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Yaqubi S, Karimian M. Stem cell therapy as a promising approach for ischemic stroke treatment. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2024; 6:100183. [PMID: 38831867 PMCID: PMC11144755 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2024.100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemia as the most common type of stroke is the main cause of death and disability in the world. However, there are few therapeutic approaches to treat ischemic stroke. The common approach to the treatment of ischemia includes surgery-cum-chemical drugs. Surgery and chemical drugs are used to remove blood clots to prevent the deterioration of the nervous system. Given the surgical hazards and the challenges associated with chemical drugs, these cannot be considered safe approaches to the treatment of brain ischemia. Besides surgery-cum-chemical drugs, different types of stem cells including mesenchymal stem cells and neurological stem cells have been considered to treat ischemic stroke. Therapeutic approaches utilizing stem cells to treat strokes are promising because of their neuroprotective and regenerative benefits. However, the mechanisms by which the transplanted stem cells perform their precisely actions are unknown. The purpose of this study is to critically review stem cell-based therapeutic approaches for ischemia along with related challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Yaqubi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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Kim JH, Bak SH, Yang HJ, Doo SW, Kim DK, Yang WJ, Kim SU, Lee HJ, Song YS. Improvement of erectile dysfunction using endothelial progenitor cells from fetal cerebral vasculature in the cavernous nerve injury of rats. Basic Clin Androl 2022; 32:21. [PMID: 36451096 PMCID: PMC9714194 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-022-00171-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of limited differentiation to endothelium from mesenchymal stem cells, it has been strongly recommended to use endothelial progenitor cells for the regeneration of the damaged endothelium of corpora cavernosa. This study was performed to investigate the immortalized human cerebral endothelial cells and their capability for repairing erectile dysfunction in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells were isolated from human fetal brain vasculature at the periventricular region of telencephalic tissues. Over 95% of CD 31-positive cells were sorted and cultured for 10 days. Human cerebral endothelial progenitor cells were injected into the cavernosa of rats with cavernous nerve injury. Erectile response was then assessed. In in vivo assays, rats were divided into three groups: group 1, sham operation: group 2, bilateral cavernous nerve injury: and group 3, treatment with human cerebral endothelial cells after cavernous nerve injury. RESULTS Established immortalized circulating endothelial progenitor cells showed expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase transcript by RT-PCR. They also showed the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, von Willebrand factor, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and CD31, cell type-specific markers for endothelial cells by RT-PCR. In in vitro angiogenesis assays, they demonstrated tube formation that suggested morphological properties of endothelial progenitor cells. In in vivo assays, impaired erectile function of rat with cavernous nerve injury recovered at 2, 4, and 12 weeks after transplantation of human cerebral endothelial cells into the cavernosa. CONCLUSIONS Telomerase reverse transcriptase-circulating endothelial progenitor cells from fetal brain vasculature could repair erectile dysfunction of rats with cavernous nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Heon Kim
- grid.412674.20000 0004 1773 6524Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, 04401 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hong Bak
- Research Institute, e-Biogen Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jo Yang
- grid.412674.20000 0004 1773 6524Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Whan Doo
- grid.412674.20000 0004 1773 6524Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, 04401 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- grid.412674.20000 0004 1773 6524Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, 04401 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jae Yang
- grid.412674.20000 0004 1773 6524Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, 04401 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung U. Kim
- grid.416957.80000 0004 0633 8774Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UBC Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hong J. Lee
- Research Institute, e-Biogen Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea ,grid.254229.a0000 0000 9611 0917Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Seob Song
- grid.412674.20000 0004 1773 6524Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University School of Medicine, 04401 Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Liu H, Reiter S, Zhou X, Chen H, Ou Y, Lenahan C, He Y. Insight Into the Mechanisms and the Challenges on Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:637210. [PMID: 33732111 PMCID: PMC7959708 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.637210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Strokes are the most common types of cerebrovascular disease and remain a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Cerebral ischemic stroke is caused by a reduction in blood flow to the brain. In this disease, two major zones of injury are identified: the lesion core, in which cells rapidly progress toward death, and the ischemic penumbra (surrounding the lesion core), which is defined as hypoperfusion tissue where cells may remain viable and can be repaired. Two methods that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) include intravenous thrombolytic therapy and endovascular thrombectomy, however, the narrow therapeutic window poses a limitation, and therefore a low percentage of stroke patients actually receive these treatments. Developments in stem cell therapy have introduced renewed hope to patients with ischemic stroke due to its potential effect for reversing the neurological sequelae. Over the last few decades, animal tests and clinical trials have been used to treat ischemic stroke experimentally with various types of stem cells. However, several technical and ethical challenges must be overcome before stem cells can become a choice for the treatment of stroke. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms, processes, and challenges of using stem cells in stroke treatment. We also discuss new developing trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sydney Reiter
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Xiangyue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanmin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yibo Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Yue He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Rikhtegar R, Yousefi M, Dolati S, Kasmaei HD, Charsouei S, Nouri M, Shakouri SK. Stem cell-based cell therapy for neuroprotection in stroke: A review. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:8849-8862. [PMID: 30506720 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders, such as stroke, are triggered by a loss of neurons and glial cells. Ischemic stroke remains a substantial problem for industrialized countries. Over the previous few decades our understanding about the pathophysiology of stroke has enhanced, nevertheless, more awareness is required to advance the field of stroke recovery. Existing therapies are incapable to adequately relief the disease outcome and are not appropriate to all patients. Meanwhile, the majority of patients continue to show neurological deficits even subsequent effective thrombolysis, recuperative therapies are immediately required that stimulate brain remodeling and repair once stroke damage has happened. Cell therapy is emergent as a hopeful new modality for increasing neurological recovery in ischemic stroke. Numerous types of stem cells from various sources have been identified and their possibility and efficiency for the treatment of stroke have been investigated. Stem cell therapy in patients with stroke using adult stem cells have been first practiced in clinical trials since 15 years ago. Even though stem cells have revealed a hopeful role in ischemic stroke in investigational studies besides early clinical pilot studies, cellular therapy in human is still at a primary stage. In this review, we summarize the types of stem cells, various delivery routes, and clinical application of stem cell-based therapy for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rikhtegar
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanam Dolati
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student's Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hosein Delavar Kasmaei
- Department of Neurology, Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Charsouei
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed Kazem Shakouri
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Wang Y, Ji X, Leak RK, Chen F, Cao G. Stem cell therapies in age-related neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 34:39-50. [PMID: 27876573 PMCID: PMC5250574 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging, a complex process associated with various structural, functional and metabolic changes in the brain, is an important risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases and stroke. These diseases share similar neuropathological changes, such as the formation of misfolded proteins, oxidative stress, loss of neurons and synapses, dysfunction of the neurovascular unit (NVU), reduction of self-repair capacity, and motor and/or cognitive deficiencies. In addition to gray matter dysfunction, the plasticity and repair capacity of white matter also decrease with aging and contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Aging not only renders patients more susceptible to these disorders, but also attenuates their self-repair capabilities. In addition, low drug responsiveness and intolerable side effects are major challenges in the prevention and treatment of senile diseases. Thus, stem cell therapies-characterized by cellular plasticity and the ability to self-renew-may be a promising strategy for aging-related brain disorders. Here, we review the common pathophysiological changes, treatments, and the promises and limitations of stem cell therapies in age-related neurodegenerative diseases and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Departments of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital University of Medicine, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xunming Ji
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital University of Medicine, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Fenghua Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Guodong Cao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States; Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA 15240, United States.
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Xu JG, Zhu SY, Heng BC, Dissanayaka WL, Zhang CF. TGF-β1-induced differentiation of SHED into functional smooth muscle cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:10. [PMID: 28114966 PMCID: PMC5260045 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0459-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate vascularization is crucial for supplying nutrition and discharging metabolic waste in freshly transplanted tissue-engineered constructs. Obtaining the appropriate building blocks for vascular tissue engineering (i.e. endothelial and mural cells) is a challenging task for tissue neovascularization. Hence, we investigated whether stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) could be induced to differentiate into functional vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs). METHODS We utilized two cytokines of the TGF-β family, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), to induce SHED differentiation into SMCs. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to assess mRNA expression, and protein expression was analyzed using flow cytometry, western blot and immunostaining. Additionally, to examine whether these SHED-derived SMCs possess the same function as primary SMCs, in vitro Matrigel angiogenesis assay, fibrin gel bead assay, and functional contraction study were used here. RESULTS By analyzing the expression of specific markers of SMCs (α-SMA, SM22α, Calponin, and SM-MHC), we confirmed that TGF-β1, and not BMP4, could induce SHED differentiation into SMCs. The differentiation efficiency was relatively high (α-SMA+ 86.1%, SM22α+ 93.9%, Calponin+ 56.8%, and SM-MHC+ 88.2%) as assessed by flow cytometry. In vitro Matrigel angiogenesis assay showed that the vascular structures generated by SHED-derived SMCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were comparable to primary SMCs and HUVECs in terms of vessel stability. Fibrin gel bead assay showed that SHED-derived SMCs had a stronger capacity for promoting vessel formation compared with primary SMCs. Further analyses of protein expression in fibrin gel showed that cultures containing SHED-derived SMCs exhibited higher expression levels of Fibronectin than the primary SMCs group. Additionally, it was also confirmed that SHED-derived SMCs exhibited functional contractility. When SB-431542, a specific inhibitor of ALK5 was administered, TGF-β1 stimulation could not induce SHED into SMCs, indicating that the differentiation of SHED into SMCs is somehow related to the TGF-β1-ALK5 signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS SHED could be successfully induced into functional SMCs for vascular tissue engineering, and this course could be regulated through the ALK5 signaling pathway. Hence, SHED appear to be a promising candidate cell type for vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Guang Xu
- Comprehensive Dental Care, Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
| | - Shao Yue Zhu
- Comprehensive Dental Care, Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Comprehensive Dental Care, Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
| | - Waruna Lakmal Dissanayaka
- Comprehensive Dental Care, Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheng Fei Zhang
- Comprehensive Dental Care, Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong China
- HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Hong Kong, China
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Moon JH, Na JY, Lee MC, Choi KH, Lee JK, Min JJ, Kim KT, Park JT, Park MS, Kim HS. Neuroprotective effects of systemic cerebral endothelial cell transplantation in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. Am J Transl Res 2016; 8:2343-2353. [PMID: 27347342 PMCID: PMC4891447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line (hCMEC)/D3 cells, which are from a stable clonal cell line of human immortalized cerebral endothelial cells, were intra-arterially transplanted through the common carotid artery in a rat model of photochemical-induced cerebral ischemia. Their therapeutic effects on infarct size, blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and outcome were examined. The hCMEC/D3 cells were genetically modified with the firefly luciferase gene for in vivo imaging post-transplantation. Transplanted hCMEC/D3 cells were identified in the infarcted brain by bioluminescence imaging at 1 day after transplantation. Compared with the control group, the hCMEC/D3-transplanted group showed reduced infarct size on day 3, reduced Evans blue dye leakage on day 1 indicating decreased BBB breakdown, and early recovery from Rotarod test neurological deficits. The hCMEC/D3-transplanted group also showed decreased levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, which were inversely correlated with TIMP-1 levels on post-transplantation days 1 and 3. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β were markedly diminished in the hCMEC/D3-transplanted group compared with controls. The systemically transplanted cells selectively migrated and integrated into the ischemically lesioned area, which accelerated neurological recovery. This new cerebral endothelial cell-based therapy may hold promise for clinical trials in patients with ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Hyun Moon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gwangju Christian HospitalGwangju, Korea
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Joo-Young Na
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Kang-Ho Choi
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong-Kil Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Kyung-Tae Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje UniversityGoyang, Korea
| | - Jong-Tae Park
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Man-Seok Park
- Department of Neurology, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Kim
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Korea
- Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju, Republic of Korea
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Ingberg E, Dock H, Theodorsson E, Theodorsson A, Ström JO. Method parameters' impact on mortality and variability in mouse stroke experiments: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21086. [PMID: 26876353 PMCID: PMC4753409 DOI: 10.1038/srep21086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although hundreds of promising substances have been tested in clinical trials,
thrombolysis currently remains the only specific pharmacological treatment for
ischemic stroke. Poor quality, e.g. low statistical power, in the preclinical
studies has been suggested to play an important role in these failures. Therefore,
it would be attractive to use animal models optimized to minimize unnecessary
mortality and outcome variability, or at least to be able to power studies more
exactly by predicting variability and mortality given a certain experimental setup.
The possible combinations of methodological parameters are innumerous, and an
experimental comparison of them all is therefore not feasible. As an alternative
approach, we extracted data from 334 experimental mouse stroke articles and, using a
hypothesis-driven meta-analysis, investigated the method parameters’
impact on infarct size variability and mortality. The use of Swiss and C57BL6 mice
as well as permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery rendered the lowest
variability of the infarct size while the emboli methods increased variability. The
use of Swiss mice increased mortality. Our study offers guidance for researchers
striving to optimize mouse stroke models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Ingberg
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Hua Dock
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Annette Theodorsson
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Division of Neuro and Inflammation Science, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Neurosurgery, Anaesthetics, Operations and Specialty Surgery Center, Region Östergötland, Sweden
| | - Jakob O Ström
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics, Region Östergötland, Sweden.,Vårdvetenskapligt Forskningscentrum/Centre for Health Sciences, Örebro University Hospital, County Council of Örebro, Örebro, Sweden.,School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Zou T, Fan J, Fartash A, Liu H, Fan Y. Cell-based strategies for vascular regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1297-314. [PMID: 26864677 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Vascular regeneration is known to play an essential role in the repair of injured tissues mainly through accelerating the repair of vascular injury caused by vascular diseases, as well as the recovery of ischemic tissues. However, the clinical vascular regeneration is still challenging. Cell-based therapy is thought to be a promising strategy for vascular regeneration, since various cells have been identified to exert important influences on the process of vascular regeneration such as the enhanced endothelium formation on the surface of vascular grafts, and the induction of vessel-like network formation in the ischemic tissues. Here are a vast number of diverse cell-based strategies that have been extensively studied in vascular regeneration. These strategies can be further classified into three main categories, including cell transplantation, construction of tissue-engineered grafts, and surface modification of scaffolds. Cells used in these strategies mainly refer to terminally differentiated vascular cells, pluripotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, and unipotent stem cells. The aim of this review is to summarize the reported research advances on the application of various cells for vascular regeneration, yielding insights into future clinical treatment for injured tissue/organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongqiang Zou
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiabing Fan
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Armita Fartash
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China
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Shinozuka K, Dailey T, Tajiri N, Ishikawa H, Kaneko Y, Borlongan CV. Stem cell transplantation for neuroprotection in stroke. Brain Sci 2014; 3:239-61. [PMID: 24147217 PMCID: PMC3800120 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci3010239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for stroke have expanded substantially over the last decade. The diversity of embryonic and adult tissue sources provides researchers with the ability to harvest an ample supply of stem cells. However, the optimal conditions of stem cell use are still being determined. Along this line of the need for optimization studies, we discuss studies that demonstrate effective dose, timing, and route of stem cells. We recognize that stem cell derivations also provide uniquely individual difficulties and limitations in their therapeutic applications. This review will outline the current knowledge, including benefits and challenges, of the many current sources of stem cells for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cesar V. Borlongan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-813-974-3988; Fax: +1-813-974-3078
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Moon SH, Kim JM, Hong KS, Shin JM, Kim J, Chung HM. Differentiation of hESCs into Mesodermal Subtypes: Vascular-, Hematopoietic- and Mesenchymal-lineage Cells. Int J Stem Cells 2014; 4:24-34. [PMID: 24298331 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2011.4.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, studies on the application of mesodermally derived mesenchymal-, hematopoietic- and vascular-lineage cells for cell therapy have provided either poor or insufficient data. The results are equivocal with regard to therapeutic efficiency and yield. Since the establishment of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in 1998, the capacity of hESCs to differentiate into various mesodermal lineages has sparked considerable interest in the regenerative medicine community, a group interested in generating specialized cells to treat patients suffering from degenerative diseases. Even though hESCs are sensitive, effective methods for guiding the differentiation of hESCs into specific mesodermal cell types are still being developed. In addition, to understand the functional properties of hESC derivatives, numerous animal model studies have been performed by many research groups over the last decade. In this review, we describe and summarize the protocols currently used for differentiation of hESCs into multiple mesodermal lineages and their therapeutic efficiency in different animal models. Furthermore, we discuss the technical hurdles associated with each protocol and the safety of hESC derivatives for therapeutic applications. Technical improvement of the methods used to produce hESC derivatives for therapeutic use in patients with degenerative diseases should remain an objective of future studies, as should the development of effective and stable induction systems.
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Stem cell-based therapies for ischemic stroke. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:468748. [PMID: 24719869 PMCID: PMC3955655 DOI: 10.1155/2014/468748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, stem cell-based approaches have attracted more attention from scientists and clinicians due to their possible therapeutical effect on stroke. Animal studies have demonstrated that the beneficial effects of stem cells including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), neural stem cells (NSCs), and mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) might be due to cell replacement, neuroprotection, endogenous neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and modulation on inflammation and immune response. Although several clinical studies have shown the high efficiency and safety of stem cell in stroke management, mainly MSCs, some issues regarding to cell homing, survival, tracking, safety, and optimal cell transplantation protocol, such as cell dose and time window, should be addressed. Undoubtably, stem cell-based gene therapy represents a novel potential therapeutic strategy for stroke in future.
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Liu X, Ye R, Yan T, Yu SP, Wei L, Xu G, Fan X, Jiang Y, Stetler RA, Liu G, Chen J. Cell based therapies for ischemic stroke: from basic science to bedside. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 115:92-115. [PMID: 24333397 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy is emerging as a viable therapy to restore neurological function after stroke. Many types of stem/progenitor cells from different sources have been explored for their feasibility and efficacy for the treatment of stroke. Transplanted cells not only have the potential to replace the lost circuitry, but also produce growth and trophic factors, or stimulate the release of such factors from host brain cells, thereby enhancing endogenous brain repair processes. Although stem/progenitor cells have shown a promising role in ischemic stroke in experimental studies as well as initial clinical pilot studies, cellular therapy is still at an early stage in humans. Many critical issues need to be addressed including the therapeutic time window, cell type selection, delivery route, and in vivo monitoring of their migration pattern. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive synopsis of preclinical evidence and clinical experience of various donor cell types, their restorative mechanisms, delivery routes, imaging strategies, future prospects and challenges for translating cell therapies as a neurorestorative regimen in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ruidong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Tianjin General Hospital, Tianjin University School of Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gelin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinying Fan
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - R Anne Stetler
- Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - George Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
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Abstract
With a constellation of stem cell sources available, researchers hope to utilize their potential for cellular repair as a therapeutic target for disease. However, many lab-to-clinic translational considerations must be given in determining their efficacy, variables such as the host response, effects on native tissue, and potential for generating tumors. This review will discuss the current knowledge of stem cell research in neurological disease, mainly stroke, with a focus on the benefits, limitations, and clinical potential.
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Ishikawa H, Tajiri N, Shinozuka K, Vasconcellos J, Kaneko Y, Lee HJ, Mimura O, Dezawa M, Kim SU, Borlongan CV. Vasculogenesis in experimental stroke after human cerebral endothelial cell transplantation. Stroke 2013; 44:3473-81. [PMID: 24130140 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.113.001943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Despite the reported functional recovery in transplanted stroke models and patients, the mechanism of action underlying stem cell therapy remains not well understood. Here, we examined the role of stem cell-mediated vascular repair in stroke. METHODS Adult rats were exposed to transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and 3 hours later randomly stereotaxically transplantated with 100K, 200K, or 400K human cerebral endothelial cell 6 viable cells or vehicle. Animals underwent neurological examination and motor test up to day 7 after transplantation then euthanized for immunostaining against neuronal, vascular, and specific human antigens. A parallel in vitro study cocultured rat primary neuronal cells with human cerebral endothelial cell 6 under oxygen-glucose deprivation and treated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and anti-VEGF. RESULTS Stroke animals that received vehicle infusion displayed typical occlusion of the middle cerebral artery-induced behavioral impairments that were dose-dependently reduced in transplanted stroke animals at days 3 and 7 after transplantation and accompanied by increased expression of host neuronal and vascular markers adjacent to the transplanted cells. Some transplanted cells showed a microvascular phenotype and juxtaposed to the host vasculature. Infarct volume in transplanted stroke animals was significantly smaller than vehicle-infused stroke animals. Moreover, rat neurons cocultured with human cerebral endothelial cell 6 or treated with VEGF exhibited significantly less oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cell death that was blocked by anti-VEGF treatment. CONCLUSIONS We found attenuation of behavioral and histological deficits coupled with robust vasculogenesis and neurogenesis in endothelial cell-transplanted stroke animals, suggesting that targeting vascular repair sets in motion a regenerative process in experimental stroke possibly via the VEGF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Ishikawa
- From the Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL (H.I., N.T., K.S., J.V., Y.K., C.V.B.); Department of Ophthalmology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan (H.I., O.M.); Medical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.J.L.); Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology and Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan (M.D.); and Department of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (S.U.K.)
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16
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Reed DM, Foldes G, Harding SE, Mitchell JA. Stem cell-derived endothelial cells for cardiovascular disease: a therapeutic perspective. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:897-906. [PMID: 22703602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy and organ regeneration are therapeutic approaches that will, we suggest, become mainstream for the treatment of human disease. Endothelial cells, which line the luminal surface of every vessel in the body, are essential components in any organ regeneration programme. There are a number of potentially therapeutic endothelial cell types, including embryonic, adult progenitor and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells, as well as host vascular cells. The features (benefits as well as disadvantages) of each cell type that make them potentially useful in therapy are important to consider. The field of stem cell biology is well developed in terms of protocols for generating endothelium. However, where there is a distinct and urgent unmet need for knowledge concerning how the endothelial cells from these different sources function as endothelium and how susceptible they may be to inflammation and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, where stem cells have been used in clinical trials there is little commonality in protocols for deriving the cells (and thereby the specific phenotype of cells used), administering the cells, dosing the cells and/or in assessing efficacy attributed to the cells themselves. This review discusses these and other issues relating to stem cell-derived endothelial cells in cell therapy for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Reed
- Department of Cardiothoracic Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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17
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Wanjare M, Kusuma S, Gerecht S. Perivascular cells in blood vessel regeneration. Biotechnol J 2013; 8:434-47. [PMID: 23554249 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201200199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vascular engineering seeks to design and construct functional blood vessels comprising endothelial cells (ECs) and perivascular cells (PCs), with the ultimate goal of clinical translation. While EC behavior has been extensively investigated, PCs play an equally significant role in the development of novel regenerative strategies, providing functionality and stability to vessels. The two major classes of PCs are vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) and pericytes; vSMCs can be further sub-classified as either contractile or synthetic. The inclusion of these cell types is crucial for successful regeneration of blood vessels. Furthermore, understanding distinctions between vSMCs and pericytes will enable improved therapeutics in a tissue-specific manner. Here we focus on the approaches and challenges facing the use of PCs in vascular regeneration, including their characteristics, stem cell sources, and interactions with ECs. Finally, we discuss biochemical and microRNA (miR) regulators of PC behavior and engineering approaches that mimic various cues affecting PC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Wanjare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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18
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Jia X, Lü H, Li C, Feng G, Yao X, Mao L, Ke T, Che Y, Xu Y, Li Z, Kong D. Human embryonic stem cells-derived endothelial cell therapy facilitates kidney regeneration by stimulating renal resident stem cell proliferation in acute kidney injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Dar A, Itskovitz-Eldor J. Therapeutic potential of perivascular cells from human pluripotent stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 9:977-87. [PMID: 23365073 DOI: 10.1002/term.1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vascularization of injured tissues or artificial grafts is a major challenge in tissue engineering, stimulating a continued search for alternative sources for vasculogenic cells and the development of therapeutic strategies. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), either embryonic or induced, offer a plentiful platform for the derivation of large numbers of vasculogenic cells, as required for clinical transplantations. Various protocols for generation of vasculogenic smooth muscle cells (SMCs) from hPSCs have been described with considerably different SMC derivatives. In addition, we recently identified hPSC-derived pericytes, which are similar to their physiological counterparts, exhibiting unique features of blood vessel-residing perivascular cells, as well as multipotent mesenchymal precursors with therapeutic angiogenic potential. In this review we refer to methodologies for the development of a variety of perivascular cells from hPSCs with respect to developmental induction, differentiation capabilities, potency and their dual function as mesenchymal precursors. The therapeutic effect of hPSC-derived perivascular cells in experimental models of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are described and compared to those of their native physiological counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelet Dar
- Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Centre, the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Joseph Itskovitz-Eldor
- Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Centre, the Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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20
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Wanjare M, Kuo F, Gerecht S. Derivation and maturation of synthetic and contractile vascular smooth muscle cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 97:321-30. [PMID: 23060134 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Embryonic vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs) have a synthetic phenotype; in adults, they commit to the mature contractile phenotype. Research shows that human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) differentiate into vSMCs, but nobody has yet documented their maturation into the synthetic or contractile phenotypes. This study sought to control the fate decisions of hPSC derivatives to guide their maturation towards a desired phenotype. METHODS AND RESULTS The long-term differentiation of hPSCs, including the integration-free-induced PSC line, in high serum with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and transforming growth factor-β1, allowed us to induce the synthetic vSMC (Syn-vSMC) phenotype with increased extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expression and reduced expression of contractile proteins. By monitoring the expression of two contractile proteins, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain (SMMHC) and elastin, we show that serum starvation and PDGF-BB deprivation caused maturation towards the contractile vSMC (Con-vSMC) phenotype. Con-vSMCs differ distinctively from Syn-vSMC derivatives in their condensed morphology, prominent filamentous arrangement of cytoskeleton proteins, production and assembly of elastin, low proliferation, numerous and active caveolae, enlarged endoplasmic reticulum, and ample stress fibres and bundles, as well as their high contractility. When transplanted subcutaneously into nude mice, the human Con-vSMCs aligned next to the host's growing functional vasculature, with occasional circumferential wrapping and vascular tube narrowing. CONCLUSION We control hPSC differentiation into synthetic or contractile phenotypes by using appropriate concentrations of relevant factors. Deriving Con-vSMCs from an integration-free hiPSC line may prove useful for regenerative therapy involving blood vessel differentiation and stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Wanjare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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21
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Sun X, Cheng L, Duan H, Lin G, Lu G. Characterization and comparison of embryonic stem cell-derived KDR+ cells with endothelial cells. Microvasc Res 2012; 84:149-54. [PMID: 22706170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Growing interest in utilizing endothelial cells (ECs) for therapeutic purposes has led to the exploration of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as a potential source for endothelial progenitors. In this study, ECs were induced from hESC lines and their biological characteristics were analyzed and compared with both cord blood endothelial progenitor cells (CBEPCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro. The results showed that isolated embryonic KDR+ cells (EC-KDR+) display characteristics that were similar to CBEPCs and HUVECs. EC-KDR+, CBEPCs and HUVECs all expressed CD31 and CD144, incorporated DiI-Ac-LDL, bound UEA1 lectin, and were able to form tube-like structures on Matrigel. Compared with CBEPCs and HUVECs, the expression level of endothelial progenitor cell markers such as CD133 and KDR in EC-KDR+ was significantly higher, while the mature endothelial marker vWF was lowly expressed in EC-KDR+. In summary, the study showed that EC-KDR+ are primitive endothelial-like progenitors and might be a potential source for therapeutic vascular regeneration and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Sun
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410078 China
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22
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Descamps B, Emanueli C. Vascular differentiation from embryonic stem cells: Novel technologies and therapeutic promises. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 56:267-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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23
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Transplantation of telencephalic neural progenitors induced from embryonic stem cells into subacute phase of focal cerebral ischemia. J Transl Med 2012; 92:522-31. [PMID: 22330341 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia causes neuronal death and disruption of neural circuits in the central nervous system. Various neurological disorders caused by cerebral infarction can severely impair quality of life and are potentially fatal. Functional recovery in the chronic stage mainly depends on physical treatment and rehabilitation. We aim to establish cell therapy for cerebral ischemia using embryonic stem (ES) cells, which have self-renewing and pluripotent capacities. We previously reported that the transplanted monkey and mouse ES cell-derived neural progenitors, by stromal cell-derived inducing activity method, could survive and differentiate into various types of neurons and glial cells, and form the neuronal network in basal ganglia. In this report, we induced the differentiation of the neural progenitors from mouse ES cells using the serum-free suspension culture method and confirmed the expression of various basal ganglial neuronal markers and neurotransmitter-related markers both in vitro and in vivo, which was thought to be suitable for replacing damaged striatum after middle cerebral artery occlusion. This is the first report that used selectively induced telencephalic neural progenitors into ischemia model. Furthermore, we purified the progenitors expressing the neural progenitor marker Sox1 by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and Sox1-positive neural progenitors prevented tumor formation in ischemic brain for 2 months. We also analyzed survival and differentiation of transplanted cells and functional recovery from ischemic damage.
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24
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Vunjak-Novakovic G, Lui KO, Tandon N, Chien KR. Bioengineering heart muscle: a paradigm for regenerative medicine. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2012; 13:245-67. [PMID: 21568715 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071910-124701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The idea of extending the lifetime of our organs is as old as humankind, fueled by major advances in organ transplantation, novel drugs, and medical devices. However, true regeneration of human tissue has become increasingly plausible only in recent years. The human heart has always been a focus of such efforts, given its notorious inability to repair itself following injury or disease. We discuss here the emerging bioengineering approaches to regeneration of heart muscle as a paradigm for regenerative medicine. Our focus is on biologically inspired strategies for heart regeneration, knowledge gained thus far about how to make a "perfect" heart graft, and the challenges that remain to be addressed for tissue-engineered heart regeneration to become a clinical reality. We emphasize the need for interdisciplinary research and training, as recent progress in the field is largely being made at the interfaces between cardiology, stem cell science, and bioengineering.
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25
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Nakamura K, Tsurushima H, Marushima A, Nagano M, Yamashita T, Suzuki K, Ohneda O, Matsumura A. A subpopulation of endothelial progenitor cells with low aldehyde dehydrogenase activity attenuates acute ischemic brain injury in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:87-92. [PMID: 22244888 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.12.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have examined the therapeutic effect of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) during the chronic phase of cerebral infarction in rats; however, few studies have investigated the effects of EPCs during the acute phase of infarction. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of EPCs with low aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (Alde-Low EPCs) in rats with acute cerebral infarction, and our results provide insight that may help to identify a therapeutic mechanism of EPCs for acute cerebral infarction. The administration of Alde-Low EPCs into rats with acute cerebral infarction results in the accumulation and migration of the Alde-Low EPCs into the infarct area and the subsequent decrease of infarct volume. Moreover, we found that the stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) signaling pathway may regulate the accumulation of Alde-Low EPCs. The transplantation of Alde-Low EPCs may represent a potential treatment strategy for acute cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tennoudai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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26
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Castaneda RT, Boddington S, Henning TD, Wendland M, Mandrussow L, Liu S, Daldrup-Link H. Labeling human embryonic stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes for tracking with MR imaging. Pediatr Radiol 2011; 41:1384-92. [PMID: 21594541 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-011-2130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) can generate cardiomyocytes (CM), which offer promising treatments for cardiomyopathies in children. However, challenges for clinical translation result from loss of transplanted cell from target sites and high cell death. An imaging technique that noninvasively and repetitively monitors transplanted hESC-CM could guide improvements in transplantation techniques and advance therapies. OBJECTIVE To develop a clinically applicable labeling technique for hESC-CM with FDA-approved superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO) by examining labeling before and after CM differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Triplicates of hESC were labeled by simple incubation with 50 μg/ml of ferumoxides before or after differentiation into CM, then imaged on a 7T MR scanner using a T2-weighted multi-echo spin-echo sequence. Viability, iron uptake and T2-relaxation times were compared between groups using t-tests. RESULTS hESC-CM labeled before differentiation demonstrated significant MR effects, iron uptake and preserved function. hESC-CM labeled after differentiation showed no significant iron uptake or change in MR signal (P < 0.05). Morphology, differentiation and viability were consistent between experimental groups. CONCLUSION hESC-CM should be labeled prior to CM differentiation to achieve a significant MR signal. This technique permits monitoring delivery and engraftment of hESC-CM for potential advancements of stem cell-based therapies in the reconstitution of damaged myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda T Castaneda
- Pediatric Radiology, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5654, USA.
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27
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Cheung C, Sinha S. Human embryonic stem cell-derived vascular smooth muscle cells in therapeutic neovascularisation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 51:651-64. [PMID: 21816157 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic diseases remain one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. In recent clinical trials on cell-based therapies, the use of adult stem and progenitor cells only elicited marginal benefits. Therapeutic neovascularisation is the Holy Grail for ischemic tissue recovery. There is compelling evidence from animal transplantation studies that the inclusion of mural cells in addition to endothelial cells (ECs) can enhance the formation of functional blood vessels. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and pericytes are essential for the stabilisation of nascent immature endothelial tubes. Despite the intense interest in the utility of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for vascular regenerative medicine, ESC-derived vascular SMCs have received much less attention than ECs. This review begins with developmental insights into a range of smooth muscle progenitors from studies on embryos and ESC differentiation systems. We then summarise the methods of derivation of smooth muscle progenitors and cells from human ESCs. The primary emphasis is on the inherent heterogeneity of smooth muscle progenitors and cells and the limitations of current in vitro characterisation. Essential transplantation issues such as the type and source of therapeutic cells, mode of cell delivery, measures to enhance cell viability, putative mechanisms of benefit and long-term tracking of cell fate are also discussed. Finally, we highlight the challenges of clinical compatibility and scaling up for medical use in order to eventually realise the goal of human ESC-based vascular regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Cheung
- The Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, West Forvie Building, Forvie Site, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
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28
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Dihné M, Hartung HP, Seitz RJ. Restoring neuronal function after stroke by cell replacement: anatomic and functional considerations. Stroke 2011; 42:2342-50. [PMID: 21737804 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.613422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A major challenge to effective treatment after stroke is the restoration of neuronal function. In recent years, cell-based therapies for stroke have been explored in experimental animal models, and the results have suggested behavioral improvements. However, the anatomic targets of a cell-based stroke therapy and the relationship of cell grafts to post stroke reorganization are poorly understood, which results in difficulties defining strategies for neuronal substitution. Given that stroke causes a variety of secondary changes at locations beyond the infarct lesion, overcoming these difficulties is even more important. SUMMARY OF REVIEW We describe which brain structures and cell types are candidates for substitution and how new neuronal functionality could be implemented in a damaged brain by capitalizing on current concepts of post stroke plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Dihné
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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29
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Differentiation of mesodermal cells from pluripotent stem cells. Int J Hematol 2010; 91:373-83. [PMID: 20224874 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-010-0518-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The pluripotency of embryonic stem cells has been well demonstrated by a vast variety of studies showing the induction of differentiation into desired cell types that have the potential to be used not only in basic studies but also in medical applications. The induction of mesodermal cells, especially blood cells, from embryonic stem cells is notable from the point of view of transplantation, and the methods for this induction have improved over the last few years, with more defined culture conditions in place. Concurrently, the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from somatic cells opens the possibility of autologous transplantation. In fact, there are a growing number of reports demonstrating that several mesodermal cells can be differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells using the same methods used for embryonic stem cells. This review summarizes recent advances in the differentiation of mesodermal cells from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells.
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30
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Rufaihah AJ, Haider HK, Heng BC, Ye L, Tan RS, Toh WS, Tian XF, Sim EKW, Cao T. Therapeutic angiogenesis by transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived CD133+ endothelial progenitor cells for cardiac repair. Regen Med 2010; 5:231-44. [DOI: 10.2217/rme.09.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aim to enhance endothelial differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) by transduction of an adenovirus (Ad) vector expressing hVEGF165 gene (Ad-hVEGF165 ). Purified hESC-derived CD133+ endothelial progenitors were transplanted into a rat myocardial infarct model to assess their ability to contribute to heart regeneration. Methods: Optimal transduction efficiency with high cell viability was achieved by exposing differentiating hESCs to viral particles at a ratio of 1:500 for 4 h on three consecutive days. Results: Reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed positive upregulation of VEGF, Ang-1, Flt-1, Tie-2, CD34, CD31, CD133 and Flk-1 gene expression in Ad-hVEGF165 -transduced cells. Additionally, flow cytometric analysis of CD133, a cell surface marker, revealed an approximately fivefold increase of CD133 marker expression in Ad-hVEGF165 -transduced cells compared with the nontransduced control. Within a rat myocardial infarct model, transplanted CD133+ endothelial progenitor cells survived and participated, both actively and passively, in the regeneration of the infarcted myocardium, as seen by an approximately threefold increase in mature blood vessel density (13.62 ± 1.56 vs 5.11 ± 1.23; p < 0.01), as well as significantly reduced infarct size (28% ± 8.2% vs 76% ± 5.6%; p < 0.01) in the transplanted group compared with the culture medium-injected control. There was significant improvement in heart function 6 weeks post-transplantation, as confirmed by regional blood-flow analysis (1.72 ± 0.612 ml/min/g vs 0.8 ± 0.256 ml/min/g; p < 0.05), as well as echocardiography assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction (60.855% ± 7.7% vs 38.22 ± 8.6%; p < 0.05) and fractional shortening (38.63% ± 9.3% vs 25.2% ± 7.11%; p < 0.05). Conclusion: hESC-derived CD133+ endothelial progenitor cells can be utilized to regenerate the infarcted heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Jalil Rufaihah
- Falk Cardiovascular Research Centre, Stanford School of Medicine, USA
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Boon Chin Heng
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lei Ye
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Wei Seong Toh
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xian Feng Tian
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eugene Kwang-Wei Sim
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- National Heart Centre, Singapore
| | - Tong Cao
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Goldman O, Feraud O, Boyer-Di Ponio J, Driancourt C, Clay D, Le Bousse-Kerdiles MC, Bennaceur-Griscelli A, Uzan G. A boost of BMP4 accelerates the commitment of human embryonic stem cells to the endothelial lineage. Stem Cells 2010; 27:1750-9. [PMID: 19544443 DOI: 10.1002/stem.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Embryoid bodies (EBs) generated during differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) contain vascular-like structures, suggesting that commitment of mesoderm progenitors into endothelial cells occurs spontaneously. We showed that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), an inducer of mesoderm, accelerates the peak expression of CD133/kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) and CD144/KDR. Because the CD133(+)KDR(+) population could represent endothelial progenitors, we sorted them at day 7 and cultured them in endothelial medium. These cells were, however, unable to differentiate into endothelial cells. Under standard conditions, the CD144(+)KDR(+) population represents up to 10% of the total cells at day 12. In culture, these cells, if sorted, give rise to a homogeneous population with a morphology typical of endothelial cells and express endothelial markers. These endothelial cells derived from the day 12 sorted population were functional, as assessed by different in vitro assays. When EBs were stimulated by BMP4, the CD144(+)KDR(+) peak was shifted to day 7. Most of these cells, however, were CD31(-), becoming CD31(+) in culture. They then expressed von Willebrand factor and were functional. This suggests that, initially, the BMP4-boosted day 7, CD144(+)KDR(+)CD31(-) population represents immature endothelial cells that differentiate into mature endothelial cells in culture. The expression of OCT3/4, a marker of immaturity for hESCs decreases during EB differentiation, decreasing faster following BMP4 induction. We also show that BMP4 inhibits the global expression of GATA2 and RUNX1, two transcription factors involved in hemangioblast formation, at day 7 and day 12.
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Swelstad BB, Kerr CL. Current protocols in the generation of pluripotent stem cells: theoretical, methodological and clinical considerations. Stem Cells Cloning 2009; 3:13-27. [PMID: 24198508 PMCID: PMC3781729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells have been derived from various embryonic, fetal and adult sources. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and parthenogenic ESCs (pESCs) are derived from the embryo proper while embryonic germ cells (EGCs), embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs), and germ-line stem cells (GSC) are produced from germ cells. ECCs were the first pluripotent stem cell lines established from adult testicular tumors while EGCs are generated in vitro from primordial germ cells (PGCs) isolated in late embryonic development. More recently, studies have also demonstrated the ability to produce GSCs from adult germ cells, known as spermatogonial stem cells. Unlike ECCs, the source of GSCs are normal, non-cancerous adult tissue. The study of these unique cell lines has provided information that has led to the ability to reprogram somatic cells into an ESC-like state. These cells, called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have been derived from a number of human fetal and adult origins. With the promises pluripotent stem cells bring to cell-based therapies there remain several considerations that need to be carefully studied prior to their clinical use. Many of these issues involve understanding key factors regulating their generation, including those which define pluripotency. In this regard, the following article discusses critical aspects of pluripotent stem cell derivation and current issues about their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad B Swelstad
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MA, USA
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Li Z, Han Z, Wu JC. Transplantation of human embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells for vascular diseases. J Cell Biochem 2009; 106:194-9. [PMID: 19097085 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Using endothelial cells for therapeutic angiogenesis/vasculogenesis of ischemia diseases has led to exploring human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) as a potentially unlimited source for endothelial progenitor cells. With their capacity for self-renewal and pluripotency, hESCs and their derived endothelial cells (hESC-ECs) may be more advantageous than other endothelial cells obtained from diseased populations. However, hESC-ECs' poor differentiation efficiency and poorly characterized in vivo function after transplantation present significant challenges for their future clinical application. This review will focus on the differentiation pathways of hESCs and their therapeutic potential for vascular diseases, as well as the monitoring of transplanted cells' fate via molecular imaging. Finally, cell enhancement strategies to improve the engraftment efficiency of hESC-ECs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongjin Li
- The Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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