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Škrabić M, Kosović M, Gotić M, Mikac L, Ivanda M, Gamulin O. Near-Infrared Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering on Silver-Coated Porous Silicon Photonic Crystals. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E421. [PMID: 30871049 PMCID: PMC6473976 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with near-infrared (NIR) excitation offers a safe way for the detection and study of fragile biomolecules. In this work, we present the possibility of using silver-coated porous silicon photonic crystals as SERS substrates for near-infrared (1064 nm) excitation. Due to the deep penetration of NIR light inside silicon, the fabrication of photonic crystals was necessary to quench the band gap photoluminescence of silicon crystal, which acts as mechanical support for the porous layer. Optimal parameters of the immersion plating process that gave maximum enhancement were found and the activity of SERS substrates was tested using rhodamine 6G and crystal violet dye molecules, yielding significant SERS enhancement for off-resonant conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the 1064 nm NIR laser excitation is used for obtaining the SERS effect on porous silicon as a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Škrabić
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3b, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Research Unit New Functional Materials, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marin Kosović
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia.
| | - Marijan Gotić
- Research Unit New Functional Materials, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Laboratory for Molecular Physics, Division of Materials Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Lara Mikac
- Research Unit New Functional Materials, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Laboratory for Molecular Physics, Division of Materials Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mile Ivanda
- Research Unit New Functional Materials, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Laboratory for Molecular Physics, Division of Materials Physics, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ozren Gamulin
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3b, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
- Research Unit New Functional Materials, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Tong WY, Sweetman MJ, Marzouk ER, Fraser C, Kuchel T, Voelcker NH. Towards a subcutaneous optical biosensor based on thermally hydrocarbonised porous silicon. Biomaterials 2016; 74:217-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Porous Silicon Structures as Optical Gas Sensors. SENSORS 2015; 15:19968-91. [PMID: 26287199 PMCID: PMC4570405 DOI: 10.3390/s150819968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a short review of recent progress in the field of optical gas sensors based on porous silicon (PSi) and PSi composites, which are separate from PSi optochemical and biological sensors for a liquid medium. Different periodical and nonperiodical PSi photonic structures (bares, modified by functional groups or infiltrated with sensory polymers) are described for gas sensing with an emphasis on the device specificity, sensitivity and stability to the environment. Special attention is paid to multiparametric sensing and sensor array platforms as effective trends for the improvement of analyte classification and quantification. Mechanisms of gas physical and chemical sorption inside PSi mesopores and pores of PSi functional composites are discussed.
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Ariza-Flores AD, Mukherjee A, Antunez E, Agarwal V. Spectral barcodes by superposition of quasiperiodic refractive index profiles. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:8272-8280. [PMID: 25968665 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.008272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Averaging and shifting the refractive index profiles of quasiperiodic structure reveals the formation of several localized modes in the reflectivity spectrum and were used to generate different spectral barcodes. By associating the depth and wavelength of the observed resonant modes to the thickness and position of blackbars, respectively, the possibility to generate multiple codes has been shown. An experimental verification was carried out with multilayered dielectric porous silicon structures with reflectivity spectra revealing unique photonic fingerprints.
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Rodriguez GA, Hu S, Weiss SM. Porous silicon ring resonator for compact, high sensitivity biosensing applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:7111-7119. [PMID: 25837056 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.007111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A ring resonator is patterned on a porous silicon slab waveguide to produce a compact, high quality factor biosensor with a large internal surface area available for enhanced recognition of biological and chemical molecules. The porous nature of the ring resonator allows molecules to directly interact with the guided mode. Quality factors near 10,000 were measured for porous silicon ring resonators with a radius of 25 μm. A bulk detection sensitivity of 380 nm/RIU was measured upon exposure to salt water solutions. Specific detection of nucleic acid molecules was demonstrated with a surface detection sensitivity of 4 pm/nM.
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Santos A, Deen MJ, Marsal LF. Low-cost fabrication technologies for nanostructures: state-of-the-art and potential. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 26:042001. [PMID: 25567484 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/4/042001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, some low-cost nanofabrication technologies used in several disciplines of nanotechnology have demonstrated promising results in terms of versatility and scalability for producing innovative nanostructures. While conventional nanofabrication technologies such as photolithography are and will be an important part of nanofabrication, some low-cost nanofabrication technologies have demonstrated outstanding capabilities for large-scale production, providing high throughputs with acceptable resolution and broad versatility. Some of these nanotechnological approaches are reviewed in this article, providing information about the fundamentals, limitations and potential future developments towards nanofabrication processes capable of producing a broad range of nanostructures. Furthermore, in many cases, these low-cost nanofabrication approaches can be combined with traditional nanofabrication technologies. This combination is considered a promising way of generating innovative nanostructures suitable for a broad range of applications such as in opto-electronics, nano-electronics, photonics, sensing, biotechnology or medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Santos
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, N. Engineering Building, 5005 Adelaide, Australia
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Macias G, Ferré-Borrull J, Pallarès J, Marsal LF. 1-D nanoporous anodic alumina rugate filters by means of small current variations for real-time sensing applications. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2014; 9:315. [PMID: 25024680 PMCID: PMC4082282 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-9-315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A rugate filter based on nanoporous anodic alumina was fabricated using an innovative sinusoidal current profile with small current variation. The resulting structure consisted of highly parallel pores with modulations of the pore diameter along the pore axis and with no branching. The effect of the period time and the pore widening post-treatment was studied. From reflectance measurements, it was seen that the position of the reflection band can be tuned by adjusting the period time and the width by pore-widening post-treatments. We tested one of the rugate filters by infiltrating the structure with EtOH and water in order to evaluate its sensing capabilities. This method allows the fabrication of complex in-depth modulated nanoporous anodic alumina structures that open up the possibility of new kinds of alumina-based optical sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Macias
- Department of Electronic, Electric and Automatics Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda, Països Catalans 26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Josep Ferré-Borrull
- Department of Electronic, Electric and Automatics Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda, Països Catalans 26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Josep Pallarès
- Department of Electronic, Electric and Automatics Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda, Països Catalans 26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Lluís F Marsal
- Department of Electronic, Electric and Automatics Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda, Països Catalans 26, Tarragona 43007, Spain
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Wang K, Liu G, Hoivik N, Johannessen E, Jakobsen H. Electrochemical engineering of hollow nanoarchitectures: pulse/step anodization (Si, Al, Ti) and their applications. Chem Soc Rev 2013; 43:1476-500. [PMID: 24292021 DOI: 10.1039/c3cs60150a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hollow nanoarchitectured materials with straight channels play a crucial role in the fields of renewable energy, environment and biotechnology due to their one-dimensional morphology and extraordinary properties. The current challenge is the difficulty on tailoring hollow nanoarchitectures with well-controlled morphology at a relatively low cost. As a conventional technique, electrochemistry exhibits its unique advantage on machining nanostructures. In this review, we present the progress of electrochemistry as a valuable tool in construction of novel hollow nanoarchitectures through pulse/step anodization, such as surface pre-texturing, modulated, branched and multilayered pore architectures, and free-standing membranes. Basic principles for electrochemical engineering of mono- or multi-ordered nanostructures as well as free-standing membranes are extracted from specific examples (i.e. porous silicon, aluminum and titanium oxide). The potential of such nanoarchitectures are further demonstrated for the applications of photovoltaics, water splitting, organic degradation, nanostructure templates, biosensors and drug release. The electrochemical techniques provide a powerful approach to produce nanostructures with morphological complexity, which could have far-reaching implications in the design of future nanoscale systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiying Wang
- Department of Micro and Nano Systems Technology, Vestfold University College, Horten, 3184, Norway.
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Mukherjee A, Ariza-Flores AD, Balderas-Valadez RF, Agarwal V. Controlling the optical properties of composite multilayered photonic structures: effect of superposition. OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 21:17324-17339. [PMID: 23938579 DOI: 10.1364/oe.21.017324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tunability of the optical response of multilayered photonic structures has been compared with sequential (SQ) and superposition (SP) addition of refractive index profile functions. The optical response of the composite multilayered structure, formed after the SP addition of the two Bragg type refractive index profile functions has been studied as a function of percentage overlap and relative shift between the profiles. Apart from the substantial advantage in terms of the reduced physical thickness of the SP composite structures (over the SQ addition), at certain optimum values of relative shift, photonic structures with better quality factor resonant modes or a broader PBG could be designed. Similar analysis has been extended for rugate filters as well. The experimental verification of the optical response, was carried out through multilayered dielectric porous silicon structures fabricated by electrochemical anodization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Mukherjee
- CIICAp, UAEM, Av Universidad 1001 Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
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