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Intake of Food Supplements, Caffeine, Green Tea and Protein Products among Young Danish Men Training in Commercial Gyms for Increasing Muscle Mass. Foods 2022; 11:foods11244003. [PMID: 36553745 PMCID: PMC9777690 DOI: 10.3390/foods11244003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixty-three men (15-35 years of age) regularly training in Danish gyms and supplement users were interviewed about the use of supplemental protein and food supplements, intake of caffeine- and (-)-epigallocathechin-3-gallate (EGCG)-containing supplements and beverages and any experienced adverse effects. Protein powder (60%), fish oil (54%) and multivitamin/mineral supplements (41%) were the most popular products. The daily supplementary protein intake (mean 0.42 g/kg body weight, users only) in adult men contributed substantially to their protein intake and exceeded the recommended allowance (0.83 g/kg body weight) for six adult participants (14%). Thirty-eight percent of the adult men exceeded the daily caffeine intake presumed to be safe (400 mg) with coffee as the main contributor. Thirty percent drank green tea and among this percentage, two participants had an extreme daily intake (1.5 and 2 -L). EGCG intake could not be estimated from the food supplements due to the lack of label information. Eighteen participants (29%) reported having experienced adverse effects but seventeen did not consult a physician or report the adverse effect to the Danish food authority. The most common adverse effects were insomnia, shaking, headache and palpitations, itching of the skin and stinging. Pre-workout products accounted for 53% of the adverse effects. Three adverse effects came after intake of two brands of supplements known to have contained substances such as 1,3-dimethylamine or derivatives of phenylethylamines previously having caused serious adverse effects.
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Vancini RL, Rufo-Tavares W, de Paula Oliveira HR, Viana RB, Andrade MDS, Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT, Gentil P, de Lira CAB. Knowledge and Prevalence of Supplements Used by Brazilian Resistance Training Practitioners Before Coronavirus Outbreak. Open Access J Sports Med 2021; 12:139-146. [PMID: 34557044 PMCID: PMC8453301 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s323562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of dietary supplements and ergogenic aids (DSEA) is popular among physical activity enthusiasts. Particularly, resistance training (RT) practitioners represent important DSEA consumers due to its easy access and the appeal of claims related to muscle hypertrophy, aesthetics, and physical performance improvements. METHODS Our aim was to study knowledge, prevalence, and profile of DSEA used by Brazilian recreational RT practitioners. For this, RT practitioners of both sexes (n=129, female=58 and male=71) answered a paper-based questionnaire. The questionnaire was specifically created for the studied population to assess different aspects of the DSEA used and sociodemographic variables. RESULTS Seventy-seven percent of the participants (n=99) declared that they had already used DSEA. The majority (53%) searched the internet to obtain information about DSEA. Whey protein (66%) was the most used followed by branched chain amino acids (48%). CONCLUSION The use of DSEA, before coronavirus outbreak, was popular among RT practitioners; protein and amino acids were the most used DSEA. Most users used internet to obtain information about DSEA. The results suggest the need for appropriate attitude and guidance by health professionals who deal with this population, especially dietitians, nutritionists, and physical training professionals in order to promote best and security practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Luiz Vancini
- Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brasil
| | - Weverton Rufo-Tavares
- Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Espírito Santo, Brasil
| | | | - Ricardo Borges Viana
- Escola Superior de Educação Física e Fisioterapia do Estado de Goiás, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil
- Faculdade Estácio de Sá, Goiânia, Departamento de Educação Física, Goiânia, Brasil
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen and Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Paulo Gentil
- Setor de Fisiologia Humana e do Exercício, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil
| | - Claudio Andre Barbosa de Lira
- Setor de Fisiologia Humana e do Exercício, Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brasil
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Bellafiore M, Pintaudi AM, Thomas E, Tesoriere L, Bianco A, Cataldo A, Cerasola D, Traina M, Livrea MA, Palma A. Redox and autonomic responses to acute exercise-post recovery following Opuntia ficus-indica juice intake in physically active women. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:43. [PMID: 34098980 PMCID: PMC8186076 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate if the supplementation with Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) juice may affect plasma redox balance and heart rate variability (HRV) parameters following a maximal effort test, in young physically active women. METHODS A randomized, double blind, placebo controlled and crossover study comprising eight women (23.25 ± 2.95 years, 54.13 ± 9.05 kg, 157.75 ± 0.66 cm and BMI of 21.69 ± 0.66 kg/m2) was carried out. A juice containing OFI diluted in water and a Placebo solution were supplied (170 ml; OFI = 50 ml of OFI juice + 120 ml of water; Placebo = 170 ml beverage without Vitamin C and indicaxanthin). Participants consumed the OFI juice or Placebo beverage every day for 3 days, before performing a maximal cycle ergometer test, and for 2 consecutive days after the test. Plasma hydroperoxides and total antioxidant capacity (PAT), Skin Carotenoid Score (SCS) and HRV variables (LF, HF, LF/HF and rMSSD) were recorded at different time points. RESULTS The OFI group showed significantly lower levels of hydroperoxides compared to the Placebo group in pre-test, post-test and 48-h post-test. PAT values of the OFI group significantly increased compared to those of the Placebo group in pre-test and 48-h post-test. SCS did not differ between groups. LF was significantly lower in the OFI group 24-h after the end of the test, whereas rMSSD was significantly higher in the OFI group 48-h post-test. CONCLUSION OFI supplementation decreased the oxidative stress induced by intense exercise and improved autonomic balance in physically active women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Francesco Spallitta, 52, 90141, Palermo, Italy.
| | | | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Francesco Spallitta, 52, 90141, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luisa Tesoriere
- STEBICEF Department, Palermo University, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Francesco Spallitta, 52, 90141, Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelo Cataldo
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Francesco Spallitta, 52, 90141, Palermo, Italy
| | - Dario Cerasola
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Francesco Spallitta, 52, 90141, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Traina
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Francesco Spallitta, 52, 90141, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Via Francesco Spallitta, 52, 90141, Palermo, Italy
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Wójcicki K. FTIR spectroscopy for quality evaluation of sports supplements on the Polish market. FOODS AND RAW MATERIALS 2020. [DOI: 10.21603/2308-4057-2020-1-177-185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Our study aimed to apply medium infrared (MIR/FTIR) spectroscopy to evaluate the quality of various sports supplements available in the Polish shops and gyms.
Study objects and methods. The study objects included forty-eight sports supplements: whey (15 samples), branched-chain amino acids (12 samples), creatine (3 samples), mass gainers (6 samples), and pre-workouts (12 samples). First, we determined the protein quantity in individual whey supplements by the Kjeldahl method and then correlated the results with the measured FTIR spectra by chemometric methods. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to distinguish the samples based on the measured spectra. The samples were grouped according to their chemical composition. Further, we correlated the spectra with the protein contents using the partial least squares (PLS) regression method and mathematic transformations of the FTIR spectral data.
Results and discussion. The analysis of the regression models confirmed that we could use FTIR spectra to estimate the content of proteins in protein supplements. The best result was obtained in a spectrum region between 1160 and 2205 cm–1 and after the standard normal variate normalization. R2 for the calibration and validation models reached 0.85 and 0.76, respectively, meaning that the models had a good capability to predict protein content in whey supplements. The RMSE for the calibration and validation models was low (2.7% and 3.7%, respectively).
Conclusion. Finally, we proved that the FTIR spectra applied together with the chemometric analysis could be used to quickly evaluate the studied products.
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Bellafiore M, Bianco A, Battaglia G, Naccari MS, Caramazza G, Padulo J, Chamari K, Paoli A, Palma A. Training session intensity affects plasma redox status in amateur rhythmic gymnasts. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:561-566. [PMID: 31720068 PMCID: PMC6834982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine systemic responses of oxidant/antioxidant status following 2 training sessions of different intensity in amateur rhythmic gymnasts. METHODS Before the experimental training, 10 female gymnasts performed a gradually increased exercise test to assess maximal heart rate, maximal oxygen consumption, and anaerobic threshold. They executed 2 intermittent training sessions separated by 48 h of recovery (48 h-post R): the first was performed at low-moderate intensity (LMI) and the second at high intensity (HI). Blood samples were collected immediately pre- and post-training and 48 h-post R. Hydroperoxide level (OxL) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were photometrically measured. RESULTS OxL was significantly higher in post-training and 48 h-post R following HI than the same conditions after an LMI session (HI vs. LMI post-training: 381.10 ± 46.17 (mean ± SD) vs. 344.18 ± 27.94 Units Carratelli (U.CARR); 48 h-post R: 412.21 ± 26.61 vs. 373.80 ± 36.08 U.CARR). There was no change in TAC between the 2 training sessions investigated. In LMI training, OxL significantly decreased in post-training and increased to reach the baseline at 48 h-post R, whereas TAC increased only at 48 h-post R. In HI training, OxL significantly increased to reach a high oxidative stress 48 h-post R, whereas TAC was lower in post-training than pre-training. CONCLUSION The pattern of OxL and TAC levels implies different regulation mechanisms by HI and LMI training sessions. High oxidative stress induced by an HI protocol might be associated with both insufficient TAC and recovery time at 48 h necessary to restore redox balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo 90144, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo 90144, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo 90144, Italy
| | - Maria Silvia Naccari
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo 90144, Italy
| | - Giovanni Caramazza
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo 90144, Italy
| | - Johnny Padulo
- University “eCampus”, Novedrate 22060, Italy
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split 21000, Croatia
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha 29222, Qatar
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (DSB), University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo 90144, Italy
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Ewan T, Bettina K, Fatma Nese S, Goktug E, Francesco M, Vincenza L, Antonio P, Paulo G, Antonio P, Antonino B. Protein supplement consumption is linked to time spent exercising and high-protein content foods: A multicentric observational study. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01508. [PMID: 31025015 PMCID: PMC6475874 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of this study is to analyze if protein supplement consumption and food patterns vary across three geographical regions and secondly to identify possible factors that increase the likelihood of ingesting protein supplements. A total of 916 responses from gym users of 3 countries (Italy, Turkey and UK) were entered for analysis. Questions were related to supplement consumption (protein and other supplements), food intake and training habits. A descriptive analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and logistic regression were performed. No differences were found across groups regarding: prevalence of protein supplement consumption, typology of other ingested supplement and food intake. No relation was found between level of education (r = .12) or geographical region (r = .16) and protein consumption. The analysis showed that the coach is the main source of suggestion for the intake of protein supplements (52.3%). The logistic regression model highlighted that gym users who exercised more (OR 1.51, p < 0.001) and consumed higher quantities of chicken (OR 1.39, p < 0.001) eggs (OR 1.18, p < 0.001) and canned tuna (OR 1.15, p < 0.05) were more likely to use protein supplements. Geographical area does not seem to influence the supplementation pattern. Time spent exercising and high protein foods are factors associated with protein supplement consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ewan
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Karsten Bettina
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science, Lunex University, Differdange, Luxembourg
- Department of Life and Sports Science, University of Greenwich, UK
| | - Sahin Fatma Nese
- Coaching Education Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ertetik Goktug
- Coaching Education Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martines Francesco
- Bio.Ne.C. Department, ENT Section, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Leonardi Vincenza
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- MSc Program on Aesthetic Medicine and Wellness, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Paoli Antonio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gentil Paulo
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil
| | - Palma Antonio
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Bianco Antonino
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Paoli A. Advances in Sport and Performance Nutrition. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030538. [PMID: 30832303 PMCID: PMC6471132 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, UCAM, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain.
- European Sport Nutrition Society, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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AbuMweis SS, Alatrash RM, Tayyem R, Hammoudeh A. Sex and age are associated with the use of specific dietary supplements among people exercising in gyms: Cross-sectional analysis from Amman, Jordan. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2019. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-180223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suhad S. AbuMweis
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Razan M. Alatrash
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Specialized Nutritionist, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Reema Tayyem
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ayman Hammoudeh
- Department of Cardiology, Interventiona cardiologist, Istishari Hospital, Amman, Jordan
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Sung Y, Choi J. Protein Supplement Usage Among Male University Students: Comparisons Between Current and Previous Users. J Am Coll Nutr 2017; 37:127-132. [PMID: 29272205 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1370618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interest in specialized dietary supplements is leading market growth, and protein supplements are popular for increasing muscle mass among young males. Therefore, this study investigated the attitudes toward and satisfaction with protein supplements to identify detailed consumer behaviors related to the consumption of protein supplements. METHOD The study sample includes male university students in their 20s in South Korea. In total, 223 responses were entered for analysis. Questions related to attitudes, satisfaction, and future behavioral intentions were asked using 5-point Likert scales. The responses were divided into two groups, current and previous users, to identify significant differences in terms of attitudes, satisfaction, and future behavioral intentions. A descriptive analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multiple regression were run. RESULTS The majority of respondents prefer the powdered form of supplements in bulk with a price range between 30,000 won and 60,000 won. Online shopping was preferred, while word of mouth and friends/family were considered credible information sources. The most common side effects experienced were problems with digestion and hives, although more than 78% did not experience side effects. In comparison between current and previous users in terms of attitudes and satisfaction, the following areas showed significances. Regarding attitudes, the importance of brand, preference for products from overseas, the search for nutritional facts, and reading carefully all product information were significant, while regarding satisfaction, price, effectiveness, and ease of consumption were significant. All significances showed that current users had more positive attitudes and greater satisfaction. Overall, consumers' satisfaction regarding ease of consumption influenced future behavioral intentions. CONCLUSIONS The market for protein supplements has been growing, so measuring consumers' attitudes and satisfaction would help attract potential consumers. In addition, analyzing previous users' opinions on products could guide product development and encourage customers to return for repurchase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmo Sung
- a Department of Foodservice Management , Woosong University , Daejeon , South Korea
| | - Jinkyung Choi
- a Department of Foodservice Management , Woosong University , Daejeon , South Korea
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Gentil P, de Lira CAB, Paoli A, Dos Santos JAB, da Silva RDT, Junior JRP, da Silva EP, Magosso RF. Nutrition, Pharmacological and Training Strategies Adopted by Six Bodybuilders: Case Report and Critical Review. Eur J Transl Myol 2017; 27:6247. [PMID: 28458804 PMCID: PMC5391526 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2017.6247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to report and analyze the practices adopted by bodybuilders in light of scientific evidence and to propose evidence-based alternatives. Six (four male and two female) bodybuilders and their coaches were directly interviewed. According to the reports, the quantity of anabolic steroids used by the men was 500–750 mg/week during the bulking phase and 720–1160 mg during the cutting phase. The values for women were 400 and 740 mg, respectively. The participants also used ephedrine and hydrochlorothiazide during the cutting phase. Resistance training was designed to train each muscle once per week and all participants performed aerobic exercise in the fasted state in order to reduce body fat. During the bulking phase, bodybuilders ingested ~2.5 g of protein/kg of body weight. During the cutting phase, protein ingestion increased to ~3 g/kg and carbohydrate ingestion decreased by 10–20%. During all phases, fat ingestion corresponded to ~15% of the calories ingested. The supplements used were whey protein, chromium picolinate, omega 3 fatty acids, branched chain amino acids, poly-vitamins, glutamine and caffeine. The men also used creatine in the bulking phase. In general, the participants gained large amounts of fat-free mass during the bulking phase; however, much of that fat-free mass was lost during the cutting phase along with fat mass. Based on our analysis, we recommend an evidence-based approach by people involved in bodybuilding, with the adoption of a more balanced and less artificial diet. One important alert should be given for the combined use of anabolic steroids and stimulants, since both are independently associated with serious cardiovascular events. A special focus should be given to revisiting resistance training and avoiding fasted cardio in order to decrease the reliance on drugs and thus preserve bodybuilders’ health and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Gentil
- College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Rodrigo Ferro Magosso
- Post Graduation Program in Movement Sciences, UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, Brazil
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Knapik JJ, Steelman RA, Hoedebecke SS, Austin KG, Farina EK, Lieberman HR. Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use by Athletes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2016; 46:103-123. [PMID: 26442916 PMCID: PMC4697915 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0387-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary supplements (DSs) are commercially available products consumed as an addition to the usual diet and are frequently ingested by athletes. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine the prevalence of DS use by athletes. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, OVID Healthstar, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health were searched for original research articles published up to August 2014. Search terms included specific sports, specific DSs, and other terms. STUDY SELECTION Studies were selected if they were written in English, involved athletes, and provided a quantitative assessment of the proportion of athletes using specific DSs. Percent of athletes using specific DSs. SYNTHESIS OF DATA Methodological quality of studies was assessed by three reviewers using an 8-point scale that included evaluations for sampling methods, sampling frame, sample size, measurement tools, bias, response rate, statistical presentation, and description of the participant sample. Where there were at least two investigations, meta-analysis was performed to obtain summary (pooled) prevalence estimates (SPEs) on (1) DS use prevalence by sport and sex, (2) DS use prevalence by elite versus non-elite athletic status, and (3) specific DS prevalence for all athletic groups combined. Meta-analyses included evaluations of homogeneity and publication bias. RESULTS A total of 159 unique studies met the review criteria. Methodological quality was generally low with an average ± standard deviation of 43 ± 16% of available rating points. There was low homogeneity for SPEs when compiled by sport, athletic status, and/or specific DSs. Contributing to the lack of homogeneity were differences in studies' objectives and types of assessments used (e.g., dietary surveys, interviews, questionnaires). Despite these limitations, the data generally indicated that elite athletes used DSs much more than their non-elite counterparts. For most DSs, use prevalence was similar for men and women except that a larger proportion of women used iron while a larger proportion of men used vitamin E, protein, and creatine. No consistent change in use over time was observed because even the earliest investigations showed relatively high use prevalence. CONCLUSION It was difficult to generalize regarding DS use by athletes because of the lack of homogeneity among studies. Nonetheless, the data suggested that elite athletes used dietary supplements far more than their non-elite counterparts; use was similar for men and women with a few exceptions; use appeared to change little over time; and a larger proportion of athletes used DSs compared with the general US population. Improvements in study methodology should be considered in future studies especially (1) defining DSs for participants; (2) querying for very specific DSs; (3) using a variety of reporting timeframes (e.g., daily, 2-6 times/week, 1 time/week and <1 time/week); (4) reporting the sampling frame, number of individuals solicited, and number responding; (5) reporting characteristics of volunteers (and non-volunteers, if available); and (6) using similar methods on several occasions to examine possible temporal trends among athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Knapik
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Building 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.
- US Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, USA.
- Oak Ridge Institute for Education and Health, Belcamp, MD, USA.
| | - Ryan A Steelman
- US Army Public Health Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Gunpowder, MD, USA
| | | | - Krista G Austin
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Building 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Education and Health, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Emily K Farina
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Building 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Education and Health, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 10 General Greene Ave, Building 42, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
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12
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Bianco A, Mammina C, Thomas E, Ciulla F, Pupella U, Gagliardo F, Bellafiore M, Battaglia G, Paoli A, Palma A. Protein supplements consumption: a comparative study between the city centre and the suburbs of Palermo, Italy. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2014; 6:29. [PMID: 25089201 PMCID: PMC4118305 DOI: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Protein supplements are extensively used among commercial gym users and athletes. Although demographic information amongst such consumption has been poorly investigated. The aim of this study is to compare protein supplement consumption in commercial gym users, both from the city centre and the suburbs of Palermo, Italy. Methods A face-to-face questionnaire has been administered to 561 subjects. 207 from the city centre (CC) and 354 from the suburbs (SB) of Palermo, Italy. Protein supplement consumption, frequency of use and association with other dietary supplements has been investigated. Subsequently frequency distribution has been used for demographic assessment. Results 30% of commercial gym users from the CC and 28.8% from the SB use protein supplements. The majority of these subjects are men (69.5% from the CC and 93.1 from the SB). Frequency of use differs from the two areas showing a mode of 7 days per week consumption for the CC while a mode of 5 days per week consumption is showed for the SB. Interestingly, the association between protein supplements and other dietary supplements also differs between CC and SB. A combined use between proteins, amino acids and creatine is showed in the CC whilst proteins and amino acids or creatine are used alone in the SB. Conclusions A considerable number of commercial gym users take protein supplements alone or combined (mainly creatine and amino-acids). Demographic differences are shown between frequency of use and combined use of other dietary supplements. We emphasize on the importance of the dissemination of scientifically based information about supplementation in this environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercises Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse, 2-90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Caterina Mammina
- "G. D'Alessandro" Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother-Child Care, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 127, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ewan Thomas
- Sport and Exercises Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse, 2-90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Ciulla
- Sport and Exercises Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse, 2-90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Umberto Pupella
- Sport and Exercises Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse, 2-90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Gagliardo
- Sport and Exercises Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse, 2-90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercises Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse, 2-90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Sport and Exercises Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse, 2-90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, Via Manzolo, 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercises Research Unit, University of Palermo, Via Eleonora Duse, 2-90146 Palermo, Italy
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