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Ding SM, Shi LG, Xing F, Cui SS, Cheng HR, Liu Y, Ji DM, Liang D, Cao YX, Liu YJ. Melatonin Protects Against Mitochondrial Dyshomeostasis and Ovarian Damage Caused by Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Through the eIF2α-AFT4 Signaling Pathway in Mice. Reprod Sci 2024:10.1007/s43032-024-01647-z. [PMID: 39060751 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-024-01647-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Stress is an emotional state caused by an unexpected external environmental change or stimulus, and several experiments have demonstrated its negative impact on ovarian function, ultimately affecting reproductive ability. Melatonin (MT) has been shown to facilitate oocyte maturation and enhance ovarian function by regulating mitochondrial function. However, the specific effect and underlying molecular mechanisms of MT on stress-induced ovarian dysfunction remain largely unknown. In this study, we established a mouse model of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) to investigate its impact on ovarian function. Our findings revealed that CUMS led to premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) in mice, characterized by a reduction in follicle numbers and decreased levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15). Furthermore, CUMS caused decreased expression of mitochondrial fission protein 1 (FIS1) and enhanced level of mitochondrial fusion protein optic atrophy 1(OPA1), mitofusin1(MFN1), as well as nucleus-encoded protein succinate dehydrogenase complex A (SDHA), reflecting mitochondrial dyshomeostasis. Additionally, CUMS resulted in excessive autophagy and apoptosis. However, MT reversed these effects and improved ovarian damage. Importantly, the protective effects of MT were mediated through the inhibition of the eIF2α-AFT4 pathway. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the treatment of POI caused by CUMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Min Ding
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Disorders and Obstetrics and Gynaecology Diseases, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
- Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Ling-Ge Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Education, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Fen Xing
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Education, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
- Engineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Education, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Hui-Ru Cheng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Yang Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Dong-Mei Ji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China.
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, Anhui Medical University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Disorders and Obstetrics and Gynaecology Diseases, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
- Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Anhui Provincial Engineering Research Center, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
| | - Dan Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Education, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
| | - Yun-Xia Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Education, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
| | - Ya-Jing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Education, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
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Hamanaka Y, Hasebe M, Shiga S. Neural mechanism of circadian clock-based photoperiodism in insects and snails. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:601-625. [PMID: 37596422 PMCID: PMC11226556 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The photoperiodic mechanism distinguishes between long and short days, and the circadian clock system is involved in this process. Although the necessity of circadian clock genes for photoperiodic responses has been demonstrated in many species, how the clock system contributes to photoperiodic mechanisms remains unclear. A comprehensive study, including the functional analysis of relevant genes and physiology of their expressing cells, is necessary to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms. Since Drosophila melanogaster exhibits a shallow photoperiodism, photoperiodic mechanisms have been studied in non-model species, starting with brain microsurgery and neuroanatomy, followed by genetic manipulation in some insects. Here, we review and discuss the involvement of the circadian clock in photoperiodic mechanisms in terms of neural networks in insects. We also review recent advances in the neural mechanisms underlying photoperiodic responses in insects and snails, and additionally circadian clock systems in snails, whose involvement in photoperiodism has hardly been addressed yet. Brain neurosecretory cells, insulin-like peptide/diuretic hormone44-expressing pars intercerebralis neurones in the bean bug Riptortus pedestris and caudo-dorsal cell hormone-expressing caudo-dorsal cells in the snail Lymnaea stagnalis, both promote egg laying under long days, and their electrical excitability is attenuated under short and medium days, which reduces oviposition. The photoperiodic responses of the pars intercerebralis neurones are mediated by glutamate under the control of the clock gene period. Thus, we are now able to assess the photoperiodic response by neurosecretory cell activity to investigate the upstream mechanisms, that is, the photoperiodic clock and counter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Hamanaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hasebe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Sakiko Shiga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan.
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Fishman B, Tauber E. Epigenetics and seasonal timing in animals: a concise review. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024; 210:565-574. [PMID: 37695537 PMCID: PMC11226475 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-023-01673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal adaptation in animals is a complex process that involves genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The present review explores recent studies on epigenetic mechanisms implicated in seasonal adaptation in animals. The review is divided into three main sections, each focusing on a different epigenetic mechanism: DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA. Additionally, the review delves into the current understanding of how these epigenetic factors contribute to the regulation of circadian and seasonal cycles. Understanding these molecular mechanisms provides the first step in deciphering the complex interplay between genetics, epigenetics, and the environment in driving seasonal adaptation in animals. By exploring these mechanisms, a better understanding of how animals adapt to changing environmental conditions can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Fishman
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Eran Tauber
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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Liu L, Zhang P, Gao Q, Feng X, Han L, Zhang F, Bai Y, Han M, Hu H, Dai F, Zhang G, Tong X. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals bmo-miR-6497-3p Regulate Circadian Clock Genes during the Embryonic Diapause Induction Process in Bivoltine Silkworm. INSECTS 2021; 12:739. [PMID: 34442305 PMCID: PMC8396838 DOI: 10.3390/insects12080739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diapause is one of the survival strategies of insects for confronting adverse environmental conditions. Bombyx mori displays typical embryonic diapause, and offspring diapause depends on the incubation environment of the maternal embryo in the bivoltine strains of the silkworm. However, the molecular mechanisms of the diapause induction process are still poorly understood. In this study, we compared the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) in bivoltine silkworm embryos incubated at diapause- (25 °C) and non-diapause (15 °C)-inducing temperatures during the blastokinesis (BK) and head pigmentation (HP) phases using transcriptome sequencing. There were 411 known miRNAs and 71 novel miRNAs identified during the two phases. Among those miRNAs, there were 108 and 74 DEmiRs in the BK and HP groups, respectively. By the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of the predicted target genes of the DEmiRs, we found that aside from metabolism, the targets were also enriched in phototransduction-fly and insect hormone biosynthesis in the BK group and the HP group, respectively. Dual luciferase reporter assay illustrated that bmo-miR-6497-3p directly regulated Bmcycle and subsequently regulated the expression of circadian genes. These results imply that microRNAs, as vitally important regulators, respond to different temperatures and participate in the diapause induction process across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (L.L.); (Q.G.); (Y.B.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (F.D.)
| | - Pan Zhang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (P.Z.); (X.F.); (L.H.); (F.Z.)
| | - Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (L.L.); (Q.G.); (Y.B.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (F.D.)
| | - Xiaoge Feng
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (P.Z.); (X.F.); (L.H.); (F.Z.)
| | - Lan Han
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (P.Z.); (X.F.); (L.H.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fengbin Zhang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (P.Z.); (X.F.); (L.H.); (F.Z.)
| | - Yanmin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (L.L.); (Q.G.); (Y.B.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (F.D.)
| | - Minjin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (L.L.); (Q.G.); (Y.B.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (F.D.)
| | - Hai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (L.L.); (Q.G.); (Y.B.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (F.D.)
| | - Fangyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (L.L.); (Q.G.); (Y.B.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (F.D.)
| | - Gaojun Zhang
- College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (P.Z.); (X.F.); (L.H.); (F.Z.)
| | - Xiaoling Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; (L.L.); (Q.G.); (Y.B.); (M.H.); (H.H.); (F.D.)
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Barberà M, Escrivá L, Collantes-Alegre JM, Meca G, Rosato E, Martínez-Torres D. Melatonin in the seasonal response of the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:224-238. [PMID: 30422395 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aphids display life cycles largely determined by the photoperiod. During the warm long-day seasons, most aphid species reproduce by viviparous parthenogenesis. The shortening of the photoperiod in autumn induces a switch to sexual reproduction. Males and sexual females mate to produce overwintering resistant eggs. In addition to this full life cycle (holocycle), there are anholocyclic lineages that do not respond to changes in photoperiod and reproduce continuously by parthenogenesis. The molecular or hormonal events that trigger the seasonal response (i.e., induction of the sexual phenotypes) are still unknown. Although circadian synthesis of melatonin is known to play a key role in vertebrate photoperiodism, the involvement of the circadian clock and/or of the hormone melatonin in insect seasonal responses is not so well established. Here we show that melatonin levels in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum are significantly higher in holocyclic aphids reared under short days than under long days, while no differences were found between anholocyclic aphids under the same conditions. We also found that melatonin is localized in the aphid suboesophageal ganglion (SOG) and in the thoracic ganglionic mass (TGM). In analogy to vertebrates, insect-type arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferases (i-AANATs) are thought to play a key role in melatonin synthesis. We measured the expression of four i-AANAT genes identified in A. pisum and localized two of them in situ in the insect central nervous systems (CNS). Levels of expression of these genes were compatible with the quantities of melatonin observed. Moreover, like melatonin, expression of these genes was found in the SOG and the TGM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Barberà
- Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes & Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán n° 2, 46980, Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Laura Escrivá
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Jorge Mariano Collantes-Alegre
- Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes & Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán n° 2, 46980, Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Giuseppe Meca
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ezio Rosato
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - David Martínez-Torres
- Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes & Institut Cavanilles de Biodiversitat i Biologia Evolutiva, Parc Cientific Universitat de Valencia, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán n° 2, 46980, Paterna, València, Spain
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Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Molecular Profiles of Central Nervous System in Maternal Diapause Induction of Locusta migratoria. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:3287-3296. [PMID: 31405890 PMCID: PMC6778799 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Egg diapause in Locusta migratoria L. (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) is believed to be influenced by maternal photoperiod. However, the molecular mechanism regulating the phenomenon of maternal diapause induction is unclear. Here we performed transcriptomic analyses from the central nervous system (CNS) of migratory locusts under long and short photoperiods to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to diapause induction. There were total of 165750 unigenes from 569491 transcripts, and 610 DEGs were obtained in S_CNS (CNS of short photoperiod treated locusts) vs. L_CNS (CNS of long photoperiod treated locusts). Of these, 360 were up-regulated, 250 were down-regulated, and 84 DEGs were found to be related to FOXO signaling pathways, including citrate cycle/TCA cycle, glycolysis/ gluconeogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and PI3K-Akt. The qRT-PCR validation of mRNA expression of 12 randomly selected DEGs showed consistency with transcriptome analysis. Furthermore, the takeout gene thought to be involved in circadian rhythm was cloned and used for RNAi to observe its function in maternal diapause induction. We found that the mRNA level of Lm-takeout was significantly lower in dstakeout treatments as compared to the control under both long and short photoperiods. Similarly, the offspring diapause rate was significantly higher in dstakeout treatment as compared to the control only in short photoperiod. This shows that the Lm-takeout gene might be involved in the inhibition of maternal diapause induction of L. migratoria under short photoperiods. The present study provides extensive data of the CNS transcriptome and particular insights into the molecular mechanisms of maternal effects on egg diapause of L. migratoria. As well for the future, the researchers can explore other factors and genes that may promote diapause in insect species.
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Kozak GM, Wadsworth CB, Kahne SC, Bogdanowicz SM, Harrison RG, Coates BS, Dopman EB. Genomic Basis of Circannual Rhythm in the European Corn Borer Moth. Curr Biol 2019; 29:3501-3509.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Barberà M, Cañas-Cañas R, Martínez-Torres D. Insulin-like peptides involved in photoperiodism in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 112:103185. [PMID: 31291597 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aphids were the first animals reported as photoperiodic as their life cycles are strongly determined by the photoperiod. During the favourable seasons (characterised by long days) aphid populations consist exclusively of viviparous parthenogenetic females (known as virginoparae). Shortening of the photoperiod in autumn is perceived by aphids as the signal that anticipates the harsh season, leading to a switch in the reproductive mode giving place to the sexual morphs (oviparae females and males) that mate and lay winter-resistant (diapause-like) eggs. The molecular and cellular basis governing the switch between the two reproductive modes are far from being understood. Classical experiments identified a group of neurosecretory cells in the pars intercerebralis of the aphid brain (the so called group I of neurosecretory cells) that were essential for the development of embryos as parthenogenetic females and were thus proposed to synthesise a parthenogenesis promoting substance that was termed "virginoparin". Since insulin-like peptides (ILPs) have been implicated in the control of diapause in other insects, we investigated their involvement in aphid photoperiodism. We compared the expression of two ILPs (ILP1 and ILP4) and an Insulin receptor coding genes in A. pisum aphids reared under long- and short-day conditions. The three genes showed higher expression in long-day reared aphids. In addition, we localised the site of expression of the two ILP genes in the aphid brain. Both genes were found to be expressed in the group I of neurosecretory cells. Altogether, our results suggest that ILP1 and ILP4 play an important role in the control of the aphid life-cycle by promoting the parthenogenetic development during long-day seasons while their repression by short days would activate the sexual development. Thus we propose these ILPs correspond to the so called "virginoparin" by early bibliography. A possible connection with the circadian system is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Barberà
- Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes, Parc Cientific Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán nº 2, 46980, Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Rubén Cañas-Cañas
- Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes, Parc Cientific Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán nº 2, 46980, Paterna, València, Spain
| | - David Martínez-Torres
- Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes, Parc Cientific Universitat de València, C/ Catedrático José Beltrán nº 2, 46980, Paterna, València, Spain.
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Dalla Benetta E, Beukeboom LW, van de Zande L. Adaptive Differences in Circadian Clock Gene Expression Patterns and Photoperiodic Diapause Induction in Nasonia vitripennis. Am Nat 2019; 193:881-896. [DOI: 10.1086/703159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Zhu L, Tian Z, Guo S, Liu W, Zhu F, Wang XP. Circadian clock genes link photoperiodic signals to lipid accumulation during diapause preparation in the diapause-destined female cabbage beetles Colaphellus bowringi. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 104:1-10. [PMID: 30423421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many organisms have evolved a series of adaptions, such as dormancy or diapause in insects that enable them to withstand seasonally adverse conditions. In insects, photoperiodic signals received during the diapause induction phase have irreversible effect on diapause initiation. Insects continue to be exposed to diapause-inducing photoperiod after the diapause induction phase during diapause preparation before they enter diapause. However, how photoperiodic signals experienced during the diapause preparation phase (DPP) regulate diapause remains largely unclear. In this paper, we investigate this in the cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi. The cabbage beetle is in many respects an ideal experimental model in which to investigate the effect of photoperiodic signals on the DPP because it has facultative reproductive diapause induced by long-day length and has differentiable diapause induction and preparation phases. We found that the lipid content of female cabbage beetles decreased after diapause-destined (DD) individuals were exposed to a diapause-inhibiting photoperiod during the DPP. Two circadian clock negative regulators, per and tim, were probably involved in the photoperiodic response of beetles during the DPP. Per and tim presented obvious oscillation of circadian rhythm and photoperiodic response during the DPP in DD females and knock-down of these genes in DD females caused their lipid content to decrease. Per and tim probably promote lipid accumulation by regulating the expression of genes that regulate lipogenesis and lipolysis. Moreover, decreased lipid accumulation caused by exposure to different photoperiods during the DPP was independent of juvenile hormone. In summary, these results suggest that photoperiodic signals received during the DPP influence lipid accumulation in DD insects. DD insects still have some ability to monitor photoperiodic changes during the DPP and per and tim are probably involved in regulating physiological responses to photoperiodic signals during diapause preparation. These results shed light on the relationship between photoperiodic signals and diapause preparation, and may provide new insights on both how to better utilize insects as resources and for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zhong Tian
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Shuang Guo
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Wen Liu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Fen Zhu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
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11
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Denlinger DL, Hahn DA, Merlin C, Holzapfel CM, Bradshaw WE. Keeping time without a spine: what can the insect clock teach us about seasonal adaptation? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 372:rstb.2016.0257. [PMID: 28993500 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal change in daylength (photoperiod) is widely used by insects to regulate temporal patterns of development and behaviour, including the timing of diapause (dormancy) and migration. Flexibility of the photoperiodic response is critical for rapid shifts to new hosts, survival in the face of global climate change and to reproductive isolation. At the same time, the daily circadian clock is also essential for development, diapause and multiple behaviours, including correct flight orientation during long-distance migration. Although studied for decades, how these two critical biological timing mechanisms are integrated is poorly understood, in part because the core circadian clock genes are all transcription factors or regulators that are able to exert multiple effects throughout the genome. In this chapter, we discuss clocks in the wild from the perspective of diverse insect groups across eco-geographic contexts from the Antarctic to the tropical regions of Earth. Application of the expanding tool box of molecular techniques will lead us to distinguish universal from unique mechanisms underlying the evolution of circadian and photoperiodic timing, and their interaction across taxonomic and ecological contexts represented by insects.This article is part of the themed issue 'Wild clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Denlinger
- Departments of Entomology and Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Daniel A Hahn
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christine Merlin
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - William E Bradshaw
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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12
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Leal L, Talla V, Källman T, Friberg M, Wiklund C, Dincă V, Vila R, Backström N. Gene expression profiling across ontogenetic stages in the wood white (Leptidea sinapis) reveals pathways linked to butterfly diapause regulation. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:935-948. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Leal
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC); Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Plant Ecology and Evolution; Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC); Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Venkat Talla
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC); Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - Thomas Källman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology; Uppsala Biomedical Centre (BMC); Uppsala Sweden
| | - Magne Friberg
- Department of Biology; Biodiversity Unit; Lund University; Lund Sweden
| | - Christer Wiklund
- Department of Zoology; Division of Ecology; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Vlad Dincă
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | - Roger Vila
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF); Barcelona Spain
| | - Niclas Backström
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC); Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
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13
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Collantes-Alegre JM, Mattenberger F, Barberà M, Martínez-Torres D. Characterisation, analysis of expression and localisation of the opsin gene repertoire from the perspective of photoperiodism in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 104:48-59. [PMID: 29203177 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Organisms exhibit a wide range of seasonal responses as adaptions to predictable annual changes in their environment. These changes are originally caused by the effect of the Earth's cycles around the sun and its axial tilt. Examples of seasonal responses include floration, migration, reproduction and diapause. In temperate climate zones, the most robust variable to predict seasons is the length of the day (i.e. the photoperiod). The first step to trigger photoperiodic driven responses involves measuring the duration of the light-dark phases, but the molecular clockwork performing this task is poorly characterized. Photopigments such as opsins are known to participate in light perception, being part of the machinery in charge of providing information about the luminous state of the surroundings. Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are paradigmatic photoperiodic insects, exhibiting a strong induction to diapause when the light regime mimics autumn conditions. The availability of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) genome has facilitated molecular approaches to understand the effect of light stimulus in the photoperiodic induction process. We have identified, experimentally validated and characterized the expression of the full opsin gene repertoire in the pea aphid. Among identified opsin genes in A. pisum, arthropsin is absent in most insects sequenced to date (except for dragonflies and two other hemipterans) but also present in a crustacean, an onychophoran and chelicerates. We have quantified the expression of these genes in aphids exposed to different photoperiodic conditions and at different times of the day and localized their transcripts in the aphid brain. Clear differences in expression patterns were found, thus relating opsin expression with the photoperiodic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mariano Collantes-Alegre
- Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes, Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/Catedrático José Beltrán n° 2, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Florian Mattenberger
- Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes, Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/Catedrático José Beltrán n° 2, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain; Department of Abiotic Stress, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Miquel Barberà
- Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes, Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/Catedrático José Beltrán n° 2, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - David Martínez-Torres
- Institut de Biologia Integrativa de Sistemes, Parc Científic Universitat de València, C/Catedrático José Beltrán n° 2, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain.
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14
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Lehmann P, Nylin S, Gotthard K, Carlsson MA. Idiosyncratic development of sensory structures in brains of diapausing butterfly pupae: implications for information processing. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20170897. [PMID: 28679728 PMCID: PMC5524504 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diapause is an important escape mechanism from seasonal stress in many insects. A certain minimum amount of time in diapause is generally needed in order for it to terminate. The mechanisms of time-keeping in diapause are poorly understood, but it can be hypothesized that a well-developed neural system is required. However, because neural tissue is metabolically costly to maintain, there might exist conflicting selective pressures on overall brain development during diapause, on the one hand to save energy and on the other hand to provide reliable information processing during diapause. We performed the first ever investigation of neural development during diapause and non-diapause (direct) development in pupae of the butterfly Pieris napi from a population whose diapause duration is known. The brain grew in size similarly in pupae of both pathways up to 3 days after pupation, when development in the diapause brain was arrested. While development in the brain of direct pupae continued steadily after this point, no further development occurred during diapause until temperatures increased far after diapause termination. Interestingly, sensory structures related to vision were remarkably well developed in pupae from both pathways, in contrast with neuropils related to olfaction, which only developed in direct pupae. The results suggest that a well-developed visual system might be important for normal diapause development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Gotthard
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael A Carlsson
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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15
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Zhu L, Yin TY, Sun D, Liu W, Zhu F, Lei CL, Wang XP. Juvenile hormone regulates the differential expression of putative juvenile hormone esterases via methoprene-tolerant in non-diapause-destined and diapause-destined adult female beetle. Gene 2017; 627:373-378. [PMID: 28679117 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) plays an essential role in regulating molting, metamorphosis, reproduction, and diapause (dormancy), in many insects and crustaceans. JH esterases (JHEs) can control JH titer by regulating JH degradation. Although the biochemistry and structure of JHEs have been well studied, regulation of their expression remains unclear. We identified three putative JHEs (JHE1, JHE2, JHE3) in the cabbage beetle Colaphellus bowringi, and investigated the regulation of their expression by JH signaling in non-diapause-destined (NDD, reproductive) and diapause-destined (DD) female adults. Sequence and phylogenetic tree analyses indicate that the three putative JHEs shared conserved motifs with the JHEs of other insects and one crustacean, and were similar to Coleopteran, Dipteran, Orthopteran, Hymenopteran, and Decapodan JHEs. They were, however, less closely related to Hemipteran and Lepidopteran JHEs. JHEs were more highly expressed in NDD female adults than in DD female adults. JH analog induction in DD female adults significantly upregulated the expression of JHE1 and JHE2, but had no effect on the expression of JHE3. Knockdown of the JH candidate receptor methoprene-tolerant (Met) in NDD female adults downregulated the expression of all three JHEs. These results suggest that JHE expression is positively correlated with JH signaling, and that Met may be involved in the JH-mediated differential expression of JHE in DD and NDD adult female C. bowringi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Tian-Yan Yin
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Dan Sun
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Wen Liu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China.
| | - Fen Zhu
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Chao-Liang Lei
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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16
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Zhu L, Liu W, Tan QQ, Lei CL, Wang XP. Differential expression of circadian clock genes in two strains of beetles reveals candidates related to photoperiodic induction of summer diapause. Gene 2017; 603:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Omura S, Numata H, Goto SG. Circadian clock regulates photoperiodic responses governed by distinct output pathways in the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2016.1212515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Omura
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Shin G. Goto
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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18
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Nielsen AL, Chen S, Fleischer SJ. Coupling Developmental Physiology, Photoperiod, and Temperature to Model Phenology and Dynamics of an Invasive Heteropteran, Halyomorpha halys. Front Physiol 2016; 7:165. [PMID: 27242539 PMCID: PMC4870838 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an agent-based stochastic model expressing stage-specific phenology and population dynamics for an insect species across geographic regions. We used the invasive pentatomid, Halyomorpha halys, as the model organism because gaps in knowledge exist regarding its developmental physiology, it is expanding its global distribution, and it is of significant economic importance. Model predictions were compared against field observations over 3 years, and the parameter set that enables the largest population growth was applied to eight locations over 10 years, capturing the variation in temperature and photoperiod profiles of significant horticultural crop production that could be affected by H. halys in the US. As a species that overwinters as adults, critical photoperiod significantly impacted H. halys seasonality and population size through its influence on diapause termination and induction, and this may impact other insects with similar life-histories. Photoperiod and temperature interactions influenced life stage synchrony among years, resulting in an order of magnitude difference, for occurrence of key life stages. At all locations, there was a high degree of overlap among life stages and generation. Although all populations produced F2 adults and thus could be characterized as bivoltine, the size and relative contribution of each generation to the total, or overwintering, adult population also varied dramatically. In about half of the years in two locations (Geneva, NY and Salem, OR), F1 adults comprised half or more of the adult population at the end of the year. Yearly degree-day accumulation was a significant covariate influencing variation in population growth, and average maximum adult population size varied by 10-fold among locations. Average final population growth was positive (Asheville, NC, Homestead, FL, Davis, CA) or marginal (Geneva, NY, Bridgeton, NJ, Salem, OR, Riverside, CA), but was negative in one location (Wenatchee WA) due to cooler temperatures coupled with timing of vitellogenesis of F2 adults. Years of the highest population growth in the mid-Atlantic site coincided with years of highest crop damage reports. We discuss these results with respect to assumptions and critical knowledge gaps, the ability to realistically model phenology of species with strongly overlapping life stage and which diapause as adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Nielsen
- Department of Entomology, Rutgers University Bridgeton, NJ, USA
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Shelby J Fleischer
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA, USA
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19
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Urbanová V, Bazalová O, Vaněčková H, Dolezel D. Photoperiod regulates growth of male accessory glands through juvenile hormone signaling in the linden bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 70:184-190. [PMID: 26826599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adult reproductive diapause is characterized by lower behavioral activity, ceased reproduction and absence of juvenile hormone (JH). The role of JH receptor Methoprene-tolerant (Met) in female reproduction is well established; however, its function in male reproductive development and behavior is unclear. In the bean bug, Riptortus pedestris, circadian genes are essential for mediating photoperiodically-dependent growth of the male accessory glands (MAGs). The present study explores the role of circadian genes and JH receptor in male diapause in the linden bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus. These data indicate that circadian factors Clock, Cycle and Cry2 are responsible for photoperiod measurement, whereas Met and its partner protein Taiman participate in JH reception. Surprisingly, knockdown of the JH receptor neither lowered locomotor activity nor reduced mating behavior of males. These data suggest existence of a parallel, JH-independent or JH-upstream photoperiodic regulation of reproductive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Urbanová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Bazalová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hanka Vaněčková
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - David Dolezel
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Center, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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20
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Numata H, Miyazaki Y, Ikeno T. Common features in diverse insect clocks. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2015; 1:10. [PMID: 26605055 PMCID: PMC4604113 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-014-0003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This review describes common features among diverse biological clocks in insects, including circadian, circatidal, circalunar/circasemilunar, and circannual clocks. These clocks control various behaviors, physiological functions, and developmental events, enabling adaptation to periodic environmental changes. Circadian clocks also function in time-compensation for celestial navigation and in the measurement of day or night length for photoperiodism. Phase response curves for such clocks reported thus far exhibit close similarities; specifically, the circannual clock in Anthrenus verbasci shows striking similarity to circadian clocks in its phase response. It is suggested that diverse biological clocks share physiological properties in their phase responses irrespective of period length. Molecular and physiological mechanisms are best understood for the optic-lobe and mid-brain circadian clocks, although there is no direct evidence that these clocks are involved in rhythmic phenomena other than circadian rhythms in daily events. Circadian clocks have also been localized in peripheral tissues, and research on their role in various rhythmic phenomena has been started. Although clock genes have been identified as controllers of circadian rhythms in daily events, some of these genes have also been shown to be involved in photoperiodism and possibly in time-compensated celestial navigation. In contrast, there is no experimental evidence indicating that any known clock gene is involved in biological clocks other than circadian clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideharu Numata
- />Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Yosuke Miyazaki
- />Graduate School of Education, Ashiya University, Ashiya, 659-8511 Japan
| | - Tomoko Ikeno
- />Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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21
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Dolezel D. Photoperiodic time measurement in insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 7:98-103. [PMID: 32846694 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ratio of day-to-night length, known as the photoperiod, is used by many organisms to predict the oncoming of adverse seasons through the use of a photoperiodic clock system. The molecular and neural architecture of these time-measuring devices is unclear, although some evidence suggests involvement of circadian factors, that is, proteins responsible for daily oscillations. This review summarizes specific difficulties in the research of photoperiodic clocks, highlights recent successful studies, and suggests possible future directions available with emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dolezel
- Biology Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
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22
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Pegoraro M, Gesto JS, Kyriacou CP, Tauber E. Role for circadian clock genes in seasonal timing: testing the Bünning hypothesis. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004603. [PMID: 25188283 PMCID: PMC4154681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major question in chronobiology focuses around the “Bünning hypothesis” which implicates the circadian clock in photoperiodic (day-length) measurement and is supported in some systems (e.g. plants) but disputed in others. Here, we used the seasonally-regulated thermotolerance of Drosophila melanogaster to test the role of various clock genes in day-length measurement. In Drosophila, freezing temperatures induce reversible chill coma, a narcosis-like state. We have corroborated previous observations that wild-type flies developing under short photoperiods (winter-like) exhibit significantly shorter chill-coma recovery times (CCRt) than flies that were raised under long (summer-like) photoperiods. Here, we show that arrhythmic mutant strains, per01, tim01 and ClkJrk, as well as variants that speed up or slow down the circadian period, disrupt the photoperiodic component of CCRt. Our results support an underlying circadian function mediating seasonal daylength measurement and indicate that clock genes are tightly involved in photo- and thermo-periodic measurements. The circadian clock consists of an extensive genetic network that drives daily rhythms of physiological, biochemical and behavioural processes. The network is evolutionary conserved and has been extensively studied in a broad range of organisms. Another genetic network constitutes the photoperiodic clock and monitors the seasonal change in day-length. Here, we address a major and long-standing question in chronobiology: whether the circadian clock is involved in photoperiodic timing, also known as the Bünning hypothesis. Drosophila, as with many other insects in temperate regions, exhibits a photoperiodic response that allows the insect to anticipate and survive the winter. Here we show that the cold-tolerance of the fly is regulated by the photoperiod. We use this phenotype to test day-length timing in various circadian clock mutants and observe that in null clock mutants, the photoperiodic response is abolished, whereas in mutants that exhibit short or long daily cycles, the photoperiodic response is modified, further supporting a circadian-clock function. Overall, these results provide the first evidence in Drosophila that support for the Bünning hypothesis, and pave the way for the genetic dissection of seasonal timing in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Pegoraro
- Dept. of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Joao S. Gesto
- Dept. of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Eran Tauber
- Dept. of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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23
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Bajgar A, Dolezel D, Hodkova M. Endocrine regulation of non-circadian behavior of circadian genes in insect gut. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:881-6. [PMID: 23811190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The linden bug Pyrrhocoris apterus exhibits a robust diapause response to photoperiod. Photoperiod strongly affected basal levels of circadian gene transcripts in the gut, via the neuroendocrine system. Cryptochrome 2 (cry2) mRNA level was much higher in diapause promoting short days (SD) than in reproduction promoting long days (LD), while Par Domain Protein 1 (Pdp1) mRNA level was higher in LD than in SD. The effect of photoperiod on gene expression was mediated by the neurosecretory cells of the pars intercerebralis (PI) and the juvenile hormone (JH) producing corpus allatum (CA). In LD-females, CA ablation resulted in SD-like levels of gene transcripts, while PI ablation had little effect. Conversely, in SD-females, CA ablation had only a little effect, while PI ablation resulted in LD-like levels of gene transcripts. Thus, the CA is responsible for LD-like characteristics of gene expression in reproducing females and the PI is responsible for SD-like characteristics of gene expression in diapausing females. A simultaneous ablation of both PI and CA revealed two roles of PI in SD-females: (1) inhibition of CA, and (2) weak CA-independent stimulation of cry2 mRNA. Overall, our results indicate that peripheral circadian gene expression in the gut reflects the physiological state of females (with respect to diapause or reproduction) rather than the external light-dark cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Bajgar
- Biology Center, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
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24
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Nylin S. Induction of diapause and seasonal morphs in butterflies and other insects: knowns, unknowns and the challenge of integration. PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 38:96-104. [PMID: 23894219 PMCID: PMC3712473 DOI: 10.1111/phen.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The 'choice' of whether to enter diapause or to develop directly has profound effects on the life histories of insects, and may thus have cascading consequences such as seasonal morphs and other less obvious forms of seasonal plasticity. Present knowledge of the control of diapause and seasonal morphs at the physiological and molecular levels is briefly reviewed. Examples, mainly derived from personal research (primarily on butterflies), are given as a starting point with the aim of outlining areas of research that are still poorly understood. These include: the role of the direction of change in photoperiod; the role of factors such as temperature and diet in modifying the photoperiodic responses; and the role of sex, parental effects and sex linkage on photoperiodic control. More generally, there is still a limited understanding of how external cues and physiological pathways regulating various traits are interconnected via gene action to form a co-adapted complete phenotype that is adaptive in the wild despite environmental fluctuation and change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Nylin
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University Stockholm, Sweden
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O'Brien C, Unruh L, Zimmerman C, Bradshaw WE, Holzapfel CM, Cresko WA. Geography of the circadian gene clock and photoperiodic response in western North American populations of the three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2013; 82:827-839. [PMID: 23464546 PMCID: PMC4076159 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Controlled laboratory experiments were used to show that Oregon and Alaskan three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus, collected from locations differing by 18° of latitude, exhibited no significant variation in length of the polyglutamine domain of the clock protein or in photoperiodic response within or between latitudes despite the fact that male and female G. aculeatus are photoperiodic at both latitudes. Hence, caution is urged when interpreting variation in the polyglutamine repeat (PolyQ) domain of the gene clock in the context of seasonal activities or in relationship to photoperiodism along geographical gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C O'Brien
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, 5289 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289, USA
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26
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Autonomous regulation of the insect gut by circadian genes acting downstream of juvenile hormone signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:4416-21. [PMID: 23442387 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217060110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In temperate regions, the shortening day length informs many insect species to prepare for winter by inducing diapause. The adult diapause of the linden bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus, involves a reproductive arrest accompanied by energy storage, reduction of metabolic needs, and preparation to withstand low temperatures. By contrast, nondiapause animals direct nutrient energy to muscle activity and reproduction. The photoperiod-dependent switch from diapause to reproduction is systemically transmitted throughout the organism by juvenile hormone (JH). Here, we show that, at the organ-autonomous level of the insect gut, the decision between reproduction and diapause relies on an interaction between JH signaling and circadian clock genes acting independently of the daily cycle. The JH receptor Methoprene-tolerant and the circadian proteins Clock and Cycle are all required in the gut to activate the Par domain protein 1 gene during reproduction and to simultaneously suppress a mammalian-type cryptochrome 2 gene that promotes the diapause program. A nonperiodic, organ-autonomous feedback between Par domain protein 1 and Cryptochrome 2 then orchestrates expression of downstream genes that mark the diapause vs. reproductive states of the gut. These results show that hormonal signaling through Methoprene-tolerant and circadian proteins controls gut-specific gene activity that is independent of circadian oscillations but differs between reproductive and diapausing animals.
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Tsang AH, Sánchez-Moreno C, Bode B, Rossner MJ, Garaulet M, Oster H. Tissue-Specific Interaction of Per1/2 and Dec2 in the Regulation of Fibroblast Circadian Rhythms. J Biol Rhythms 2012; 27:478-89. [DOI: 10.1177/0748730412462838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the molecular circadian clockwork is comprised of interlocked transcriptional-translational feedback loops (TTLs). Three Period ( Per1-3) and 2 Dec ( Dec1/2) genes interact in regulating the activity of the transcriptional activators CLOCK/NPAS2 and BMAL1. While deletion of Per1 and Per2 in mice results in behavioral arrhythmicity, Dec deletion has less dramatic effects on activity rhythms, affecting primarily phase of entrainment and free-running period. In intact animals, clock gene mutant phenotypes are often masked due to intercellular coupling mechanisms that stabilize cellular rhythms. Therefore, to study Per/Dec genetic interaction at the cellular level, we isolated fibroblasts from different tissues of Per1, Per2, and Dec2 single and double mutant mice. We show that in the cellular TTL, Pers and Dec2 act in a principally synergistic way, but tissue-specific differences in this interaction are seen. A rescue of rhythmicity in Per2 mutant cells after additional deletion of Dec2 was observed, indicating that in the absence of Per2, DEC2 destabilizes TTL function. Rhythm power in Per1/Dec2 and Per2/Dec2 double mutants was strongly reduced, suggesting that interaction of Dec2 with both Per genes is important for stabilizing clock period. Contrary to what was observed for behavior, nonsynergistic effects of Dec2 and Per1/2 mutations were observed on cellular clock phase regulation that do not correlate with period effects. Our data reveal cell type-specific interactions of Per1/2 and Dec2 in the regulation of period, phase, and rhythm sustainment, emphasizing the differential organization of the mammalian clock machinery in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brid Bode
- Circadian Rhythms Group, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Henrik Oster
- Circadian Rhythms Group, Göttingen, Germany
- Medical Department I, University of Lübeck, Germany
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Bradshaw WE, Emerson KJ, Catchen JM, Cresko WA, Holzapfel CM. Footprints in time: comparative quantitative trait loci mapping of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Proc Biol Sci 2012; 279:4551-8. [PMID: 23015622 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2012.1917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying regions of the genome contributing to phenotypic evolution often involves genetic mapping of quantitative traits. The focus then turns to identifying regions of 'major' effect, overlooking the observation that traits of ecological or evolutionary relevance usually involve many genes whose individual effects are small but whose cumulative effect is large. Herein, we use the power of fully interfertile natural populations of a single species of mosquito to develop three quantitative trait loci (QTL) maps: one between two post-glacially diverged populations and two between a more ancient and a post-glacial population. All demonstrate that photoperiodic response is genetically a highly complex trait. Furthermore, we show that marker regressions identify apparently 'non-significant' regions of the genome not identified by composite interval mapping, that the perception of the genetic basis of adaptive evolution is crucially dependent upon genetic background and that the genetic basis for adaptive evolution of photoperiodic response is highly variable within contemporary populations as well as between anciently diverged populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Bradshaw
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289, USA.
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Vesala L, Salminen TS, Laiho A, Hoikkala A, Kankare M. Cold tolerance and cold-induced modulation of gene expression in two Drosophila virilis group species with different distributions. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 21:107-118. [PMID: 22122733 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2011.01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The importance of high and low temperature tolerance in adaptation to changing environmental conditions has evoked new interest in modulations in gene expression and metabolism linked with stress tolerance. We investigated the effects of rapid cold hardening and cold acclimatization on the chill coma recovery times of two Drosophila virilis group species, Drosophila montana and D. virilis, with different distributions and utilized a candidate gene approach to trace changes in their gene expression during and after the cold treatments. The study showed that cold acclimatization clearly decreases chill coma recovery times in both species, whereas rapid cold hardening did not have a significant effect. Microarray analysis revealed several genes showing expression changes during different stages of cold response. Amongst the 219 genes studied, two genes showed rather consistent expression changes: hsr-omega, which was up-regulated in both study species during cold acclimatization, and Eip71CD, which was down-regulated in nearly all of the cold treatments. In addition, 29 genes showed expression changes that were more treatment- and/or species specific. Overall, different stages of cold response elicited changes mainly in genes involved in heat shock response, circadian rhythm and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vesala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Centre of Excellence in Evolutionary Research, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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30
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Poelchau MF, Reynolds JA, Denlinger DL, Elsik CG, Armbruster PA. A de novo transcriptome of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, to identify candidate transcripts for diapause preparation. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:619. [PMID: 22185595 PMCID: PMC3258294 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many temperate insects survive the harsh conditions of winter by undergoing photoperiodic diapause, a pre-programmed developmental arrest initiated by short day lengths. Despite the well-established ecological significance of photoperiodic diapause, the molecular basis of this crucial adaptation remains largely unresolved. The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Skuse), represents an outstanding emerging model to investigate the molecular basis of photoperiodic diapause in a well-defined ecological and evolutionary context. Ae. albopictus is a medically significant vector and is currently considered the most invasive mosquito in the world. Traits related to diapause appear to be important factors contributing to the rapid spread of this mosquito. To generate novel sequence information for this species, as well as to discover transcripts involved in diapause preparation, we sequenced the transcriptome of Ae. albopictus oocytes destined to become diapausing or non-diapausing pharate larvae. Results 454 GS-FLX transcriptome sequencing yielded >1.1 million quality-filtered reads, which we assembled into 69,474 contigs (N50 = 1,009 bp). Our contig filtering approach, where we took advantage of strong sequence similarity to the fully sequenced genome of Aedes aegypti, as well as other reference organisms, resulted in 11,561 high-quality, conservative ESTs. Differential expression estimates based on normalized read counts revealed 57 genes with higher expression, and 257 with lower expression under diapause-inducing conditions. Analysis of expression by qPCR for 47 of these genes indicated a high correlation of expression levels between 454 sequence data and qPCR, but congruence of statistically significant differential expression was low. Seven genes identified as differentially expressed based on qPCR have putative functions that are consistent with the insect diapause syndrome; three genes have unknown function and represent novel candidates for the transcriptional basis of diapause. Conclusions Our transcriptome database provides a rich resource for the comparative genomics and functional genetics of Ae. albopictus, an invasive and medically important mosquito. Additionally, the identification of differentially expressed transcripts related to diapause enriches the limited knowledge base for the molecular basis of insect diapause, in particular for the preparatory stage. Finally, our analysis illustrates a useful approach that draws from a closely related reference genome to generate high-confidence ESTs in a non-model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica F Poelchau
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington, DC, USA.
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Yamada H, Yamamoto MT. Association between circadian clock genes and diapause incidence in Drosophila triauraria. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27493. [PMID: 22164210 PMCID: PMC3229484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diapause is an adaptive response triggered by seasonal photoperiodicity to overcome unfavorable seasons. The photoperiodic clock is a system that controls seasonal physiological processes, but our knowledge about its physiological mechanisms and genetic architecture remains incomplete. The circadian clock is another system that controls daily rhythmic physiological phenomena. It has been argued that there is a connection between the two clocks. To examine the genetic connection between them, we analyzed the associations of five circadian clock genes (period, timeless, Clock, cycle and cryptochrome) with the occurrence of diapause in Drosophila triauraria, which shows a robust reproductive diapause with clear photoperiodicity. Non-diapause strains found in low latitudes were compared in genetic crosses with the diapause strain, in which the diapause trait is clearly dominant. Single nucleotide polymorphism and deletion analyses of the five circadian clock genes in backcross progeny revealed that allelic differences in timeless and cryptochrome between the strains were additively associated with the differences in the incidence of diapause. This suggests that there is a molecular link between certain circadian clock genes and the occurrence of diapause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Yamada
- Drosophila Genetic Resource Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masa-Toshi Yamamoto
- Drosophila Genetic Resource Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Bradshaw WE, Emerson KJ, Holzapfel CM. Genetic correlations and the evolution of photoperiodic time measurement within a local population of the pitcher-plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii. Heredity (Edinb) 2011; 108:473-9. [PMID: 22072069 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2011.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic relationship between the daily circadian clock and the seasonal photoperiodic timer remains a subject of intense controversy. In Wyeomyia smithii, the critical photoperiod (an overt expression of the photoperiodic timer) evolves independently of the rhythmic response to the Nanda-Hamner protocol (an overt expression of the daily circadian clock) over a wide geographical range in North America. Herein, we focus on these two processes within a single local population in which there is a negative genetic correlation between them. We show that antagonistic selection against this genetic correlation rapidly breaks it down and, in fact, reverses its sign, showing that the genetic correlation is due primarily to linkage and not to pleiotropy. This rapid reversal of the genetic correlation within a small, single population means that it is difficult to argue that circadian rhythmicity forms the necessary, causal basis for the adaptive divergence of photoperiodic time measurement within populations or for the evolution of photoperiodic time measurement among populations over a broad geographical gradient of seasonal selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W E Bradshaw
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-5289, USA.
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Ikeno T, Numata H, Goto SG. Photoperiodic response requires mammalian-type cryptochrome in the bean bug Riptortus pedestris. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410:394-7. [PMID: 21669185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The hypothesis that a circadian clock comprised of circadian clock genes is causally involved in insect photoperiodism has been supported by several studies. However, there remains a possibility that the effects of the circadian clock genes on photoperiodism are exerted through pleiotropic (non-circadian) functions provided by each gene independently from its role in the circadian clock. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of the circadian clock gene mammalian-type cryptochrome (cry-m) in photoperiodic regulation of ovarian development in the bean bug Riptortus pedestris by using RNA interference (RNAi). Injection of cry-m double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) induced expression of period (per), whereas did not affect expression of cycle (cyc), showing that CRY-m functions as a negative element on CYC-mediated transcription in the circadian clock. If the circadian clock is indeed involved in photoperiodism, a phenotype produced by RNAi of cry-m will be the same as that produced by RNAi of per, another negative element. The intact insects and insects injected with control dsRNA were found to enter diapause when kept under short-day conditions after adult emergence, while they developed ovaries when kept under long-day conditions after adult emergence. However, cry-m RNAi significantly increased the incidence of reproductive individuals under diapause-inducing short-day conditions, as per RNAi did, in accordance with our expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ikeno
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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34
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Schiesari L, Kyriacou CP, Costa R. The hormonal and circadian basis for insect photoperiodic timing. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1450-60. [PMID: 21354417 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Daylength perception in temperate zones is a critical feature of insect life histories, and leads to developmental changes for resisting unfavourable seasons. The role of the neuroendocrine axis in the photoperiodic response of insects is discussed in relation to the key organs and molecules that are involved. We also discuss the controversial issue of the possible involvement of the circadian clock in photoperiodicity. Drosophila melanogaster has a shallow photoperiodic response that leads to reproductive arrest in adults, yet the unrivalled molecular genetic toolkit available for this model insect should allow the systematic molecular and neurobiological dissection of this complex phenotype.
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