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Mollah MMI. Spätzle processing enzyme is required to activate dorsal switch protein 1 induced Toll immune signalling pathway in Tenebrio molitor. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291976. [PMID: 37733725 PMCID: PMC10513244 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dorsal switch protein 1 (DSP1) acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule to activate immune responses in Tenebrio molitor. From a previous study in Spodoptera exigua, we found that DSP1 activates Toll immune signalling pathway to induce immune responses by melanisation, PLA2 activity and AMP synthesis. However, the target site of DSP1 in this pathway remains unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the role of spätzle processing enzyme in the DSP1 induced toll immune signalling pathway. To address this, we analyzed spätzle processing enzyme (Tm-SPE) of the three-step serine protease cascade of T. molitor Toll pathway. Tm-SPE expressed in all developmental stages and larval tissues. Upon immune challenge, its expression levels were upregulated but significantly reduced after RNA interference (RNAi). In addition, the induction of immune responses upon immune challenge or recombinant DSP1 injection was significantly increased. Loss of function using RNA interference revealed that the Tm-SPE is involved in connecting DSP1 induced immune responses like hemocyte nodule formation, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) synthesis. These suggest that Tm-SPE controls the DSP1 induced activation of Toll immune signalling pathway required for both cellular and humoral immune responses. However, to confirm the target molecule of DSP1 in three-step proteolytic cascade, we have to check other upstream serine proteases like Spatzle activating enzyme (SAE) or modular serine protease (MSP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Mahi Imam Mollah
- Department of Plant Medicals, College of Life Sciences, Andong National University, Andong, Republic of Korea
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
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2
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Eksi SE, Barmina O, McCallough CL, Kopp A, Orenic TV. A Distalless-responsive enhancer of the Hox gene Sex combs reduced is required for segment- and sex-specific sensory organ development in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007320. [PMID: 29634724 PMCID: PMC5909922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hox genes are involved in the patterning of animal body parts at multiple levels of regulatory hierarchies. Early expression of Hox genes in different domains along the embryonic anterior-posterior (A/P) axis in insects, vertebrates, and other animals establishes segmental or regional identity. However, Hox gene function is also required later in development for the patterning and morphogenesis of limbs and other organs. In Drosophila, spatiotemporal modulation of Sex combs reduced (Scr) expression within the first thoracic (T1) leg underlies the generation of segment- and sex-specific sense organ patterns. High Scr expression in defined domains of the T1 leg is required for the development of T1-specific transverse bristle rows in both sexes and sex combs in males, implying that the patterning of segment-specific sense organs involves incorporation of Scr into the leg development and sex determination gene networks. We sought to gain insight into this process by identifying the cis-and trans-regulatory factors that direct Scr expression during leg development. We have identified two cis-regulatory elements that control spatially modulated Scr expression within T1 legs. One of these enhancers directs sexually dimorphic expression and is required for the formation of T1-specific bristle patterns. We show that the Distalless and Engrailed homeodomain transcription factors act through sequences in this enhancer to establish elevated Scr expression in spatially defined domains. This enhancer functions to integrate Scr into the intrasegmental gene regulatory network, such that Scr serves as a link between leg patterning, sex determination, and sensory organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem Ece Eksi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Olga Barmina
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Christopher L. McCallough
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Artyom Kopp
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AK); (TVO)
| | - Teresa Vales Orenic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AK); (TVO)
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3
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Ghasemi M, Pawar H, Mishra RK, Brahmachari V. The functional diversity of Drosophila Ino80 in development. Mech Dev 2015; 138 Pt 2:113-121. [PMID: 26253267 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ino80 is well known as a chromatin remodeling protein with the catalytic function of DNA dependent ATPase and is highly conserved across phyla. Ino80 in human and Drosophila is known to form the Ino80 complex in association with the DNA binding protein Ying-Yang 1 (YY1)/Pleiohomeotic (Pho) the Drosophila homologue. We have earlier reported that Ino80 sub-family of proteins has two functional domains, namely, the DNA dependent ATPase and the DNA binding domain. In the background of the essential role of dIno80 in development, we provide evidence of Pho independent function of dIno80 in development and analyze the dual role of dIno80 in activation as well as repression in the context of the homeotic gene Scr (sex combs reduced) in imaginal discs. This differential effect of dIno80 in different imaginal discs suggests the contextual function of dIno80 as an Enhancer of Trithorax and Polycomb (ETP). We speculate on the role of dIno80 as a chromatin remodeler on one hand and a potential recruiter of epigenetic regulatory complexes on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Ghasemi
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Hema Pawar
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Rakesh K Mishra
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Vani Brahmachari
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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Dupont CA, Dardalhon-Cuménal D, Kyba M, Brock HW, Randsholt NB, Peronnet F. Drosophila Cyclin G and epigenetic maintenance of gene expression during development. Epigenetics Chromatin 2015; 8:18. [PMID: 25995770 PMCID: PMC4438588 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-015-0008-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are essential for cell cycle regulation and are functionally associated with proteins involved in epigenetic maintenance of transcriptional patterns in various developmental or cellular contexts. Epigenetic maintenance of transcription patterns, notably of Hox genes, requires the conserved Polycomb-group (PcG), Trithorax-group (TrxG), and Enhancer of Trithorax and Polycomb (ETP) proteins, particularly well studied in Drosophila. These proteins form large multimeric complexes that bind chromatin and appose or recognize histone post-translational modifications. PcG genes act as repressors, counteracted by trxG genes that maintain gene activation, while ETPs interact with both, behaving alternatively as repressors or activators. Drosophila Cyclin G negatively regulates cell growth and cell cycle progression, binds and co-localizes with the ETP Corto on chromatin, and participates with Corto in Abdominal-B Hox gene regulation. Here, we address further implications of Cyclin G in epigenetic maintenance of gene expression. Results We show that Cyclin G physically interacts and extensively co-localizes on chromatin with the conserved ETP Additional sex combs (ASX), belonging to the repressive PR-DUB complex that participates in H2A deubiquitination and Hox gene silencing. Furthermore, Cyclin G mainly co-localizes with RNA polymerase II phosphorylated on serine 2 that is specific to productive transcription. CycG interacts with Asx, PcG, and trxG genes in Hox gene maintenance, and behaves as a PcG gene. These interactions correlate with modified ectopic Hox protein domains in imaginal discs, consistent with a role for Cyclin G in PcG-mediated Hox gene repression. Conclusions We show here that Drosophila CycG is a Polycomb-group gene enhancer, acting in epigenetic maintenance of the Hox genes Sex combs reduced (Scr) and Ultrabithorax (Ubx). However, our data suggest that Cyclin G acts alternatively as a transcriptional activator or repressor depending on the developmental stage, the tissue or the target gene. Interestingly, since Cyclin G interacts with several CDKs, Cyclin G binding to the ETPs ASX or Corto suggests that their activity could depend on Cyclin G-mediated phosphorylation. We discuss whether Cyclin G fine-tunes transcription by controlling H2A ubiquitination and transcriptional elongation via interaction with the ASX subunit of PR-DUB. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13072-015-0008-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille A Dupont
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR 7622, Developmental Biology, 9, quai Saint-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France ; CNRS, IBPS, UMR 7622, Developmental Biology, 9, quai Saint-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Delphine Dardalhon-Cuménal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR 7622, Developmental Biology, 9, quai Saint-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France ; CNRS, IBPS, UMR 7622, Developmental Biology, 9, quai Saint-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Michael Kyba
- Lillehei Heart Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Hugh W Brock
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Neel B Randsholt
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR 7622, Developmental Biology, 9, quai Saint-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France ; CNRS, IBPS, UMR 7622, Developmental Biology, 9, quai Saint-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Peronnet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine (IBPS), UMR 7622, Developmental Biology, 9, quai Saint-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France ; CNRS, IBPS, UMR 7622, Developmental Biology, 9, quai Saint-Bernard, F-75005 Paris, France
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5
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Rougeot J, Renard M, Randsholt NB, Peronnet F, Mouchel-Vielh E. The elongin complex antagonizes the chromatin factor Corto for vein versus intervein cell identity in Drosophila wings. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77592. [PMID: 24204884 PMCID: PMC3804554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila wings mainly consist of two cell types, vein and intervein cells. Acquisition of either fate depends on specific expression of genes that are controlled by several signaling pathways. The nuclear mechanisms that translate signaling into regulation of gene expression are not completely understood, but they involve chromatin factors from the Trithorax (TrxG) and Enhancers of Trithorax and Polycomb (ETP) families. One of these is the ETP Corto that participates in intervein fate through interaction with the Drosophila EGF Receptor--MAP kinase ERK pathway. Precise mechanisms and molecular targets of Corto in this process are not known. We show here that Corto interacts with the Elongin transcription elongation complex. This complex, that consists of three subunits (Elongin A, B, C), increases RNA polymerase II elongation rate in vitro by suppressing transient pausing. Analysis of phenotypes induced by EloA, B, or C deregulation as well as genetic interactions suggest that the Elongin complex might participate in vein vs intervein specification, and antagonizes corto as well as several TrxG genes in this process. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments indicate that Elongin C and Corto bind the vein-promoting gene rhomboid in wing imaginal discs. We propose that Corto and the Elongin complex participate together in vein vs intervein fate, possibly through tissue-specific transcriptional regulation of rhomboid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Rougeot
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7622, Paris, France ; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Paris, France
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6
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Golbabapour S, Majid NA, Hassandarvish P, Hajrezaie M, Abdulla MA, Hadi AHA. Gene silencing and Polycomb group proteins: an overview of their structure, mechanisms and phylogenetics. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2013; 17:283-96. [PMID: 23692361 PMCID: PMC3662373 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2012.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin configuration are crucially important in the regulation of gene expression. Among these epigenetic mechanisms, silencing the expression of certain genes depending on developmental stage and tissue specificity is a key repressive system in genome programming. Polycomb (Pc) proteins play roles in gene silencing through different mechanisms. These proteins act in complexes and govern the histone methylation profiles of a large number of genes that regulate various cellular pathways. This review focuses on two main Pc complexes, Pc repressive complexes 1 and 2, and their phylogenetic relationship, structures, and function. The dynamic roles of these complexes in silencing will be discussed herein, with a focus on the recruitment of Pc complexes to target genes and the key factors involved in their recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Golbabapour
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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7
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Kassis JA, Brown JL. Polycomb group response elements in Drosophila and vertebrates. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2013; 81:83-118. [PMID: 23419717 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407677-8.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polycomb group genes (PcG) encode a group of about 16 proteins that were first identified in Drosophila as repressors of homeotic genes. PcG proteins are present in all metazoans and are best characterized as transcriptional repressors. In Drosophila, these proteins are known as epigenetic regulators because they remember, but do not establish, the patterned expression state of homeotic genes throughout development. PcG proteins, in general, are not DNA binding proteins, but act in protein complexes to repress transcription at specific target genes. How are PcG proteins recruited to the DNA? In Drosophila, there are specific regulatory DNA elements called Polycomb group response elements (PREs) that bring PcG protein complexes to the DNA. Drosophila PREs are made up of binding sites for a complex array of DNA binding proteins. Functional PRE assays in transgenes have shown that PREs act in the context of other regulatory DNA and PRE activity is highly dependent on genomic context. Drosophila PREs tend to regulate genes with a complex array of regulatory DNA in a cell or tissue-specific fashion and it is the interplay between regulatory DNA that dictates PRE function. In mammals, PcG proteins are more diverse and there are multiple ways to recruit PcG complexes, including RNA-mediated recruitment. In this review, we discuss evidence for PREs in vertebrates and explore similarities and differences between Drosophila and vertebrate PREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Kassis
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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8
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Coléno-Costes A, Jang SM, de Vanssay A, Rougeot J, Bouceba T, Randsholt NB, Gibert JM, Le Crom S, Mouchel-Vielh E, Bloyer S, Peronnet F. New partners in regulation of gene expression: the enhancer of Trithorax and Polycomb Corto interacts with methylated ribosomal protein l12 via its chromodomain. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1003006. [PMID: 23071455 PMCID: PMC3469418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromodomains are found in many regulators of chromatin structure, and most of them recognize methylated lysines on histones. Here, we investigate the role of the Drosophila melanogaster protein Corto's chromodomain. The Enhancer of Trithorax and Polycomb Corto is involved in both silencing and activation of gene expression. Over-expression of the Corto chromodomain (CortoCD) in transgenic flies shows that it is a chromatin-targeting module, critical for Corto function. Unexpectedly, mass spectrometry analysis reveals that polypeptides pulled down by CortoCD from nuclear extracts correspond to ribosomal proteins. Furthermore, real-time interaction analyses demonstrate that CortoCD binds with high affinity RPL12 tri-methylated on lysine 3. Corto and RPL12 co-localize with active epigenetic marks on polytene chromosomes, suggesting that both are involved in fine-tuning transcription of genes in open chromatin. RNA-seq based transcriptomes of wing imaginal discs over-expressing either CortoCD or RPL12 reveal that both factors deregulate large sets of common genes, which are enriched in heat-response and ribosomal protein genes, suggesting that they could be implicated in dynamic coordination of ribosome biogenesis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments show that Corto and RPL12 bind hsp70 and are similarly recruited on gene body after heat shock. Hence, Corto and RPL12 could be involved together in regulation of gene transcription. We discuss whether pseudo-ribosomal complexes composed of various ribosomal proteins might participate in regulation of gene expression in connection with chromatin regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Coléno-Costes
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Chromatine et Développement, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Chromatine et Développement, Paris, France
| | - Suk Min Jang
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Biologie du Développement, Unité de Régulation Epigénétique, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, URA2578, Paris, France
- INSERM Avenir, Paris, France
| | - Augustin de Vanssay
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Répression Épigénétique et Éléments Transposables, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Répression Épigénétique et Éléments Transposables, Paris, France
| | - Julien Rougeot
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Chromatine et Développement, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Chromatine et Développement, Paris, France
| | - Tahar Bouceba
- Plateforme d'Ingénierie des Protéines, Service d'Interaction des Biomolécules, IFR83, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7622, Paris, France
| | - Neel B. Randsholt
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Chromatine et Développement, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Chromatine et Développement, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gibert
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Chromatine et Développement, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Chromatine et Développement, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Le Crom
- École Normale Supérieure, Institut de Biologie de l'ENS, IBENS, Plateforme Génomique, Paris, France
- INSERM, U1024, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 8197, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Analyse des Données à Haut Débit en Génomique Fonctionnelle, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Analyse des Données à Haut Débit en Génomique Fonctionnelle, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuèle Mouchel-Vielh
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Chromatine et Développement, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Chromatine et Développement, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Bloyer
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Chromatine et Développement, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Chromatine et Développement, Paris, France
| | - Frédérique Peronnet
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Chromatine et Développement, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Chromatine et Développement, Paris, France
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Ribeiro FS, de Abreu da Silva IC, Carneiro VC, Belgrano FDS, Mohana-Borges R, de Andrade Rosa I, Benchimol M, Souza NRQ, Mesquita RD, Sorgine MHF, Gazos-Lopes F, Vicentino ARR, Wu W, de Moraes Maciel R, da Silva-Neto MAC, Fantappié MR. The dengue vector Aedes aegypti contains a functional high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein with a unique regulatory C-terminus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40192. [PMID: 22802955 PMCID: PMC3388995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mosquito Aedes aegypti can spread the dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever viruses. Thus, the search for key molecules involved in the mosquito survival represents today a promising vector control strategy. High Mobility Group Box (HMGB) proteins are essential nuclear factors that maintain the high-order structure of chromatin, keeping eukaryotic cells viable. Outside the nucleus, secreted HMGB proteins could alert the innate immune system to foreign antigens and trigger the initiation of host defenses. In this work, we cloned and functionally characterized the HMGB1 protein from Aedes aegypti (AaHMGB1). The AaHMGB1 protein typically consists of two HMG-box DNA binding domains and an acidic C-terminus. Interestingly, AaHMGB1 contains a unique alanine/glutamine-rich (AQ-rich) C-terminal region that seems to be exclusive of dipteran HMGB proteins. AaHMGB1 is localized to the cell nucleus, mainly associated with heterochromatin. Circular dichroism analyses of AaHMGB1 or the C-terminal truncated proteins revealed α-helical structures. We showed that AaHMGB1 can effectively bind and change the topology of DNA, and that the AQ-rich and the C-terminal acidic regions can modulate its ability to promote DNA supercoiling, as well as its preference to bind supercoiled DNA. AaHMGB1 is phosphorylated by PKA and PKC, but not by CK2. Importantly, phosphorylation of AaHMGB1 by PKA or PKC completely abolishes its DNA bending activity. Thus, our study shows that a functional HMGB1 protein occurs in Aedes aegypt and we provide the first description of a HMGB1 protein containing an AQ-rich regulatory C-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Schneider Ribeiro
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Isabel Caetano de Abreu da Silva
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Vitor Coutinho Carneiro
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Ivone de Andrade Rosa
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Universidade Santa Úrsula, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | - Nathalia Rocha Quintino Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Rafael Dias Mesquita
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marcos Henrique Ferreira Sorgine
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Felipe Gazos-Lopes
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Amanda Roberta Revoredo Vicentino
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Wenjie Wu
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Renata de Moraes Maciel
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Mario Alberto Cardoso da Silva-Neto
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Rosado Fantappié
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Mouchel-Vielh E, Rougeot J, Decoville M, Peronnet F. The MAP kinase ERK and its scaffold protein MP1 interact with the chromatin regulator Corto during Drosophila wing tissue development. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 11:17. [PMID: 21401930 PMCID: PMC3062617 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-11-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades (p38, JNK, ERK pathways) are involved in cell fate acquisition during development. These kinase modules are associated with scaffold proteins that control their activity. In Drosophila, dMP1, that encodes an ERK scaffold protein, regulates ERK signaling during wing development and contributes to intervein and vein cell differentiation. Functional relationships during wing development between a chromatin regulator, the Enhancer of Trithorax and Polycomb Corto, ERK and its scaffold protein dMP1, are examined here. Results Genetic interactions show that corto and dMP1 act together to antagonize rolled (which encodes ERK) in the future intervein cells, thus promoting intervein fate. Although Corto, ERK and dMP1 are present in both cytoplasmic and nucleus compartments, they interact exclusively in nucleus extracts. Furthermore, Corto, ERK and dMP1 co-localize on several sites on polytene chromosomes, suggesting that they regulate gene expression directly on chromatin. Finally, Corto is phosphorylated. Interestingly, its phosphorylation pattern differs between cytoplasm and nucleus and changes upon ERK activation. Conclusions Our data therefore suggest that the Enhancer of Trithorax and Polycomb Corto could participate in regulating vein and intervein genes during wing tissue development in response to ERK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuèle Mouchel-Vielh
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; UMR7622, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement, Equipe Chromatine et Développement, 75005 Paris, France.
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11
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Gibert JM, Karch F. The Polycomb group protein CRAMPED is involved with TRF2 in the activation of the histone H1 gene. Chromosoma 2011; 120:297-307. [PMID: 21336627 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-011-0312-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CRAMPED (CRM), conserved from plants to animals, was previously characterized genetically as a repressive factor involved in the formation of facultative and constitutive heterochromatin (Polycomb silencing, position effect variegation). We show that crm is dynamically regulated during replication and identify the Histone gene cluster (His-C) as a major CRM target. Surprisingly, CRM is specifically required for the expression of the Histone H1 gene, like the promoter-bound transcription factor TRF2. Consistently with this, CRM genetically interacts and co-immunoprecipitates with TRF2. However, the Polycomb phenotypes observed in crm mutants are not observed in TRF2 hypomorphic mutants, suggesting that they correspond to independent roles of CRM. CRM is thus a highly pleiotropic factor involved in both activation and repression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Gibert
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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12
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Lamiable O, Rabhi M, Peronnet F, Locker D, Decoville M. Rm62, a DEAD-box RNA helicase, complexes with DSP1 in Drosophila embryos. Genesis 2010; 48:244-53. [PMID: 20196121 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two main classes of proteins, Polycomb group (PcG) and Trithorax group (TrxG), play a key role in the regulation of homeotic genes. These proteins act in multimeric complexes to remodel chromatin. A third class of proteins named Enhancers of Trithorax and Polycomb (ETP) modulates the activity of TrxG and PcG, but their role remains largely unknown. We previously identified an HMGB-like protein, DSP1 (Dorsal Switch Protein 1), which was classified as an ETP. Preliminary studies have revealed that DSP1 is involved in multimeric complexes. Here we identify a DEAD-box RNA helicase, Rm62, as partner of DSP1 in a 250-kDa complex. Coimmunoprecipitation assays performed on embryo extracts indicate that DSP1 and Rm62 are associated in 3- to 12-h embryos. Furthermore, DSP1 and Rm62 colocalize on polytene chromosomes. Consistent with these results, a mutation in Rm62 enhances a null mutation of dsp1 and also mutations of trxG or PcG, suggesting that Rm62 has characteristics of an ETP. We show here for the first time that an RNA helicase is involved in the maintenance of homeotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Lamiable
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, conventionnée avec l'Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
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13
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Beck S, Faradji F, Brock H, Peronnet F. Maintenance of Hox Gene Expression Patterns. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 689:41-62. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6673-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Fedorova EV, Pindyurin AV, Baricheva EM. Maintenance of the patterns of expression of homeotic genes in the development of Drosophila melanogaster by proteins of the polycomb, trithorax, and ETP groups. RUSS J GENET+ 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795409100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Baskind HA, Na L, Ma Q, Patel MP, Geenen DL, Wang QT. Functional conservation of Asxl2, a murine homolog for the Drosophila enhancer of trithorax and polycomb group gene Asx. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4750. [PMID: 19270745 PMCID: PMC2650259 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycomb-group (PcG) and trithorax-group (trxG) proteins regulate histone methylation to establish repressive and active chromatin configurations at target loci, respectively. These chromatin configurations are passed on from mother to daughter cells, thereby causing heritable changes in gene expression. The activities of PcG and trxG proteins are regulated by a special class of proteins known as Enhancers of trithorax and Polycomb (ETP). The Drosophila gene Additional sex combs (Asx) encodes an ETP protein and mutations in Asx enhance both PcG and trxG mutant phenotypes. The mouse and human genomes each contain three Asx homologues, Asx-like 1, 2, and 3. In order to understand the functions of mammalian Asx-like (Asxl) proteins, we generated an Asxl2 mutant mouse from a gene-trap ES cell line. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show that the Asxl2 gene trap is expressed at high levels in specific tissues including the heart, the axial skeleton, the neocortex, the retina, spermatogonia and developing oocytes. The gene trap mutation is partially embryonic lethal and approximately half of homozygous animals die before birth. Homozygotes that survive embryogenesis are significantly smaller than controls and have a shortened life span. Asxl2(-/-) mice display both posterior transformations and anterior transformation in the axial skeleton, suggesting that the loss of Asxl2 disrupts the activities of both PcG and trxG proteins. The PcG-associated histone modification, trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27, is reduced in Asxl2(-/-) heart. Necropsy and histological analysis show that mutant mice have enlarged hearts and may have impaired heart function. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that murine Asxl2 has conserved ETP function and plays dual roles in the promotion of PcG and trxG activity. We have also revealed an unexpected role for Asxl2 in the heart, suggesting that the PcG/trxG system may be involved in the regulation of cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A. Baskind
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lucy Na
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Quanhong Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mayur P. Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David L. Geenen
- Department of Medicine, Section of Cardiology and the Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Q. Tian Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Salvaing J, Mouchel-Vielh E, Bloyer S, Preiss A, Peronnet F. Regulation of Abd-B expression by Cyclin G and Corto in the abdominal epithelium of Drosophila. Hereditas 2008; 145:138-146. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0018-0661.2008.02067.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
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The enhancer of trithorax and polycomb corto interacts with cyclin G in Drosophila. PLoS One 2008; 3:e1658. [PMID: 18286205 PMCID: PMC2243016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polycomb (PcG) and trithorax (trxG) genes encode proteins involved in the maintenance of gene expression patterns, notably Hox genes, throughout development. PcG proteins are required for long-term gene repression whereas TrxG proteins are positive regulators that counteract PcG action. PcG and TrxG proteins form large complexes that bind chromatin at overlapping sites called Polycomb and Trithorax Response Elements (PRE/TRE). A third class of proteins, so-called "Enhancers of Trithorax and Polycomb" (ETP), interacts with either complexes, behaving sometimes as repressors and sometimes as activators. The role of ETP proteins is largely unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In a two-hybrid screen, we identified Cyclin G (CycG) as a partner of the Drosophila ETP Corto. Inactivation of CycG by RNA interference highlights its essential role during development. We show here that Corto and CycG directly interact and bind to each other in embryos and S2 cells. Moreover, CycG is targeted to polytene chromosomes where it co-localizes at multiple sites with Corto and with the PcG factor Polyhomeotic (PH). We observed that corto is involved in maintaining Abd-B repression outside its normal expression domain in embryos. This could be achieved by association between Corto and CycG since both proteins bind the regulatory element iab-7 PRE and the promoter of the Abd-B gene. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that CycG could regulate the activity of Corto at chromatin and thus be involved in changing Corto from an Enhancer of TrxG into an Enhancer of PcG.
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Ringrose L, Paro R. Polycomb/Trithorax response elements and epigenetic memory of cell identity. Development 2007; 134:223-32. [PMID: 17185323 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycomb/Trithorax group response elements (PRE/TREs) are fascinating chromosomal pieces. Just a few hundred base pairs long, these elements can remember and maintain the active or silent transcriptional state of their associated genes for many cell generations, long after the initial determining activators and repressors have disappeared. Recently, substantial progress has been made towards understanding the nuts and bolts of PRE/TRE function at the molecular level and in experimentally mapping PRE/TRE sites across whole genomes. Here we examine the insights, controversies and new questions that have been generated by this recent flood of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Ringrose
- IMBA - Institute of Molecular Biotechnology GmbH, Dr Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria.
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