic. However, a major concern in the development of a 2019-nCoV vaccine is the possibility of stimulating a corresponding immune response without enhancing the induction of the disease and associated side effects. The present investigation was carried out by predicting the antigenicity of the primary sequences of 2019-nCoV structural proteins and identification of B-cell and T-cell epitopes through the Bepipred and PEPVAC servers, respectively. The peptides of the vaccine construct include the selected epitopes based on the VaxiJen score with a threshold of 1.0 and β-defensinas an adjuvant. The putative binding of the vaccine constructs to intracellular toll-like receptors (TLRs) was assessed through molecular docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulations. The selected epitopes for the final vaccine construct are DPNFKD, SPLSLN, and LELQDHNE as B-cell epitopes and EPKLGSLVV, NFKDQVILL, and SSRSSSRSR as T-cell epitopes. The molecular docking analysis showed the vaccine construct could have favorable interactions with TLRs as indicated by the negative values of the computed binding energies. The constructed immunogen based on the immune informatics study could be employed in the strategy to develop potential vaccine candidates against 2019-nCoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Oso
- Department of Biochemistry, McPherson University, Seriki Sotayo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - I F Olaoye
- Department of Biochemistry, McPherson University, Seriki Sotayo, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Kings University, Odeomu, Nigeria
| | - C O Ogidi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England
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Kimani FW, Manna S, Moser B, Shen J, Nihesh N, Esser-Kahn AP. Improving the Adjuvanticity of Small Molecule Immune Potentiators Using Covalently Linked NF-κB Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1441-1448. [PMID: 34527180 PMCID: PMC8436408 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecule immune potentiators (SMIPs) such as imidazoquinolinone derivatives that activate Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 have immense potential as vaccine adjuvants and as antitumor agents. However, these molecules have high bioavailability that results in unacceptable levels of systemic inflammation due to adjuvant toxicity, thereby greatly limiting their use. To address this challenge, here we report the design and synthesis of novel imidazoquinolinone-NF-κB immunomodulator dimers. Employing in vitro assays, we screened a select library of synthesized dimers and selected viable candidates for further in vivo experiments. With ovalbumin as a model antigen, we vaccinated mice and demonstrated that these dimers reduce the systemic toxicity associated with SMIPs to baseline levels while simultaneously maintaining the adjuvanticity in a vaccine formulation. Additionally, we showed that select dimers improved efficacy in a CT26 mouse colon carcinoma tumor model while eliciting minimal adjuvant toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora W. Kimani
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Saikat Manna
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Brittany Moser
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jingjing Shen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Naorem Nihesh
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Aaron P. Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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7
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Pahlavanneshan S, Sayadmanesh A, Ebrahimiyan H, Basiri M. Toll-Like Receptor-Based Strategies for Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9912188. [PMID: 34124272 PMCID: PMC8166496 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9912188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed and play multiple functional roles in a variety of immune cell types involved in tumor immunity. There are plenty of data on the pharmacological targeting of TLR signaling using agonist molecules that boost the antitumor immune response. A recent body of research has also demonstrated promising strategies for improving the cell-based immunotherapy methods by inducing TLR signaling. These strategies include systemic administration of TLR antagonist along with immune cell transfer and also genetic engineering of the immune cells using TLR signaling components to improve the function of genetically engineered immune cells such as chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells. Here, we explore the current status of the cancer immunotherapy approaches based on manipulation of TLR signaling to provide a perspective of the underlying rationales and potential clinical applications. Altogether, reviewed publications suggest that TLRs make a potential target for the immunotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saghar Pahlavanneshan
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Sayadmanesh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Ebrahimiyan
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Basiri
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Wong KK, Hassan R, Yaacob NS. Hypomethylating Agents and Immunotherapy: Therapeutic Synergism in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndromes. Front Oncol 2021; 11:624742. [PMID: 33718188 PMCID: PMC7947882 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.624742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Decitabine and guadecitabine are hypomethylating agents (HMAs) that exert inhibitory effects against cancer cells. This includes stimulation of anti-tumor immunity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) patients. Treatment of AML and MDS patients with the HMAs confers upregulation of cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) expression including the highly immunogenic CTA NY-ESO-1. This leads to activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells for elimination of cancer cells, and it establishes the feasibility to combine cancer vaccine with HMAs to enhance vaccine immunogenicity. Moreover, decitabine and guadecitabine induce the expression of immune checkpoint molecules in AML cells. In this review, the accumulating knowledge on the immunopotentiating properties of decitabine and guadecitabine in AML and MDS patients are presented and discussed. In summary, combination of decitabine or guadecitabine with NY-ESO-1 vaccine enhances vaccine immunogenicity in AML patients. T cells from AML patients stimulated with dendritic cell (DC)/AML fusion vaccine and guadecitabine display increased capacity to lyse AML cells. Moreover, decitabine enhances NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity or CD123-specific chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells antileukemic activities against AML. Furthermore, combination of either HMAs with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy may circumvent their resistance. Finally, clinical trials of either HMAs combined with cancer vaccines, NK cell infusion or ICB therapy in relapsed/refractory AML and high-risk MDS patients are currently underway, highlighting the promising efficacy of HMAs and immunotherapy synergy against these malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Keng Wong
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Rosline Hassan
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Soriani Yaacob
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Inflammation, HIV, and Immune Quiescence: Leveraging on Immunomodulatory Products to Reduce HIV Susceptibility. AIDS Res Treat 2020; 2020:8672850. [PMID: 33178456 PMCID: PMC7609152 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8672850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between inflammation and HIV has been a focus of research over the last decade. In HIV-infected individuals, increased HIV-associated immune activation significantly correlated to disease progression. While genital inflammation (GI) has been shown to significantly increase the risk of HIV acquisition and transmission, immune correlates for reduced risk remain limited. In certain HIV-exposed seronegative individuals, an immune quiescent phenotype characterized reduced risk. Immune quiescence is defined by specific, targeted, highly regulated immune responses that hinder overt inflammation or immune activation. Targeted management of inflammation, therefore, is a plausible strategy to mitigate HIV risk and slow disease progression. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as hydroxychloroquine and aspirin have shown encouraging preliminary results in low-risk women by reducing systemic and genital immune activation. A topical NSAID, containing ibuprofen, is effective in treating vulvovaginal inflammation. Additionally, the glucocorticoids (GCs), prednisolone, and dexamethasone are used to treat HIV-associated immune activation. Collectively, these data inform on immune-modulating drugs to reduce HIV risk. However, the prolonged use of these pharmaceutical drugs is associated with adverse effects, both systemically and to a lesser extent topically. Natural products with their reduced side effects coupled with anti-inflammatory properties render them viable options. Lactic acid (LA) has immunomodulatory properties. LA regulates the genital microbiome by facilitating the growth of Lactobacillus species, while simultaneously limiting bacterial species that cause microbial dysbiosis and GI. Glycerol monolaurate, besides being anti-inflammatory, also inhibited SIV infections in rhesus macaques. The proposed pharmaceutical and natural products could be used in combination with either antiretrovirals for treatment or preexposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention. This review provides a summary on the associations between inflammation, HIV risk, and disease progression. Furthermore, we use the knowledge from immune quiescence to exploit the use of pharmaceutical and natural products as strategic interventions to manage inflammation, toward mitigating HIV infections.
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Mannose-Modified Chitosan-Nanoparticle-Based Salmonella Subunit OralVaccine-Induced Immune Response and Efficacy in a Challenge Trial in Broilers. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020299. [PMID: 32545295 PMCID: PMC7349978 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) infection in broilers is a huge challenge. In this study, our objective was to improve the efficacy of a chitosan nanoparticle (CS)-based Salmonella subunit vaccine for SE, containing immunogenic outer membrane proteins (OMP) and flagellin (FLA), called the CS(OMP+FLA) vaccine, by surface conjugating it with mannose to target dendritic cells, and comparing the immune responses and efficacy with a commercial live Salmonella vaccine in broilers. The CS(OMP+FLA)-based vaccines were administered orally at age 3 days and as a booster dose after three weeks, and the broilers were challenged with SE at 5 weeks of age. Birds were sacrificed 10 days post-challenge and it was observed that CS(OMP+FLA) vaccine surface conjugated with both mannose and FLA produced the greatest SE reduction, by over 1 log10 colony forming unit per gram of the cecal content, which was comparable to a commercial live vaccine. Immunologically, specific mucosal antibody responses were enhanced by FLA-surface-coated CS(OMP+FLA) vaccine, and mannose-bound CS(OMP+FLA) improved the cellular immune response. In addition, increased mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors and cytokine was observed in CS(OMP+FLA)-based-vaccinated birds. The commercial live vaccine failed to induce any such substantial immune response, except that they had a slightly improved T helper cell frequency. Our data suggest that FLA-coated and mannose-modified CS(OMP+FLA) vaccine induced robust innate and adaptive cell-mediated immune responses and substantially reduced the Salmonella load in the intestines of broilers.
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11
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Pearson FE, Chang K, Minoda Y, Rojas IML, Haigh OL, Daraj G, Tullett KM, Radford KJ. Activation of human CD141 + and CD1c + dendritic cells in vivo with combined TLR3 and TLR7/8 ligation. Immunol Cell Biol 2018; 96:390-400. [PMID: 29344995 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mice reconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells are valuable models to study aspects of the human immune system in vivo. We describe a humanized mouse model (hu mice) in which fully functional human CD141+ and CD1c+ myeloid and CD123+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC) develop from human cord blood CD34+ cells in immunodeficient mice. CD141+ DC are the human equivalents of murine CD8+ /CD103+ DC which are essential for the induction of tumor-inhibitory cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, making them attractive targets to exploit for the development of new cancer immunotherapies. We used CD34+ -engrafted NSG-A2 mice to investigate activation of DC subsets by synthetic dsRNA or ssRNA analogs polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid/poly I:C and Resiquimod/R848, agonists for TLR3 and TLR8, respectively, both of which are expressed by CD141+ DC. Injection of hu mice with these agonists resulted in upregulation of costimulatory molecules CD80, CD83 and CD86 by CD141+ and CD1c+ DC alike, and their combination further enhanced expression of these molecules by both subsets. When combined, poly I:C and R848 enhanced serum levels of key cytokines associated with cross-presentation and the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses including IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-12 and CXCL10. These data advocate a combination of poly I:C and R848 TLR agonists as means of activating human DC for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances E Pearson
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Karshing Chang
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yoshihito Minoda
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ingrid M Leal Rojas
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Oscar L Haigh
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ghazal Daraj
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirsteen M Tullett
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kristen J Radford
- Cancer Immunotherapies Laboratory, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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van Dinther D, Stolk DA, van de Ven R, van Kooyk Y, de Gruijl TD, den Haan JMM. Targeting C-type lectin receptors: a high-carbohydrate diet for dendritic cells to improve cancer vaccines. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:1017-1034. [PMID: 28729358 PMCID: PMC5597514 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.5mr0217-059rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing understanding of why certain patients do or do not respond to checkpoint inhibition therapy. This opens new opportunities to reconsider and redevelop vaccine strategies to prime an anticancer immune response. Combination of such vaccines with checkpoint inhibitors will both provide the fuel and release the brake for an efficient anticancer response. Here, we discuss vaccine strategies that use C-type lectin receptor (CLR) targeting of APCs, such as dendritic cells and macrophages. APCs are a necessity for the priming of antigen-specific cytotoxic and helper T cells. Because CLRs are natural carbohydrate-recognition receptors highly expressed by multiple subsets of APCs and involved in uptake and processing of Ags for presentation, these receptors seem particularly interesting for targeting purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieke van Dinther
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Dorian A Stolk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Rieneke van de Ven
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joke M M den Haan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
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13
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Direct Delivery of Antigens to Dendritic Cells via Antibodies Specific for Endocytic Receptors as a Promising Strategy for Future Therapies. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:vaccines4020008. [PMID: 27043640 PMCID: PMC4931625 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen presenting cells and are therefore indispensable for the control of immunity. The technique of antibody mediated antigen targeting to DC subsets has been the basis of intense research for more than a decade. Many murine studies have utilized this approach of antigen delivery to various kinds of endocytic receptors of DCs both in vitro and in vivo. Today, it is widely accepted that different DC subsets are important for the induction of select immune responses. Nevertheless, many questions still remain to be answered, such as the actual influence of the targeted receptor on the initiation of the immune response to the delivered antigen. Further efforts to better understand the induction of antigen-specific immune responses will support the transfer of this knowledge into novel treatment strategies for human diseases. In this review, we will discuss the state-of-the-art aspects of the basic principles of antibody mediated antigen targeting approaches. A table will also provide a broad overview of the latest studies using antigen targeting including addressed DC subset, targeted receptors, outcome, and applied coupling techniques.
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14
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Dhodapkar MV, Sznol M, Zhao B, Wang D, Carvajal RD, Keohan ML, Chuang E, Sanborn RE, Lutzky J, Powderly J, Kluger H, Tejwani S, Green J, Ramakrishna V, Crocker A, Vitale L, Yellin M, Davis T, Keler T. Induction of antigen-specific immunity with a vaccine targeting NY-ESO-1 to the dendritic cell receptor DEC-205. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:232ra51. [PMID: 24739759 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immune-based therapies for cancer are generating substantial interest because of the success of immune checkpoint inhibitors. This study aimed to enhance anticancer immunity by exploiting the capacity of dendritic cells (DCs) to initiate T cell immunity by efficient uptake and presentation of endocytosed material. Delivery of tumor-associated antigens to DCs using receptor-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the presence of DC-activating agents elicits robust antigen-specific immune responses in preclinical models. DEC-205 (CD205), a molecule expressed on DCs, has been extensively studied for its role in antigen processing and presentation. CDX-1401 is a vaccine composed of a human mAb specific for DEC-205 fused to the full-length tumor antigen NY-ESO-1. This phase 1 trial assessed the safety, immunogenicity, and clinical activity of escalating doses of CDX-1401 with the Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists resiquimod (TLR7/8) and Hiltonol (poly-ICLC, TLR3) in 45 patients with advanced malignancies refractory to available therapies. Treatment induced humoral and cellular immunity to NY-ESO-1 in patients with confirmed NY-ESO-1-expressing tumors across various dose levels and adjuvant combinations. No dose-limiting or grade 3 toxicities were reported. Thirteen patients experienced stabilization of disease, with a median duration of 6.7 months (range, 2.4+ to 13.4 months). Two patients had tumor regression (~20% shrinkage in target lesions). Six of eight patients who received immune-checkpoint inhibitors within 3 months after CDX-1401 administration had objective tumor regression. This first-in-human study of a protein vaccine targeting DCs demonstrates its feasibility, safety, and biological activity and provides rationale for combination immunotherapy strategies including immune checkpoint blockade.
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15
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Sehgal K, Dhodapkar KM, Dhodapkar MV. Targeting human dendritic cells in situ to improve vaccines. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:59-67. [PMID: 25072116 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) provide a critical link between innate and adaptive immunity. The potent antigen presenting properties of DCs makes them a valuable target for the delivery of immunogenic cargo. Recent clinical studies describing in situ DC targeting with antibody-mediated targeting of DC receptor through DEC-205 provide new opportunities for the clinical application of DC-targeted vaccines. Further advances with nanoparticle vectors which can encapsulate antigens and adjuvants within the same compartment and be targeted against diverse DC subsets also represent an attractive strategy for targeting DCs. This review provides a brief summary of the rationale behind targeting dendritic cells in situ, the existing pre-clinical and clinical data on these vaccines and challenges faced by the next generation DC-targeted vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartik Sehgal
- Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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16
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Vasilakos JP, Tomai MA. The use of Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonists as vaccine adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:809-19. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2013.811208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Targeting antigens to dendritic cell receptors for vaccine development. JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY 2013; 2013:869718. [PMID: 24228179 PMCID: PMC3817681 DOI: 10.1155/2013/869718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are highly specialized antigen presenting cells of the immune system which play a key role in regulating immune responses. Depending on the method of antigen delivery, DCs stimulate immune responses or induce tolerance. As a consequence of the dual function of DCs, DCs are studied in the context of immunotherapy for both cancer and autoimmune diseases. In vaccine development, a major aim is to induce strong, specific T-cell responses. This is achieved by targeting antigen to cell surface molecules on DCs that efficiently channel the antigen into endocytic compartments for loading onto MHC molecules and stimulation of T-cell responses. The most attractive cell surface receptors, expressed on DCs used as targets for antigen delivery for cancer and other diseases, are discussed.
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18
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El Tawdy A, Rashed L. Downregulation of TLR-7 receptor in hepatic and non-hepatic patients with lichen planus. Int J Dermatol 2012; 51:785-9. [PMID: 22715821 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.04977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lichen planus (LP) is an inflammatory disease of the skin and oral mucosa. The association of LP and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) is well established, with variable prevalence rates among different populations. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key regulators of both the innate response and the adaptive response. However, TLRs also interact with endogenous ligands released by necrotic cells, and this process can intensify autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of Toll-like receptor-7 (TLR-7) in LP through the detection of TLR-7 protein, and to compare between the expression of TLR-7 protein in HCV-positive and HCV-negative patients with LP. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 20 skin biopsies from patients with LP and 10 control biopsies. TLR-7 protein was detected by Western blot analysis. Detection of HCV-specific antibodies in the patient serum was done using ELISA technique. RESULTS Our analysis revealed a significantly lower level of TLR-7 protein in all the LP skin biopsies compared with controls. The expression showed no difference between HCV-positive and HCV-negative patients. CONCLUSION We concluded that TLR-7 abnormal expression in LP may have an impact on the pathogenesis of the disease. TLR-7 receptor and HCV relationship in patients with LP could not be confirmed by this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira El Tawdy
- Department of Dermatology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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19
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Hopkins RA, Connolly JE. The specialized roles of immature and mature dendritic cells in antigen cross-presentation. Immunol Res 2012; 53:91-107. [PMID: 22450675 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8300-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous antigen cross-presentation is integral to the stimulation of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes against viruses and tumors. Central to this process are dendritic cells (DCs), which specialize in cross-presentation. DCs may be considered to exist in two radically different states of activation, generally referred to as immature and mature. In each of these states, the cell has a series of separate and specialized abilities for the induction of T-cell immunity. In the immature state, the DC is adept in surveying the periphery, acquiring and storing antigen, but has a limited capacity for direct T-cell activation. During a brief and defined window of time following DC stimulation, nearly every aspect of antigen handling changes, as it transitions from an entity focused on protein preservation to one capable of efficient cross-presentation. It is this time period and the underlying molecular mechanisms active here, which form the core of our studies on cross-presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Hopkins
- Program in Translational Immunology, Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, #03 Immunos, Biopolis, Singapore
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Raghuwanshi D, Mishra V, Suresh MR, Kaur K. A simple approach for enhanced immune response using engineered dendritic cell targeted nanoparticles. Vaccine 2012; 30:7292-9. [PMID: 23022399 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate a simple strategy for enhanced immune response using a two-component dendritic cell (DC) targeted antigen delivery system. One component consists of a recombinant bifunctional fusion protein (bfFp) used for DC targeting, whereas, the other component is made of biotinylated PLGA nanoparticles that encapsulate the antigen. The fusion protein (bfFp) made of a truncated core-streptavidin fused to anti-DEC-205 single chain antibody (scFv) was mixed with ovalbumin-loaded biotinylated NPs that were formulated using biotin-PEG (2000)-PLGA, and the combination, bfFp functionalized NPs was used for DC targeted antigen delivery. In vitro DC uptake studies revealed a 2-fold higher receptor-mediated uptake of bfFp functionalized NPs when compared to non-targeted NPs. Immunization of the mice with the bfFp functionalized NPs in conjunction with DC maturation stimulus (anti-CD40 mAb) enhanced OVA-specific IgG and IgG subclass responses. Splenocytes of these mice secreted significantly higher levels of Th1 (IFN-γ and IL-2) cytokines upon ex vivo restimulation with OVA. The promising outcomes of the bfFp functionalized DC targeted system support its use as a versatile vaccine delivery system for the design of monovalent or polyvalent vaccines.
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21
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Caminschi I, Maraskovsky E, Heath WR. Targeting Dendritic Cells in vivo for Cancer Therapy. Front Immunol 2012; 3:13. [PMID: 22566899 PMCID: PMC3342351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies that recognize cell surface molecules have been used deliver antigenic cargo to dendritic cells (DC) for induction of immune responses. The encouraging anti-tumor immunity elicited using this immunization strategy suggests its suitability for clinical trials. This review discusses the complex network of DC, the functional specialization of DC subsets, the immunological outcomes of targeting different DC subsets and their cell surface receptors, and the requirements for the induction of effective anti-tumor CD4 and CD8 T cell responses that can recognize tumor-specific antigens. Finally, we review preclinical experiments and the progress toward targeting human DC in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Caminschi
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Madera RF, Wang JP, Libraty DH. The combination of early and rapid type I IFN, IL-1α, and IL-1β production are essential mediators of RNA-like adjuvant driven CD4+ Th1 responses. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29412. [PMID: 22206014 PMCID: PMC3242790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing need for novel vaccine adjuvants that can provide safe and potent T-helper type 1 (Th1) activity. RNA-like immune response modifiers (IRMs) are candidate T-cell adjuvants that skew acquired immune responses towards a Th1 phenotype. We set out to delineate the essential signaling pathways by which the RNA-like IRMs, resiquimod (R-848) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C), augment CD4+ T-helper 1 (Th1) responses. Highly purified murine conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) and conventional CD4+ T-cells were co-cultured in allogeneic and MHC congenic mixed leukocyte reactions. The activation of CD4+ Th1 cells was examined utilizing cells from mice deficient in specific RNA-sensing pattern recognition receptors and signaling mediators. R-848 and poly I:C stimulation of Type I interferon production and signaling in cDCs was essential but not sufficient for driving CD4+ Th1 responses. The early and rapid production of IL-1α and IL-1β was equally critical for the optimal activation of Th1 CD4+ T-cells. R-848 activation of Toll-like receptor 7/MyD88-dependent signaling in cDCs led to a rapid upregulation of pro-IL-1α and pro-IL-1β production compared to poly I:C activation of MyD88-independent signaling pathways. The in vitro data show that CD4+ T-cell adjuvant activity of RNA-like IRMs is mediated by a critical combination of early and rapid Type I interferon, IL-1α and IL-1β production. These results provide important insights into the key signaling pathways responsible for RNA-like IRM CD4+ Th1 activation. A better understanding of the critical signaling pathways by which RNA-like IRMs stimulate CD4+ Th1 responses is relevant to the rational design of improved vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel F. Madera
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer P. Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel H. Libraty
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Morse MA, Bradley DA, Keler T, Laliberte RJ, Green JA, Davis TA, Inman BA. CDX-1307: a novel vaccine under study as treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10:733-42. [PMID: 21692696 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines have demonstrated clinical benefit, however greater efficacy could be achieved by enhancing their immunogenicity. Owing to cancer vaccines depending on uptake and cross-presentation of tumor antigens by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), we hypothesized that greater immunogenicity would accompany strategies that direct antigen to APC-expressed mannose receptors, initiating a pathway increasing class I and II presentation to T cells. CDX-1307 consists of a human monoclonal antibody targeting the mannose receptor, fused to the human chorionic gonadotropin-β chain (hCG-β), a tumor antigen frequently expressed by epithelial cancers including bladder cancer. In Phase I studies of cancer patients, CDX-1307 was well tolerated and induced significant hCG-β-specific cellular and humoral immune responses when co-administered with GM-CSF and the Toll-like receptor agonists resiquimod and poly-ICLC. An ongoing Phase II trial evaluates CDX-1307 in patients with newly diagnosed, resectable, hCG-β-expressing bladder cancer, where low tumor burden and early intervention may provide greater potential for benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Morse
- Duke University Medical Center, 10 Bryan Searle Drive, 477 Seeley G. Mudd Building, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Morse MA, Chapman R, Powderly J, Blackwell K, Keler T, Green J, Riggs R, He LZ, Ramakrishna V, Vitale L, Zhao B, Butler SA, Hobeika A, Osada T, Davis T, Clay T, Lyerly HK. Phase I study utilizing a novel antigen-presenting cell-targeted vaccine with Toll-like receptor stimulation to induce immunity to self-antigens in cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:4844-53. [PMID: 21632857 PMCID: PMC3139834 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-11-0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of tumor-derived proteins as cancer vaccines is complicated by tolerance to these self-antigens. Tolerance may be broken by immunization with activated, autologous, ex vivo generated and antigen-loaded, antigen-presenting cells (APC); however, targeting tumor antigen directly to APC in vivo would be a less complicated strategy. We wished to test whether targeted delivery of an otherwise poorly immunogenic, soluble antigen to APC through their mannose receptors (MR) would induce clinically relevant immunity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Two phase I studies were conducted with CDX-1307, a vaccine composed of human chorionic gonadotropin beta-chain (hCG-β) fused to an MR-specific monoclonal antibody, administered either locally (intradermally) or systemically (intravenously) in patients with advanced epithelial malignancies. An initial dose escalation of single-agent CDX-1307 was followed by additional cohorts of CDX-1307 combined with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 agonist polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly-ICLC) and TLR7/8 agonist resiquimod to activate the APC. RESULTS CDX-1307 induced consistent humoral and T-cell responses to hCG-β when coadministered with TLR agonists. Greater immune responses and clinical benefit, including the longest duration of stable disease, were observed with immunization combined with local TLR agonists. Immune responses were induced equally efficiently in patients with elevated and nonelevated levels of serum hCG-β. Antibodies within the serum of vaccinated participants had tumor suppressive function in vitro. Toxicity consisted chiefly of mild injection site reactions. CONCLUSIONS APC targeting and activation induce adaptive immunity against poorly immunogenic self-antigens which has implications for enhancing the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Morse
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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25
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Tacken PJ, Figdor CG. Targeted antigen delivery and activation of dendritic cells in vivo: steps towards cost effective vaccines. Semin Immunol 2011; 23:12-20. [PMID: 21269839 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, the immunotherapeutic potential of ex vivo generated professional antigen presenting dendritic cells (DCs) has been explored in the clinic. Albeit safe, clinical results have thus far been limited. A major disadvantage of current cell-based dendritic cell (DC) therapies, preventing universal implementation of this form of immunotherapy, is the requirement that vaccines need to be tailor made for each individual. Targeted delivery of antigens to DC surface receptors in vivo would circumvent this laborious and expensive ex vivo culturing steps involved with these cell-based therapies. In addition, the opportunity to target natural and often rare DC subsets in vivo might have advantages over loading more artificial ex vivo cultured DCs. Preclinical studies show targeting antigens to DCs effectively induces humoral responses, while cellular responses are induced provided a DC maturation or activation stimulus is co-administered. Here, we discuss strategies to target antigens to distinct DC subsets and to simultaneously employ adjuvants to activate these cells to induce immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Tacken
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Centre, Postbox 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Tsuji T, Matsuzaki J, Kelly MP, Ramakrishna V, Vitale L, He LZ, Keler T, Odunsi K, Old LJ, Ritter G, Gnjatic S. Antibody-Targeted NY-ESO-1 to Mannose Receptor or DEC-205 In Vitro Elicits Dual Human CD8+ and CD4+ T Cell Responses with Broad Antigen Specificity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 186:1218-27. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Alexandrescu DT, Ichim TE, Riordan NH, Marincola FM, Di Nardo A, Kabigting FD, Dasanu CA. Immunotherapy for melanoma: current status and perspectives. J Immunother 2010; 33:570-90. [PMID: 20551839 PMCID: PMC3517185 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3181e032e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an important modality in the therapy of patients with malignant melanoma. As our knowledge about this disease continues to expand, so does the immunotherapeutic armamentarium. Nevertheless, successful preclinical models do not always translate into clinically meaningful results. The authors give a comprehensive analysis of most recent advances in the immune anti-melanoma therapy, including interleukins, interferons, other cytokines, adoptive immunotherapy, biochemotherapy, as well as the use of different vaccines. We also present the fundamental concepts behind various immune enhancement strategies, passive immunotherapy, as well as the use of immune adjuvants. This review brings into discussion the results of newer and older clinical trials, as well as potential limitations and drawbacks seen with the utilization of various immune therapies in malignant melanoma. Development of novel therapeutic approaches, along with optimization of existing therapies, continues to hold a great promise in the field of melanoma therapy research. Use of anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 antibodies, realization of the importance of co-stimulatory signals, which translated into the use of agonist CD40 monoclonal antibodies, as well as activation of innate immunity through enhanced expression of co-stimulatory molecules on the surface of dendritic cells by TLR agonists are only a few items on the list of recent advances in the treatment of melanoma. The need to engineer better immune interactions and to boost positive feedback loops appear crucial for the future of melanoma therapy, which ultimately resides in our understanding of the complexity of immune responses in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doru T Alexandrescu
- Division of Dermatology, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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28
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Vanderlocht J, Van Elssen CHMJ, Senden-Gijsbers BLMG, Meek B, Cloosen S, Libon C, Bos GMJ, Germeraad WTV. Increased tumor-specific CD8+ T cell induction by dendritic cells matured with a clinical grade TLR-agonist in combination with IFN-gamma. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:35-50. [PMID: 20377993 DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The limited response rate of cancer patients treated with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines indicates that vast improvements remain necessary. In many murine tumour models it has been demonstrated that the use of innate triggers (e.g. TLR triggers) in the maturation of DC results in higher efficacy. However, as few of these innate triggers are generated clinical grade, there remains a great necessity to fill the gap between fundamental mouse studies and a clinical trial in humans. In the present study we used a TLR2/4-agonist (FMKp which is available clinical grade) in combination with IFN-gamma (FIcocktail) in the maturation of elutriated monocyte-derived DC and compared it with the most used DC in current clinical trials (TNF-alpha/PGE-2, i.e. TP-cocktail). In addition to the assessment of CD4+ T cell polarizing capacity, we compared the quantity and intrinsic quality of induced CD8+ T cells of 2 different DC maturation protocols with all cells from the same donor. Besides differences in the cytokine profile, which could be coupled to increased Th1 and Th17 polarization, we demonstrate in this study that FMKp/IFN-gamma matured DC are twice as effective in inducing cytotoxic T cells against known tumor antigens. Both DCs induced phenotypically equivalent effector memory CD8+ T cells that did not show a significant difference in their intrinsic capacity to kill tumor cells. These findings point to the therapeutic applicability of FI-DC as superior inducers of functional antigen-specific T cells. Their increased chemokine secretion is suggestive of a mechanism by which these DC may compensate for the limited migration observed for all ex vivo cultured DC when applied in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vanderlocht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Haematology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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29
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Da Costa Martins R, Irache JM, Blasco JM, Muñoz MP, Marín CM, Jesús Grilló M, Jesús De Miguel M, Barberán M, Gamazo C. Evaluation of particulate acellular vaccines against Brucella ovis infection in rams. Vaccine 2010; 28:3038-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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30
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Kandalaft LE, Singh N, Liao JB, Facciabene A, Berek JS, Powell DJ, Coukos G. The emergence of immunomodulation: combinatorial immunochemotherapy opportunities for the next decade. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 116:222-33. [PMID: 19959212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade we have witnessed important advances in the treatment of gynecological cancers and have recognized their potential immunogenicity. This has opened the door to explore immune therapy not only in HPV-induced cancers but also in ovarian and endometrial cancers. Here we will review the off-target immune effects of select chemotherapy drugs commonly used to treat gynecologic cancers and novel tools that can stimulate both the adaptive and innate immune mechanisms such as novel pleiotropic cytokines, Toll-like receptors, and powerful antibodies that can target inhibitory checkpoints, thereby activating effector cellular immune mechanisms and neutralizing suppressor cells. We will also review how existing drugs can be used for combinatorial tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana E Kandalaft
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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31
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Design and influence of γ-irradiation on the biopharmaceutical properties of nanoparticles containing an antigenic complex from Brucella ovis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 37:563-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The study of nanotechnology for epicutaneous delivery of pharmaceuticals and vaccines is burgeoning. Topically applied nanomaterials have been shown to enter tape-stripped skin and reach draining lymph nodes in an inbred strain of mice. Nanomaterials in the form of plasmid DNA, proteins, and virus particles accumulate in hair follicles, diffuse via dendritic cells to draining lymph nodes, and elicit antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated immunity. Topically immunized mice have also demonstrated resistance to infection with live virus. Advantages of nanotechnology include uniformity, reproducibility, and precision in the synthesis and manufacture of candidate compounds. Combined with novel pharmacokinetics and the possibility of targeted therapy, nanotechnology-based vaccines may prove superior to existing vaccines and have the potential to open therapeutic avenues for treating infectious disease and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Nasir
- Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27544, USA.
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Espuelas S, Thumann C, Heurtault B, Schuber F, Frisch B. Influence of ligand valency on the targeting of immature human dendritic cells by mannosylated liposomes. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 19:2385-93. [PMID: 19053315 DOI: 10.1021/bc8002524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An important challenge for the development of new generations of vaccines is the efficient delivery of antigens to antigen presenting cells such as dendritic cells. In the present study we compare the interaction of plain and targeted liposomes, containing mono-, di-, and tetraantennary mannosyl lipid derivatives, with human monocyte-derived immature dendritic cells (iDCs). Whereas efficient mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis by iDCs was observed for the mannosylated liposomes, in contrast, only nonspecific interaction with little uptake was observed with plain liposomes. In accordance with the clustering effect, liposomes prepared with multibranched mannosylated lipids displayed higher binding affinity for the mannose receptor than vesicles containing the monomannosylated analogs. Importantly, we have found that dimannosylated ligands present at the surface of the liposomes were as efficient as tetramannosylated ones to engage in multidentate interactions with the mannose receptor of iDCs, resulting in both cases in an effective uptake/endocytosis. This result will greatly facilitate, from a practical standpoint, the design of mannose-targeted vaccination constructs. Moreover, we showed that mannose-mediated uptake of liposomes did not result in an activation of iDCs. Altogether, our results suggest that antigen-associated targeted liposomes containing diantennary mannosylated lipids could be effective vectors for vaccines when combined with additional DC activation signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Socorro Espuelas
- Institut Gilbert Laustriat, UMR 7175-LC01 CNRS/Universite Louis Pasteur, Departement de Chimie Bioorganique, Laboratoire de Chimie Enzymatique et Vectorisation, Faculte de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch, France
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34
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Toll-like receptors and their role in carcinogenesis and anti-tumor treatment. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2008; 14:248-72. [PMID: 19096763 PMCID: PMC6275910 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-008-0048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have been described as major components of the innate immune system, recognizing the conserved molecular structures found in the large groups of pathogens called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). TLR expression is ubiquitous, from epithelial to immunocompetent cells. TLR ligation triggers several adapter proteins and downstream kinases, leading to the induction of key pro-inflammatory mediators but also anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor cytokines. The result of this activation goes beyond innate immunity to shape the adaptive responses against pathogens and tumor cells, and maintains host homeostasis via cell debris utilization. TLRs have already become potent targets in infectious disease treatment and vaccine therapy and in neoplastic disease treatment, due to their ability to enhance antigen presentation. However, some studies show the dual effect of TLR stimulation on malignant cells: they can be proapoptotic or promote survival under different conditions. It is therefore crucial to design further studies assessing the biology of these receptors in normal and transformed cells. The established role of TLRs in human disease therapy is based on TLR7 and TLR4 agonists, respectively for the novel treatment of some types of skin cancer and for the anti-hepatitis B virus vaccine. Some clinical trials involving TLR agonists as potent enhancers of the anti-tumor response in solid tumors have begun.
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35
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Abstract
There is a need for novel treatment for acute leukaemia as relapse rates remain unacceptably high. Immunotherapy aims to stimulate the patient's immune responses to recognize and destroy leukaemia cells whilst activating immune memory. The qualities of the most potent professional antigen-presenting cell, the dendritic cell (DC), can be used to stimulate leukaemia-specific cytotoxic T cells. DCs can be loaded with leukaemia antigens, or leukaemia blasts can be modified to express DC-like properties for use in vaccine therapy. This chapter will review the rationale for DC vaccine therapy, the preclinical and clinical trials to date, the barriers to successful DC vaccine therapies and the role of immune adjuncts to improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Duncan
- Department of Haematology, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
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36
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Tang CK, Sheng KC, Apostolopoulos V, Pietersz GA. Protein/peptide and DNA vaccine delivery by targeting C-type lectin receptors. Expert Rev Vaccines 2008; 7:1005-18. [PMID: 18767950 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.7.1005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are a class of pathogen-recognition receptors that are actively investigated in the field of vaccine delivery. Many of their properties have functions linked to the immune system. These receptors are expressed abundantly on antigen-presenting cells and are considered to be the sentinels of immune surveillance owing to their endocytic nature and the ability to recognize a diverse range of pathogens through recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns. CLRs are also involved in the processes of antigen presentation mediated through the induction of dendritic cell maturation and cytokine production. These properties engender CLRs to be ideal for vaccine targeting. Conversely, CLRs also function to recognize glycosylated self-antigens to induce homeostatic control and tolerance. In this review, we will describe the various preclinical/clinical vaccination strategies to target antigens and plasmid DNA to this diverse class of receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon-Kit Tang
- Burnet Institute, Austin Campus, BioOrganic and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
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37
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38
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Jiang Q, Wei H, Tian Z. IFN-producing killer dendritic cells contribute to the inhibitory effect of poly I:C on the progression of murine melanoma. J Immunother 2008; 31:555-62. [PMID: 18528299 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31817d8e75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 3 agonist polyinosinic-polycytidilic acid (poly I:C) has been widely used as a potent adjuvant in tumor immunotherapy. In the present study, it was demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection of poly I:C could inhibit lung and liver metastasis of B16 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 mice in natural killer (NK) cells and interferon (IFN)-gamma dependent manner, leading to prolonged survival of the mice. B220 CD11c NK1.1 cells, recently defined as IFN-producing killer dendritic cells (IKDCs) were markedly increased in the spleen, lung, and liver of poly I:C-treated tumor bearing mice, compared with the control group. IFN-gamma induction by poly I:C in this unique NK cell subset indicated its critical contribution in tumor suppression in this model. Meanwhile, results of in vitro culture assay showed that poly I:C synergized with B16 cells could significantly promote IKDCs expansion in lymphocytes from different organs along with IFN-gamma production. Moreover, these ex vivo expanded IKDCs also exerted cytolytic activities against B16 cells and YAC-1 cells as conventional NK cells did. In conclusion, the findings of this study provide new insights into the role of IFN-gamma and IKDCs in the antitumor effect of poly I:C, and will possibly be helpful to explain why poly I:C may work as an adjucant to improve the antitumor effects of innate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Jiang
- Institute of Immunology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, 443 Huangshan Road, Hefei, PR China
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39
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Irache JM, Salman HH, Gamazo C, Espuelas S. Mannose-targeted systems for the delivery of therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2008; 5:703-24. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.6.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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40
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Dan JM, Wang JP, Lee CK, Levitz SM. Cooperative stimulation of dendritic cells by Cryptococcus neoformans mannoproteins and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2046. [PMID: 18446192 PMCID: PMC2297515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 03/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While mannosylation targets antigens to mannose receptors on dendritic cells (DC), the resultant immune response is suboptimal. We hypothesized that the addition of toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands would enhance the DC response to mannosylated antigens. Cryptococcus neoformans mannoproteins (MP) synergized with CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides to stimulate enhanced production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines from murine conventional and plasmacytoid DC. Synergistic stimulation required the interaction of mannose residues on MP with the macrophage mannose receptor (MR), CD206. Moreover, synergy with MP was observed with other TLR ligands, including tripalmitoylated lipopeptide (Pam3CSK4), polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (pI:C), and imiquimod. Finally, CpG enhanced MP-specific MHC II-restricted CD4+ T-cell responses by a mechanism dependent upon DC expression of CD206 and TLR9. These data suggest a rationale for vaccination strategies that combine mannosylated antigens with TLR ligands and imply that immune responses to naturally mannosylated antigens on pathogens may be greatly augmented if TLR and MR are cooperatively stimulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Dan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Training Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jennifer P. Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chrono K. Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stuart M. Levitz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Training Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Vanden Bush TJ, Bishop GA. TLR7 and CD40 cooperate in IL-6 production via enhanced JNK and AP-1 activation. Eur J Immunol 2008; 38:400-9. [PMID: 18228247 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During vaccination or infection, adaptive and innate immune receptors of B cells are engaged by microbial antigens/ligands. A better understanding of how innate and adaptive signaling pathways interact could enlighten B lymphocyte biology as well as aid immunotherapy strategies and vaccine design. To address this goal, we examined the effects of TLR stimulation on BCR and CD40-induced B cell activation. Synergistic production of IL-6 was observed in both human and mouse primary B cells stimulated through B cell antigen receptors, CD40 and TLR7, and these two receptors also cooperated independently of BCR signals. The enhanced IL-6 production was dependent upon the activity of c-Jun kinase (JNK) and cFos. Dual stimulation through CD40 and TLR7 markedly enhanced JNK activity. The increased level of active JNK in dual-stimulated cells was accompanied by an increase in the level of active AP-1 monomers cJun and cFos. The stimulation of B cells through both CD40 and TLR7 therefore enhanced the production of cytokines through increased JNK signaling and AP-1 activity. In addition, the dual stimulation increased cFos/AP-1 species in stimulated cells, effectively expanding the repertoire of AP-1 dimers as compared to singly stimulated B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony J Vanden Bush
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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42
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Ueno H, Klechevsky E, Morita R, Aspord C, Cao T, Matsui T, Di Pucchio T, Connolly J, Fay JW, Pascual V, Palucka AK, Banchereau J. Dendritic cell subsets in health and disease. Immunol Rev 2007; 219:118-42. [PMID: 17850486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The dendritic cell (DC) system of antigen-presenting cells controls immunity and tolerance. DCs initiate and regulate immune responses in a manner that depends on signals they receive from microbes and their cellular environment. They allow the immune system to make qualitatively distinct responses against different microbial infections. DCs are composed of subsets that express different microbial receptors and express different surface molecules and cytokines. Our studies lead us to propose that interstitial (dermal) DCs preferentially activate humoral immunity, whereas Langerhans cells preferentially induce cellular immunity. Alterations of the DC system result in diseases such as autoimmunity, allergy, and cancer. Conversely, DCs can be exploited for vaccination, and novel vaccines that directly target DCs in vivo are being designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Ueno
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA
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Tomai MA, Miller RL, Lipson KE, Kieper WC, Zarraga IE, Vasilakos JP. Resiquimod and other immune response modifiers as vaccine adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2007; 6:835-47. [PMID: 17931162 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.5.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic immune response modifiers, such as resiquimod, are Toll-like receptor 7 and 8 agonists that act as vaccine adjuvants, enhancing antigen-specific antibody production and skewing immunity towards a Th1 response. These compounds stimulate dendritic cells to secrete cytokines, upregulate costimulatory molecule expression and enhance antigen presentation to T cells. The compounds have demonstrated vaccine adjuvant properties in a number of animal models. The adjuvant effects can be enhanced by measures that allow the drug to stay localized with the vaccine without quickly entering the systemic circulation. Clinical studies demonstrate that topical application of resiquimod and analogs is safe and effective at activating the local immune response. For injection, resiquimod or a similar compound may need to be formulated to allow for local immune activation without induction of systemic cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Tomai
- 3M Drug Delivery Systems, 3M Center, 275-3E-10 St Paul, MN 55144, USA.
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44
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Tacken PJ, de Vries IJM, Torensma R, Figdor CG. Dendritic-cell immunotherapy: from ex vivo loading to in vivo targeting. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:790-802. [PMID: 17853902 DOI: 10.1038/nri2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The realization that dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses has stimulated research on harnessing DCs to create more effective vaccines. Early clinical trials exploring autologous DCs that were loaded with antigens ex vivo to induce T-cell responses have provided proof of principle. Here, we discuss how direct targeting of antigens to DC surface receptors in vivo might replace laborious and expensive ex vivo culturing, and facilitate large-scale application of DC-based vaccination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Tacken
- Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Tumour Immunology, Postbox 9101, Nijmegen, 6500HB, Netherlands
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