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Single-nucleotide polymorphism of ADRβ2 and CDKN1B genes in Egyptian patients with coronary artery in-stent restenosis. Coron Artery Dis 2022; 33:277-283. [DOI: 10.1097/mca.0000000000001123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Santulli G, Wronska A, Uryu K, Diacovo TG, Gao M, Marx SO, Kitajewski J, Chilton JM, Akat KM, Tuschl T, Marks AR, Totary-Jain H. A selective microRNA-based strategy inhibits restenosis while preserving endothelial function. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4102-14. [PMID: 25133430 DOI: 10.1172/jci76069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs currently approved to coat stents used in percutaneous coronary interventions do not discriminate between proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs). This lack of discrimination delays reendothelialization and vascular healing, increasing the risk of late thrombosis following angioplasty. We developed a microRNA-based (miRNA-based) approach to inhibit proliferative VSMCs, thus preventing restenosis, while selectively promoting reendothelialization and preserving EC function. We used an adenoviral (Ad) vector that encodes cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) (p27) with target sequences for EC-specific miR-126-3p at the 3' end (Ad-p27-126TS). Exogenous p27 overexpression was evaluated in vitro and in a rat arterial balloon injury model following transduction with Ad-p27-126TS, Ad-p27 (without miR-126 target sequences), or Ad-GFP (control). In vitro, Ad-p27-126TS protected the ability of ECs to proliferate, migrate, and form networks. At 2 and 4 weeks after injury, Ad-p27-126TS-treated animals exhibited reduced restenosis, complete reendothelialization, reduced hypercoagulability, and restoration of the vasodilatory response to acetylcholine to levels comparable to those in uninjured vessels. By incorporating miR-126-3p target sequences to leverage endogenous EC-specific miR-126, we overexpressed exogenous p27 in VSMCs, while selectively inhibiting p27 overexpression in ECs. Our proof-of-principle study demonstrates the potential of using a miRNA-based strategy as a therapeutic approach to specifically inhibit vascular restenosis while preserving EC function.
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Handy I, Patel RC. STAT1 requirement for PKR-induced cell cycle arrest in vascular smooth muscle cells in response to heparin. Gene 2013; 524:15-21. [PMID: 23597922 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that exhibit antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory properties. PKR (protein kinase, RNA activated) is of central importance in mediating the antiproliferative actions of IFNs. Our research has established that PKR inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation by regulating G1 to S transition. Many cardiovascular diseases result from complications of atherosclerosis, a chronic and progressive inflammatory condition often characterized by excessive proliferation of VSMC. Thus, an effective method for inhibiting VSMC proliferation is likely to arrest atherosclerosis and restenosis at early stages. Our research establishes that PKR activation in VSMC leads to a G1 arrest brought about by an inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) activity by p27(kip1). In quiescent VSMC, p27(kip1) levels are high and when stimulated by serum/growth factors, p27(kip1) levels drop by destabilization of the protein. Under conditions that lead to activation of PKR, there is a marked inhibition of p27(kip1) down-regulation due to increased stability of p27(kip1) protein. In order to understand the mechanism of heparin-induced stabilization of p27(kip1) in VSMC, we examined the involvement of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-1 (STAT1), which is an important player in mediating antiproliferative effects of IFNs. Our results demonstrate that PKR overexpression in VSMC leads to an increase in p27(kip1) protein levels and this increase requires the catalytic activity of PKR. PKR activation induced by antiproliferative agent heparin leads to phosphorylation of STAT1 on serine 727, which is essential for the cell cycle block. STAT1 null VSMCs are largely defective in heparin-induced cell cycle arrest and in PKR null cells the STAT1 phosphorylation in response to heparin was absent. These results establish that heparin causes STAT1 phosphorylation on serine 727 via activation of PKR and that this event is required for the G1 arrest in VSMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indhira Handy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208,USA
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Conte MS, Owens CD, Belkin M, Creager MA, Edwards KL, Gasper WJ, Kenagy RD, LeBoeuf RC, Sobel M, Clowes A. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the p27(Kip1) gene is associated with primary patency of lower extremity vein bypass grafts. J Vasc Surg 2013; 57:1179-85.e1-2. [PMID: 23312942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Factors responsible for the variability in outcomes after lower extremity vein bypass grafting (LEVBG) are poorly understood. Recent evidence has suggested that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of the p27(Kip1) gene, a cell-cycle regulator, is associated with coronary in-stent restenosis. We hypothesized an association with vein graft patency. METHODS This was a retrospective genetic association study nested within a prospective cohort of 204 patients from three referral centers undergoing LEVBG for claudication or critical ischemia. The main outcome measure was primary vein graft patency. RESULTS All patients were followed up for a minimum of 1 year with duplex graft surveillance (median follow-up, 893 days; interquartile range, 539-1315). Genomic DNA was isolated and SNP analysis for the p27(Kip1)-838C>A variants was performed. Allele frequencies were correlated with graft outcome using survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards modeling. The p27(Kip1)-838C>A allele frequencies observed were CA, 53%; CC, 30%; and AA, 17%, satisfying Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Race (P = .025) and history of coronary artery disease (P = .027) were different across the genotypes; all other baseline variables were similar. Primary graft patency was greater among patients with the -838AA genotype (75% AA vs 55% CA/CC at 3 years; P = .029). In a Cox proportional hazards model including age, sex, race, diabetes, critical limb ischemia, redo (vs primary) bypass, vein type, and baseline C-reactive protein level, the p27(Kip1)-838AA genotype was significantly associated with higher graft patency (hazard ratio for failure, 0.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.93). Genotype was also associated with early (0-1 month) changes in graft lumen diameter by ultrasound imaging. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the p27(Kip1)-838C>A SNP is associated with LEVBG patency and, together with previous reports, underscore a central role for p27(Kip1) in the generic response to vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Conte
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif 94143, USA.
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Ma H, Chen J, Pan S, Dai J, Jin G, Hu Z, Shen H, Shu Y. Potentially functional polymorphisms in cell cycle genes and the survival of non-small cell lung cancer in a Chinese population. Lung Cancer 2010; 73:32-7. [PMID: 21145615 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle governs the proliferation and growth of cells and is strictly controlled by some regulators including cyclins, CDKs and CKIs. Germ-line and somatic mutations in cell cycle genes were frequently observed in a subset of cancers including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, we hypothesized that potentially functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in cell cycle genes may contribute to the prognosis of NSCLC in China. 54 potentially functional polymorphisms in key cell cycle genes (CDK1, CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, CDK7, CCND1, CCND2, CCND3, CCNE1, CCNA1, CCNA2, CCNB1, CCNH, p15, p16, p18, p19, p21, p27, Cdc25A and Cdc25B) were genotyped by using Illumina SNP genotyping platform to evaluate their associations with survival of NSCLC in a clinical cohort of 568 patients. We found that p18 rs3176447 variant genotypes were significantly associated with the decreased risk of death of NSCLC patients (adjusted HR=0.74, 95% CI=0.57-0.97 in an additive model; adjusted HR=0.76, 95% CI=0.55-0.97 in a dominant model); however, p21 rs2395655 variant genotypes were significantly associated with the increased risk of death (adjusted HR=1.21, 95% CI=1.02-1.42 in an additive model; adjusted HR=1.38, 95% CI=1.07-1.78 in a recessive model). Furthermore, the combined effect of unfavorable genotypes for these two SNPs was more prominent in patients with squamous cell carcinoma, late stage and without chemo- or radio-therapy. Although the exact biological function remains to be explored, our findings suggest possible association of polymorphisms of p18 and p21 with the prognosis of NSCLC in a Chinese population. Further large and functional studies are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Abstract
Aortic aneurysms occur in the thoracic and abdominal sections of the aorta and are a deadly late-age-at-onset disease with complex pathobiology. Currently, the number of published genome-wide analyses including microarray-based expression profiling, DNA linkage studies, and genetic association studies is still limited and it is difficult to make generalizations about the disease pathogenesis or genetic risk factors contributing to aortic aneurysms, but it appears that thoracic aortic aneurysms differ in many ways from abdominal aortic aneurysms. Characterization of diseases at the molecular level is likely to lead to more accurate diagnoses and the use of "genomic nosology" of disease. The biggest future challenge will be to translate the genomic information to the clinic and improve our understanding of the disease processes, help us to develop better diagnostic tools, and lead to the design of new ways to manage aortic aneurysms in the era of personalized medicine.
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Targeted deletion of the 9p21 non-coding coronary artery disease risk interval in mice. Nature 2010; 464:409-12. [PMID: 20173736 PMCID: PMC2938076 DOI: 10.1038/nature08801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sequence polymorphisms in a 58-kilobase (kb) interval on chromosome 9p21 confer a markedly increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), the leading cause of death worldwide. The variants have a substantial effect on the epidemiology of CAD and other life-threatening vascular conditions because nearly one-quarter of Caucasians are homozygous for risk alleles. However, the risk interval is devoid of protein-coding genes and the mechanism linking the region to CAD risk has remained enigmatic. Here we show that deletion of the orthologous 70-kb non-coding interval on mouse chromosome 4 affects cardiac expression of neighbouring genes, as well as proliferation properties of vascular cells. Chr4(Delta70kb/Delta70kb) mice are viable, but show increased mortality both during development and as adults. Cardiac expression of two genes near the non-coding interval, Cdkn2a and Cdkn2b, is severely reduced in chr4(Delta70kb/Delta70kb) mice, indicating that distant-acting gene regulatory functions are located in the non-coding CAD risk interval. Allele-specific expression of Cdkn2b transcripts in heterozygous mice showed that the deletion affects expression through a cis-acting mechanism. Primary cultures of chr4(Delta70kb/Delta70kb) aortic smooth muscle cells exhibited excessive proliferation and diminished senescence, a cellular phenotype consistent with accelerated CAD pathogenesis. Taken together, our results provide direct evidence that the CAD risk interval has a pivotal role in regulation of cardiac Cdkn2a/b expression, and suggest that this region affects CAD progression by altering the dynamics of vascular cell proliferation.
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Fuster JJ, Fernández P, González-Navarro H, Silvestre C, Nabah YNA, Andrés V. Control of cell proliferation in atherosclerosis: insights from animal models and human studies. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 86:254-64. [PMID: 19900964 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive hyperplastic cell growth within occlusive vascular lesions has been recognized as a key component of the inflammatory response associated with atherosclerosis, restenosis post-angioplasty, and graft atherosclerosis after coronary artery bypass. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate arterial cell proliferation is therefore essential for the development of new tools for the treatment of these diseases. Mammalian cell proliferation is controlled by a large number of proteins that modulate the mitotic cell cycle, including cyclin-dependent kinases, cyclins, and tumour suppressors. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge about the role of these cell cycle regulators in the development of native and graft atherosclerosis that has arisen from animal studies, histological examination of specimens from human patients, and genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Fuster
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pathology and Therapy, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia-CSIC, C/Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Matrix metalloproteinase 1 promoter polymorphisms and risk of myocardial infarction: a case–control study in a Spanish population. Coron Artery Dis 2009; 20:383-6. [DOI: 10.1097/mca.0b013e32832fa9cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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van Tiel CM, Bonta PI, Rittersma SZH, Beijk MAM, Bradley EJ, Klous AM, Koch KT, Baas F, Jukema JW, Pons D, Sampietro ML, Pannekoek H, de Winter RJ, de Vries CJM. p27kip1-838C>A single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with restenosis risk after coronary stenting and modulates p27kip1 promoter activity. Circulation 2009; 120:669-76. [PMID: 19667240 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.842179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(kip1) is a key regulator of smooth muscle cell and leukocyte proliferation in vascular disease, including in-stent restenosis. We therefore hypothesized that common genetic variations or single nucleotide polymorphisms in p27(kip1) may serve as a useful tool in risk stratification for in-stent restenosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Three single nucleotide polymorphisms concerning the p27(kip1) gene (-838C>A, rs36228499; -79C>T, rs34330; +326G>T, rs2066827) were determined in a cohort of 715 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty and stent placement. We discovered that the p27(kip1)-838C>A single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with clinical in-stent restenosis; the -838AA genotype decreases the risk of target vessel revascularization (hazard ratio, 0.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.10 to 0.77). This finding was replicated in another cohort study of 2309 patients (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.40 to 0.93). No association was detected between this end point and the p27(kip1)-79C>T and +326G>T single nucleotide polymorphisms. We subsequently studied the functional importance of the -838C>A single nucleotide polymorphism and detected a 20-fold increased basal p27(kip1) transcriptional activity of the -838A allele containing promoter. CONCLUSIONS Patients with the p27(kip1)-838AA genotype have a decreased risk of in-stent restenosis corresponding with enhanced promoter activity of the -838A allele of this cell-cycle inhibitor, which may explain decreased smooth muscle cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M van Tiel
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Ye Y, Lippman SM, Lee JJ, Chen M, Frazier ML, Spitz MR, Wu X. Genetic variations in cell-cycle pathway and the risk of oral premalignant lesions. Cancer 2008; 113:2488-95. [PMID: 18823025 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-cycle checkpoint controls regulate cell-cycle progression and proliferation. Alterations in cell-cycle control mechanisms are linked to tumorigenesis. METHODS This case-control study included 147 cases and 147 controls. The authors used a pathway-based approach to assess the association between 10 potential functional single-nucleotide polymorphisms from 7 cell-cycle control genes and the risk of oral premalignant lesions (OPLs). They also used classification and regression tree analysis to examine high-order gene-gene and gene-smoking interactions. RESULTS Compared with the homozygous wild-type GG genotype of CCND1 P241P, individuals with the AG genotype exhibited an increased risk of OPL (odds ratio, 1.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.89-2.83), and carriers of the AA genotype had a significantly increased risk of OPL (odds ratio, 2.75; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-5.71), with risk increasing significantly with the increasing number of variant alleles (P= .006). The risk of OPL increased significantly as the number of unfavorable genotypes in the pathway increased (P= .002). The final decision tree in the classification and regression tree analysis contained 5 terminal nodes. Compared with the never smokers (the lowest risk group), the odds ratios for terminal nodes 2 through 5 ranged from 1.21 to 5.40. CONCLUSIONS The results illustrated the advantage of using a pathway-based approach for analyzing gene-gene and gene-smoking interactions. Specifically, the authors showed that genetic polymorphisms in cell-cycle control pathway genes may contribute to the risk of OPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Spurdle AB, Deans AJ, Duffy D, Goldgar DE, Chen X, Beesley J, Easton DF, Antoniou AC, Peock S, Cook M, Nathanson KL, Domchek SM, MacArthur GA, Chenevix-Trench G. No evidence that CDKN1B (p27) polymorphisms modify breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 115:307-13. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-008-0083-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lauter KB, Arnold A. Mutational analysis of CDKN1B, a candidate tumor-suppressor gene, in refractory secondary/tertiary hyperparathyroidism. Kidney Int 2008; 73:1137-40. [PMID: 18288099 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most patients with refractory secondary/tertiary hyperparathyroidism have monoclonal parathyroid tumors. Inactivating mutations of CDKN1B, encoding the p27 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, were reported to cause hyperparathyroidism in a multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-like syndrome. Further, there was decreased expression of CDKN1B in parathyroid tumors of patients with chronic kidney disease. We sequenced the entire coding region and splice sites of CDKN1B in 50 parathyroid tumors from 35 patients to see if inactivating mutations could cause monoclonal tumorigenesis in refractory secondary/tertiary hyperparathyroidism. No frameshift, nonsense, or other clearly inactivating mutations were found, nor was there evidence of homozygous deletion or loss of heterozygosity. The absence of clonal inactivating mutations suggests that CDKN1B is not a classical tumor-suppressor gene in secondary/tertiary parathyroid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Lauter
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Ioannidis JPA, Kavvoura FK. Concordance of functional in vitro data and epidemiological associations in complex disease genetics. Genet Med 2006; 8:583-93. [PMID: 16980815 DOI: 10.1097/01.gim.0000237775.93658.0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to assess whether epidemiological evidence on genetic associations for complex diseases concord with in vitro functional data. METHODS We examined 36 studies on bi-allelic markers and 23 studies on haplotypes where investigators had addressed both epidemiological associations and the functional effect of the same gene variants in luciferase reporter systems in vitro. RESULTS There was no correlation between epidemiological odds ratios and luciferase activity ratios (-0.09, P = 0.60). Luciferase activity ratios could not tell whether a probed epidemiologic association would be significant or not (area under receiver operating characteristics curve, 0.52). Luciferase results usually were qualitatively similar across cell lines and experimental conditions, with some exceptions. A luciferase activity ratio of 1.44 adequately separated statistically significant from non-significant functional differences (area under receiver operating characteristics curve, 0.95). Binary and continuous disease outcomes usually gave concordant results; other in vitro methods, in particular EMSA, agreed with luciferase results. Selective reporting and use of different variants and contrasts between functional and epidemiological analyses were common in these studies. CONCLUSIONS In vitro biological data and epidemiology provide independent lines of evidence on complex diseases. We provide suggestions for improving the design and reporting of studies addressing both in vitro and epidemiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P A Ioannidis
- Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina 45110, Greece
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