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Spotowski T, Osowski K, Musiałek I, Olszak A, Kęsy A, Kęsy Z, Choi S. A Feedback Control Sensing System of an Electrorheological Brake to Exert a Constant Pressing Force on an Object. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6996. [PMID: 37571783 PMCID: PMC10422507 DOI: 10.3390/s23156996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the application of a strain gauge sensor and a viscous brake filled with an electrorheological (ER) fluid, which is a smart material with controlled rheological properties, by an electric field to the fluid domain. For experimental tests, a cylindrical viscous brake was designed. The tests were carried out on a test stand especially prepared for this purpose and suitable for the examination of the impact of the rotational speed of the input shaft and the value of the electric voltage supplied to the viscous brake on pressing forces, taking into account the ER fluid temperature and brake fluid filling level. On the basis of the experimental research results, a viscous brake control system to exert constant pressing forces with feedback from a strain gauge sensor, based on the programmable logic controller, was designed and implemented. This system, using its own control algorithm, ensured a control pressing force within the assumed range, both during the constant and follow-up control. The measurement results obtained during the tests of the viscous brake designed to exert a force were presented in the form of time courses, showing the changes of the pressing force, the electric voltage applied to the brake and the rotational speed of the brake input shaft. The developed ER fluid brake control system with feedback was tested for constant and follow-up control, taking into account the impact of the working fluid temperature. During the test it was possible to obtain a maximum pressing force equal to 50 N for an electric voltage limited to 2.5 kV. The resultant error was lower than 1 N, wherein the adjustment time after changing the desired value of the force was around 1.5 s. The correct operation of both the brake and the control system, as well as the compatibility of the pressing force value and time adjustment, were determined. The main technical contribution described in this article is the design of a new type of DECPF and a new method for its control with the use of a specifically programmed programmable logic controller which simulates the proportional-integral controllers' operation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karol Osowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, 26-600 Radom, Poland; (K.O.); (A.K.); (Z.K.)
| | - Ireneusz Musiałek
- Branch in Sandomierz, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, 25-369 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Artur Olszak
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—New Chemical Syntheses Institute, 24-110 Puławy, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Kęsy
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, 26-600 Radom, Poland; (K.O.); (A.K.); (Z.K.)
| | - Zbigniew Kęsy
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, 26-600 Radom, Poland; (K.O.); (A.K.); (Z.K.)
| | - SeungBok Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The State University of New York, Korea (SUNNY Korea), Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
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Saabome SM, Park YS, Ko YG. Designing particle size of aminated polyacrylonitrile spheres to enhance electrorheological performances of their suspensions. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3
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Kumar S, Marapureddy SG, Thareja P. Electrorheology and shear dependent reversible gelation of elongated α-FeOOH suspensions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Lu Q, Lee JH, Lee JH, Choi HJ. Magnetite/Poly(ortho-anisidine) Composite Particles and Their Electrorheological Response. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2900. [PMID: 34071366 PMCID: PMC8198630 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic and semiconducting Fe3O4/poly(o-anisidine) (POA) core/shell composite particles were fabricated by an oxidation process using Fe3O4 synthesized separately. The dispersion stability in a liquid medium and the electrical conductivity of synthesized particles were improved because of the conductive POA polymeric shell. The morphological, microstructural, compositional/elemental, and thermal behaviors of the particles were characterized using SEM with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, TEM, XRD, and thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. A smart electro-magneto-rheological suspension containing Fe3O4/POA particles with two functionalities, magnetism and conductivity, was prepared. Its electrorheological properties were investigated at different electric field strengths using a rotational rheometer. Without an electric field, the sample demonstrated typical Newtonian fluid behavior, as expected. However, while under the electric field, it exhibited a solid-like behavior, and the dynamic (or elastic) yield stress of the ER fluid increased linearly as a function of the electric field strength in a power-law function with an index of 2.0, following the polarization mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (Q.L.); (J.-H.L.)
- Program of Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (Q.L.); (J.-H.L.)
| | - Jin Hyun Lee
- Polymer Research Center, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea; (Q.L.); (J.-H.L.)
- Program of Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
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Dong YZ, Esmaeilnezhad E, Choi HJ. Core-Shell Structured Magnetite-Poly(diphenylamine) Microspheres and Their Tunable Dual Response under Magnetic and Electric Fields. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:2298-2311. [PMID: 33556246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Core-shell type poly(diphenylamine)-coated magnetite (Fe3O4-PDPA) microspheres were designed and adopted as a novel actively tunable smart material which is responsive under both electric and magnetic fields. Their morphology, chemical structure, crystalline structure, and thermal properties were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and a thermal gravimetric analyzer. Their magnetic and dielectric properties were determined using vibrating-sample magnetometer and an LCR meter, respectively. They were dispersed in silicone oil and their electrorheological (ER) and magnetorheological (MR) responses under the electric and magnetic fields, respectively, were examined. The formation of chain structure of Fe3O4-PDPA based E/MR fluid under the application of electric field or magnetic field was observed by an optical microscopy and the sedimentation stability was observed by a Turbiscan optical analyzer system. It was observed that the yield stress, ER efficiency, and leakage current density increased with an increase in the particle concentration, while the slope of the electric field-dependent yield stress decreased. Several models such as the Bingham model, Herschel-Bulkley model, and Cho-Choi-Jhon equations were used to describe the shear stress curves of the ER fluid; the curves fitted well. For the dielectric properties, the two types of ER fluids tested displayed the same relaxation time and distribution; however, the one with the higher concentration had a higher dielectric constant and polarizability. The Fe3O4-PDPA based MR fluid (10 vol %) exhibited typical MR properties. In addition, the Herschel-Bulkley model matched well with the shear stress curves under a magnetic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhen Dong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Ehsan Esmaeilnezhad
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
- Program of Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
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Sun W, Ma J, Xi Z, Lin Y, Wang B, Hao C. Titanium oxide-coated titanium-loaded metal organic framework (MOF-Ti) nanoparticles show improved electrorheological performance. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9292-9305. [PMID: 32930694 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Uniform small-sized MOF-Ti nanoparticles were prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method, and then a 5-10 nm TiO2 shell was coated onto them by using the sol-gel method, and MOF-Ti/TiO2 with a specific surface area of 50.2 m2 g-1 was successfully prepared. The nanoparticles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms (BET), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The above-analyses have elaborated the experimental study of their morphology, elements, and energy of organic functional groups. At the same time, through the use of a high-voltage rotary rheometer to test their rheological properties, the analysis of shear stress, ER efficiency, shear viscosity, etc. was performed and their dielectric constant and dielectric loss were studied by using a broadband dielectric spectrometer. Finally, we found that MOF-Ti/TiO2 is a new core-shell nanocomposite particle with a small particle size and good electrorheological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Jiabin Ma
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenyu Xi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Yusheng Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Baoxiang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology (Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Co., Ltd.), Beijing 102209, P. R. China
| | - Chuncheng Hao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China. and State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology (Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Co., Ltd.), Beijing 102209, P. R. China
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Nanoparticles Functionalized by Conducting Polymers and Their Electrorheological and Magnetorheological Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010204. [PMID: 31941163 PMCID: PMC7023545 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Conducting polymer-coated nanoparticles used in electrorheological (ER) and magnetorheological (MR) fluids are reviewed along with their fabrication methods, morphologies, thermal properties, sedimentation stabilities, dielectric properties, and ER and MR characteristics under applied electric or magnetic fields. After functionalization of the conducting polymers, the nanoparticles exhibited properties suitable for use as ER materials, and materials in which magnetic particles are used as a core could also be applied as MR materials. The conducting polymers covered in this study included polyaniline and its derivatives, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), poly(3-octylthiophene), polypyrrole, and poly(diphenylamine). The modified nanoparticles included polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), silica, titanium dioxide, maghemite, magnetite, and nanoclay. This article reviews many core-shell structured conducting polymer-coated nanoparticles used in ER and MR fluids and is expected to contribute to the understanding and development of ER and MR materials.
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Ye X, Kandlikar SG, Li C. Viscosity of nanofluids containing anisotropic particles: A critical review and a comprehensive model. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2019; 42:159. [PMID: 31863297 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2019-11923-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Compared to nanofluids with spherical particles, nanofluids with anisotropic particles possess higher thermal conductivity and present a better enhancement option in heat transfer applications. The viscosity variation of such nanofluids becomes of great importance in evaluating their pumping power in thermal systems. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the experimental and theoretical studies on the viscosity of nanofluids with anisotropic particles. The internal mechanisms of viscosity evolution are investigated considering three aspects: particle clustering, particle interactions, and Brownian motion. In experimental studies, important factors including classification and synthetic methods for particle preparation, base fluid, particle loading, particle shape and size, temperature, p H, shear stress and electric field are investigated in detail. Classical theoretical models and empirical relations of the effective viscosity of suspensions are discussed. Some crucial factors such as maximum particle packing fraction, fractal index and intrinsic viscosity models, are examined. A comparison of predictions and experimental results shows that the classical models underestimate suspension viscosity. A comprehensive combination of the modified Krieger-Dougherty (K-D) model with intrinsic viscosity relations for different aspect ratios is suggested for low particle loadings, and the modified Maron-Pierce model (M-D) is recommended for high particle loadings. Possible directions for future works are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Ye
- School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, 071003, Baoding, China
| | - Satish G Kandlikar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, 14623, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Chunxi Li
- School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, 071003, Baoding, China
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Chen P, Cheng Q, Wang LM, Liu YD, Choi HJ. Fabrication of dual-coated graphene oxide nanosheets by polypyrrole and poly(ionic liquid) and their enhanced electrorheological responses. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Effect of oxidants on morphology of interfacial polymerized polyaniline nanofibers and their electrorheological response. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Lu Q, Han WJ, Choi HJ. Smart and Functional Conducting Polymers: Application to Electrorheological Fluids. Molecules 2018; 23:E2854. [PMID: 30400169 PMCID: PMC6278329 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electro-responsive smart electrorheological (ER) fluids consist of electrically polarizing organic or inorganic particles and insulating oils in general. In this study, we focus on various conducting polymers of polyaniline and its derivatives and copolymers, along with polypyrrole and poly(ionic liquid), which are adopted as smart and functional materials in ER fluids. Their ER characteristics, including viscoelastic behaviors of shear stress, yield stress, and dynamic moduli, and dielectric properties are expounded and appraised using polarizability measurement, flow curve testing, inductance-capacitance-resistance meter testing, and several rheological equations of state. Furthermore, their potential industrial applications are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Lu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Wen Jiao Han
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
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12
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Synthesis and electrorheological performances of 2D PANI/TiO 2 nanosheets. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Lee CJ, Choi HJ. Graphene oxide as a Pickering emulsifier for poly(glycidyl methacrylate) composite particles and their suspension rheology under applied electric fields. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Electrorheological response of microporous covalent triazine-based polymeric particles. Colloid Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-018-4305-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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15
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Park IH, Kwon SH, Choi HJ. Emulsion-polymerized polyindole nanoparticles and their electrorheology. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- In Hye Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Inha University; Incheon 22212 Korea
| | - Seung Hyuk Kwon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Inha University; Incheon 22212 Korea
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Inha University; Incheon 22212 Korea
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16
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He K, Qin C, Wen Q, Wang C, Wang B, Yu S, Hao C, Chen K. Facile fabrication of polyaniline/polypyrrole copolymer nanofibers with a rough surface and their electrorheological activities. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Qin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Qingkun Wen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Chengwei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Baoxiang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment; Xi'an, Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
| | - Shoushan Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
| | - Chuncheng Hao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment; Xi'an, Jiaotong University; Xi'an 710049 People's Republic of China
| | - Kezheng Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Qingdao University of Science and Technology; Qingdao 266042 People's Republic of China
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Yoon CM, Jang Y, Noh J, Kim J, Lee K, Jang J. Enhanced Electrorheological Performance of Mixed Silica Nanomaterial Geometry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:36358-36367. [PMID: 28959883 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The mixed geometrical effect on the electrorheological (ER) activity of bimodal ER fluids was investigated by mixing SiO2 spheres and rods of different dimensions. To gain an in-depth understanding of the mixed geometrical effect, 12 bimodal ER fluids were prepared from 4 sizes of SiO2 spheres (50, 100, 150, and 350 nm) and 3 types of SiO2 rods with different aspect ratios (L/D = 2, 3, and 5). Five concentrations of SiO2 spheres and rods were created for each bimodal ER fluid, resulting in a total of 60 sets of comprehensive ER measurements. Some bimodal ER fluids exhibited enhanced ER performance, as high as 23.0%, compared to single SiO2 rod-based ER fluids to reveal the mixed geometrical effect of bimodal ER fluids. This interesting experimental result is based on the structural reinforcement provided by spheres to fibrillated rod materials, demonstrating the mixed geometrical effect on ER activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Min Yoon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Yoonsun Jang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jungchul Noh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jungwon Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Kisu Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Jyongsik Jang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University , 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Lim GH, Choi HJ. Fabrication of self-assembled polyaniline tubes and their electrorheological characteristics. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Choi K, Gao CY, Nam JD, Choi HJ. Cellulose-Based Smart Fluids under Applied Electric Fields. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 10:E1060. [PMID: 28891966 PMCID: PMC5615715 DOI: 10.3390/ma10091060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose particles, their derivatives and composites have special environmentally benign features and are abundant in nature with their various applications. This review paper introduces the essential properties of several types of cellulose and their derivatives obtained from various source materials, and their use in electro-responsive electrorheological (ER) suspensions, which are smart fluid systems that are actively responsive under applied electric fields, while, at zero electric field, ER fluids retain a liquid-like state. Given the actively controllable characteristics of cellulose-based smart ER fluids under an applied electric field regarding their rheological and dielectric properties, they can potentially be applied for various industrial devices including dampers and haptic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisuk Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Chun Yan Gao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
| | - Jae Do Nam
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea.
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20
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Vibration Control Design for a Plate Structure with Electrorheological ATVA Using Interval Type-2 Fuzzy System. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7070707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Bae DH, Choi HJ, Choi K, Nam JD, Islam MS, Kao N. Fabrication of phosphate microcrystalline rice husk based cellulose particles and their electrorheological response. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 165:247-254. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hines L, Petersen K, Lum GZ, Sitti M. Soft Actuators for Small-Scale Robotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1603483. [PMID: 28032926 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This review comprises a detailed survey of ongoing methodologies for soft actuators, highlighting approaches suitable for nanometer- to centimeter-scale robotic applications. Soft robots present a special design challenge in that their actuation and sensing mechanisms are often highly integrated with the robot body and overall functionality. When less than a centimeter, they belong to an even more special subcategory of robots or devices, in that they often lack on-board power, sensing, computation, and control. Soft, active materials are particularly well suited for this task, with a wide range of stimulants and a number of impressive examples, demonstrating large deformations, high motion complexities, and varied multifunctionality. Recent research includes both the development of new materials and composites, as well as novel implementations leveraging the unique properties of soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Hines
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Guo Zhan Lum
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck ETH Center for Learning Systems, Heisenbergstraße 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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23
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Cabuk M, Yavuz M, Unal HI. Electrokinetic, electrorheological and viscoelastic properties of Polythiophene- graft -Chitosan copolymer particles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Li Y, Guan Y, Liu Y, Yin J, Zhao X. Highly stable nanofluid based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-decorated graphene oxide nanosheets and its enhanced electro-responsive behavior. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:195702. [PMID: 27041243 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/19/195702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) shows potential as an anisotropic nanofiller or a dispersed phase of electro-responsive electrorheological (ER) nanofluid due to its small size and high aspect ratio. But it is difficult to disperse GO in non-polar oil due to the hydrophilic nature of GO and thus the resulting fluid is often subject to dispersion instability and low ER effect. These disadvantages largely limit the real application of GO-based ER nanofluid. In this paper, we develop the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)-decorated GO (POSS-GO) nanosheets and demonstrate that decorating with POSS overcomes the dispersion instability of GO in silicone oil and enhances the ER effect. The morphology and structure of samples are characterized by atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and x-ray photoelectronic spectroscopy. The results show that the POSS-GO nanosheets are ultrathin with ∼3 nm thickness and have good compatibility with silicone oil and, as a result, the nanofluid of POSS-GO nanosheets in silicone oil shows high dispersion stability. After standing for one year at room temperature, no sedimentation occurs. Under an external electric field, the ER efficiency of the POSS-GO nanofluid is ten times as high as that of the pure GO fluid. This enhanced electro-responsive behavior is related to the fact that decorating with POSS partly reduces the GO and compresses the dielectrophoretic effect of the negatively charged pure GO fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhuo Li
- Smart Materials Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710129, People's Republic of China
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25
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Kwon SH, Piao SH, Choi HJ. Electric Field-Responsive Mesoporous Suspensions: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 5:2249-2267. [PMID: 28347119 PMCID: PMC5304764 DOI: 10.3390/nano5042249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper briefly reviews the fabrication and electrorheological (ER) characteristics of mesoporous materials and their nanocomposites with conducting polymers under an applied electric field when dispersed in an insulating liquid. Smart fluids of electrically-polarizable particles exhibit a reversible and tunable phase transition from a liquid-like to solid-like state in response to an external electric field of various strengths, and have potential applications in a variety of active control systems. The ER properties of these mesoporous suspensions are explained further according to their dielectric spectra in terms of the flow curve, dynamic moduli, and yield stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyuk Kwon
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea.
| | - Shang Hao Piao
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea.
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea.
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26
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Jang DS, Choi HJ. Conducting polyaniline-wrapped sepiolite composite and its stimuli-response under applied electric fields. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Electrorheological performances of poly(o-toluidine) and p-toluenesulfonic acid doped poly(o-toluidine) suspensions. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Sim B, Choi HJ. Facile synthesis of polyaniline nanotubes and their enhanced stimuli-response under electric fields. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13635g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyaniline (PANI) nanotubes were fabricated successfully using a micelle soft-template method in the presence of oxalic acid as a dopant and applied as the dispersed phase of an electrorheological (ER) fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bomi Sim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon
- Korea
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon
- Korea
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29
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Kim SH, Kim JH, Choi HJ, Park J. Pickering emulsion polymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)/polystyrene composite particles and their electric stimuli-response. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10661c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a facile synthesis of Pickering emulsion polymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)/polystyrene composite particles and their electrorheology.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Hee Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 402-751
- Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 402-751
- Korea
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon 402-751
- Korea
| | - Jaehoon Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering
- Hallym University
- Chuncheon 200-702
- Korea
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30
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Liu F, Wang L, Yin Q, Jiang B. Optimization of thermoelectric figure of merit in poly(p-phenylenediamine)/exfoliated graphene nanosheets composites. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06249c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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31
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Oh SY, Kang TJ. Electrorheological response of inorganic-coated multi-wall carbon nanotubes with core-shell nanostructure. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:3726-3737. [PMID: 24686378 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm52962b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of coating thickness and sequence on the multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) surface on electrorheological (ER) activity is investigated. Silica-coated MWCNTs with different shell thicknesses and inorganic-coated MWCNTs with different shell sequences are fabricated using the sol-gel process. The morphology and elemental analyses of the core-shell structured MWCNTs were performed and the effect of coating thickness and coating materials on the MWCNT surface on ER and dielectric properties of inorganic-coated MWCNT suspensions have been analyzed from the measurement results of shear stress, viscosity, current density and permeability. The electrical conductivity of silica-coated MWCNTs decreases with an increase of the shell thickness. However, the dynamic yield stress and viscoelastic properties under an external electric field increased when the shell thickness reached 20 nm and then decreased with the thickness up to 40 nm. However, the titania-coated MWCNT suspension with a shell thickness of 40 nm showed the highest dynamic yield stress compared to the other core-shell structured MWCNT suspension at the same volume fraction. It has been found that the material of the outermost shell plays an important role in the ER performance. It has been concluded that the electrical conductivity and the permittivity of the MWCNTs can be controlled by adjusting the coating thickness and sequence of inorganic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Young Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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32
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żyła G, Grzywa J, Witek A, Cholewa M. Influence of anisotropic pressure on viscosity and electrorheology of diethylene glycol-based MgAl2O4 nanofluids. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:170. [PMID: 24712490 PMCID: PMC3986465 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents results of rheological experiments on viscosity under anisotropic pressure and in electric field of diethylene glycol-based MgAl2O4 nanofluids. Nanofluids have been prepared in a two-step method. The dynamic viscosity of nanofluids with various mass concentrations of nanoparticles was measured in the range of shear rates from 10 s -1 to 1,000 s -1 in constant temperature under the pressure of 7.5 MPa. In the second type of experiments, different values of the electric field up to 2,000 V/mm was used. Thixotropy structure of MgAl2O4-DG nanofluids has been studied in electrical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaweł żyła
- Department of Physics, Rzeszów 35-905, Poland
| | | | - Adam Witek
- Institute of Ceramics and Building Materials, Warsaw 02-676, Poland
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33
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Kim SD, Zhang WL, Choi HJ, Seo YP, Seo Y. Electrorheological activity generation by graphene oxide coating on low-dielectric silica particles. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13357a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent challenge in the field of electrorheology is to generate or to enhance the electrorheological (ER) activity of an inactive or lowly active suspension using core–shell structured particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Deuk Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon, Korea
| | - Wen Ling Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyoung Jin Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Inha University
- Incheon, Korea
| | - Youngwook P. Seo
- Intellectual Textile System Research Center (ITRC) and RIAM School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 151-744, Korea
| | - Yongsok Seo
- Intellectual Textile System Research Center (ITRC) and RIAM School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 151-744, Korea
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34
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Oh SY, Oh MK, Kang TJ. Characterization and electrorheological response of silica/titania-coated MWNTs synthesized by sol–gel process. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Zhang WL, Choi HJ, Seo Y. Facile Fabrication of Chemically Grafted Graphene Oxide-Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) Composite Microspheres and Their Electrorheology. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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37
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Kim YJ, Liu YD, Choi HJ, Park SJ. Facile fabrication of Pickering emulsion polymerized polystyrene/laponite composite nanoparticles and their electrorheology. J Colloid Interface Sci 2012; 394:108-14. [PMID: 23332941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS)/laponite composite nanoparticles were fabricated using a surfactant-free Pickering emulsion polymerization method, in which emulsions of styrene dispersed in water were stabilized by hydrophilic laponite modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The PS/laponite nanoparticles, of which their surface was covered compactly by laponite clay platelets, were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed their chemical composition, crystallographic structure, and thermal properties and weight loss percentage of the laponite located on the surface of the PS particle, respectively. When an external electrical field was applied, the chain-like structure of the laponite coated nano-sized PS particle exhibiting electrorheological characteristics was observed by optical microscopy. The electrorheological performance of the bulk properties was also examined using a rotational rheometer equipped with a high voltage generator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jae Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
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38
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Zhang K, Zhang WL, Choi HJ. Facile fabrication of self-assembled PMMA/graphene oxide composite particles and their electroresponsive properties. Colloid Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-012-2814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Synthesis of field-responsive PbTiO3 particle/polymer hybrids from metal-organics. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Liu YD, Lee BM, Kim JE, Choi HJ, Park TS, Booh SW. Transparent thiourea treated silica suspension through refractive index matching method and its electrorheology. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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41
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Fang FF, Liu YD, Lee IS, Choi HJ. Well controlled core/shell type polymeric microspheres coated with conducting polyaniline: fabrication and electrorheology. RSC Adv 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00325a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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