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Cakmak R, Caklili OT, Tekin S, Hacisahinogullari H, Tanrikulu S, Koc MS, Dinccag N. Comparison of amylase and lipase levels of patients with Type 2 diabetes under different treatment modalities. Biomark Med 2021; 16:5-10. [PMID: 34856813 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2021-0318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Study aims to assess amylase, lipase of patients with Type 2 diabetes under different types of treatments. Materials & methods: Patients' treatment modalities including insulin, metformin, pioglitazone, sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, insulin secretagogues, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonists were compared. Results: There was no difference in amylase and lipase levels between dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor users and non-users (p = 0.2, p = 0.3, respectively) and glucagon like peptide-1 analog users and non-users (p = 0.1, p = 0.7, respectively). Patients who use insulin secretagogues had significantly higher amylase, lipase (77.2 ± 39.8 vs 69.5 ± 33.0, p = 0.038 and 47.2 ± 33.2 vs 39.6 ± 26.8, p = 0.01, respectively) and patients on basal insulin had lower amylase levels (69.9 ± 37.7 vs 77.2 ± 33.7, p = 0.014). Conclusion: Incretin-based therapies showed no difference in amylase and lipase levels whereas there was increase with secretagogues and decrease with basal insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Cakmak
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Basaksehir Cam & Sakura City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozge T Caklili
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Istanbul University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sakin Tekin
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Hulya Hacisahinogullari
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Istanbul University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seher Tanrikulu
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Haydarpasa Training & Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet S Koc
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Malatya Training & Research Hospital, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Nevin Dinccag
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Istanbul University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Aune D, Mahamat-Saleh Y, Norat T, Riboli E. Tobacco smoking and the risk of pancreatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Pancreatology 2019; 19:1009-1022. [PMID: 31668562 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking has been associated with increased risk of pancreatitis in several studies, however, not all studies have found an association and it is unclear whether there is a dose-response relationship between increasing amount of tobacco smoked and pancreatitis risk. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies on tobacco smoking and pancreatitis to clarify the association. METHODS PubMed and Embase databases were searched for relevant studies up to April 13th, 2019. Prospective studies that reported adjusted relative risk (RR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between tobacco smoking and pancreatitis were included and summary RRs were calculated using a random effects model. RESULTS Ten prospective studies were included. The summary RR for acute pancreatitis was 1.49 (95% CI: 1.29-1.72, I2 = 68%, n = 7) for current smokers, 1.24 (95% CI: 1.15-1.34, I2 = 0%, n = 7) for former smokers, and 1.39 (95% CI: 1.25-1.54, I2 = 69%, n = 7) for ever smokers compared to never smokers. Similar results were observed for chronic pancreatitis and acute/chronic pancreatitis combined. The summary RR per 10 cigarettes per day was 1.30 (95% CI: 1.18-1.42, I2 = 42%, n = 3) and per 10 pack-years in current smokers was 1.13 (95% CI: 1.08-1.17, I2 = 14%, n = 4) for acute pancreatitis and results were similar for chronic pancreatitis and acute/chronic pancreatitis combined. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that tobacco smoking increases the risk of acute and chronic pancreatitis and acute and chronic pancreatitis combined and that there is a dose-response relationship between increasing number of cigarettes and pack-years and pancreatitis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway; Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Yahya Mahamat-Saleh
- CESP, Fac. de Médecine - Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac. de Médecine - UVSQ, INSERM (French National Institute for Health and Medical Research), Université Paris-Saclay, 94805, Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Teresa Norat
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Luaces-Regueira M, Castiñeira-Alvariño M, Castro-Manzanares M, Campos-Toimil M, Domínguez-Muñoz JE. Pathophysiological Events Associated With Pancreatitis in Response to Tobacco: An In Vitro Comparative Study With Ethanol in Primary Acinar Cell Culture. Pancreas 2019; 47:1304-1311. [PMID: 30286014 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to comparatively analyze the effects of different concentrations of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC, a standardized tobacco extract) and ethanol on intracellular enzyme activation, cell necrosis, alteration of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca]c), and amylase secretion in pancreatic acinar cells. METHODS The effects of CSC (1 μg/mL to 0.4 mg/mL) and ethanol (10-100 mM) on intracellular enzyme activity, cell necrosis, and [Ca]c were measured by fluorescence assays in isolated pancreatic acinar cells. Amylase secretion was evaluated by spectrophotometry. Supramaximal concentrations of cholecystokinin (10-100 nM) were used as positive control. RESULTS Neither CSC nor ethanol induced trypsin or elastase activation. Both CSC (0.1-0.4 mg/mL) and ethanol (10-75 mM) significantly increased [Ca]c. Amylase secretion was increased only in CSC-treated cells (0.3 and 0.4 mg/mL). After 60 minutes, CSC (0.3 and 0.4 mg/mL) significantly increased acinar cell necrosis at a similar percentage to that induced by cholecystokinin. Ethanol did not induce any significant cell necrosis. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoke condensate induces acinar cell injury and increases [Ca]c and amylase secretion, independently of intracellular enzyme activation, suggesting that tobacco could induce several main early events of pancreatitis in pancreatic acinar cells. However, ethanol only induces increases [Ca]c, having no effect on cell injury, amylase secretion, or intracellular enzyme activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María Castro-Manzanares
- CD Pharma, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Campos-Toimil
- CD Pharma, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Topsakal S, Ozmen O, Aslankoc R, Aydemir DH. Pancreatic damage induced by cigarette smoke: the specific pathological effects of cigarette smoke in the rat model. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:938-945. [PMID: 30090402 DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00496a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, pancreatic pathologies have become common problems and their etiology and pathogenesis are generally unknown. Studies have shown that smoking may increase the risk of pancreatic disorders but very scant knowledge is available about the pathogenesis of cigarette induced pancreatic pathology. This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress status, biochemical, pathological and immunohistochemical findings of rats exposed to cigarette smoke, pathogenesis of smoking related pancreatic damage and usability of Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) for amelioration of cigarette smoking induced harmful effects on rat pancreas. Twenty eight female, Sprague Dawley rats were randomly distributed into three groups. The sham group (S) (n = 8), rats were given 0.1 ml of physiological serum by oral gavage for 8 weeks. The cigarette smoke exposed group (CSE) (n = 10), rats were exposed to successive periods of cigarette smoke for 2 hours per day per 8 weeks and given 0.1 ml of physiological serum orally during the study. The cigarette smoke exposed and ALA treated group (CSE + ALA) (n = 10), animals were exposed to cigarette smoke (2 hours per day per 8 weeks) and simultaneously treated with 100 mg per kg per day ALA orally during the study. At the end of the study, the serum samples were collected for insulin, glucagon, glucose and amylase analyses. Tissue samples were collected for biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS) levels and oxidative stress index (OSI) were evaluated in the pancreas samples. Immunohistochemical analyses of insulin, glucagon, calcitonin gene related protein (CGRP), active caspase-3, hypoxia inducible factor-1 (Hif-1), Hif-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) expressions of pancreas were examined. Cigarette smoke caused statistically significant increase in serum amylase and glucose but decreased insulin levels indicating both endocrine and exocrine cell damage. There were no statistically significant differences in serum glucagon levels between the groups. Histopathological examination of the pancreas exhibited generally normal tissue architecture but slightly degenerative and apoptotic cells were noticed both in the endocrine and exocrine part of the pancreas in the CSE group. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed marked increase in active caspase-3, Hif-1 and Hif-2, CGRP and TNF-α expressions with a slight increase in glucagon immunoreactivity in cells while a marked decrease was observed in insulin expression in some Langerhans islets in the CSE group. ALA ameliorated biochemical and pathological findings in the CSE + ALA group. These findings clearly demonstrated that cigarette smoke can cause damage in both endocrine and exocrine cells in rat pancreas and ALA has an ameliorative effect of cigarette induced lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senay Topsakal
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Pamukkale University , Faculty of Medicine , Kinikli Campus , Denizli , 20070 , Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ozmen
- Department of Pathology , Mehmet Akif Ersoy University , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Istiklal Yerleskesi , 15030 , Burdur , Turkey . ; Tel: +90 248 2132170
| | - Rahime Aslankoc
- Department of Physiology , Faculty of Medicine , Suleyman Demirel University , 32200 , Isparta , Turkey
| | - Demet Hancer Aydemir
- Department of Medical Laboratory , Health Vocational Schools , Suleyman Demirel University , 32200 , Isparta , Turkey
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Barreto SG. How does cigarette smoking cause acute pancreatitis? Pancreatology 2015; 16:157-63. [PMID: 26419886 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute Pancreatitis (AP) is an emerging health problem world-wide and it is a major cause of admissions for gastrointestinal disease in many countries. Amongst the more common causes (alcohol and gallstones), recent evidence has emerged indicating that smoking is an independent risk factor for AP. However, the mechanisms involved in smoking-induced AP have not been completely elucidated. This review puts together all the published evidence in literature to present the clinical and laboratory evidence relating smoking to the causation of AP. DISCUSSION The two main metabolites from cigarette smoke, namely nicotine and NNK are able to induce functional and histological changes within the pancreas consistent with AP. The major mechanisms involved include their action on acinar cells and zymogen secretion through pathways involving CCK and the nicotinic preganglionic receptors. Effects on the pancreatic microvasculature may be mediated through the nitric oxide pathway. There is indirect evidence to suggest that nicotine and acrolein may lead to CFTR dysfunction thereby influencing ductal secretion. However, direct evidence for this effect is needed. The effect of cigarette smoke metabolites on stellate cells and the islets warrants further investigation in the context of pathogenesis of AP. CONCLUSION Using a step-wise approach, the review revisits the effects of the various metabolites of cigarette smoke on the constituents of the pancreas (exocrine, endocrine, neurohormonal, stellate cells, ductal system) and highlights their proven, and potential, mechanisms in triggering off an attack of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savio G Barreto
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Gastrointestinal Oncology, and Bariatric Surgery, Medanta Institute of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Medanta, The Medicity, Sector 38, Gurgaon, Haryana, India.
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Greer JB, Thrower E, Yadav D. Epidemiologic and Mechanistic Associations Between Smoking and Pancreatitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 13:332-46. [PMID: 26109145 DOI: 10.1007/s11938-015-0056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT Alcohol has long been associated with pancreatitis. Although first described more than three decades ago, smoking has been widely accepted as an important risk factor for all forms of pancreatitis only in the past few years. Empiric data has confirmed smoking as an independent and dose-dependent risk for both acute and chronic pancreatitis. Smoking also increases the risk of recurrences and progression of established chronic pancreatitis. The effects of smoking are enhanced in the presence of alcohol consumption. Indirect evidence suggests that smoking cessation may be beneficial in preventing disease progression. Smoking cessation can therefore be an important strategy for primary as well as secondary prevention of pancreatitis. Therefore, in addition to alcohol, physicians should routinely counsel patients for the benefits of smoking cessation. The mechanisms through which cigarette smoke triggers pathological cellular events, resulting in pancreatitis, are unresolved. Although cigarette smoke contains greater than 4000 compounds, principally nicotine and the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) have been broadly studied with regard to pancreatic diseases. Both nicotine and NNK have been shown to induce morphological changes in the pancreas consistent with those seen in pancreatitis. Furthermore, nicotine affects pancreatic secretion and NNK induces premature zymogen activation, two well-known features of pancreatitis. These cigarette toxins may mediate both pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways and can induce changes in pancreatic acinar cell function at the level of transcription, leading to conditions such as thiamin deficiency and mitochondrial dysfunction. Such circumstances could leave the pancreas prone to the development of pancreatitis. This review summarizes relevant research findings and focuses on the epidemiologic links between smoking and pancreatitis, and the cellular pathways that may be significant in induction and evolution of smoking-related pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Greer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, M2, C-Wing, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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Thrower E. Pathologic cellular events in smoking-related pancreatitis. Cancers (Basel) 2015; 7:723-35. [PMID: 25938854 PMCID: PMC4491681 DOI: 10.3390/cancers7020723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatitis, a debilitating inflammatory disorder, results from pancreatic injury. Alcohol abuse is the foremost cause, although cigarette smoking has recently surfaced as a distinct risk factor. The mechanisms by which cigarette smoke and its toxins initiate pathological cellular events leading to pancreatitis, have not been clearly defined. Although cigarette smoke is composed of more than 4000 compounds, it is mainly nicotine and the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), which have been extensively studied with respect to pancreatic diseases. This review summarizes these research findings and highlights cellular pathways which may be of relevance in initiation and progression of smoking-related pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Thrower
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, CT 06516, USA .
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Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. However, the mechanisms through which it causes the diseases remain unknown. In the present manuscript we reviewed the latest knowledge gained on the effect of cigarette smoke and smoking compounds on cell signaling pathways mediating both diseases. We also reviewed the effect of smoking on the pancreatic cell microenvironment including inflammatory cells and stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouad Edderkaoui
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center & University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Alexandre M, Uduman AK, Minervini S, Raoof A, Shugrue CA, Akinbiyi EO, Patel V, Shitia M, Kolodecik TR, Patton R, Gorelick FS, Thrower EC. Tobacco carcinogen 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone initiates and enhances pancreatitis responses. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G696-704. [PMID: 22837343 PMCID: PMC3468532 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00138.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that cigarette smoking increases the risk for developing acute pancreatitis. The nicotine metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is a major cigarette smoke toxin. We hypothesized that NNK could sensitize to pancreatitis and examined its effects in isolated rat pancreatic acini and in vivo. In acini, 100 nM NNK caused three- and fivefold activation of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, respectively, above control. Furthermore, NNK pretreatment in acini enhanced zymogen activation in a cerulein pancreatitis model. The long-term effects of NNK were examined in vivo after intraperitoneal injection of NNK (100 mg/kg body wt) three times weekly for 2 wk. NNK alone caused zymogen activation (6-fold for trypsinogen and 2-fold for chymotrypsinogen vs. control), vacuolization, pyknotic nuclei, and edema. This NNK pretreatment followed by treatment with cerulein (40 μg/kg) for 1 h to induce early pancreatitis responses enhanced trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen activation, as well as other parameters of pancreatitis, compared with cerulein alone. Potential targets of NNK include nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and β-adrenergic receptors; mRNA for both receptor types was detected in acinar cell preparations. Studies with pharmacological inhibitors of these receptors indicate that NNK can mediate acinar cell responses through an nonneuronal α(7)-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α(7)-nAChR). These studies suggest that prolonged exposure to this tobacco toxin can cause pancreatitis and sensitize to disease. Therapies targeting NNK-mediated pathways may prove useful in treatment of smoking-related pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alexandre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - A. K. Uduman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - S. Minervini
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - A. Raoof
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - C. A. Shugrue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - E. O. Akinbiyi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - V. Patel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - M. Shitia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - T. R. Kolodecik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - R. Patton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - F. S. Gorelick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - E. C. Thrower
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
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Alexandre M, Pandol SJ, Gorelick FS, Thrower EC. The emerging role of smoking in the development of pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2011; 11:469-74. [PMID: 21986098 PMCID: PMC3222114 DOI: 10.1159/000332196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cigarette smoking has been linked to many diseases, including pancreatic cancer and more recently, pancreatitis. METHODS Electronic searches of primarily PubMed from 1990 to August 2011 were conducted and only articles published in English were reviewed. Original articles and reviews were selected based on screening of article abstracts and their relevance to tobacco smoking, its components, nicotine and its metabolites, and their effects particularly on the pancreas. RESULTS Smoking may affect the risk of developing chronic pancreatitis or its progression. Smoking may also affect the risk for developing acute pancreatitis. Its effects in pancreatitis appear to be dose dependent and its effects may be alcohol independent but synergize with alcohol. CONCLUSION Specific constituents of cigarette smoke, including nicotine and its metabolites, could mediate effects on the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Alexandre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA,Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Conn., USA
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System and University of California, Los Angeles, Calif., USA
| | - Fred S. Gorelick
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA,Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Conn., USA
| | - Edwin C. Thrower
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA,Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Conn., USA,*Edwin C. Thrower, GI Research Laboratory, Building 4, VA Healthcare System Connecticut, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516 (USA), Tel. +1 203 932 5711, ext. 3284, E-Mail
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Chowdhury P, Walker A. A cell-based approach to study changes in the pancreas following nicotine exposure in an animal model of injury. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2008; 393:547-55. [PMID: 18204935 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-007-0267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is a recognized risk factor for the induction of pancreatic diseases and is suspected to play a major role in the development of pancreatic cancer in smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was designed to characterize the mechanisms of nicotine-induced injury to the pancreas. AR42Jcells, a stable mutant pancreatic tumor cell line, was chosen for the study because of its stability in culture media and also because of its known secretory capacity, which is like that of a normal pancreatic acinar cell. It is hypothesized that nicotine-induced effects on the pancreas are triggered by oxidative stress induced in pancreatic acinar cell via oxidative stress signaling pathways. RESULTS The results from our study showed that, in vitro, nicotine induced generation of oxygen free radicals measured as malondialdehyde, an end product of lipid peroxidation. Treatment of AR42J cells with nicotine induced p-ERK 1/2 activation as confirmed by Western blot and immunofluorescence imaging of cytoplasmic localization of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signals. Nicotine enhanced AR42J cell proliferation and cholecystokinin-stimulated amylase release in AR42J cells. These effects of nicotine were confirmed by simultaneous studies conducted on the same cells by hydrogen peroxide, a known oxidative biomarker. Allopurinol, a XOD inhibitor, suppressed these effects induced by nicotine and H(2)O(2) with the exception that cholecystokinin-stimulated amylase release by H(2)O(2) remained unaltered when AR42J cells were preincubated with allopurinol. These results suggest that nicotine-induced effects on pancreatic acinar cells were associated with generation of oxyradical mediated via the XOD pathway. The results have a direct impact on cell proliferation, MAPK signaling, and acinar cell function. CONCLUSION We conclude that nicotine induces oxidative stress in pancreatic acinar cells and that these events trigger pathophysiological changes in the pancreas, leading to increased cell proliferation and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parimal Chowdhury
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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