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Crucitta S, Cucchiara F, Marconcini R, Bulleri A, Manacorda S, Capuano A, Cioni D, Nuzzo A, de Jonge E, Mathjissen RHJ, Neri E, van Schaik RHN, Fogli S, Danesi R, Del Re M. TGF-β mRNA levels in circulating extracellular vesicles are associated with response to anti-PD1 treatment in metastatic melanoma. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1288677. [PMID: 38633217 PMCID: PMC11021649 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1288677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent the standard therapy for metastatic melanoma. However, a few patients do not respond to ICIs and reliable predictive biomarkers are needed. Methods: This pilot study investigates the association between mRNA levels of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) ligand 1 (PD-L1), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) and survival in 30 patients with metastatic melanoma treated with first line anti-PD-1 antibodies. Blood samples were collected at baseline and RNA extracted from EVs; the RNA levels of PD-L1, IFN-γ, and TGF-β were analysed by digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). A biomarker-radiomic correlation analysis was performed in a subset of patients. Results: Patients with high TGF-β expression (cut-off fractional abundance [FA] >0.19) at baseline had longer median progression-free survival (8.4 vs. 1.8 months; p = 0.006) and overall survival (17.9 vs. 2.63 months; p = 0.0009). Moreover, radiomic analysis demonstrated that patients with high TGF-β expression at baseline had smaller lesions (2.41 ± 3.27 mL vs. 42.79 ± 101.08 mL, p < 0.001) and higher dissimilarity (12.01 ± 28.23 vs. 5.65 ± 8.4; p = 0.018). Discussion: These results provide evidence that high TGF-β expression in EVs is associated with a better response to immunotherapy. Further investigation on a larger patient population is needed to validate the predictive power of this potential biomarker of response to ICIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Crucitta
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Cucchiara
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Marconcini
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Department of Medicine and Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bulleri
- Unit of Radiodiagnostics 1, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Manacorda
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Department of Medicine and Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Annalisa Capuano
- Campania Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Section of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Dania Cioni
- Unit of Radiodiagnostics 1, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Amedeo Nuzzo
- Unit of Medical Oncology 2, Department of Medicine and Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Evert de Jonge
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ron H. J. Mathjissen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emanuele Neri
- Unit of Radiodiagnostics 1, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ron H. N. van Schaik
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stefano Fogli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Marzia Del Re
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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2
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Pour Farid P, Eckstein M, Merkel S, Grützmann R, Hartmann A, Bruns V, Benz M, Schneider-Stock R, Geppert CI. Novel Criteria for Intratumoral Budding with Prognostic Relevance for Colon Cancer and Its Histological Subtypes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313108. [PMID: 34884913 PMCID: PMC8658236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritumoral budding and intratumoral budding (ITB) are important prognostic factors for colorectal cancer patients. Scientists worldwide have investigated the role of budding in tumor progression and its prognosis, but guidelines for reliably identifying tumor buds based on morphology are lacking. In this study, next-generation tissue microarray (ngTMA®) construction was used for tumor bud evaluation, and highly detailed rule-out annotation was used for tumor definition in pancytokeratin-stained tissue sections. Initially, tissues of 245 colon cancer patients were evaluated with high interobserver reliability, and a concordance of 96% was achieved. It was shown that high ITB scores were associated with poor distant metastasis-free survival (p = 0.006 with a cut-off of ≥10 buds). This cut-off was defined as the best maximum value from one of two/three ngTMA® cores (0.6 mm diameter). ITB in 30 cases of mucinous, medullary, and signet ring cell carcinoma was analyzed for the subsequent determination of differences in tumor bud analyses between those subtypes. In conclusion, blinded randomized punched cores in the tumor center can be useful for ITB detection. It can be assumed that this method is suitable for its adoption in clinical routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantea Pour Farid
- Experimental Tumorpathology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nüremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.P.F.); (R.S.-S.)
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nüremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.E.); (A.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-EMN (CCC), University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nüremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nüremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.E.); (A.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-EMN (CCC), University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nüremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Susanne Merkel
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-EMN (CCC), University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nüremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.M.); (R.G.)
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nüremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Grützmann
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-EMN (CCC), University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nüremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.M.); (R.G.)
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nüremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nüremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.E.); (A.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-EMN (CCC), University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nüremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Volker Bruns
- Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Am Wolfsmantel 33, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (V.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Michaela Benz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS, Am Wolfsmantel 33, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (V.B.); (M.B.)
| | - Regine Schneider-Stock
- Experimental Tumorpathology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nüremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (P.P.F.); (R.S.-S.)
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nüremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.E.); (A.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-EMN (CCC), University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nüremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Carol I. Geppert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nüremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (M.E.); (A.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center-EMN (CCC), University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nüremberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.M.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-43649
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3
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Immune cell topography predicts response to PD-1 blockade in cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6726. [PMID: 34795254 PMCID: PMC8602403 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26974-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T cell lymphomas (CTCL) are rare but aggressive cancers without effective treatments. While a subset of patients derive benefit from PD-1 blockade, there is a critically unmet need for predictive biomarkers of response. Herein, we perform CODEX multiplexed tissue imaging and RNA sequencing on 70 tumor regions from 14 advanced CTCL patients enrolled in a pembrolizumab clinical trial (NCT02243579). We find no differences in the frequencies of immune or tumor cells between responders and non-responders. Instead, we identify topographical differences between effector PD-1+ CD4+ T cells, tumor cells, and immunosuppressive Tregs, from which we derive a spatial biomarker, termed the SpatialScore, that correlates strongly with pembrolizumab response in CTCL. The SpatialScore coincides with differences in the functional immune state of the tumor microenvironment, T cell function, and tumor cell-specific chemokine recruitment and is validated using a simplified, clinically accessible tissue imaging platform. Collectively, these results provide a paradigm for investigating the spatial balance of effector and suppressive T cell activity and broadly leveraging this biomarker approach to inform the clinical use of immunotherapies.
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4
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Abstract
A cancer immune signature implicating good prognosis and responsiveness to immunotherapy was described that is observed also in other aspects of immune-mediated, tissue-specific destruction (TSD). Its determinism remains, however, elusive. Based on limited but unique clinical observations, we propose a multifactorial genetic model of human cancer immune responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS); Department of Transfusion Medicine; Clinical Center and trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI); National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD USA
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5
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Wu H, Xia L, Jia D, Zou H, Jin G, Qian W, Xu H, Li T. PD-L1 + regulatory B cells act as a T cell suppressor in a PD-L1-dependent manner in melanoma patients with bone metastasis. Mol Immunol 2020; 119:83-91. [PMID: 32001420 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The five-year survival rate of melanoma worsens significantly with advancing tumor stage. We hypothesized that regulatory B cells (Breg) might have participated in the pathogenesis of melanoma. In this study, the PD-L1+ Breg cells were investigated. The expression of PD-L1 by circulating B cells was very low in healthy controls. In melanoma patients, on the other hand, the expression of PD-L1 by circulating B cells was significantly elevated in a manner that was positively associated with tumor stage, with the highest level in stage IV bone metastasis patients. Compared to total B cells, PD-L1+ B cells presented higher IgM and higher IgD expression, and were almost exclusively CD20+CD27-, suggesting that the PD-L1+ B cells exhibited a naive B cell-like phenotype. Healthy naive B cells, which presented little PD-L1, and stage I and stage II melanoma patient naive B cells, which presented detectable but low PD-L1, were unable to suppress T cell response. However, stage III and stage IV naive B cells, which presented moderate PD-L1, could significantly suppress T cell response in a PD-L1-dependent manner. We further found that the level of PD-L1+ B cells was significantly higher in bone metastasis than in the primary tumors. Overall, we demonstrated that PD-L1+ B cells were upregulated in advanced melanoma and were enriched in metastasis compared to primary tumors. Furthermore, PD-L1+ naive B cells could act as a T cell suppressor in a PD-L1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Bone and Soft-tissue Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liming Xia
- Department of Bone and Soft-tissue Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongdong Jia
- Department of Bone and Soft-tissue Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanhui Zou
- Department of Bone and Soft-tissue Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gu Jin
- Department of Bone and Soft-tissue Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenkang Qian
- Department of Bone and Soft-tissue Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haichao Xu
- Department of Bone and Soft-tissue Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Bone and Soft-tissue Surgery, Institute of Cancer Research and Basic Medical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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6
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Angell HK, Bruni D, Barrett JC, Herbst R, Galon J. The Immunoscore: Colon Cancer and Beyond. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:332-339. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-1851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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7
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Ge P, Wang W, Li L, Zhang G, Gao Z, Tang Z, Dang X, Wu Y. Profiles of immune cell infiltration and immune-related genes in the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109228. [PMID: 31351430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE tumor-infiltrating immune cells are highly relevant to the progression and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study is to explore the immune cells and immune-related gene expression in tumor microenvironment of CRC. METHODS CIBERSORT, a deconvolution algorithm, was used to analyze the infiltration of 22 immune cell types in the tumor microenvironment and immune-related gene expression in 404 CRC and 40 adjacent non-tumorous tissues. RESULTS a wide heterogeneity of immune cells among different paired tissues and in tumor stages was uncovered. M0 macrophages, M1 macrophages and CD4 memory activated T cells were infiltrated significantly more in CRC compared with normal tissues in both TCGA and GEO cohorts. CRC with T1-2 tumor stage showed increased CD4 memory activated T cells compared with T3-4 tumors. M0 macrophages were the highest in stage N1 tumors. Significant immune-related genes were identified to build prognostic models by Cox regression analysis. The concordance index of the prognostic model for TNM stage I-II was 0.69, and 0.71 for stage III-IV. The AUC values for 1-, 3-, and 5-year survivals were 0.674, 0.773, 0.812 for TNM stage I-II, respectively, and 0.764, 0.782, 0.803 for stage III-IV, respectively. CONCLUSION these results could assist clinicians in selecting targets for immunotherapies and individualize treatment strategies for patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penglei Ge
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Gong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhiqiang Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhe Tang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaowei Dang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Jianshe East Road, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China.
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8
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Rao S, Ponemone V, Prasad K, Hegde S, D'silva P, Baliga M. Association of absolute lymphocyte count and circulating CD4+ and CD8+ t-cells with positive clinical outcome in survivors of cancer: An observational study. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SPECIALITIES 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/0976-2884.264527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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9
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Rao S, Ponemone V, Prasad K, Hegde S, D'silva P, Baliga M. Association of absolute lymphocyte count and circulating CD4+ and CD8+ t-cells with positive clinical outcome in survivors of cancer: An observational study. INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SPECIALITIES 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/injms.injms_20_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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10
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Nicolini A, Ferrari P, Rossi G, Carpi A. Tumour growth and immune evasion as targets for a new strategy in advanced cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R577–R604. [PMID: 30306784 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has become clearer that advanced cancer, especially advanced breast cancer, is an entirely displayed pathological system that is much more complex than previously considered. However, the direct relationship between tumour growth and immune evasion can represent a general rule governing the pathological cancer system from the initial cancer cells to when the system is entirely displayed. Accordingly, a refined pathobiological model and a novel therapeutic strategy are proposed. The novel therapeutic strategy is based on therapeutically induced conditions (undetectable tumour burden and/or a prolonged tumour ‘resting state’), which enable an efficacious immune response in advanced breast and other types of solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolini
- Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola Ferrari
- Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rossi
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Carpi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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11
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Zappasodi R, Budhu S, Hellmann MD, Postow MA, Senbabaoglu Y, Manne S, Gasmi B, Liu C, Zhong H, Li Y, Huang AC, Hirschhorn-Cymerman D, Panageas KS, Wherry EJ, Merghoub T, Wolchok JD. Non-conventional Inhibitory CD4 +Foxp3 -PD-1 hi T Cells as a Biomarker of Immune Checkpoint Blockade Activity. Cancer Cell 2018; 33:1017-1032.e7. [PMID: 29894689 PMCID: PMC6648657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of cancer patients do not respond to immune checkpoint blockade. To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these treatments, we explored the role of CD4+Foxp3- T cells expressing PD-1 (4PD1hi) and observed that 4PD1hi accumulate intratumorally as a function of tumor burden. Interestingly, CTLA-4 blockade promotes intratumoral and peripheral 4PD1hi increases in a dose-dependent manner, while combination with PD-1 blockade mitigates this effect and improves anti-tumor activity. We found that lack of effective 4PD1hi reduction after anti-PD-1 correlates with poor prognosis. Mechanistically, we provide evidence that mouse and human circulating and intra-tumor 4PD1hi inhibit T cell functions in a PD-1/PD-L1 dependent fashion and resemble follicular helper T cell (TFH)-like cells. Accordingly, anti-CTLA-4 activity is improved in TFH deficient mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/immunology
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zappasodi
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sadna Budhu
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matthew D Hellmann
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michael A Postow
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yasin Senbabaoglu
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Billel Gasmi
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cailian Liu
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hong Zhong
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yanyun Li
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alexander C Huang
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel Hirschhorn-Cymerman
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Katherine S Panageas
- Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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12
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Borzooee F, Asgharpour M, Quinlan E, Grant MD, Larijani M. Viral subversion of APOBEC3s: Lessons for anti-tumor immunity and tumor immunotherapy. Int Rev Immunol 2018; 37:151-164. [PMID: 29211501 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1403596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
APOBEC3s (A3) are endogenous DNA-editing enzymes that are expressed in immune cells including T lymphocytes. A3s target and mutate the genomes of retroviruses that infect immune tissues such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Therefore, A3s were classically defined as host anti-viral innate immune factors. In contrast, we and others showed that A3s can also benefit the virus by mediating escape from adaptive immune recognition and drugs. Crucially, whether A3-mediated mutations help or hinder HIV, is not up to chance. Rather, the virus has evolved multiple mechanisms to actively and maximally subvert A3 activity. More recently, extensive A3 mutational footprints in tumor genomes have been observed in many different cancers. This suggests a role for A3s in cancer initiation and progression. On the other hand, multiple anti-tumor activities of A3s have also come to light, including impact on immune checkpoint molecules and possible generation of tumor neo-antigens. Here, we review the studies that reshaped the view of A3s from anti-viral innate immune agents to host factors exploited by HIV to escape from immune recognition. Viruses and tumors share many attributes, including rapid evolution and adeptness at exploiting mutations. Given this parallel, we then discuss the pro- and anti-tumor roles of A3s, and suggest that lessons learned from studying A3s in the context of anti-viral immunity can be applied to tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Borzooee
- a Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3V6 , Canada
| | - Mahdi Asgharpour
- a Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3V6 , Canada
| | - Emma Quinlan
- a Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3V6 , Canada
| | - Michael D Grant
- a Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3V6 , Canada
| | - Mani Larijani
- a Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St. John's, Newfoundland A1B 3V6 , Canada
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13
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Dobson CC, Naing T, Beug ST, Faye MD, Chabot J, St-Jean M, Walker DE, LaCasse EC, Stojdl DF, Korneluk RG, Holcik M. Oncolytic virus synergizes with Smac mimetic compounds to induce rhabdomyosarcoma cell death in a syngeneic murine model. Oncotarget 2018; 8:3495-3508. [PMID: 27966453 PMCID: PMC5356898 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a neoplasm characterized by undifferentiated myoblasts, is the most common soft tissue tumour in children. Therapeutic resistance is common in RMS and is often caused by acquired defects in the cellular apoptotic program. Smac mimetic compounds (SMCs) are a novel class of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) antagonists that are currently under clinical development as cancer therapeutics. We previously reported that cIAP1 is overexpressed in human primary RMS tumours and in patient-derived RMS cell lines where it drives resistance to apoptosis. In this study, we investigated whether inflammatory cytokine production triggered by activators of innate immunity synergizes with LCL161 to induce bystander killing of RMS cells in vitro and in vivo. Indeed, we show that innate immune stimuli (oncolytic virus (VSVΔ51-GFP), interferon γ (IFNγ), and tumour necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK)) combine with SMCs in vitro to reduce cell viability in the Kym-1 RMS cancer cell line. Other human RMS cell lines (RH36, RH41, RD, RH18, RH28, and RH30) and the murine RMS cell line 76-9 are resistant to treatment with LCL161 alone or in combination with immune stimulants in in vitro cell viability assays. In contrast, we report that the combination of LCL161 and VSVΔ51-GFP reduces tumour volume and prolongs survival in a 76-9 syngeneic murine model. Our results support further exploration of the combined use of IAP antagonists and innate immune stimuli as a therapeutic approach for RMS cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine C Dobson
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Thet Naing
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shawn T Beug
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mame D Faye
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Janelle Chabot
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Martin St-Jean
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle E Walker
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Eric C LaCasse
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David F Stojdl
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robert G Korneluk
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Holcik
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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14
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Gu-Trantien C, Migliori E, Buisseret L, de Wind A, Brohée S, Garaud S, Noël G, Dang Chi VL, Lodewyckx JN, Naveaux C, Duvillier H, Goriely S, Larsimont D, Willard-Gallo K. CXCL13-producing TFH cells link immune suppression and adaptive memory in human breast cancer. JCI Insight 2017; 2:91487. [PMID: 28570278 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper cells (TFH cells) are important regulators of antigen-specific B cell responses. The B cell chemoattractant CXCL13 has recently been linked with TFH cell infiltration and improved survival in human cancer. Although human TFH cells can produce CXCL13, their immune functions are currently unknown. This study presents data from human breast cancer, advocating a role for tumor-infiltrating CXCL13-producing (CXCR5-) TFH cells, here named TFHX13 cells, in promoting local memory B cell differentiation. TFHX13 cells potentially trigger tertiary lymphoid structure formation and thereby generate germinal center B cell responses at the tumor site. Follicular DCs are not potent CXCL13 producers in breast tumor tissues. We used the TFH cell markers PD-1 and ICOS to identify distinct effector and regulatory CD4+ T cell subpopulations in breast tumors. TFHX13 cells are an important component of the PD-1hiICOSint effector subpopulation and coexpanded with PD-1intICOShiFOXP3hi Tregs. IL2 deprivation induces CXCL13 expression in vitro with a synergistic effect from TGFβ1, providing insight into TFHX13 cell differentiation in response to Treg accumulation, similar to conventional TFH cell responses. Our data suggest that human TFHX13 cell differentiation may be a key factor in converting Treg-mediated immune suppression to de novo activation of adaptive antitumor humoral responses in the chronic inflammatory breast cancer microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Laurence Buisseret
- Molecular Immunology Unit.,Breast Cancer Translational Research Laboratory
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hugues Duvillier
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stanislas Goriely
- Welbio and Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Smithy JW, Moore LM, Pelekanou V, Rehman J, Gaule P, Wong PF, Neumeister VM, Sznol M, Kluger HM, Rimm DL. Nuclear IRF-1 expression as a mechanism to assess "Capability" to express PD-L1 and response to PD-1 therapy in metastatic melanoma. J Immunother Cancer 2017; 5:25. [PMID: 28331615 PMCID: PMC5359951 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-017-0229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Predictive biomarkers for antibodies against programmed death 1 (PD-1) remain a major unmet need in metastatic melanoma. Specifically, response is seen in tumors that do not express programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), highlighting the need for a more sensitive biomarker. We hypothesize that capacity to express PD-L1, as assessed by an assay for a PD-L1 transcription factor, interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), may better distinguish patients likely to benefit from anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Methods Samples from 47 melanoma patients that received nivolumab, pembrolizumab, or combination ipilimumab/nivolumab at Yale New Haven Hospital from May 2013 to March 2016 were collected. Expression of IRF-1 and PD-L1 in archival pre-treatment formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumor samples were assessed by the AQUA method of quantitative immunofluorescence. Objective radiographic response (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS) were assessed using modified RECIST v1.1 criteria. Results Nuclear IRF-1 expression was higher in patients with partial or complete response (PR/CR) than in patients with stable or progressive disease (SD/PD) (p = 0.044). There was an insignificant trend toward higher PD-L1 expression in patients with PR/CR (p = 0.085). PFS was higher in the IRF-1-high group than the IRF-1-low group (p = 0.017), while PD-L1 expression had no effect on PFS (p = 0.83). In a subset analysis, a strong association with PFS is seen in patients treated with combination ipilimumab and nivolumab (p = 0.0051). Conclusions As a measure of PD-L1 expression capability, IRF-1 expression may be a more valuable predictive biomarker for anti-PD-1 therapy than PD-L1 itself. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-017-0229-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Smithy
- Department of Pathology, BML116 Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, PO Box 208023, 06520 New Haven, CT USA
| | - Lauren M Moore
- Department of Pathology, BML116 Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, PO Box 208023, 06520 New Haven, CT USA
| | - Vasiliki Pelekanou
- Department of Pathology, BML116 Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, PO Box 208023, 06520 New Haven, CT USA
| | - Jamaal Rehman
- Department of Pathology, BML116 Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, PO Box 208023, 06520 New Haven, CT USA
| | - Patricia Gaule
- Department of Pathology, BML116 Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, PO Box 208023, 06520 New Haven, CT USA
| | - Pok Fai Wong
- Department of Pathology, BML116 Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, PO Box 208023, 06520 New Haven, CT USA
| | - Veronique M Neumeister
- Department of Pathology, BML116 Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, PO Box 208023, 06520 New Haven, CT USA
| | - Mario Sznol
- Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - Harriet M Kluger
- Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
| | - David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, BML116 Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, PO Box 208023, 06520 New Haven, CT USA.,Section of Medical Oncology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA
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16
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Terra RM, Antonangelo L, Mariani AW, de Oliveira RLM, Teixeira LR, Pego-Fernandes PM. Pleural Fluid Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) Predicts Survival in Patients with Malignant Pleural Effusion. Lung 2016; 194:681-6. [PMID: 27300446 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-016-9891-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Systemic and local inflammations have been described as relevant prognostic factors in patients with cancer. However, parameters that stand for immune activity in the pleural space have not been tested as predictors of survival in patients with malignant pleural effusion. The objective of this study was to evaluate pleural lymphocytes and Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) as predictors of survival in patients with recurrent malignant pleural effusion. METHODS Retrospective cohort study includes patients who underwent pleurodesis for malignant pleural effusion in a tertiary center. Pleural fluid protein concentration, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose, oncotic cytology, cell count, and ADA were collected before pleurodesis and analyzed. Survival analysis was performed considering pleurodesis as time origin, and death as the event. Backwards stepwise Cox regression was used to find predictors of survival. RESULTS 156 patients (out of 196 potentially eligible) were included in this study. Most were female (72 %) and breast cancer was the most common underlying malignancy (53 %). Pleural fluid ADA level was stratified as low (<15 U/L), normal (15 ≤ ADA < 40), and high (≥40). Low and high ADA levels were associated with worse survival when compared to normal ADA (logrank: 0.0024). In multivariable analysis, abnormal ADA (<15 or ADA ≥ 40) and underlying malignancies different from lymphoma, lung, or breast cancer were associated with worse survival. Pleural fluid cell count and lymphocytes number and percentage did not correlate with survival. CONCLUSIONS Pleural fluid Adenosine Deaminase levels (<15 or ≥40 U/L) and neoplasms other than lung, breast, or lymphoma are independent predictors of worse survival in patients with malignant pleural effusion who undergo pleurodesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Mingarini Terra
- Thoracic Surgery Division, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, Avenida Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - 2o Andar Sala 9, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil.
- Thoracic Surgery, Centro Oncológico do Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Leila Antonangelo
- Pathology Division, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Wasum Mariani
- Thoracic Surgery Division, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, Avenida Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - 2o Andar Sala 9, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil
- Thoracic Surgery, Centro Oncológico do Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lopes Moraes de Oliveira
- Thoracic Surgery Division, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, Avenida Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - 2o Andar Sala 9, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Lisete Ribeiro Teixeira
- Pulmonology Division, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Manuel Pego-Fernandes
- Thoracic Surgery Division, Heart Institute (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, Avenida Dr. Eneas de Carvalho Aguiar, 44 - 2o Andar Sala 9, São Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-000, Brazil
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17
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Mullane SA, Werner L, Rosenberg J, Signoretti S, Callea M, Choueiri TK, Freeman GJ, Bellmunt J. Correlation of Apobec Mrna Expression with overall Survival and pd-l1 Expression in Urothelial Carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27702. [PMID: 27283319 PMCID: PMC4901342 DOI: 10.1038/srep27702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC) has a very high mutational rate and is associated with an APOBEC mutation signature. We examined the correlation of APOBEC expression with overall survival (OS) and PD-L1 expression in a cohort of 73 mUC patients. mRNA expression of APOBEC3 family of genes (A3A, A3B, A3C, A3F_a, A3F_b, A3G, A3H) was measured using Nanostring. PD-L1 expression, evaluated by immunohistochemistry, on tumor infiltrating mononuclear cells (TIMCs) and tumor cells was scored from 0 to 4, with 2-4 being positive. Wilcoxon's non-parametric tests assessed the association of APOBEC and PD-L1. The Cox regression model assessed the association of APOBEC with OS. All APOBEC genes were expressed in mUC. Increased A3A, A3D, and A3H expression associates with PD-L1 positive TIMCs (p = 0.0009, 0.009, 0.06). Decreased A3B expression was marginally associated with PD-L1 positive TIMCs expression (p = 0.05). Increased A3F_a and A3F_b expression was associated with increased expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells (p = 0.05). Increased expression of A3D and A3H was associated with longer OS (p = 0.0009). Specific APOBEC genes have different effects on mUC in terms of survival and PD-L1 expression. A3D and A3H may have the most important role in mUC as they are associated with OS and PD-L1 TIMC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Mullane
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA
| | - Lillian Werner
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Sabina Signoretti
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcella Callea
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Toni K. Choueiri
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gordon J. Freeman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joaquim Bellmunt
- Bladder Cancer Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- University Hospital del Mar-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
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18
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Westerhof TM, Li GP, Bachman M, Nelson EL. Multicolor Immunofluorescent Imaging of Complex Cellular Mixtures on Micropallet Arrays Enables the Identification of Single Cells of Defined Phenotype. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:767-71. [PMID: 26924570 PMCID: PMC5629097 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A Micropallet-Array-based strategy allowing the identification of cells of defined phenotype in complex mixtures, such as would be obtained from a tissue biopsy, is presented. Following the distribution of single adherent cells from the mixture on individual pedestals, termed "micropallets", immunofluorescent confocal imaging is applied to interrogate the expression of five cell surface molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha M Westerhof
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California at Irvine, 839 Medical Sciences Ct., b100c Sprague Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Guann-Pyng Li
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Samueli School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California at Irvine, 4100 Calit2 building, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Mark Bachman
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Samueli School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Samueli School of Engineering, University of California at Irvine, 2300 Engineering Gateway, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Edward L Nelson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Ayala School of Biological Sciences, University of California at Irvine, 839 Medical Sciences Ct., b100c Sprague Hall, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive, Building 56, Room 247, Orange, CA, 92868, USA
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19
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Gabrielson A, Wu Y, Wang H, Jiang J, Kallakury B, Gatalica Z, Reddy S, Kleiner D, Fishbein T, Johnson L, Island E, Satoskar R, Banovac F, Jha R, Kachhela J, Feng P, Zhang T, Tesfaye A, Prins P, Loffredo C, Marshall J, Weiner L, Atkins M, He AR. Intratumoral CD3 and CD8 T-cell Densities Associated with Relapse-Free Survival in HCC. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:419-30. [PMID: 26968206 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune cells that infiltrate a tumor may be a prognostic factor for patients who have had surgically resected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The density of intratumoral total (CD3(+)) and cytotoxic (CD8(+)) T lymphocytes was measured in the tumor interior and in the invasive margin of 65 stage I to IV HCC tissue specimens from a single cohort. Immune cell density in the interior and margin was converted to a binary score (0, low; 1, high), which was correlated with tumor recurrence and relapse-free survival (RFS). In addition, the expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) was correlated with the density of CD3(+) and CD8(+) cells and clinical outcome. High densities of both CD3(+) and CD8(+) T cells in both the interior and margin, along with corresponding Immunoscores, were significantly associated with a low rate of recurrence (P = 0.007) and a prolonged RFS (P = 0.002). In multivariate logistic regression models adjusted for vascular invasion and cellular differentiation, both CD3(+) and CD8(+) cell densities predicted recurrence, with odds ratios of 5.8 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.6-21.8] for CD3(+) and 3.9 (95% CI, 1.1-14.1) for CD8(+) Positive PD-L1 staining was correlated with high CD3 and CD8 density (P = 0.024 and 0.005, respectively) and predicted a lower rate of recurrence (P = 0.034), as well as prolonged RFS (P = 0.029). Immunoscore and PD-L1 expression, therefore, are useful prognostic markers in patients with HCC who have undergone primary tumor resection. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(5); 419-30. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gabrielson
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Yunan Wu
- First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongkun Wang
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jiji Jiang
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Bhaskar Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | | | - David Kleiner
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas Fishbein
- Medstar Transplant Institute, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Lynt Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Eddie Island
- Medstar Transplant Institute, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Rohit Satoskar
- Medstar Transplant Institute, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Filip Banovac
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Reena Jha
- Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jaydeep Kachhela
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Perry Feng
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Tiger Zhang
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Anteneh Tesfaye
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Petra Prins
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Christopher Loffredo
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - John Marshall
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Louis Weiner
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Michael Atkins
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Aiwu Ruth He
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Washington, District of Columbia.
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20
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Ascierto ML, Melero I, Ascierto PA. Melanoma: From Incurable Beast to a Curable Bet. The Success of Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2015; 5:152. [PMID: 26217587 PMCID: PMC4500097 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
After Coley's observation in 1891 of tumor regression in a patient who developed a postoperative infection, the field of immunotherapy is finally reborn. Avoiding immune destruction is now considered a hallmark of cancer, and the immunotherapy arena has exploded with the recent advances demonstrating an improvement in survival and a durability of response in patients with different cancer types, which translates into improved overall survival benefit. Here, we provide an overview of the main immune-oncology treatment strategies that, either alone or in combination, are undergoing clinical development. Namely, we will refer to those immunotherapeutic strategies that include adoptive transfer of ex vivo activated T cells, immunomodulatory monoclonal antibodies, and cancer vaccines. Our major focus will be to describe these approaches in melanoma, a cancer type transformed by immunotherapy into a potentially curable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Department of Oncology, Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paolo Antonio Ascierto
- Unit of Melanoma, Cancer Immunotherapy and Innovative Therapy, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione “G. Pascale”, Napoli, Italy
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Kober C, Weibel S, Rohn S, Kirscher L, Szalay AA. Intratumoral INF-γ triggers an antiviral state in GL261 tumor cells: a major hurdle to overcome for oncolytic vaccinia virus therapy of cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2015; 2:15009. [PMID: 27119106 PMCID: PMC4782962 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) therapy is an alternative treatment option for glioblastoma multiforme. Here, we used a comparison of different tumor locations and different immunologic and genetic backgrounds to determine the replication efficacy and oncolytic potential of the VACV LIVP 1.1.1, an attenuated wild-type isolate of the Lister strain, in murine GL261 glioma models. With this approach, we expected to identify microenvironmental factors, which may be decisive for failure or success of oncolytic VACV therapy. We found that GL261 glioma cells implanted subcutaneously or orthotopically into Balb/c athymic, C57BL/6 athymic, or C57BL/6 wild-type mice formed individual tumors that respond to oncolytic VACV therapy with different outcomes. Surprisingly, only Balb/c athymic mice with subcutaneous tumors supported viral replication. We identified intratumoral IFN-γ expression levels that upregulate MHCII expression on GL261 cells in C57BL/6 wild-type mice associated with a non-permissive status of the tumor cells. Moreover, this IFN-γ-induced tumor cell phenotype was reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kober
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Weibel
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Rohn
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kirscher
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Aladar A Szalay
- Department of Biochemistry, Biocenter, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine and Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, Rebecca & John Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Genelux Corporation, San Diego Science Center, San Diego, California, USA
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Vanpouille-Box C, Diamond JM, Pilones KA, Zavadil J, Babb JS, Formenti SC, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Demaria S. TGFβ Is a Master Regulator of Radiation Therapy-Induced Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2232-42. [PMID: 25858148 PMCID: PMC4522159 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
T cells directed to endogenous tumor antigens are powerful mediators of tumor regression. Recent immunotherapy advances have identified effective interventions to unleash tumor-specific T-cell activity in patients who naturally develop them. Eliciting T-cell responses to a patient's individual tumor remains a major challenge. Radiation therapy can induce immune responses to model antigens expressed by tumors, but it remains unclear whether it can effectively prime T cells specific for endogenous antigens expressed by poorly immunogenic tumors. We hypothesized that TGFβ activity is a major obstacle hindering the ability of radiation to generate an in situ tumor vaccine. Here, we show that antibody-mediated TGFβ neutralization during radiation therapy effectively generates CD8(+) T-cell responses to multiple endogenous tumor antigens in poorly immunogenic mouse carcinomas. Generated T cells were effective at causing regression of irradiated tumors and nonirradiated lung metastases or synchronous tumors (abscopal effect). Gene signatures associated with IFNγ and immune-mediated rejection were detected in tumors treated with radiation therapy and TGFβ blockade in combination but not as single agents. Upregulation of programmed death (PD) ligand-1 and -2 in neoplastic and myeloid cells and PD-1 on intratumoral T cells limited tumor rejection, resulting in rapid recurrence. Addition of anti-PD-1 antibodies extended survival achieved with radiation and TGFβ blockade. Thus, TGFβ is a fundamental regulator of radiation therapy's ability to generate an in situ tumor vaccine. The combination of local radiation therapy with TGFβ neutralization offers a novel individualized strategy for vaccinating patients against their tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie M Diamond
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Karsten A Pilones
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jiri Zavadil
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York. Center for Health Informatics and Bioinformatics, NYU Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - James S Babb
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Silvia C Formenti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | | | - Sandra Demaria
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York. Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.
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23
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Zhu S, Lin J, Qiao G, Xu Y, Zou H. Differential regulation and function of tumor-infiltrating T cells in different stages of breast cancer patients. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:7907-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3507-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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24
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Yuan L, Zhou C, Lu Y, Hong M, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Chang Y, Zhang C, Li X. IFN-γ-mediated IRF1/miR-29b feedback loop suppresses colorectal cancer cell growth and metastasis by repressing IGF1. Cancer Lett 2015; 359:136-47. [PMID: 25592039 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the clinicopathological significance and underlying mechanism of microRNA-29b (miR-29b) in colorectal cancer (CRC), the role of miR-29b was investigated using in vivo and in vitro assays. Luciferase reporter assays were conducted to determine the association between miR-29b and the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) 3' untranslated region (3'UTR). Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were employed to assess the direct binding of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) to miR-29b. We found that interferon (IFN)-γ could induce miR-29b by recruiting IRF1 to binding sites in the miR-29b promoter. A low level of miR-29b was significantly associated with an aggressive phenotype. MiR-29b inhibited CRC cell growth and invasion. IGF1, an activator of PI3K/Akt signaling, was confirmed as a novel target of miR-29b. Moreover, miR-29b increased IRF1 expression, and the inhibition of miR-29b suppressed IFN-γ-induced apoptosis. We elucidated the potential signaling pathway, IFN-γ/IRF1/miR-29b/IGF1, and its implication for CRC tumorigenesis. A positive feedback loop between IRF1 and miR-29b may contribute to the sensitivity of CRC cells to IFN-γ. Targeting miR-29b may provide a strategy for blocking CRC growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, NO.1838 Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chang Zhou
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, No. 280 Outer Ring East Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yanxia Lu
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, NO.1838 Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Min Hong
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, NO.1838 Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zuoyang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, NO.1838 Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zheying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, NO.1838 Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yaya Chang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, NO.1838 Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, NO.1838 Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuenong Li
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, NO.1838 Guangzhou Road, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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25
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Urosevic-Maiwald M, Barysch MJ, Cheng PF, Karpova MB, Steinert H, Okoniewski MJ, Dummer R. In vivo profiling reveals immunomodulatory effects of sorafenib and dacarbazine on melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e988458. [PMID: 25949886 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.988458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorafenib is a multi-kinase inhibitor used alone or in combination with dacarbazine to treat metastasized melanoma. Our study investigated the relationship between metabolic response assessed by PET-CT and global transcriptome changes during sorafenib and dacarbazine therapy in patients with advanced melanoma. We conducted an open-label, investigator-initiated study that enrolled 13 sorafenib-naïve Stage IV melanoma patients, whose metastases were accessible for repeated biopsies. Treatment regimen included orally administered sorafenib and intravenous dacarbazine. Biopsies of skin or superficial lymph node metastases were taken before treatment (baseline), during sorafenib and after dacarbazine therapy and used for transcriptional profiling and validation experiments. Serum samples were evaluated for cytokine production. Metabolic response to therapy was observed in 45.5% of patients. The study drugs were well tolerated. We observed a clear upregulation of interferon (IFN)-stimulated immune response genes in profiled metastases. The IFNγ-induced gene signature seemed to be enhanced after addition of dacarbazine to sorafenib. Serum IFNγ also increased during therapy, particularly after addition of dacarbazine. Induction of IFNγ stimulated genes correlating with increased serum IFNγ was predictive of better clinical outcome and responders who had significantly higher serum IFNγ levels lived longer. Our data reveal in situ changes in melanoma metastases during treatment with sorafenib and dacarbazine and suggest an additional mechanism of action through immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjam J Barysch
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Zurich ; Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Phil F Cheng
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Zurich ; Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria B Karpova
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Zurich ; Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Steinert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; University Hospital Zurich ; Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital Zurich ; Zurich, Switzerland
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Baxevanis CN, Anastasopoulou EA, Voutsas IF, Papamichail M, Perez SA. Immune biomarkers: how well do they serve prognosis in human cancers? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 15:49-59. [PMID: 25345403 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.965684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to be optimally efficacious, therapeutic cancer vaccines must induce robust tumor-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells, which are responsible for tumor cell lysis. Unlike cytotoxic drugs, which act directly on the tumor, cancer vaccines demonstrate new kinetics involving the generation of specific cellular immune responses, which need to be translated into antitumor responses to delay tumor progression and improve survival. These delayed kinetics of action establish a new concept of benefit in the long term, which implies a slow down in tumor growth rates, than a marked reduction in tumor size. Therefore, there is a significant need to identify intermediate biomarkers so that clinical responses can be evaluated in a timely manner. Therapeutic vaccination as a modality for cancer treatment has received significant attention with multiple clinical trials demonstrating improvements in overall survival. Significant challenges to this modality remain, including increasing vaccine potency and minimizing treatment-related toxicities and identifying prognostic and predictive biomarkers of clinical benefit that may guide to select and optimize the therapeutic strategies for patients most likely to gain benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin N Baxevanis
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 171 Alexandras avenue, Athens 11522, Greece
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27
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Linsley PS, Speake C, Whalen E, Chaussabel D. Copy number loss of the interferon gene cluster in melanomas is linked to reduced T cell infiltrate and poor patient prognosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109760. [PMID: 25314013 PMCID: PMC4196925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
While immunotherapies are rapidly becoming mainstays of cancer treatment, significant gaps remain in our understanding of how to optimally target them, alone or in combination. Here we describe a novel method to monitor levels of immune cells and pathways in expression data from solid tumors using pre-defined groups or modules of co-regulated immune genes. We show that expression of an interconnected sub-network of type I interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in melanomas at the time of diagnosis significantly predicted patient survival, as did, to a lesser extent, sub-networks of T helper/T regulatory and NK/T Cytotoxic cell genes. As a group, poor prognosis tumors with reduced ISG and immune gene levels exhibited significant copy number loss of the interferon gene cluster located at chromosome 9p21.3. Our studies demonstrate a link between type I interferon action and immune cell levels in melanomas, and suggest that therapeutic approaches augmenting both activities may be most beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Linsley
- Department of Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Cate Speake
- Department of Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Whalen
- Department of Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Damien Chaussabel
- Department of Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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28
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Orecchioni M, Bedognetti D, Sgarrella F, Marincola FM, Bianco A, Delogu LG. Impact of carbon nanotubes and graphene on immune cells. J Transl Med 2014; 12:138. [PMID: 24885781 PMCID: PMC4067374 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been recently proposed that nanomaterials, alone or in concert with their specific biomolecular conjugates, can be used to directly modulate the immune system, therefore offering a new tool for the enhancement of immune-based therapies against infectious disease and cancer. Here, we revised the publications on the impact of functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs), graphene and carbon nanohorns on immune cells. Whereas f-CNTs are the nanomaterial most widely investigated, we noticed a progressive increase of studies focusing on graphene in the last couple of years. The majority of the works (56%) have been carried out on macrophages, following by lymphocytes (30% of the studies). In the case of lymphocytes, T cells were the most investigated (22%) followed by monocytes and dendritic cells (7%), mixed cell populations (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, 6%), and B and natural killer (NK) cells (1%). Most of the studies focused on toxicity and biocompatibility, while mechanistic insights on the effect of carbon nanotubes on immune cells are generally lacking. Only very recently high-throughput gene-expression analyses have shed new lights on unrecognized effects of carbon nanomaterials on the immune system. These investigations have demonstrated that some f-CNTs can directly elicitate specific inflammatory pathways. The interaction of graphene with the immune system is still at a very early stage of investigation. This comprehensive state of the art on biocompatible f-CNTs and graphene on immune cells provides a useful compass to guide future researches on immunological applications of carbon nanomaterials in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alberto Bianco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
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29
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Direct T cell-tumour interaction triggers TH1 phenotype activation through the modification of the mesenchymal stromal cells transcriptional programme. Br J Cancer 2014; 110:2955-64. [PMID: 24809778 PMCID: PMC4056054 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are heterogeneous cells with immunoregulatory and wound-healing properties. In cancer, they are known to be an essential part of the tumour microenvironment. However, their role in tumour growth and rejection remains unclear. To investigate this, we co-cultured human MSCs, tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), and melanoma cells to investigate the role of MSCs in the tumour environment. METHODS Mesenchymal stromal cells were co-cultured with melanoma antigen-specific TIL that were stimulated either with HLA-A*0201(+) melanoma cells or with a corresponding clone that had lost HLA-A*0201 expression. RESULTS Activated TIL induced profound pro-inflammatory gene expression signature in MSCs. Analysis of culture supernatant found that MSCs secreted pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TH1 cytokines that have been previously associated with immune-mediated antitumor responses. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis on selected markers revealed that the same activated MSCs secreted both the TH1 cytokine (interleukin-12) and indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO), a classical immunosuppressive factor. CONCLUSIONS This study reflected that the plasticity of MSCs is highly dependent upon microenvironment conditions. Tumour-activated TIL induced TH1 phenotype change in MSCs that is qualitatively similar to the previously described immunologic constant of rejection signature observed during immune-mediated, tissue-specific destruction. This response may be responsible for the in loco amplification of antigen-specific anti-cancer immune response.
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30
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Liu Q, Tomei S, Ascierto ML, De Giorgi V, Bedognetti D, Dai C, Uccellini L, Spivey T, Pos Z, Thomas J, Reinboth J, Murtas D, Zhang Q, Chouchane L, Weiss GR, Slingluff CL, Lee PP, Rosenberg SA, Alter H, Yao K, Wang E, Marincola FM. Melanoma NOS1 expression promotes dysfunctional IFN signaling. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:2147-59. [PMID: 24691438 DOI: 10.1172/jci69611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In multiple forms of cancer, constitutive activation of type I IFN signaling is a critical consequence of immune surveillance against cancer; however, PBMCs isolated from cancer patients exhibit depressed STAT1 phosphorylation in response to IFN-α, suggesting IFN signaling dysfunction. Here, we demonstrated in a coculture system that melanoma cells differentially impairs the IFN-α response in PBMCs and that the inhibitory potential of a particular melanoma cell correlates with NOS1 expression. Comparison of gene transcription and array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) between melanoma cells from different patients indicated that suppression of IFN-α signaling correlates with an amplification of the NOS1 locus within segment 12q22-24. Evaluation of NOS1 levels in melanomas and IFN responsiveness of purified PBMCs from patients indicated a negative correlation between NOS1 expression in melanomas and the responsiveness of PBMCs to IFN-α. Furthermore, in an explorative study, NOS1 expression in melanoma metastases was negatively associated with patient response to adoptive T cell therapy. This study provides a link between cancer cell phenotype and IFN signal dysfunction in circulating immune cells.
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Tomei S, Wang E, Delogu LG, Marincola FM, Bedognetti D. Non-BRAF-targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and combination therapy for melanoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2014; 14:663-86. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2014.890586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Guo C, Manjili MH, Subjeck JR, Sarkar D, Fisher PB, Wang XY. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: past, present, and future. Adv Cancer Res 2014; 119:421-75. [PMID: 23870514 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407190-2.00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic vaccines represent a viable option for active immunotherapy of cancers that aim to treat late stage disease by using a patient's own immune system. The promising results from clinical trials recently led to the approval of the first therapeutic cancer vaccine by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This major breakthrough not only provides a new treatment modality for cancer management but also paves the way for rationally designing and optimizing future vaccines with improved anticancer efficacy. Numerous vaccine strategies are currently being evaluated both preclinically and clinically. This review discusses therapeutic cancer vaccines from diverse platforms or targets as well as the preclinical and clinical studies employing these therapeutic vaccines. We also consider tumor-induced immune suppression that hinders the potency of therapeutic vaccines, and potential strategies to counteract these mechanisms for generating more robust and durable antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Guo
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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33
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Galon J, Mlecnik B, Bindea G, Angell HK, Berger A, Lagorce C, Lugli A, Zlobec I, Hartmann A, Bifulco C, Nagtegaal ID, Palmqvist R, Masucci GV, Botti G, Tatangelo F, Delrio P, Maio M, Laghi L, Grizzi F, Asslaber M, D'Arrigo C, Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Zavadova E, Chouchane L, Ohashi PS, Hafezi-Bakhtiari S, Wouters BG, Roehrl M, Nguyen L, Kawakami Y, Hazama S, Okuno K, Ogino S, Gibbs P, Waring P, Sato N, Torigoe T, Itoh K, Patel PS, Shukla SN, Wang Y, Kopetz S, Sinicrope FA, Scripcariu V, Ascierto PA, Marincola FM, Fox BA, Pagès F. Towards the introduction of the 'Immunoscore' in the classification of malignant tumours. J Pathol 2014; 232:199-209. [PMID: 24122236 PMCID: PMC4255306 DOI: 10.1002/path.4287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1002] [Impact Index Per Article: 100.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (AJCC/UICC) TNM staging system provides the most reliable guidelines for the routine prognostication and treatment of colorectal carcinoma. This traditional tumour staging summarizes data on tumour burden (T), the presence of cancer cells in draining and regional lymph nodes (N) and evidence for distant metastases (M). However, it is now recognized that the clinical outcome can vary significantly among patients within the same stage. The current classification provides limited prognostic information and does not predict response to therapy. Multiple ways to classify cancer and to distinguish different subtypes of colorectal cancer have been proposed, including morphology, cell origin, molecular pathways, mutation status and gene expression-based stratification. These parameters rely on tumour-cell characteristics. Extensive literature has investigated the host immune response against cancer and demonstrated the prognostic impact of the in situ immune cell infiltrate in tumours. A methodology named ‘Immunoscore’ has been defined to quantify the in situ immune infiltrate. In colorectal cancer, the Immunoscore may add to the significance of the current AJCC/UICC TNM classification, since it has been demonstrated to be a prognostic factor superior to the AJCC/UICC TNM classification. An international consortium has been initiated to validate and promote the Immunoscore in routine clinical settings. The results of this international consortium may result in the implementation of the Immunoscore as a new component for the classification of cancer, designated TNM-I (TNM-Immune). © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U872, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, France
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CXCR3/CCR5 pathways in metastatic melanoma patients treated with adoptive therapy and interleukin-2. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:2412-23. [PMID: 24129241 PMCID: PMC3817317 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Adoptive therapy with tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) induces durable complete responses (CR) in ∼20% of patients with metastatic melanoma. The recruitment of T cells through CXCR3/CCR5 chemokine ligands is critical for immune-mediated rejection. We postulated that polymorphisms and/or expression of CXCR3/CCR5 in TILs and the expression of their ligands in tumour influence the migration of TILs to tumours and tumour regression. Methods: Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes from 142 metastatic melanoma patients enrolled in adoptive therapy trials were genotyped for CXCR3 rs2280964 and CCR5-Δ32 deletion, which encodes a protein not expressed on the cell surface. Expression of CXCR3/CCR5 in TILs and CXCR3/CCR5 and ligand genes in 113 available parental tumours was also assessed. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte data were validated by flow cytometry (N=50). Results: The full gene expression/polymorphism model, which includes CXCR3 and CCR5 expression data, CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism data and their interaction, was significantly associated with both CR and overall response (OR; P=0.0009, and P=0.007, respectively). More in detail, the predicted underexpression of both CXCR3 and CCR5 according to gene expression and polymorphism data (protein prediction model, PPM) was associated with response to therapy (odds ratio=6.16 and 2.32, for CR and OR, respectively). Flow cytometric analysis confirmed the PPM. Coordinate upregulation of CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL5 in pretreatment tumour biopsies was associated with OR. Conclusion: Coordinate overexpression of CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL5 in pretreatment tumours was associated with responsiveness to treatment. Conversely, CCR5-Δ32 polymorphism and CXCR3/CCR5 underexpression influence downregulation of the corresponding receptors in TILs and were associated with likelihood and degree of response.
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Ye Y, Carlsson G, Agholme MB, Wilson JAL, Roos A, Henriques-Normark B, Engstrand L, Modéer T, Pütsep K. Oral bacterial community dynamics in paediatric patients with malignancies in relation to chemotherapy-related oral mucositis: a prospective study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2013; 19:E559-67. [PMID: 23829394 PMCID: PMC4413823 DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of oral bacteria in the development of chemotherapy-related oral mucositis has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate oral bacterial community diversity and dynamics in paediatric patients with malignancies in relation to the occurrence of oral mucositis. Patients with malignancies (n = 37) and reference individuals without known systemic disorders (n = 38) were recruited. For patients, oral bacterial samples were taken from mucosal surfaces both at the time of malignancy diagnosis and during chemotherapy. If oral mucositis occurred, samples were taken from the surface of the mucositis lesions. Oral mucosal bacterial samples were also taken from reference individuals. All samples were assessed using a 16S ribosomal RNA gene 454 pyrosequencing method. A lower microbial diversity (p < 0.01) and a higher intersubject variability (p < 0.001) were found in patients as compared with reference individuals. At the time of malignancy diagnosis (i.e. before chemotherapy) patients that later developed mucositis showed a higher microbial diversity (p < 0.05) and a higher intersubject variability (p < 0.001) compared with those without mucositis. The change of bacterial composition during chemotherapy was more pronounced in patients who later developed mucositis than those without mucositis (p < 0.01). In conclusion, we found a higher microbial diversity at the time of malignancy diagnosis in patients who later develop oral mucositis and that these patients had a more significant modification of the bacterial community by chemotherapy before the occurrence of mucositis. These findings may possibly be of clinical importance in developing better strategies for personalized preventive management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ye
- Division of Paediatric Dentistry, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden; School and Hospital of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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The Continuum of Cancer Immunosurveillance: Prognostic, Predictive, and Mechanistic Signatures. Immunity 2013; 39:11-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ulloa-Montoya F, Louahed J, Dizier B, Gruselle O, Spiessens B, Lehmann FF, Suciu S, Kruit WH, Eggermont AM, Vansteenkiste J, Brichard VG. Predictive Gene Signature in MAGE-A3 Antigen-Specific Cancer Immunotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:2388-95. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.44.3762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To detect a pretreatment gene expression signature (GS) predictive of response to MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic in patients with metastatic melanoma and to investigate its applicability in a different cancer setting (adjuvant therapy of resected early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer [NSCLC]). Patients and Methods Patients were participants in two phase II studies of the recombinant MAGE-A3 antigen combined with an immunostimulant (AS15 or AS02B). mRNA from melanoma biopsies was analyzed by microarray analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. These results were used to identify and cross-validate the GS, which was then applied to the NSCLC data. Results In the patients with melanoma, 84 genes were identified whose expression was potentially associated with clinical benefit. This effect was strongest when the immunostimulant AS15 was included in the immunotherapy (hazard ratio [HR] for overall survival, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.13 to 1.05; P = .06) and was less strong with the other immunostimulant AS02B (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.36 to 1.97; P = .70). The same GS was then used to predict the outcome for patients with resected NSCLC treated with MAGE-A3 plus AS02B; actively treated GS-positive patients showed a favorable disease-free interval compared with placebo-treated GS-positive patients (HR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.17 to 1.03; P = .06), whereas among GS-negative patients, no such difference was found (HR, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.59 to 2.31; P = .65). The genes identified were mainly immune related, involving interferon gamma pathways and specific chemokines, suggesting that their pretreatment expression influences the tumor's immune microenvironment and the patient's clinical response. Conclusion An 84-gene GS associated with clinical response for MAGE-A3 immunotherapeutic was identified in metastatic melanoma and confirmed in resected NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Ulloa-Montoya
- Fernando Ulloa-Montoya, Jamila Louahed, Benjamin Dizier, Olivier Gruselle, Bart Spiessens, Frédéric F. Lehmann, and Vincent G. Brichard, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rixensart; Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels; Johan Vansteenkiste, University Hospital Leuven/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Wim H.J. Kruit, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Jamila Louahed
- Fernando Ulloa-Montoya, Jamila Louahed, Benjamin Dizier, Olivier Gruselle, Bart Spiessens, Frédéric F. Lehmann, and Vincent G. Brichard, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rixensart; Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels; Johan Vansteenkiste, University Hospital Leuven/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Wim H.J. Kruit, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Benjamin Dizier
- Fernando Ulloa-Montoya, Jamila Louahed, Benjamin Dizier, Olivier Gruselle, Bart Spiessens, Frédéric F. Lehmann, and Vincent G. Brichard, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rixensart; Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels; Johan Vansteenkiste, University Hospital Leuven/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Wim H.J. Kruit, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Gruselle
- Fernando Ulloa-Montoya, Jamila Louahed, Benjamin Dizier, Olivier Gruselle, Bart Spiessens, Frédéric F. Lehmann, and Vincent G. Brichard, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rixensart; Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels; Johan Vansteenkiste, University Hospital Leuven/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Wim H.J. Kruit, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Bart Spiessens
- Fernando Ulloa-Montoya, Jamila Louahed, Benjamin Dizier, Olivier Gruselle, Bart Spiessens, Frédéric F. Lehmann, and Vincent G. Brichard, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rixensart; Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels; Johan Vansteenkiste, University Hospital Leuven/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Wim H.J. Kruit, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Frédéric F. Lehmann
- Fernando Ulloa-Montoya, Jamila Louahed, Benjamin Dizier, Olivier Gruselle, Bart Spiessens, Frédéric F. Lehmann, and Vincent G. Brichard, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rixensart; Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels; Johan Vansteenkiste, University Hospital Leuven/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Wim H.J. Kruit, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Stefan Suciu
- Fernando Ulloa-Montoya, Jamila Louahed, Benjamin Dizier, Olivier Gruselle, Bart Spiessens, Frédéric F. Lehmann, and Vincent G. Brichard, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rixensart; Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels; Johan Vansteenkiste, University Hospital Leuven/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Wim H.J. Kruit, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Wim H.J. Kruit
- Fernando Ulloa-Montoya, Jamila Louahed, Benjamin Dizier, Olivier Gruselle, Bart Spiessens, Frédéric F. Lehmann, and Vincent G. Brichard, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rixensart; Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels; Johan Vansteenkiste, University Hospital Leuven/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Wim H.J. Kruit, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Alexander M.M. Eggermont
- Fernando Ulloa-Montoya, Jamila Louahed, Benjamin Dizier, Olivier Gruselle, Bart Spiessens, Frédéric F. Lehmann, and Vincent G. Brichard, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rixensart; Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels; Johan Vansteenkiste, University Hospital Leuven/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Wim H.J. Kruit, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Johan Vansteenkiste
- Fernando Ulloa-Montoya, Jamila Louahed, Benjamin Dizier, Olivier Gruselle, Bart Spiessens, Frédéric F. Lehmann, and Vincent G. Brichard, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rixensart; Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels; Johan Vansteenkiste, University Hospital Leuven/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Wim H.J. Kruit, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Vincent G. Brichard
- Fernando Ulloa-Montoya, Jamila Louahed, Benjamin Dizier, Olivier Gruselle, Bart Spiessens, Frédéric F. Lehmann, and Vincent G. Brichard, GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, Rixensart; Stefan Suciu, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels; Johan Vansteenkiste, University Hospital Leuven/KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Wim H.J. Kruit, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; and Alexander M.M. Eggermont, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Murtas D, Maric D, De Giorgi V, Reinboth J, Worschech A, Fetsch P, Filie A, Ascierto ML, Bedognetti D, Liu Q, Uccellini L, Chouchane L, Wang E, Marincola FM, Tomei S. IRF-1 responsiveness to IFN-γ predicts different cancer immune phenotypes. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:76-82. [PMID: 23807161 PMCID: PMC3708578 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence suggest a dichotomy between immune active and quiescent cancers, with the former associated with a good prognostic phenotype and better responsiveness to immunotherapy. Central to such dichotomy is the master regulator of the acute inflammatory process interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1. However, it remains unknown whether the responsiveness of IRF-1 to cytokines is able to differentiate cancer immune phenotypes. METHODS IRF-1 activation was measured in 15 melanoma cell lines at basal level and after treatment with IFN-γ, TNF-α and a combination of both. Microarray analysis was used to compare transcriptional patterns between cell lines characterised by high or low IRF-1 activation. RESULTS We observed a strong positive correlation between IRF-1 activation at basal level and after IFN-γ and TNF-α treatment. Microarray demonstrated that three cell lines with low and three with high IRF-1 inducible translocation scores differed in the expression of 597 transcripts. Functional interpretation analysis showed mTOR and Wnt/β-cathenin as the top downregulated pathways in the cell lines with low inducible IRF-1 activation, suggesting that a low IRF-1 inducibility recapitulates a cancer phenotype already described in literature characterised by poor prognosis. CONCLUSION Our findings support the central role of IRF-1 in influencing different tumour phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Murtas
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS), Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center and trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Gu-Trantien C, Loi S, Garaud S, Equeter C, Libin M, de Wind A, Ravoet M, Le Buanec H, Sibille C, Manfouo-Foutsop G, Veys I, Haibe-Kains B, Singhal SK, Michiels S, Rothé F, Salgado R, Duvillier H, Ignatiadis M, Desmedt C, Bron D, Larsimont D, Piccart M, Sotiriou C, Willard-Gallo K. CD4⁺ follicular helper T cell infiltration predicts breast cancer survival. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2873-92. [PMID: 23778140 DOI: 10.1172/jci67428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 706] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4⁺ T cells are critical regulators of immune responses, but their functional role in human breast cancer is relatively unknown. The goal of this study was to produce an image of CD4⁺ T cells infiltrating breast tumors using limited ex vivo manipulation to better understand the in vivo differences associated with patient prognosis. We performed comprehensive molecular profiling of infiltrating CD4⁺ T cells isolated from untreated invasive primary tumors and found that the infiltrating T cell subpopulations included follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, which have not previously been found in solid tumors, as well as Th1, Th2, and Th17 effector memory cells and Tregs. T cell signaling pathway alterations included a mixture of activation and suppression characterized by restricted cytokine/chemokine production, which inversely paralleled lymphoid infiltration levels and could be reproduced in activated donor CD4⁺ T cells treated with primary tumor supernatant. A comparison of extensively versus minimally infiltrated tumors showed that CXCL13-producing CD4⁺ Tfh cells distinguish extensive immune infiltrates, principally located in tertiary lymphoid structure germinal centers. An 8-gene Tfh signature, signifying organized antitumor immunity, robustly predicted survival or preoperative response to chemotherapy. Our identification of CD4⁺ Tfh cells in breast cancer suggests that they are an important immune element whose presence in the tumor is a prognostic factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Gu-Trantien
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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40
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Ascierto ML, Idowu MO, Zhao Y, Khalak H, Payne KK, Wang XY, Dumur CI, Bedognetti D, Tomei S, Ascierto PA, Shanker A, Bear HD, Wang E, Marincola FM, De Maria A, Manjili MH. Molecular signatures mostly associated with NK cells are predictive of relapse free survival in breast cancer patients. J Transl Med 2013; 11:145. [PMID: 23758773 PMCID: PMC3694475 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-11-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent observations suggest that immune-mediated tissue destruction is dependent upon coordinate activation of immune genes expressed by cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems. Methods Here, we performed a retrospective pilot study to investigate whether the coordinate expression of molecular signature mostly associated with NK cells could be used to segregate breast cancer patients into relapse and relapse-free outcomes. Results By analyzing primary breast cancer specimens derived from patients who experienced either 58–116 months (~5-9 years) relapse-free survival or developed tumor relapse within 9–76 months (~1-6 years) we found that the expression of molecules involved in activating signaling of NK cells and in NK cells: target interaction is increased in patients with favorable prognosis. Conclusions The parameters identified in this study, together with the prognostic signature previously reported by our group, highlight the cooperation between the innate and adaptive immune components within the tumor microenvironment.
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41
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Wang E, Bedognetti D, Marincola FM. Prediction of response to anticancer immunotherapy using gene signatures. J Clin Oncol 2013; 31:2369-71. [PMID: 23715576 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.49.2157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Tüting T. T cell immunotherapy for melanoma from bedside to bench to barn and back: how conceptual advances in experimental mouse models can be translated into clinical benefit for patients. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:441-56. [PMID: 23617831 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A solid scientific basis now supports the concept that cytotoxic T lymphocytes can specifically recognize and destroy melanoma cells. Over the last decades, clinicians and basic scientists have joined forces to advance our concepts of melanoma immunobiology. This has catalyzed the rational development of therapeutic approaches to enforce melanoma-specific T cell responses. Preclinical studies in experimental mouse models paved the way for their successful translation into clinical benefit for patients with metastatic melanoma. A more thorough understanding of how melanomas develop resistance to T cell immunotherapy is necessary to extend this success. This requires a continued interdisciplinary effort of melanoma biologists and immunologists that closely connects clinical observations with in vitro investigations and appropriate in vivo mouse models: From bedside to bench to barn and back.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tüting
- Laboratory of Experimental Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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43
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Wang E, Bedognetti D, Tomei S, Marincola FM. Common pathways to tumor rejection. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1284:75-9. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ena Wang
- Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section (IDIS); Department of Transfusion Medicine; Clinical Center and trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI); National Institutes of Health; Bethesda; Maryland
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Angell H, Galon J. From the immune contexture to the Immunoscore: the role of prognostic and predictive immune markers in cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:261-7. [PMID: 23579076 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The inherent complexity of multifactorial diseases such as cancer renders the process of patient prognosis and prediction of response to therapy extremely difficult. Many markers, signatures, and methods have been described to evaluate the prognosis of cancer patients, yet very few translate into the clinic. Systems biology approaches have facilitated analysis of the complex interaction between tumors and the host-immune response, and allowed the definition of the immune contexture. Here we review the potential of the immune contexture, quantified by the Immunoscore, to provide a statistically strong parameter for prognosis. Finally we introduce the concept that the host-immune reaction could be the critical element in determining response to therapy. The effect on the immune response could be the underlying factor behind many of the predictive markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Angell
- INSERM, U872, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, France
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Suzuki K, Kadota K, Sima CS, Nitadori JI, Rusch VW, Travis WD, Sadelain M, Adusumilli PS. Clinical impact of immune microenvironment in stage I lung adenocarcinoma: tumor interleukin-12 receptor β2 (IL-12Rβ2), IL-7R, and stromal FoxP3/CD3 ratio are independent predictors of recurrence. J Clin Oncol 2012; 31:490-8. [PMID: 23269987 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.45.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mounting evidence suggests that tumor-infiltrating immune cells have prognostic value for patients with solid organ malignancies. Our aim was to investigate the prognostic significance of the immune microenvironment in patients with stage I lung adenocarcinoma (ADC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Using tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry, we investigated eight types of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in the tumor nest and tumor-associated stroma as well as tumor expression of five cytokines in a uniform cohort of 956 patients with stage I lung ADC (478 each in training and validation cohorts). RESULTS Although a high density of stromal forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) -positive cells was associated with shorter recurrence-free probability (RFP; P = .043), the relative proportion of stromal FoxP3 to CD3 was a stronger predictor of recurrence (5-year RFP, 85% for high v 77% for low ratio; P = .004). High expression of tumor interleukin-12 receptor β2 (IL-12Rβ2) was associated with better outcome (5-year RFP, 90% for high v 80% for low expression; P = .026), whereas high expression of tumor IL-7R was associated with worse outcome (5-year RFP, 76% for high v 86% for low expression; P = .001). In multivariate analysis, these immune markers were independently associated with recurrence. Although IL-7R remained significant for poor overall survival, all the markers remained prognostic for recurrence in patients with stages IA and IB disease as well as for patients with tumors ≤ 2 cm. CONCLUSION Our investigation confirms the biologic and prognostic significance of the tumor immune microenvironment for patients with stage I lung ADC and provides support for its use to stratify clinical outcome and immunotherapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Suzuki
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Wang E, Marincola FM. The challenge of studying complex diseases undergoing complex treatments: the metastatic cancer model. J Transl Med 2012. [PMCID: PMC3480007 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-s2-a46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Britzen-Laurent N, Lipnik K, Ocker M, Naschberger E, Schellerer VS, Croner RS, Vieth M, Waldner M, Steinberg P, Hohenadl C, Stürzl M. GBP-1 acts as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:153-62. [PMID: 23042300 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human guanylate-binding protein 1 (GBP-1) is among the proteins the most highly induced by interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in every cell type investigated as yet. In vivo, GBP-1 expression is associated with the presence of inflammation and has been observed in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and cancer. In colorectal carcinoma (CRC), the expression of GBP-1 in the desmoplastic stroma has been previously reported to correlate with the presence of an IFN-γ-dominated T helper type 1 (Th1) micromilieu and with an increased cancer-related 5-year survival. In the present study, the analysis of GBP-1 expression in a series of 185 CRCs by immunohistochemistry confirmed that GBP-1 is expressed in stroma cells of CRCs and revealed a significantly less frequent expression in tumor cells, which was contradictory with the broad inducibility of GBP-1. Furthermore, three of six CRC cell lines treated with IFN-γ were unable to express GBP-1 indicating that colorectal tumor cells tend to downregulate GBP-1. On the contrary, non-transformed colon epithelial cells strongly expressed GBP-1 in vitro in presence of IFN-γ and in vivo in inflammatory bowel diseases. Reconstitution of GBP-1 expression in a negative CRC cell line inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Using RNA interference, we showed that GBP-1 mediates the antitumorigenic effects of IFN-γ in CRC cells. In addition, GBP-1 was able to inhibit tumor growth in vivo. Altogether, these results suggested that GBP-1 acts directly as a tumor suppressor in CRC and the loss of GBP-1 expression might indicate tumor evasion from the IFN-γ-dominated Th1 immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Britzen-Laurent
- Division of Molecular and Experimental Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Medical Center Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Galon J, Pagès F, Marincola FM, Angell HK, Thurin M, Lugli A, Zlobec I, Berger A, Bifulco C, Botti G, Tatangelo F, Britten CM, Kreiter S, Chouchane L, Delrio P, Arndt H, Asslaber M, Maio M, Masucci GV, Mihm M, Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Allison JP, Gnjatic S, Hakansson L, Huber C, Singh-Jasuja H, Ottensmeier C, Zwierzina H, Laghi L, Grizzi F, Ohashi PS, Shaw PA, Clarke BA, Wouters BG, Kawakami Y, Hazama S, Okuno K, Wang E, O'Donnell-Tormey J, Lagorce C, Pawelec G, Nishimura MI, Hawkins R, Lapointe R, Lundqvist A, Khleif SN, Ogino S, Gibbs P, Waring P, Sato N, Torigoe T, Itoh K, Patel PS, Shukla SN, Palmqvist R, Nagtegaal ID, Wang Y, D'Arrigo C, Kopetz S, Sinicrope FA, Trinchieri G, Gajewski TF, Ascierto PA, Fox BA. Cancer classification using the Immunoscore: a worldwide task force. J Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23034130 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-205]+[] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of clinical outcome in cancer is usually achieved by histopathological evaluation of tissue samples obtained during surgical resection of the primary tumor. Traditional tumor staging (AJCC/UICC-TNM classification) summarizes data on tumor burden (T), presence of cancer cells in draining and regional lymph nodes (N) and evidence for metastases (M). However, it is now recognized that clinical outcome can significantly vary among patients within the same stage. The current classification provides limited prognostic information, and does not predict response to therapy. Recent literature has alluded to the importance of the host immune system in controlling tumor progression. Thus, evidence supports the notion to include immunological biomarkers, implemented as a tool for the prediction of prognosis and response to therapy. Accumulating data, collected from large cohorts of human cancers, has demonstrated the impact of immune-classification, which has a prognostic value that may add to the significance of the AJCC/UICC TNM-classification. It is therefore imperative to begin to incorporate the 'Immunoscore' into traditional classification, thus providing an essential prognostic and potentially predictive tool. Introduction of this parameter as a biomarker to classify cancers, as part of routine diagnostic and prognostic assessment of tumors, will facilitate clinical decision-making including rational stratification of patient treatment. Equally, the inherent complexity of quantitative immunohistochemistry, in conjunction with protocol variation across laboratories, analysis of different immune cell types, inconsistent region selection criteria, and variable ways to quantify immune infiltration, all underline the urgent requirement to reach assay harmonization. In an effort to promote the Immunoscore in routine clinical settings, an international task force was initiated. This review represents a follow-up of the announcement of this initiative, and of the J Transl Med. editorial from January 2012. Immunophenotyping of tumors may provide crucial novel prognostic information. The results of this international validation may result in the implementation of the Immunoscore as a new component for the classification of cancer, designated TNM-I (TNM-Immune).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U872, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, F-75006, France.
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Galon J, Pagès F, Marincola FM, Angell HK, Thurin M, Lugli A, Zlobec I, Berger A, Bifulco C, Botti G, Tatangelo F, Britten CM, Kreiter S, Chouchane L, Delrio P, Arndt H, Asslaber M, Maio M, Masucci GV, Mihm M, Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Allison JP, Gnjatic S, Hakansson L, Huber C, Singh-Jasuja H, Ottensmeier C, Zwierzina H, Laghi L, Grizzi F, Ohashi PS, Shaw PA, Clarke BA, Wouters BG, Kawakami Y, Hazama S, Okuno K, Wang E, O'Donnell-Tormey J, Lagorce C, Pawelec G, Nishimura MI, Hawkins R, Lapointe R, Lundqvist A, Khleif SN, Ogino S, Gibbs P, Waring P, Sato N, Torigoe T, Itoh K, Patel PS, Shukla SN, Palmqvist R, Nagtegaal ID, Wang Y, D'Arrigo C, Kopetz S, Sinicrope FA, Trinchieri G, Gajewski TF, Ascierto PA, Fox BA. Cancer classification using the Immunoscore: a worldwide task force. J Transl Med 2012; 10:205. [PMID: 23034130 PMCID: PMC3554496 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of clinical outcome in cancer is usually achieved by histopathological evaluation of tissue samples obtained during surgical resection of the primary tumor. Traditional tumor staging (AJCC/UICC-TNM classification) summarizes data on tumor burden (T), presence of cancer cells in draining and regional lymph nodes (N) and evidence for metastases (M). However, it is now recognized that clinical outcome can significantly vary among patients within the same stage. The current classification provides limited prognostic information, and does not predict response to therapy. Recent literature has alluded to the importance of the host immune system in controlling tumor progression. Thus, evidence supports the notion to include immunological biomarkers, implemented as a tool for the prediction of prognosis and response to therapy. Accumulating data, collected from large cohorts of human cancers, has demonstrated the impact of immune-classification, which has a prognostic value that may add to the significance of the AJCC/UICC TNM-classification. It is therefore imperative to begin to incorporate the 'Immunoscore' into traditional classification, thus providing an essential prognostic and potentially predictive tool. Introduction of this parameter as a biomarker to classify cancers, as part of routine diagnostic and prognostic assessment of tumors, will facilitate clinical decision-making including rational stratification of patient treatment. Equally, the inherent complexity of quantitative immunohistochemistry, in conjunction with protocol variation across laboratories, analysis of different immune cell types, inconsistent region selection criteria, and variable ways to quantify immune infiltration, all underline the urgent requirement to reach assay harmonization. In an effort to promote the Immunoscore in routine clinical settings, an international task force was initiated. This review represents a follow-up of the announcement of this initiative, and of the J Transl Med. editorial from January 2012. Immunophenotyping of tumors may provide crucial novel prognostic information. The results of this international validation may result in the implementation of the Immunoscore as a new component for the classification of cancer, designated TNM-I (TNM-Immune).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U872, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, F-75006, France.
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50
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Galon J, Pagès F, Marincola FM, Angell HK, Thurin M, Lugli A, Zlobec I, Berger A, Bifulco C, Botti G, Tatangelo F, Britten CM, Kreiter S, Chouchane L, Delrio P, Arndt H, Asslaber M, Maio M, Masucci GV, Mihm M, Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Allison JP, Gnjatic S, Hakansson L, Huber C, Singh-Jasuja H, Ottensmeier C, Zwierzina H, Laghi L, Grizzi F, Ohashi PS, Shaw PA, Clarke BA, Wouters BG, Kawakami Y, Hazama S, Okuno K, Wang E, O'Donnell-Tormey J, Lagorce C, Pawelec G, Nishimura MI, Hawkins R, Lapointe R, Lundqvist A, Khleif SN, Ogino S, Gibbs P, Waring P, Sato N, Torigoe T, Itoh K, Patel PS, Shukla SN, Palmqvist R, Nagtegaal ID, Wang Y, D'Arrigo C, Kopetz S, Sinicrope FA, Trinchieri G, Gajewski TF, Ascierto PA, Fox BA. Cancer classification using the Immunoscore: a worldwide task force. J Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23034130 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-205] [] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction of clinical outcome in cancer is usually achieved by histopathological evaluation of tissue samples obtained during surgical resection of the primary tumor. Traditional tumor staging (AJCC/UICC-TNM classification) summarizes data on tumor burden (T), presence of cancer cells in draining and regional lymph nodes (N) and evidence for metastases (M). However, it is now recognized that clinical outcome can significantly vary among patients within the same stage. The current classification provides limited prognostic information, and does not predict response to therapy. Recent literature has alluded to the importance of the host immune system in controlling tumor progression. Thus, evidence supports the notion to include immunological biomarkers, implemented as a tool for the prediction of prognosis and response to therapy. Accumulating data, collected from large cohorts of human cancers, has demonstrated the impact of immune-classification, which has a prognostic value that may add to the significance of the AJCC/UICC TNM-classification. It is therefore imperative to begin to incorporate the 'Immunoscore' into traditional classification, thus providing an essential prognostic and potentially predictive tool. Introduction of this parameter as a biomarker to classify cancers, as part of routine diagnostic and prognostic assessment of tumors, will facilitate clinical decision-making including rational stratification of patient treatment. Equally, the inherent complexity of quantitative immunohistochemistry, in conjunction with protocol variation across laboratories, analysis of different immune cell types, inconsistent region selection criteria, and variable ways to quantify immune infiltration, all underline the urgent requirement to reach assay harmonization. In an effort to promote the Immunoscore in routine clinical settings, an international task force was initiated. This review represents a follow-up of the announcement of this initiative, and of the J Transl Med. editorial from January 2012. Immunophenotyping of tumors may provide crucial novel prognostic information. The results of this international validation may result in the implementation of the Immunoscore as a new component for the classification of cancer, designated TNM-I (TNM-Immune).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, U872, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Paris, F-75006, France.
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