1
|
Song K, Pun SH. Design and Evaluation of Synthetic Delivery Formulations for Peptide-Based Cancer Vaccines. BME FRONTIERS 2024; 5:0038. [PMID: 38515636 PMCID: PMC10956738 DOI: 10.34133/bmef.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
With the recent advances in neoantigen identification, peptide-based cancer vaccines offer substantial potential in the field of immunotherapy. However, rapid clearance, low immunogenicity, and insufficient antigen-presenting cell (APC) uptake limit the efficacy of peptide-based cancer vaccines. This review explores the barriers hindering vaccine efficiency, highlights recent advancements in synthetic delivery systems, and features strategies for the key delivery steps of lymph node (LN) drainage, APC delivery, cross-presentation strategies, and adjuvant incorporation. This paper also discusses the design of preclinical studies evaluating vaccine efficiency, including vaccine administration routes and murine tumor models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kefan Song
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, USA
| | - Suzie H Pun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, USA
- Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hernandez R, Malek TR. Fueling Cancer Vaccines to Improve T Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity. Front Oncol 2022; 12:878377. [PMID: 35651800 PMCID: PMC9150178 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.878377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines offer the potential to enhance T cell-mediated antitumor immunity by expanding and increasing the function of tumor-specific T cells and shaping the recall response against recurring tumors. While the use of cancer vaccines is not a new immunotherapeutic approach, the cancer vaccine field continues to evolve as new antigen types emerge and vaccine formulations and delivery strategies are developed. As monotherapies, cancer vaccines have not been very efficacious in part due to pre-existing peripheral- and tumor-mediated tolerance mechanisms that limit T cell function. Over the years, various agents including Toll-like receptor agonists, cytokines, and checkpoint inhibitors have been employed as vaccine adjuvants and immune modulators to increase antigen-mediated activation, expansion, memory formation, and T effector cell function. A renewed interest in this approach has emerged as better neoepitope discovery tools are being developed and our understanding of what constitutes an effective cancer vaccine is improved. In the coming years, cancer vaccines will likely be vital to enhance the response to current immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss the various types of therapeutic cancer vaccines, including types of antigens and approaches used to enhance cancer vaccine responses such as TLR agonists, recombinant interleukin-2 and interleukin-2 derivatives, and checkpoint inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosmely Hernandez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Thomas R Malek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Yu Z, Liu W, Tang H, Yi D, Wei M. Recent progress on MHC-I epitope prediction in tumor immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:2401-2416. [PMID: 34249407 PMCID: PMC8263640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy has now become one of the most potential therapy for those intractable cancer diseases. The antigens on the cancer cell surfaces are the keys for the immune system to recognize and eliminate them. As reported, the immunogenicity of the tumor antigens could be determined by the binding between the key epitope peptides and MHC molecules. In recent years, the approaches to anticipate the peptides from the candidate epitopes have gradually changed into more efficient methods. Including the improved conventional methods, more diverse methods were coming into view. Here we review the anticipated methods of the tumor associated epitopes that specifically bind with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, and the recent advances and applications of those epitope prediction methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical UniversityNo. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical UniversityNo. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Zhaojin Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical UniversityNo. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical UniversityNo. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Wensi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical UniversityNo. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical UniversityNo. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Haichao Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical UniversityNo. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical UniversityNo. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Dongxu Yi
- The Affiliated Reproductive Hospital of China Medical UniversityNo. 10 Puhe Street, Huanggu District Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical UniversityNo. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, China Medical UniversityNo. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New District, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Virus-Like Particles as an Immunogenic Platform for Cancer Vaccines. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050488. [PMID: 32349216 PMCID: PMC7291217 DOI: 10.3390/v12050488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLP) spontaneously assemble from viral structural proteins. They are naturally biocompatible and non-infectious. VLP can serve as a platform for many potential vaccine epitopes, display them in a dense repeating array, and elicit antibodies against non-immunogenic substances, including tumor-associated self-antigens. Genetic or chemical conjugation facilitates the multivalent display of a homologous or heterologous epitope. Most VLP range in diameter from 25 to 100 nm and, in most cases, drain freely into the lymphatic vessels and induce antibodies with high titers and affinity without the need for additional adjuvants. VLP administration can be performed using different strategies, regimens, and doses to improve the immunogenicity of the antigen they expose on their surface. This article summarizes the features of VLP and presents them as a relevant platform technology to address not only infectious diseases but also chronic diseases and cancer.
Collapse
|
5
|
Functionalisation of Virus-Like Particles Enhances Antitumour Immune Responses. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:5364632. [PMID: 30729137 PMCID: PMC6341245 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5364632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLP) from the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) can deliver tumour antigens to induce anticancer immune responses. In this study, we explored how RHDV VLP can be functionalised to enhance the immune response by increasing antigen loading, incorporating linkers to enhance epitope processing, and targeting receptor-mediated internalisation of VLP. RHDV VLP were developed to deliver up to three copies of gp10025–33 which contained proteasome cleavable linkers to target the correct processing of the epitope. Addition of mono- and dimannosides, conjugated to the surface of the gp100 VLP, would utilise a second pathway of internalisation, mannose receptor mediated, to further augment antigen internalised by phagocytosis/macropinocytosis. In vitro cell culture studies showed that a processing linker at the C-terminus of the epitope (gp100.1LC) induced enhanced T-cell activation (7.3 ng/ml interferon- (IFN-) γ release) compared to no linker (3.0 ng/ml IFN-γ) or the linker at the N-terminus (0.8 ng/ml IFN-γ). VLP delivering two (gp100.2L) or three (gp100.3L) gp100 epitopes induced similar high T-cell activation (7.6 ng/ml IFN-γ) compared to gp100.1LC. An in vivo cytotoxicity assay and a therapeutic tumour trial confirmed that mice vaccinated with either gp100.2L or gp100.3L induced a specific antitumour immune response. Mannosylation of the gp100.2L VLP further enhanced the generated immune response, demonstrated by prolonged survival of mice vaccinated with dimannosylated gp100.2L VLP (D-gp100.2L) by 22 days compared to gp100.2L-vaccinated mice. This study showed that functionalisation of RHDV VLP by addition of an epitope-processing linker and mannosylation of the surface facilitates the efficacy of VLP as vaccination vectors for tumour immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lybaert L, Vermaelen K, De Geest BG, Nuhn L. Immunoengineering through cancer vaccines – A personalized and multi-step vaccine approach towards precise cancer immunity. J Control Release 2018; 289:125-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
7
|
Pitcovski J, Shahar E, Aizenshtein E, Gorodetsky R. Melanoma antigens and related immunological markers. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 115:36-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
|
8
|
Taniguchi H, Iwasa S, Yamazaki K, Yoshino T, Kiryu C, Naka Y, Liew EL, Sakata Y. Phase 1 study of OCV-C02, a peptide vaccine consisting of two peptide epitopes for refractory metastatic colorectal cancer. Cancer Sci 2017; 108:1013-1021. [PMID: 28266765 PMCID: PMC5448625 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OCV‐C02 is a peptide vaccine consisting of two peptide epitopes derived from ring finger protein 43 (RNF43) and translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 34 (TOMM34). This Phase 1 study assessed the safety, preliminary efficacy and immunological responses following OCV‐C02 administration in patients with advanced or relapsed colorectal cancer who were intolerant or refractory to standard chemotherapy. Primary endpoint was any occurrence of dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT) during cycle 1. Secondary endpoints were treatment‐emergent adverse events, efficacy and immunological responses. Efficacy was evaluated based on overall response rate, disease control rate, time to treatment failure and overall survival. Immunological responses were evaluated by measuring CTL, delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Twenty‐four patients who were HLA‐A*24:02‐positive were enrolled and grouped into four cohorts of six patients each: cohorts 1, 2, 3, and 4 which received s.c. OCV‐C02 (emulsifying agent: Montanide™ ISA 51 VG) 0.3, 1, 3, and 6 mg/body, respectively. After cycle 1, patients who were eligible and willing to continue vaccination proceeded to the extended treatment period. No DLT occurred in cycle 1 and no major safety problems were reported throughout the trial. One patient in cohort 2, three patients in cohort 3 and two patients in cohort 4 achieved stable disease. CTL and DTH responses following vaccination were also observed across the four cohorts. OCV‐C02 at 0.3 to 6 mg/body was found to be safe and well tolerated. Trial registrations: JAPIC clinical trials registry (ID: JapicCTI‐132075) and ClinicalTrials.Gov (ID: NCT01801930).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroya Taniguchi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoru Iwasa
- Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yamazaki
- Division of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Yoshino
- Department of Gastroenterology & Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Chika Kiryu
- Department of Clinical Management, Headquarters of Clinical Development, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Naka
- Department of Clinical Development - Oncology, Headquarters of Clinical Development, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ei Leen Liew
- Department of Medical Affairs, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuh Sakata
- Department of Medical Oncology, Misawa-City Hospital, Aomori, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
The Pathophysiological Impact of HLA Class Ia and HLA-G Expression and Regulatory T Cells in Malignant Melanoma: A Review. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:6829283. [PMID: 27999823 PMCID: PMC5141560 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6829283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant melanoma, a very common type of cancer, is a rapidly growing cancer of the skin with an increase in incidence among the Caucasian population. The disease is seen through all age groups and is very common in the younger age groups. Several studies have examined the risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms of malignant melanoma, which have enlightened our understanding of the development of the disease, but we have still to fully understand the complex immunological interactions. The examination of the interaction between the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) system and prognostic outcome has shown interesting results, and a correlation between the down- or upregulation of these antigens and prognosis has been seen through many different types of cancer. In malignant melanoma, HLA class Ia has been seen to influence the effects of pharmaceutical drug treatment as well as the overall prognosis, and the HLA class Ib and regulatory T cells have been correlated with tumor progression. Although there is still no standardized immunological treatment worldwide, the interaction between the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) system and tumor progression seems to be a promising focus in the way of optimizing the treatment of malignant melanoma.
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Y, Tian X, Jiang S, Ren X, Liu F, Yang J, Chen Y, Jiang Y. Umbilical cord blood-derived dendritic cells infected by adenovirus for SP17 expression induce antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells against NSCLC cells. Cell Immunol 2015; 298:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
11
|
Sun W, Wei X, Niu A, Ma X, Li JJ, Gao D. Enhanced anti-colon cancer immune responses with modified eEF2-derived peptides. Cancer Lett 2015; 369:112-23. [PMID: 26304717 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic elongation factor-2 (eEF2) is overexpressed in many human cancers and is an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. The eEF2 derived polypeptides have been shown to be able to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes from healthy donor. Here, we demonstrate the evidence indicating that modification of a segment of peptides from wild type eEF2-derived immunogenic peptides is able to further enhance its capacity of inducing antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against colon cancer cells. Using peptide-MHC binding algorithms, potential HLA-A2.1-restricted epitopes capable of inducing specific CD8(+) CTLs were identified. By analyzing HLA-A2.1 affinity and immunogenicity, we further identified one novel immunogenic peptide, P739-747 (RLMEPIYLV), that elicited specific CTL responses in HLA-A2.1/K(b) transgenic mice and culture with peripheral blood lymphocytes from colon cancer patients. Furthermore, replacing certain amino acids (at positions 1, 3, 7) within the P739-747 sequence improved the immunogenicity against eEF2. Several analogs containing the auxiliary HLA-A*0201 anchor residues were able to stably bind to HLA-A*0201 and enhance CTL responses compared with the native sequence; two of them showed increased anti-tumor effects during the adoptive immunotherapy in vivo. Thus, these results support that modified immunogenic analogs are promising candidates for peptide-based cancer vaccination and immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Sun
- Biotherapy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, China.
| | - Xiaofang Wei
- Biotherapy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Airong Niu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xuezhen Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Jian Jian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, NCI-designated Compressive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Daiqing Gao
- Biotherapy Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266042, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Harnessing the Microbiome to Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:368736. [PMID: 26101781 PMCID: PMC4458560 DOI: 10.1155/2015/368736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The microbiota plays a key role in regulating the innate and adaptive immune system. Herein, we review the immunological aspects of the microbiota in tumor immunity in mice and man, with a focus on toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, vaccines, checkpoint modulators, chemotherapy, and adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) therapies. We propose innovative treatments that may safely harness the microbiota to enhance T cell-based therapies in cancer patients. Finally, we highlight recent developments in tumor immunotherapy, particularly novel ways to modulate the microbiome and memory T cell responses to human malignancies.
Collapse
|
13
|
Teulings HE, Limpens J, Jansen SN, Zwinderman AH, Reitsma JB, Spuls PI, Luiten RM. Vitiligo-like depigmentation in patients with stage III-IV melanoma receiving immunotherapy and its association with survival: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:773-81. [PMID: 25605840 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.57.4756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitiligo-like depigmentation in patients with melanoma may be associated with more favorable clinical outcome. We conducted a systematic review of patients with stage III to IV melanoma treated with immunotherapy to determine the cumulative incidence of vitiligo-like depigmentation and the prognostic value of vitiligo development on survival. METHODS We systemically searched and selected all studies on melanoma immunotherapy that reported on autoimmune toxicity and/or vitiligo between 1995 and 2013. Methodologic quality of each study was appraised using adapted criteria for systematic reviews in prognostic studies. Random-effect models were used to calculate summary estimates of the cumulative incidence of vitiligo-like depigmentation across studies. The prognostic value of vitiligo-like depigmentation on survival outcome was assessed using random-effects Cox regression survival analyses. RESULTS One hundred thirty-seven studies were identified comprising 139 treatment arms (11 general immune stimulation, 84 vaccine, 28 antibody-based, and 16 adoptive transfer) including a total of 5,737 patients. The overall cumulative incidence of vitiligo was 3.4% (95% CI, 2.5% to 4.5%). In 27 studies reporting individual patient data, vitiligo development was significantly associated with both progression-free-survival (hazard ratio [HR], 0.51; 95% CI, 0.32 to 0.82; P < .005) and overall survival (HR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.61; P < .003), indicating that these patients have two to four times less risk of disease progression and death, respectively, compared with patients without vitiligo development. CONCLUSION Although vitiligo occurs only in a low percentage of patients with melanoma treated with immunotherapy, our findings suggest clear survival benefit in these patients. Awareness of vitiligo induction in patients with melanoma is important as an indicator of robust antimelanoma immunity and associated improved survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hansje-Eva Teulings
- Hansje-Eva Teulings, Jacqueline Limpens, Sophia N. Jansen, Aeilko H. Zwinderman, Johannes B. Reitsma, Phyllis I. Spuls, and Rosalie M. Luiten, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Johannes B. Reitsma, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Jacqueline Limpens
- Hansje-Eva Teulings, Jacqueline Limpens, Sophia N. Jansen, Aeilko H. Zwinderman, Johannes B. Reitsma, Phyllis I. Spuls, and Rosalie M. Luiten, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Johannes B. Reitsma, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sophia N Jansen
- Hansje-Eva Teulings, Jacqueline Limpens, Sophia N. Jansen, Aeilko H. Zwinderman, Johannes B. Reitsma, Phyllis I. Spuls, and Rosalie M. Luiten, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Johannes B. Reitsma, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Aeilko H Zwinderman
- Hansje-Eva Teulings, Jacqueline Limpens, Sophia N. Jansen, Aeilko H. Zwinderman, Johannes B. Reitsma, Phyllis I. Spuls, and Rosalie M. Luiten, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Johannes B. Reitsma, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes B Reitsma
- Hansje-Eva Teulings, Jacqueline Limpens, Sophia N. Jansen, Aeilko H. Zwinderman, Johannes B. Reitsma, Phyllis I. Spuls, and Rosalie M. Luiten, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Johannes B. Reitsma, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Phyllis I Spuls
- Hansje-Eva Teulings, Jacqueline Limpens, Sophia N. Jansen, Aeilko H. Zwinderman, Johannes B. Reitsma, Phyllis I. Spuls, and Rosalie M. Luiten, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Johannes B. Reitsma, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rosalie M Luiten
- Hansje-Eva Teulings, Jacqueline Limpens, Sophia N. Jansen, Aeilko H. Zwinderman, Johannes B. Reitsma, Phyllis I. Spuls, and Rosalie M. Luiten, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Johannes B. Reitsma, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Alving CR, Matyas GR, Torres O, Jalah R, Beck Z. Adjuvants for vaccines to drugs of abuse and addiction. Vaccine 2014; 32:5382-9. [PMID: 25111169 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic vaccines to drugs of abuse, including nicotine, cocaine, heroin, oxycodone, methamphetamine, and others are being developed. The theoretical basis of such vaccines is to induce antibodies that sequester the drug in the blood in the form of antibody-bound drug that cannot cross the blood brain barrier, thereby preventing psychoactive effects. Because the drugs are haptens a successful vaccine relies on development of appropriate hapten-protein carrier conjugates. However, because induction of high and prolonged levels of antibodies is required for an effective vaccine, and because injection of T-independent haptenic drugs of abuse does not induce memory recall responses, the role of adjuvants during immunization plays a critical role. As reviewed herein, preclinical studies often use strong adjuvants such as complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvant and others that cannot be, or in the case of many newer adjuvants, have never been, employed in humans. Balanced against this, the only adjuvant that has been included in candidate vaccines in human clinical trials to nicotine and cocaine has been aluminum hydroxide gel. While aluminum salts have been widely utilized worldwide in numerous licensed vaccines, the experience with human responses to aluminum salt-adjuvanted vaccines to haptenic drugs of abuse has suggested that the immune responses are too weak to allow development of a successful vaccine. What is needed is an adjuvant or combination of adjuvants that are safe, potent, widely available, easily manufactured, and cost-effective. Based on our review of the field we recommend the following adjuvant combinations either for research or for product development for human use: aluminum salt with adsorbed monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA); liposomes containing MPLA [L(MPLA)]; L(MPLA) adsorbed to aluminum salt; oil-in-water emulsion; or oil-in-water emulsion containing MPLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Alving
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Gary R Matyas
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Oscar Torres
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Rashmi Jalah
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Zoltan Beck
- Laboratory of Adjuvant and Antigen Research, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, 6720A Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Toyoshima T, Kumamaru W, Hayashida JN, Moriyama M, Kitamura R, Tanaka H, Yamada A, Itoh K, Nakamura S. In vitro induction of specific CD8+ T lymphocytes by tumor-associated antigenic peptides in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2012; 322:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
16
|
Abstract
The main benefit of natural peptides, peptide analogs and newly designed peptides as therapeutics, lies in their high selectivity and affinity, which are frequently in the nanomolar range. New drugs targeting protein–protein interactions often require larger interaction sites than small molecules can offer. Thus, many peptidic drugs are already applied in therapy at the current state. The next generation of peptide-based therapeutic agents is currently on its way from basic research to clinical studies and eventually to the pharmaceutical market. Development of more robust and long-lasting drugs owing to well-known and new stabilization strategies is yielding novel and continuously improving peptide drugs. The introduction of smart linkers that exhibit stability towards blood plasma but intracellular lability will lead to target-oriented activity, which might successfully decrease side effects. In this review, peptidic therapeutics on the market, in clinical studies and some of those in basic research are characterized. Stabilization strategies and intelligent linkers are discussed with respect to their use in peptide drug therapy.
Collapse
|
17
|
Germann A, Schulz JC, Kemp-Kamke B, Zimmermann H, von Briesen H. Standardized Serum-Free Cryomedia Maintain Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Viability, Recovery, and Antigen-Specific T-Cell Response Compared to Fetal Calf Serum-Based Medium. Biopreserv Biobank 2011; 9:229-236. [PMID: 21977240 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2010.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to analyze cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from biobanks for antigen-specific T-cell immunity is necessary to evaluate responses to immune-based therapies. Comprehensive studies have demonstrated that the quality of frozen PBMCs is critical and the maintenance of cell viability and functionality by using appropriate cryopreservation techniques is a key to the successful outcome of assays using PBMCs. Different cryomedia additives affect cell viability. The most common additive is fetal calf serum (FCS), although it is widely known that each FCS lot has to be tested before usage to prevent nonspecific stimulation of T-cells. Also, shipping of samples containing FCS is critical because of many import restrictions. Often, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is added as a cryoprotectant. However, DMSO concentration has to be reduced significantly because of its toxic effect on cells at room temperature. Therefore, we have developed freezing approaches to minimize cytotoxicity of cryoprotectants and maintain T-cell functionality. We compared different additives to the widely used FCS and found bovine serum albumin fraction V to be an appropriate substitute for the potentially immune-modulating FCS. We also found that DMSO concentration can be reduced by the addition of hydroxyethyl starch. Using our serum-free cryomedia, the PBMC recovery was more than 83% and the PBMC viability was more than 98%. Also, the T-cell functionality measured by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) was optimal after cryopreservation with our new cryomedia. On the basis of our experimental results, we could finally design 2 different, fully working cryomedia that are standardized, serum free, and manufactured under GMP conditions.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang S, Li W, Xia Z, Mao Y. CD4 T cell dependent tumor immunity stimulated by dendritic cell based vaccine. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 413:294-8. [PMID: 21893031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD8 CTLs have been accountable for the major effector cells responsible for the rejection of tumor cells. And CD40 signaling and IL-12 have been shown to be the essential pathways involved in the activation process. Immunizing mice with dendritic cells transduced with an adenovirus expressing the human melanoma antigen gp 100, an immunization strategy of xenoimmunization, stimulated potent tumor protection dependent on effective CD4 T cells in the absence of CD8 T cells. Further studies revealed that neither CD40 signaling nor IL-12 was indispensable for the activation of dendritic and CD4 T cells in this model. Stimulation of effective antitumor immunity targeting the self-antigen did not elicit autoimmunity. The implications of this study were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Immune modulation by chemotherapy or immunotherapy to enhance cancer vaccines. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:3114-42. [PMID: 24212948 PMCID: PMC3759189 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3033114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy has been a mainstay in cancer treatment for many years. Despite some success, the cure rate with chemotherapy remains unsatisfactory in some types of cancers, and severe side effects from these treatments are a concern. Recently, understanding of the dynamic interplay between the tumor and immune system has led to the development of novel immunotherapies, including cancer vaccines. Cancer vaccines have many advantageous features, but their use has been hampered by poor immunogenicity. Many developments have increased their potency in pre-clinical models, but cancer vaccines continue to have a poor clinical track record. In part, this could be due to an inability to effectively overcome tumor-induced immune suppression. It had been generally assumed that immune-stimulatory cancer vaccines could not be used in combination with immunosuppressive chemotherapies, but recent evidence has challenged this dogma. Chemotherapies could be used to condition the immune system and tumor to create an environment where cancer vaccines have a better chance of success. Other types of immunotherapies could also be used to modulate the immune system. This review will discuss how immune modulation by chemotherapy or immunotherapy could be used to bolster the effects of cancer vaccines and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these treatments.
Collapse
|
20
|
Hu YX, Cui Q, Liang B, Huang H. Relapsing Hematologic Malignancies after Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2011; 17:1099-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
21
|
Kanetaka S, Tsukuda M, Takahashi M, Komatsu M, Niho T, Horiuchi C, Matsuda H. Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck. Exp Ther Med 2011; 2:907-910. [PMID: 22977596 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2011.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal melanoma of the head and neck (MMHN) is a rare malignant tumor associated with a poor prognosis. A retrospective study of case records of patients treated at our department between 1992 and 2010 was carried out. Thirteen patients were enrolled. The median age of the patients (3 males and 10 females) was 61 years (range 39-78). The median follow-up period was 48 months (range 10-115). Two common primary sites were the nasal cavity (8 cases) and sinonasal complex (5 cases). Ten patients (77%) received curative surgery. Chemotherapy was administered to 10 patients. In addition, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell therapy was administered to 7 patients as adjunctive immunotherapy after the initial treatment course. The overall 5-year, cause-specific survival rate was 56%. Patients who received adjunctive LAK cell therapy had a survival rate of 67% at 5 years, while patients who did not receive adjunctive LAK cell treatment had a survival rate of 33%. MMHN is associated with a poor survival rate. The most common cause of death is distant metastasis. Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are common strategies for MMHN, but the control of metastasis is difficult. The use of immunotherapy remains uncommon for MMHN. However, from the viewpoint of a systemic disease, due to its high rate of metastases, immunotherapy using LAK cell treatment may contribute to the improvement of prognosis in patients with MMHN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Kanetaka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|