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Pokrovsky SN, Afanasieva OI, Safarova MS, Balakhonova TV, Matchin YG, Adamova IYU, Konovalov GA, Ezhov MV. Specific Lp(a) apheresis: A tool to prove lipoprotein(a) atherogenicity. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2017; 30:166-173. [PMID: 29096833 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An elevated lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) level is observed in more than 30% of patients with stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD). We conducted an investigation of the effects of specific Lp(a) apheresis on the progression of atherosclerosis in SIHD patients with Lp(a) levels greater than 50 mg/dL. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 15 patients diagnosed with SIHD based on symptom-driven coronary angiography findings, with Lp(a) ≥50 mg/dL and a low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) ≤2.5 mmol/L, who were on long-term statin therapy. They underwent weekly Lp(a) apheresis using Lp(a) Lipopak® adsorption columns which contain monospecific sheep polyclonal antibodies against human Lp(a). Fifteen age and gender matched SIHD patients receiving atorvastatin monotherapy served as controls. At baseline and 18 months post-treatment, quantitative coronary angiography, intracoronary ultrasound with virtual histology and carotid ultrasound were performed. Lipid profile, including Lp(a), was measured at the scheduled visits, and before and after each apheresis procedure. Levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-7 and 9, and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1 and 2 were determined at baseline and at the end of the study period. RESULTS Each specific Lp(a) apheresis procedure was carried out with two adsorption columns resulting in an average acute decrease in Lp(a) levels of 75% (from 110 ± 22 to 29 ± 16 mg/dL) without significant changes in other plasma components. Lp(a) reduction over the course of 18 months was associated with a decrease in the mean percent diameter stenosis of 5.05% and an increase in minimal lumen diameter of 14%; the mean total atheroma volume was reduced by 4.60 mm3 (p < 0.05 for all). There was a decrease in absolute common carotid intima-media thickness in the Lp(a) apheresis group of 0.07 ± 0.15 mm both from baseline and compared with the control group (p = 0.01). Levels of hsCRP were reduced by 40% in patients on Lp(a) apheresis without significant changes in the levels of other biomarkers at the end of the study. CONCLUSION Reduction of the atherosclerotic burden in coronary and carotid arteries was observed in patients treated with specific Lp(a) apheresis and statin over 18 months compared with statin therapy alone. These findings support the atherogenic role of Lp(a) and reinforce the need to assess the effects of Lp(a)-lowering on cardiovascular events and mortality. Trial Registration Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02133807).
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Pokrovsky
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Institution "Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center" of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 15A, 3d Cherepkovskaya Street, Moscow 121552, Russia.
| | - O I Afanasieva
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Institution "Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center" of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 15A, 3d Cherepkovskaya Street, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - M S Safarova
- Atherosclerosis Department, Institute of Clinical Cardiology named after A.L. Myasnikov, Federal State Institution "Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center" of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 15A, 3d Cherepkovskaya Street, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - T V Balakhonova
- Ultrasound Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Cardiology named after A.L. Myasnikov, Federal State Institution "Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center" of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 15A, 3d Cherepkovskaya Street, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - Yu G Matchin
- Catheterization Laboratory, Institute of Clinical Cardiology named after A.L. Myasnikov, Federal State Institution "Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center" of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 15A, 3d Cherepkovskaya Street, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - I Y U Adamova
- Laboratory of Atherosclerosis, Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Federal State Institution "Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center" of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 15A, 3d Cherepkovskaya Street, Moscow 121552, Russia
| | - G A Konovalov
- Center of Extracorporeal Therapies, MEDSI Clinic, 3A, Georgian Lane, Moscow 123056, Russia
| | - M V Ezhov
- Atherosclerosis Department, Institute of Clinical Cardiology named after A.L. Myasnikov, Federal State Institution "Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center" of Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 15A, 3d Cherepkovskaya Street, Moscow 121552, Russia
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7
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Roeseler E, Julius U, Heigl F, Spitthoever R, Heutling D, Breitenberger P, Leebmann J, Lehmacher W, Kamstrup PR, Nordestgaard BG, Maerz W, Noureen A, Schmidt K, Kronenberg F, Heibges A, Klingel R, Schettler V, Benzing T, Christ H, Wehner S, Schulz-Merkel I, Kuehn R, Wagner A, Dschietzig W, Ernst C, Koziolek M, Bunia J, Kulzer P, Kraenzle KD, Toelle M, Riechers G, Kuehnel C, Marsen T, Saehn C, Ringel J, Messner H, Oehring A, Schuerfeld C, Wintergalen M, Schettler V, Neumann F, Kaul H, Haesner M, Passfall J, Benschneider A, Heidenreich S, März W, Klaes R, Binner P, Dieplinger H, Erhart G, Fassbender C, Christ H. Lipoprotein Apheresis for Lipoprotein(a)-Associated Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2019-27. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Lipoprotein(a)-hyperlipoproteinemia (Lp(a)-HLP) along with progressive cardiovascular disease has been approved as indication for regular lipoprotein apheresis (LA) in Germany since 2008. We aimed to study the long-term preventive effect of LA and to assess hypothetical clinical correlations of apolipoprotein(a) (apo(a)) by analyzing genotypes and phenotypes.
Approach and Results—
This prospective observational multicenter study included 170 patients with Lp(a)-HLP and progressive cardiovascular disease (48.9 years median age at diagnosis) despite other cardiovascular risk factors, including low-density lipoprotein cholesterol had maximally been treated (mean baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: measured, 2.56 mmol/L [98.9 mg/dL] and corrected, 1.72 mmol/L [66.3 mg/dL]). Patients were prospectively investigated during a 5-year period about annual incidence rates of cardiovascular events. In addition, apo(a) isoforms and polymorphisms at the apo(a) gene (
LPA
) were characterized. One hundred fifty-four patients (90.6%) completed 5 years of follow-up. Mean Lp(a) concentration before commencing regular LA was 108.1 mg/dL. This was reduced by a single LA treatment by 68.1% on average. Significant decline of the mean annual cardiovascular event rate was observed from 0.58±0.53 2 years before regular LA to 0.11±0.15 thereafter (
P
<0.0001); 95.3% of patients expressed at least 1 small apo(a) isoform. Small apo(a) isoform (35.2%) carrying phenotypes were not tagged by single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs10455872 or rs3798220.
Conclusions—
Results of 5 years of prospective follow-up confirm that LA has a lasting effect on prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with Lp(a)-HLP. Patients clinically selected by progressive cardiovascular disease were characterized by a highly frequent expression of small apo(a) isoforms. Only Lp(a) concentration seemed to comprehensively reflect Lp(a)-associated cardiovascular risk, however.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eberhard Roeseler
- From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.)
| | - Ulrich Julius
- From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.)
| | - Franz Heigl
- From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.)
| | - Ralf Spitthoever
- From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.)
| | - Dennis Heutling
- From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.)
| | - Paul Breitenberger
- From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.)
| | - Josef Leebmann
- From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.)
| | - Walter Lehmacher
- From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.)
| | - Pia R. Kamstrup
- From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.)
| | - Børge G. Nordestgaard
- From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.)
| | - Winfried Maerz
- From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.)
| | - Asma Noureen
- From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.)
| | - Konrad Schmidt
- From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.)
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.)
| | - Andreas Heibges
- From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.)
| | - Reinhard Klingel
- From the Center for Nephrology, Hypertension, and Metabolic Diseases, Hannover, Germany (E.R.); 3rd Medical Clinic, University Hospital at the Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany (U.J.); Medical Health and Care Center Kempten-Allgäu, Kempten, Germany (F.H.); Dialysis and Lipid Center North Rhine, Essen, Germany (R.S.); Clinic for Nephrology and Dialysis, Tangermuende, Germany (D.H.); KfH-Kidney Center, Germering, Germany (P.B.); 1st Medical Clinic, General Hospital, Passau, Germany (J.L.)
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12
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Pennell DJ, Baksi AJ, Kilner PJ, Mohiaddin RH, Prasad SK, Alpendurada F, Babu-Narayan SV, Neubauer S, Firmin DN. Review of Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2013. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2014; 16:100. [PMID: 25475898 PMCID: PMC4256918 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-014-0100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There were 109 articles published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (JCMR) in 2013, which is a 21% increase on the 90 articles published in 2012. The quality of the submissions continues to increase. The editors are delighted to report that the 2012 JCMR Impact Factor (which is published in June 2013) has risen to 5.11, up from 4.44 for 2011 (as published in June 2012), a 15% increase and taking us through the 5 threshold for the first time. The 2012 impact factor means that the JCMR papers that were published in 2010 and 2011 were cited on average 5.11 times in 2012. The impact factor undergoes natural variation according to citation rates of papers in the 2 years following publication, and is significantly influenced by highly cited papers such as official reports. However, the progress of the journal's impact over the last 5 years has been impressive. Our acceptance rate is <25% and has been falling because the number of articles being submitted has been increasing. In accordance with Open-Access publishing, the JCMR articles go on-line as they are accepted with no collating of the articles into sections or special thematic issues. For this reason, the Editors have felt that it is useful once per calendar year to summarize the papers for the readership into broad areas of interest or theme, so that areas of interest can be reviewed in a single article in relation to each other and other recent JCMR articles. The papers are presented in broad themes and set in context with related literature and previously published JCMR papers to guide continuity of thought in the journal. We hope that you find the open-access system increases wider reading and citation of your papers, and that you will continue to send your quality manuscripts to JCMR for publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudley John Pennell
- />Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP UK
- />Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Arun John Baksi
- />Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP UK
- />Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Philip John Kilner
- />Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP UK
- />Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Raad Hashem Mohiaddin
- />Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP UK
- />Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sanjay Kumar Prasad
- />Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP UK
- />Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Francisco Alpendurada
- />Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP UK
- />Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sonya Vidya Babu-Narayan
- />Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP UK
- />Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - David Nigel Firmin
- />Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP UK
- />Imperial College, London, UK
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14
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Pennell DJ, Baksi AJ, Carpenter JP, Firmin DN, Kilner PJ, Mohiaddin RH, Prasad SK. Review of Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 2012. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2013; 15:76. [PMID: 24006874 PMCID: PMC3847143 DOI: 10.1186/1532-429x-15-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There were 90 articles published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (JCMR) in 2012, which is an 8% increase in the number of articles since 2011. The quality of the submissions continues to increase. The editors are delighted to report that the 2011 JCMR Impact Factor (which is published in June 2012) has risen to 4.44, up from 3.72 for 2010 (as published in June 2011), a 20% increase. The 2011 impact factor means that the JCMR papers that were published in 2009 and 2010 were cited on average 4.44 times in 2011. The impact factor undergoes natural variation according to citation rates of papers in the 2 years following publication, and is significantly influenced by highly cited papers such as official reports. However, the progress of the journal's impact over the last 5 years has been impressive. Our acceptance rate is approximately 25%, and has been falling as the number of articles being submitted has been increasing. In accordance with Open-Access publishing, the JCMR articles go on-line as they are accepted with no collating of the articles into sections or special thematic issues. For this reason, the Editors have felt that it is useful once per calendar year to summarize the papers for the readership into broad areas of interest or theme, so that areas of interest can be reviewed in a single article in relation to each other and other recent JCMR articles. The papers are presented in broad themes and set in context with related literature and previously published JCMR papers to guide continuity of thought in the journal. We hope that you find the open-access system increases wider reading and citation of your papers, and that you will continue to send your quality manuscripts to JCMR for publication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dudley J Pennell
- Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK
- Imperial College, London, UK
| | - A John Baksi
- Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK
- Imperial College, London, UK
| | - John Paul Carpenter
- Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK
- Imperial College, London, UK
| | - David N Firmin
- Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK
- Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Philip J Kilner
- Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK
- Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Raad H Mohiaddin
- Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK
- Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sanjay K Prasad
- Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK
- Imperial College, London, UK
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