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URINE NEOPTERIN IN CHILDHOOD ACUTE DEMYELINATING DISEASES: POTENTIAL FOR DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 59:103662. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hunt C, Macedo E Cordeiro T, Suchting R, de Dios C, Cuellar Leal VA, Soares JC, Dantzer R, Teixeira AL, Selvaraj S. Effect of immune activation on the kynurenine pathway and depression symptoms - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 118:514-523. [PMID: 32853625 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated kynurenine (KYN) pathway has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. In this systematic review, we examined the relationship between kynurenine pathway metabolites (KYN, kynurenic acid KYNA, tryptophan TRP, quinolinic acid QUIN, KYN/TRP ratio) and depression symptoms in the context of pro-inflammatory activation and immune response. Out of 5,082 articles, fifteen studies were suitable; ten studies (N = 315 medically ill patients treated with interferon-alpha IFN-α) reported baseline and post-intervention plasma KYN, TRP and KYN/TRP ratios which were included in quantitative meta-analysis. Data from five studies were summarized (IFN-α, interferon-beta IFN-β, and lipopolysaccharide LPS). We found that IFN-α treatment in patients with chronic illnesses was associated with decreased TRP, increased levels of KYN and KYN/TRP ratio and depression scores from baseline to follow-up at both 4 and 24 weeks. Our findings suggest that increased risk of depression observed after immune-activating agents in patients with chronic medical illnesses is likely mediated by the kynurenine pathway. Further prospective studies are required to investigate the exact pathophysiology of the KYN pathway in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hunt
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Thiago Macedo E Cordeiro
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Robert Suchting
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Constanza de Dios
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Valeria A Cuellar Leal
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Jair C Soares
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Sudhakar Selvaraj
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 1941 East Rd, Houston, TX, 77054, USA; Houston Methodist Research Institute, Institute for Academic Medicine, 6670 Bertner St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Biernacki T, Sandi D, Bencsik K, Vécsei L. Kynurenines in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Therapeutic Perspectives. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061564. [PMID: 32604956 PMCID: PMC7349747 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, an increasing amount of evidence has emerged in support of the kynurenine pathway’s (KP) pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative, psychiatric, vascular and autoimmune diseases. Different neuroactive metabolites of the KP are known to exert opposite effects on neurons, some being neuroprotective (e.g., picolinic acid, kynurenic acid, and the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), while others are toxic to neurons (e.g., 3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinic acid). Not only the alterations in the levels of the metabolites but also disturbances in their ratio (quinolinic acid/kynurenic acid) have been reported in several diseases. In addition to the metabolites, the enzymes participating in the KP have been unearthed to be involved in modulation of the immune system, the energetic upkeep of neurons and have been shown to influence redox processes and inflammatory cascades, revealing a sophisticated, intertwined system. This review considers various methods through which enzymes and metabolites of the kynurenine pathway influence the immune system, the roles they play in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases based on current evidence with a focus on their involvement in multiple sclerosis, as well as therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Biernacki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Dániel Sandi
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Krisztina Bencsik
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
| | - László Vécsei
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of General Medicine, Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Centre, University of Szeged, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (T.B.); (D.S.); (K.B.)
- MTA—SZTE Neuroscience Research Group, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Center, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-62-545-356; Fax: +36-62-545-597
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Bello-Rivero I, Garcia-Vega Y, Duncan-Roberts Y, Vazquez-Blomquistc D, Santana-Milian H, Besada-Perez V, Rios-Cabrera M. HeberFERON, a new formulation of IFNs with improved pharmacodynamics: Perspective for cancer treatment. Semin Oncol 2018; 45:27-33. [PMID: 30318081 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The rational combination of recombinant IFN-α2b and IFN-γ resulted in a new formulation of interferons (HeberFERON) with improved pharmacodynamics. In basal cell carcinomas HeberFERON produces a more rapid antitumor effect and results in a larger number of complete responses. In patients with glioblastoma multiforme, the administration of HeberFERON after surgery and radiotherapy results in an estimated overall survival of 19 months. Patients with stage III or IV renal cell carcinoma also appear to benefit from the intravenous administration of HeberFERON, with prolongation of survival and good quality of live. HeberFERON offers a promising alternative formulation of interferons for the treatment of cancer with a very favorable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraldo Bello-Rivero
- Clinical Research Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba.
| | | | | | | | - Hector Santana-Milian
- Formulation Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Vladimir Besada-Perez
- Proteomic Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
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Fusco DN, Pratt H, Kandilas S, Cheon SSY, Lin W, Cronkite DA, Basavappa M, Jeffrey KL, Anselmo A, Sadreyev R, Yapp C, Shi X, O'Sullivan JF, Gerszten RE, Tomaru T, Yoshino S, Satoh T, Chung RT. HELZ2 Is an IFN Effector Mediating Suppression of Dengue Virus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:240. [PMID: 28265266 PMCID: PMC5316548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviral infections including dengue virus are an increasing clinical problem worldwide. Dengue infection triggers host production of the type 1 IFN, IFN alpha, one of the strongest and broadest acting antivirals known. However, dengue virus subverts host IFN signaling at early steps of IFN signal transduction. This subversion allows unbridled viral replication which subsequently triggers ongoing production of IFN which, again, is subverted. Identification of downstream IFN antiviral effectors will provide targets which could be activated to restore broad acting antiviral activity, stopping the signal to produce endogenous IFN at toxic levels. To this end, we performed a targeted functional genomic screen for IFN antiviral effector genes (IEGs), identifying 56 IEGs required for antiviral effects of IFN against fully infectious dengue virus. Dengue IEGs were enriched for genes encoding nuclear receptor interacting proteins, including HELZ2, MAP2K4, SLC27A2, HSP90AA1, and HSP90AB1. We focused on HELZ2 (Helicase With Zinc Finger 2), an IFN stimulated gene and IEG which encodes a promiscuous nuclear factor coactivator that exists in two isoforms. The two unique HELZ2 isoforms are both IFN responsive, contain ISRE elements, and gene products increase in the nucleus upon IFN stimulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing revealed that the HELZ2 complex interacts with triglyceride-regulator LMF1. Mass spectrometry revealed that HELZ2 knockdown cells are depleted of triglyceride subsets. We thus sought to determine whether HELZ2 interacts with a nuclear receptor known to regulate immune response and lipid metabolism, AHR, and identified HELZ2:AHR interactions via co-immunoprecipitation, found that AHR is a dengue IEG, and that an AHR ligand, FICZ, exhibits anti-dengue activity. Primary bone marrow derived macrophages from HELZ2 knockout mice, compared to wild type controls, exhibit enhanced dengue infectivity. Overall, these findings reveal that IFN antiviral response is mediated by HELZ2 transcriptional upregulation, enrichment of HELZ2 protein levels in the nucleus, and activation of a transcriptional program that appears to modulate intracellular lipid state. IEGs identified in this study may serve as both (1) potential targets for host directed antiviral design, downstream of the common flaviviral subversion point, as well as (2) possible biomarkers, whose variation, natural, or iatrogenic, could affect host response to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahlene N. Fusco
- Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Henry Pratt
- Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Kandilas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Athens University Medical SchoolAthens, Greece
| | | | - Wenyu Lin
- Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA
| | - D. Alex Cronkite
- Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA
| | - Megha Basavappa
- Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA
| | - Kate L. Jeffrey
- Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Anselmo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA
| | - Ruslan Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA
| | - Clarence Yapp
- Laboratory for Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical SchoolBoston, MA, USA
| | - Xu Shi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, MA, USA
| | - John F. O'Sullivan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA
| | - Robert E. Gerszten
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, MA, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA
| | - Takuya Tomaru
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of MedicineMaebashi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yoshino
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of MedicineMaebashi, Japan
| | - Tetsurou Satoh
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of MedicineMaebashi, Japan
| | - Raymond T. Chung
- Gastrointestinal Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, USA
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Changing the face of kynurenines and neurotoxicity: therapeutic considerations. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9772-93. [PMID: 25938971 PMCID: PMC4463617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenines are the products of tryptophan metabolism. Among them, kynurenine and kynurenic acid are generally thought to have neuroprotective properties, while 3-hydroxykynurenine, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid and quinolinic acid are considered neurotoxic. They participate in immunoregulation and inflammation and possess pro- or anti-excitotoxic properties, and their involvement in oxidative stress has also been suggested. Consequently, it is not surprising that kynurenines have been closely related to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. More information about the less-known metabolites, picolinic and cinnabarinic acid, evaluation of new receptorial targets, such as aryl-hydrocarbon receptors, and intensive research on the field of the immunomodulatory function of kynurenines delineated the high importance of this pathway in general homeostasis. Emerging knowledge about the kynurenine pathway provides new target points for the development of therapeutical solutions against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Nguyen NT, Nakahama T, Le DH, Van Son L, Chu HH, Kishimoto T. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor and kynurenine: recent advances in autoimmune disease research. Front Immunol 2014; 5:551. [PMID: 25400638 PMCID: PMC4212680 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is thought to be a crucial factor in the regulation of immune responses. Many AHR-mediated immunoregulatory mechanisms have been discovered, and this knowledge may enhance our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory syndromes such as collagen-induced arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and experimental colitis. Recent findings have elucidated the critical link between AHR and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in the development of regulatory T cells and Th17 cells, which are key factors in a variety of human autoimmune diseases. Induction of IDO and IDO-mediated tryptophan catabolism, together with its downstream products such as kynurenine, is an important immunoregulatory mechanism underlying immunosuppression, tolerance, and immunity. Recent studies revealed that induction of IDO depends on AHR expression. This review summarizes the most current findings regarding the functions of AHR and IDO in immune cells as they relate to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases in response to various stimuli. We also discuss the potential link between AHR and IDO/tryptophan metabolites, and the involvement of several novel related factors (such as microRNA) in the development of autoimmune diseases. These novel factors represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Trung Nguyen
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Suita , Japan ; National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Taisuke Nakahama
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Suita , Japan ; Department of RNA Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University , Suita , Japan
| | - Duc Hoang Le
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Le Van Son
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Ha Hoang Chu
- National Key Laboratory of Gene Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology , Hanoi , Vietnam
| | - Tadamitsu Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, WPI-Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University , Suita , Japan
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Campbell BM, Charych E, Lee AW, Möller T. Kynurenines in CNS disease: regulation by inflammatory cytokines. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:12. [PMID: 24567701 PMCID: PMC3915289 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolizes the essential amino acid tryptophan and generates a number of neuroactive metabolites collectively called the kynurenines. Segregated into at least two distinct branches, often termed the “neurotoxic” and “neuroprotective” arms of the KP, they are regulated by the two enzymes kynurenine 3-monooxygenase and kynurenine aminotransferase, respectively. Interestingly, several enzymes in the pathway are under tight control of inflammatory mediators. Recent years have seen a tremendous increase in our understanding of neuroinflammation in CNS disease. This review will focus on the regulation of the KP by inflammatory mediators as it pertains to neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Campbell
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Erik Charych
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Anna W Lee
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA Paramus, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas Möller
- Neuroinflammation Disease Biology Unit, Lundbeck Research USA Paramus, NJ, USA
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Zoller H, Schloegl A, Schroecksnadel S, Vogel W, Fuchs D. Interferon-Alpha Therapy in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection Increases Plasma Phenylalanine and the Phenylalanine to Tyrosine Ratio. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2012; 32:216-20. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2011.0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Zoller
- Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Schloegl
- Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Vogel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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