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Tansey MG, Boles J, Holt J, Cole C, Neighbarger N, Urs N, Uriarte-Huarte O. Locus coeruleus injury modulates ventral midbrain neuroinflammation during DSS-induced colitis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3952442. [PMID: 38559083 PMCID: PMC10980147 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3952442/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a decades-long prodrome, consisting of a collection of non-motor symptoms that emerges prior to the motor manifestation of the disease. Of these non-motor symptoms, gastrointestinal dysfunction and deficits attributed to central norepinephrine (NE) loss, including mood changes and sleep disturbances, are frequent in the PD population and emerge early in the disease. Evidence is mounting that injury and inflammation in the gut and locus coeruleus (LC), respectively, underlie these symptoms, and the injury of these systems is central to the progression of PD. In this study, we generate a novel two-hit mouse model that captures both features, using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce gut inflammation and N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) to lesion the LC. We first confirmed the specificity of DSP-4 for central NE using neurochemical methods and fluorescence light-sheet microscopy of cleared tissue, and established that DSS-induced outcomes in the periphery, including weight loss, gross indices of gut injury and systemic inflammation, the loss of tight junction proteins in the colonic epithelium, and markers of colonic inflammation, were unaffected with DSP-4 pre-administration. We then measured alterations in neuroimmune gene expression in the ventral midbrain in response to DSS treatment alone as well as the extent to which prior LC injury modified this response. In this two-hit model we observed that DSS-induced colitis activates the expression of key cytokines and chemokines in the ventral midbrain only in the presence of LC injury and the typical DSS-associated neuroimmune is blunted by pre-LC lesioning with DSP-4. In all, this study supports the growing appreciation for the LC as neuroprotective against inflammation-induced brain injury and draws attention to the potential for NEergic interventions to exert disease-modifying effects under conditions where peripheral inflammation may compromise ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons and increase the risk for development of PD.
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Boles JS, Holt J, Cole CL, Neighbarger NK, Urs NM, Huarte OU, Tansey MG. Locus coeruleus injury modulates ventral midbrain neuroinflammation during DSS-induced colitis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.12.580010. [PMID: 38405709 PMCID: PMC10888767 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.12.580010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a decades-long prodrome, consisting of a collection of non-motor symptoms that emerges prior to the motor manifestation of the disease. Of these non-motor symptoms, gastrointestinal dysfunction and deficits attributed to central norepinephrine (NE) loss, including mood changes and sleep disturbances, are frequent in the PD population and emerge early in the disease. Evidence is mounting that injury and inflammation in the gut and locus coeruleus (LC), respectively, underlie these symptoms, and the injury of these systems is central to the progression of PD. In this study, we generate a novel two-hit mouse model that captures both features, using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce gut inflammation and N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) to lesion the LC. We first confirmed the specificity of DSP-4 for central NE using neurochemical methods and fluorescence light-sheet microscopy of cleared tissue, and established that DSS-induced outcomes in the periphery, including weight loss, gross indices of gut injury and systemic inflammation, the loss of tight junction proteins in the colonic epithelium, and markers of colonic inflammation, were unaffected with DSP-4 pre-administration. We then measured alterations in neuroimmune gene expression in the ventral midbrain in response to DSS treatment alone as well as the extent to which prior LC injury modified this response. In this two-hit model we observed that DSS-induced colitis activates the expression of key cytokines and chemokines in the ventral midbrain only in the presence of LC injury and the typical DSS-associated neuroimmune is blunted by pre-LC lesioning with DSP-4. In all, this study supports the growing appreciation for the LC as neuroprotective against inflammation-induced brain injury and draws attention to the potential for NEergic interventions to exert disease-modifying effects under conditions where peripheral inflammation may compromise ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons and increase the risk for development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Sondag Boles
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jenny Holt
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Cassandra L. Cole
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Noelle K. Neighbarger
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nikhil M. Urs
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oihane Uriarte Huarte
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malú Gámez Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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Torrillas-de la Cal A, Torres-Sanchez S, Bravo L, Llorca-Torralba M, Garcia-Partida JA, Arroba AI, Berrocoso E. Chemogenetic activation of locus coeruleus neurons ameliorates the severity of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:198. [PMID: 37658434 PMCID: PMC10474779 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most current disease-modifying therapies approved for multiple sclerosis (MS) are immunomodulatory drugs that counteract the aberrant activity of the immune system. Hence, new pharmacological interventions that drive anti-inflammatory activity and neuroprotection would represent interesting alternative therapeutic approaches or complementary strategies to treat progressive forms of MS. There is evidence of reduced noradrenaline levels and alterations to locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons in MS patients, as well as in animal models of this disease, potentially factors contributing to the pathophysiology. Drugs that enhance noradrenaline appear to have some beneficial effects in MS, suggesting their potential to dampen the underlying pathology and disease progression. METHODS Therefore, we explored the consequences of chronic LC noradrenergic neurons activation by chemogenetics in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice, the most widely used experimental model of MS. LC activation from the onset or the peak of motor symptoms was explored as two different therapeutic approaches, assessing the motor and non-motor behavioral changes as EAE progresses, and studying demyelination, inflammation and glial activation in the spinal cord and cerebral cortex during the chronic phase of EAE. RESULTS LC activation from the onset of motor symptoms markedly alleviated the motor deficits in EAE mice, as well as their anxiety-like behavior and sickness, in conjunction with reduced demyelination and perivascular infiltration in the spinal cord and glial activation in the spinal cord and prefrontal cortex (PFC). When animals exhibited severe paralysis, LC activation produced a modest alleviation of EAE motor symptoms and it enhanced animal well-being, in association with an improvement of the EAE pathology at the spinal cord and PFC level. Interestingly, the reduced dopamine beta-hydroxylase expression associated with EAE in the spinal cord and PFC was reversed through chemogenetic LC activation. CONCLUSION Therefore, clear anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects were produced by the selective activation of LC noradrenergic neurons in EAE mice, having greater benefits when LC activation commenced earlier. Overall, these data suggest noradrenergic LC neurons may be targets to potentially alleviate some of the motor and non-motor symptoms in MS.
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Grants
- #FPU20-03072 "Agencia Estatal de Investigación-Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades"; FPU fellowship
- PID2022-1427850B-I00 "Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional" (FEDER)-UE "A way to build Europe" from the "Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
- PDC2022-133987-I00 "Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional" (FEDER)-UE "A way to build Europe" from the "Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
- PY20_00958 "Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidad, Junta de Andalucía"
- CTS-510 "Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidad, Junta de Andalucía"
- CEIJ-003 CEIMAR
- “CIBERSAM”: CIBER-Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CB07/09/0033), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- “Agencia Estatal de Investigación-Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades”; FPU fellowship
- “Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz-INiBICA” (IN-CO9)
- "Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional” (FEDER)-UE “A way to build Europe” from the “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad
- Universidad de Cadiz
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Torrillas-de la Cal
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, 11003, Cádiz, Spain
- Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Sonia Torres-Sanchez
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, 11003, Cádiz, Spain
- Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Lidia Bravo
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, 11003, Cádiz, Spain
- Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Meritxell Llorca-Torralba
- Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Cádiz, 11003, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Garcia-Partida
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, 11003, Cádiz, Spain
- Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ana I Arroba
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health (Immunology Area), University of Cádiz, 11003, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Esther Berrocoso
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Psychobiology Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Cádiz, 11003, Cádiz, Spain.
- Ciber de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, 11009, Cádiz, Spain.
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Godoy R, Macedo AB, Gervazio KY, Ribeiro LR, Lima JLF, Salvadori MGSS. Effects of ortho-eugenol on anxiety, working memory and oxidative stress in mice. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e271785. [PMID: 37610945 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.271785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ortho-eugenol is a synthetic derivative from eugenol, the major compound of clove essential oil, which has demonstrated antidepressant and antinociceptive effects in pioneering studies. Additionally, its effects appear to be dependent on the noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems. Depression and anxiety disorders are known to share a great overlap in their pathophysiology, and many drugs are effective in the treatment of both diseases. Furthermore, high levels of anxiety are related to working memory deficits and increased oxidative stress. Thus, in this study we investigated the effects of acute treatment of ortho-eugenol, at 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg, on anxiety, working memory and oxidative stress in male Swiss mice. Our results show that the 100 mg/kg dose increased the number of head-dips and reduced the latency in the hole-board test. The 50 mg/kg dose reduced malondialdehyde levels in the prefrontal cortex and the number of Y-maze entries compared to the MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion group. All doses reduced nitrite levels in the hippocampus. It was also possible to assess a statistical correlation between the reduction of oxidative stress and hyperlocomotion after the administration of ortho-eugenol. However, acute treatment was not able to prevent working memory deficits. Therefore, the present study shows that ortho-eugenol has an anxiolytic and antioxidant effect, and was able to prevent substance-induced hyperlocomotion. Our results contribute to the elucidation of the pharmacological profile of ortho-eugenol, as well as to direct further studies that seek to investigate its possible clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Godoy
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - A B Macedo
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - K Y Gervazio
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Bioativos Naturais e Sintéticos - PgPNSB, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - L R Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - J L F Lima
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Bioativos Naturais e Sintéticos - PgPNSB, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - M G S S Salvadori
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos, Laboratório de Psicofarmacologia, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
- Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Bioativos Naturais e Sintéticos - PgPNSB, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
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Ravache TT, Batistuzzo A, Nunes GG, Gomez TGB, Lorena FB, Do Nascimento BPP, Bernardi MM, Lima ERR, Martins DO, Campos ACP, Pagano RL, Ribeiro MO. Multisensory Stimulation Reverses Memory Impairment in Adrβ 3KO Male Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10522. [PMID: 37445699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine plays an important role in modulating memory through its beta-adrenergic receptors (Adrβ: β1, β2 and β3). Here, we hypothesized that multisensory stimulation would reverse memory impairment caused by the inactivation of Adrβ3 (Adrβ3KO) with consequent inhibition of sustained glial-mediated inflammation. To test this, 21- and 86-day-old Adrβ3KO mice were exposed to an 8-week multisensory stimulation (MS) protocol that comprised gustatory and olfactory stimuli of positive and negative valence; intellectual challenges to reach food; the use of hidden objects; and the presentation of food in ways that prompted foraging, which was followed by analysis of GFAP, Iba-1 and EAAT2 protein expression in the hippocampus (HC) and amygdala (AMY). The MS protocol reduced GFAP and Iba-1 expression in the HC of young mice but not in older mice. While this protocol restored memory impairment when applied to Adrβ3KO animals immediately after weaning, it had no effect when applied to adult animals. In fact, we observed that aging worsened the memory of Adrβ3KO mice. In the AMY of Adrβ3KO older mice, we observed an increase in GFAP and EAAT2 expression when compared to wild-type (WT) mice that MS was unable to reduce. These results suggest that a richer and more diverse environment helps to correct memory impairment when applied immediately after weaning in Adrβ3KO animals and indicates that the control of neuroinflammation mediates this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís T Ravache
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil
| | - Alice Batistuzzo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela G Nunes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago G B Gomez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda B Lorena
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruna P P Do Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil
- Departamento de Medicina Translacional, Universidade Federal de São Paulo 04023-062, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Martha Bernardi
- Graduate Program in Environmental and Experimental Pathology, Paulista University, São Paulo 04026-002, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduarda R R Lima
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-050, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel O Martins
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-050, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina P Campos
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-050, SP, Brazil
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Rosana L Pagano
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo 01308-050, SP, Brazil
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Distúrbios do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo 01302-907, SP, Brazil
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Inhibition of Microglial GSK3β Activity Is Common to Different Kinds of Antidepressants: A Proposal for an In Vitro Screen to Detect Novel Antidepressant Principles. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030806. [PMID: 36979785 PMCID: PMC10045655 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a major public health concern. Unfortunately, the present antidepressants often are insufficiently effective, whilst the discovery of more effective antidepressants has been extremely sluggish. The objective of this review was to combine the literature on depression with the pharmacology of antidepressant compounds, in order to formulate a conceivable pathophysiological process, allowing proposals how to accelerate the discovery process. Risk factors for depression initiate an infection-like inflammation in the brain that involves activation microglial Toll-like receptors and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β). GSK3β activity alters the balance between two competing transcription factors, the pro-inflammatory/pro-oxidative transcription factor NFκB and the neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative transcription factor NRF2. The antidepressant activity of tricyclic antidepressants is assumed to involve activation of GS-coupled microglial receptors, raising intracellular cAMP levels and activation of protein kinase A (PKA). PKA and similar kinases inhibit the enzyme activity of GSK3β. Experimental antidepressant principles, including cannabinoid receptor-2 activation, opioid μ receptor agonists, 5HT2 agonists, valproate, ketamine and electrical stimulation of the Vagus nerve, all activate microglial pathways that result in GSK3β-inhibition. An in vitro screen for NRF2-activation in microglial cells with TLR-activated GSK3β activity, might therefore lead to the detection of totally novel antidepressant principles with, hopefully, an improved therapeutic efficacy.
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Zhou Y, Luo T, Gong Y, Guo Y, Wang D, Gao Z, Sun F, Fu L, Liu H, Pan W, Yang X. The non-oral infection of larval Echinococcus granulosus induces immune and metabolic reprogramming in the colon of mice. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1084203. [PMID: 36713407 PMCID: PMC9880436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1084203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The intestinal tract serves as a critical regulator for nutrient absorption and overall health. However, its involvement in anti-parasitic infection and immunity has been largely neglected, especially when a parasite is not transmitted orally. The present study investigated the colonic histopathology and functional reprogramming in mice with intraperitoneal infection of the larval Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus). Results Compared with the control group, the E. granulosus-infected mice exhibited deteriorated secreted mucus, shortened length, decreased expression of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and occludin in the colon. Moreover, RNA sequencing was employed to characterize colonic gene expression after infection. In total, 3,019 differentially expressed genes (1,346 upregulated and 1,673 downregulated genes) were identified in the colon of infected mice. KEGG pathway and GO enrichment analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes involved in intestinal immune responses, infectious disease-associated pathways, metabolism, or focal adhesion were significantly enriched. Among these, 18 tight junction-relative genes, 44 immune response-associated genes, and 23 metabolic genes were annotated. Furthermore, mebendazole treatment could reverse the colonic histopathology induced by E. granulosus infection. Conclusions Intraperitoneal infection with E. granulosus induced the pathological changes and functional reprogramming in the colon of mice, and mebendazole administration alleviated above alternations, highlighting the significance of the colon as a protective barrier against parasitic infection. The findings provide a novel perspective on host-parasite interplay and propose intestine as a possible target for treating parasitic diseases that are not transmitted orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tiancheng Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuying Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxin Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dingmin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zixuan Gao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fenfen Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linlin Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Mercan D, Heneka MT. The Contribution of the Locus Coeruleus-Noradrenaline System Degeneration during the Progression of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11121822. [PMID: 36552331 PMCID: PMC9775634 DOI: 10.3390/biology11121822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid-beta peptide and intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau, is the most common form of dementia. Memory loss, cognitive decline and disorientation are the ultimate consequences of neuronal death, synapse loss and neuroinflammation in AD. In general, there are many brain regions affected but neuronal loss in the locus coeruleus (LC) is one of the earliest indicators of neurodegeneration in AD. Since the LC is the main source of noradrenaline (NA) in the brain, degeneration of the LC in AD leads to decreased NA levels, causing increased neuroinflammation, enhanced amyloid and tau burden, decreased phagocytosis and impairment in cognition and long-term synaptic plasticity. In this review, we summarized current findings on the locus coeruleus-noradrenaline system and consequences of its dysfunction which is now recognized as an important contributor to AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Mercan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Thomas Heneka
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +352-46-66-44-6922 or +352-62-17-12-820
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Schramm E, Waisman A. Microglia as Central Protagonists in the Chronic Stress Response. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/6/e200023. [PMID: 36357946 PMCID: PMC9453699 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic stress is a major risk factor for developing psychiatric conditions. In addition to elevating the levels of stress hormones released in the body, chronic stress activates the immune system, resulting in increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and innate immune cells in the circulation of rodents and humans. Furthermore, exposure to chronic stress alters the phenotype of microglia, a population of innate immune cells that reside in the CNS parenchyma. In rodent models, chronic stress activates microglia in defined brain regions and induces changes in their phenotype and functional properties. In this review, we discussed how microglia are activated in stressful situations. Furthermore, we described how microglia affect the CNS environment during chronic stress, through the production of cytokines, the induction of reactive oxygen species, and phagocytosis. We suggested that, due to their strategic location as immune cells within the CNS, microglia are important players in the induction of psychopathologies after chronic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schramm
- From the Institute for Molecular Medicine (E.S., A.W.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (A.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; and Research Center for Immunotherapy (A.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- From the Institute for Molecular Medicine (E.S., A.W.), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Focus Program Translational Neurosciences (A.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; and Research Center for Immunotherapy (A.W.), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Germany.
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10
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Choi HJ, Chen TX, Hou MJ, Song JH, Li P, Liu CF, Wang P, Zhu BT. Protection against glutathione depletion-associated oxidative neuronal death by neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine: Protein disulfide isomerase as a mechanistic target for neuroprotection. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2527-2541. [PMID: 35347247 PMCID: PMC9525605 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00891-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is extensively involved in neurodegeneration. Clinical evidence shows that keeping the mind active through mentally-stimulating physical activities can effectively slow down the progression of neurodegeneration. With increased physical activities, more neurotransmitters would be released in the brain. In the present study, we investigated whether some of the released neurotransmitters might have a beneficial effect against oxidative neurodegeneration in vitro. Glutamate-induced, glutathione depletion-associated oxidative cytotoxicity in HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells was used as an experimental model. We showed that norepinephrine (NE, 50 µM) or dopamine (DA, 50 µM) exerted potent protective effect against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity, but this effect was not observed when other neurotransmitters such as histamine, γ-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, glycine and acetylcholine were tested. In glutamate-treated HT22 cells, both NE and DA significantly suppressed glutathione depletion-associated mitochondrial dysfunction including mitochondrial superoxide accumulation, ATP depletion and mitochondrial AIF release. Moreover, both NE and DA inhibited glutathione depletion-associated MAPKs activation, p53 phosphorylation and GADD45α activation. Molecular docking analysis revealed that NE and DA could bind to protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). In biochemical enzymatic assay in vitro, NE and DA dose-dependently inhibited the reductive activity of PDI. We further revealed that the protective effect of NE and DA against glutamate-induced oxidative cytotoxicity was mediated through inhibition of PDI-catalyzed dimerization of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Collectively, the results of this study suggest that NE and DA may have a protective effect against oxidative neurodegeneration through inhibition of protein disulfide isomerase and the subsequent activation of the MAPKs‒p53‒GADD45α oxidative cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Joung Choi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Tong-Xiang Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Ming-Jie Hou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Ji Hoon Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, and Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Bao Ting Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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Duloxetine ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation by suppressing iNOS expression in BV-2 microglial cells. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3133-3143. [PMID: 35882635 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE It is known that both selective serotonin and serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SSRI, SNRI) are first-line drugs for the treatment of major depressive disorder. It has also been considered that both SSRI and SNRI can improve the symptoms of major depressive disorder by increasing the concentration of monoamine in the synaptic cleft based on the monoamine hypothesis. However, accumulating evidence has indicated that inflammation in the brain may be a key factor in the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the development of major depressive disorder. OBJECTIVES It has been advocated that microglial cells may regulate the inflammatory response under pathological conditions such as major depressive disorder. In this study, we focused on whether duloxetine can ameliorate the inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in BV-2 microglial cells. RESULTS Our results indicated that duloxetine significantly decreased the NO production induced by LPS. The increase in the protein expression level of iNOS induced by LPS was significantly decreased by treatment with duloxetine. Moreover, the increases in the protein expression levels of phosphorylated-IκBα, phosphorylated-Akt and Akt induced by LPS were also significantly decreased. Unexpectedly, the protein expression levels of other pro-inflammatory factors such as COX-2 and the phosphorylation ratios for various molecules including IκBα and Akt were not changed by treatment with duloxetine. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that duloxetine may have an anti-inflammatory effect, which could contribute to its therapeutic effectiveness for major depressive disorder.
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Gutiérrez IL, Dello Russo C, Novellino F, Caso JR, García-Bueno B, Leza JC, Madrigal JLM. Noradrenaline in Alzheimer's Disease: A New Potential Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116143. [PMID: 35682822 PMCID: PMC9181823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence demonstrates the important role of the noradrenergic system in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative processes, especially Alzheimer’s disease, due to its ability to control glial activation and chemokine production resulting in anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Noradrenaline involvement in this disease was first proposed after finding deficits of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus from Alzheimer’s disease patients. Based on this, it has been hypothesized that the early loss of noradrenergic projections and the subsequent reduction of noradrenaline brain levels contribute to cognitive dysfunctions and the progression of neurodegeneration. Several studies have focused on analyzing the role of noradrenaline in the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease. In this review we summarize some of the most relevant data describing the alterations of the noradrenergic system normally occurring in Alzheimer’s disease as well as experimental studies in which noradrenaline concentration was modified in order to further analyze how these alterations affect the behavior and viability of different nervous cells. The combination of the different studies here presented suggests that the maintenance of adequate noradrenaline levels in the central nervous system constitutes a key factor of the endogenous defense systems that help prevent or delay the development of Alzheimer’s disease. For this reason, the use of noradrenaline modulating drugs is proposed as an interesting alternative therapeutic option for Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene L. Gutiérrez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Cinzia Dello Russo
- Department of Healthcare Surveillance and Bioethics, Section of Pharmacology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology (ISMIB), University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK
| | - Fabiana Novellino
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Javier R. Caso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
| | - Juan C. Leza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
| | - José L. M. Madrigal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (I.L.G.); (F.N.); (J.R.C.); (B.G.-B.); (J.C.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-394-1463
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Barut J, Rafa-Zabłocka K, Jurga AM, Bagińska M, Nalepa I, Parlato R, Kreiner G. Genetic lesions of the noradrenergic system trigger induction of oxidative stress and inflammation in the ventral midbrain. Neurochem Int 2022; 155:105302. [PMID: 35150790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor deficits caused by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, clinical data revealed that not only the dopaminergic system is affected in PD. Postmortem studies showed degeneration of noradrenergic cells in the locus coeruleus (LC) to an even greater extent than that observed in the SN/VTA. Pharmacological models support the concept that modification of noradrenergic transmission can influence the PD-like phenotype induced by neurotoxins. Nevertheless, there are no existing data on animal models regarding the distant impact of noradrenergic degeneration on intact SN/VTA neurons. The aim of this study was to create a transgenic mouse model with endogenously evoked progressive degeneration restricted to noradrenergic neurons and investigate its long-term impact on the dopaminergic system. To this end, we selectively ablated the transcription initiation factor-IA (TIF-IA) in neurons expressing dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) by the Cre-loxP system. This mutation mimics a condition of nucleolar stress affecting neuronal survival. TIF-IADbhCre mice were characterized by selective, progressive degeneration of noradrenergic neurons, followed by phenotypic alterations associated with sympathetic system impairment. Our studies did not show any loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells in the SN/VTA of mutant mice; however, we observed increased indices of oxidative stress, enhanced markers of glial cell activation, inflammatory processes and isolated degenerating cells positive for FluoroJade C. These results were supported by gene expression profiling of VTA and SN from TIF-IADbhCre mice, revealing that 34 out of 246 significantly regulated genes in the SN/VTA were related to PD. Overall, our results shed new light on the possible negative influence of noradrenergic degeneration on dopaminergic neurons, reinforcing the neuroprotective role of noradrenaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Barut
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Rafa-Zabłocka
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland
| | - Agnieszka M Jurga
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland
| | - Monika Bagińska
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland
| | - Irena Nalepa
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland
| | - Rosanna Parlato
- Division of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Dept. Brain Biochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-343, Kraków, Smętna 12, Poland.
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Wang J, Zhou Y, Li K, Li X, Guo M, Peng M. A Noradrenergic Lesion Attenuates Surgery-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Rats by Suppressing Neuroinflammation. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:752838. [PMID: 34916906 PMCID: PMC8671038 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.752838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common postoperative neurocognitive complication in elderly patients. However, the specific pathogenesis is unknown, and it has been demonstrated that neuroinflammation plays a key role in POCD. Recently, increasing evidence has proven that the locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LCNE) system participates in regulating neuroinflammation in some neurodegenerative disorders. We hypothesize that LCNE plays an important role in the neuroinflammation of POCD. In this study, 400 μg of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) was injected intracerebroventricularly into each rat 7 days before anesthesia/surgery to deplete the locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenaline (NE). We applied a simple laparotomy and brief upper mesenteric artery clamping surgery as the rat POCD model. The open field test, novel objection and novel location (NL) recognition, and Morris water maze (MWM) were performed to assess postoperative cognition. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure the level of NE in plasma and brain tissues, and immunofluorescence staining was applied to evaluate the activation of microglia and astrocytes. We also used enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA) to assess the levels of inflammatory cytokines and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Pretreatment with DSP-4 decreased the levels of systemic and central NE, increased the level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the plasma at 6 h after the surgery, decreased the concentration of IL-6 in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, and decreased the level of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the plasma, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus at 1 week postoperatively. In addition, DSP-4 treatment attenuated hippocampal-dependent learning and memory impairment in rats with POCD, with a downregulation of the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. In conclusion, these findings provide evidence of the effects of LCNE in modulating neuroinflammation in rats with POCD and provide a new perspective in the prevention and treatment of POCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meimei Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mian Peng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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McCallum RT, Perreault ML. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3: A Focal Point for Advancing Pathogenic Inflammation in Depression. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092270. [PMID: 34571919 PMCID: PMC8470361 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the host immune response has a monumental role in the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), motivating the development of the inflammatory hypothesis of depression. Central to the involvement of chronic inflammation in MDD is a wide range of signaling deficits induced by the excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and imbalanced T cell differentiation. Such signaling deficits include the glutamatergic, cholinergic, insulin, and neurotrophin systems, which work in concert to initiate and advance the neuropathology. Fundamental to the communication between such systems is the protein kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), a multifaceted protein critically linked to the etiology of MDD and an emerging target to treat pathogenic inflammation. Here, a consolidated overview of the widespread multi-system involvement of GSK-3 in contributing to the neuropathology of MDD will be discussed, with the feed-forward mechanistic links between all major neuronal signaling pathways highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan T. McCallum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Melissa L. Perreault
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
- Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(519)-824-4120 (ext. 52013)
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16
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Das A, Ranadive N, Kinra M, Nampoothiri M, Arora D, Mudgal J. An Overview on Chemotherapy-induced Cognitive Impairment and Potential Role of Antidepressants. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:838-851. [PMID: 32091339 PMCID: PMC7569321 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200221113842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is an adverse reaction of cancer chemotherapy and is likely to affect up to 75% of patients during the treatment and 35% of patients experience it for several months after the chemotherapy. Patients manifest symptoms like alteration in working ability, awareness, concentration, visual-verbal memory, attention, executive functions, processing speed, fatigue and behavioural dysfunctions. Post-chemotherapy, cancer survivors have a reduced quality of life due to the symptoms of chemobrain. Apart from this, there are clinical reports which also associate mood disorders, vascular complications, and seizures in some cases. Therefore, the quality of lifestyle of cancer patients/ survivors is severely affected and only worsens due to the absence of any efficacious treatments. With the increase in survivorship, it's vital to identify effective strategies, until then only symptomatic relief for chemobrain can be provided. The depressive symptoms were causally linked to the pathophysiological imbalance between the pro and antiinflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION The common causative factor, cytokines can be targeted for the amelioration of an associated symptom of both depression and chemotherapy. Thus, antidepressants can have a beneficial effect on chemotherapy-induced inflammation and cognitive dysfunction via cytokine balance. Also, neurogenesis property of certain antidepressant drugs rationalises their evaluation against CICI. This review briefly glances upon chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI), and the modulatory effect of antidepressants on CICI pathomechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Das
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Niraja Ranadive
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Manas Kinra
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Devinder Arora
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.,School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, MHIQ, QUM Network, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Jayesh Mudgal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
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Matchett BJ, Grinberg LT, Theofilas P, Murray ME. The mechanistic link between selective vulnerability of the locus coeruleus and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:631-650. [PMID: 33427939 PMCID: PMC8043919 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is neuropathologically characterized by the intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau and the extracellular deposition of amyloid-β plaques, which affect certain brain regions in a progressive manner. The locus coeruleus (LC), a small nucleus in the pons of the brainstem, is widely recognized as one of the earliest sites of neurofibrillary tangle formation in AD. Patients with AD exhibit significant neuronal loss in the LC, resulting in a marked reduction of its size and function. The LC, which vastly innervates several regions of the brain, is the primary source of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) in the central nervous system. Considering that NE is a major modulator of behavior, contributing to neuroprotection and suppression of neuroinflammation, degeneration of the LC in AD and the ultimate dysregulation of the LC-NE system has detrimental effects in the brain. In this review, we detail the neuroanatomy and function of the LC, its essential role in neuroprotection, and how this is dysregulated in AD. We discuss AD-related neuropathologic changes in the LC and mechanisms by which LC neurons are selectively vulnerable to insult. Further, we elucidate the neurotoxic effects of LC de-innervation both locally and at projection sites, and how this augments disease pathology, progression and severity. We summarize how preservation of the LC-NE system could be used in the treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases affected by LC degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billie J. Matchett
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Lea T. Grinberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA 94158 USA
| | - Panos Theofilas
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
| | - Melissa E. Murray
- Neuropathology Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
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Enomoto S, Kato TA. Involvement of microglia in disturbed fear memory regulation: Possible microglial contribution to the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104921. [PMID: 33232758 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, immune cells in the brain, play a crucial role in brain inflammation and synaptic plasticity by releasing inflammatory mediators and neurotrophic factors as well as, phagocytosing synaptic elements. Recent studies have shown peripheral inflammation, immune alteration in the brain are associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in humans. Several preclinical studies using Pavlovian fear conditioning have suggested that microglia are involved in fear memory dysregulation and altered fear neuronal networks. Microglial priming resulting from previous stressful experiences may also have an effect. This review will introduce the current knowledge of microglial contribution to disturbed fear memory regulation, a fundamental feature of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Enomoto
- Self Defense Force, Fukuoka Hospital, 1-61 Kokura Higashi, Kasuga-Si, Fukuoka, 816-0826, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
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19
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Liao JF, Cheng YF, You ST, Kuo WC, Huang CW, Chiou JJ, Hsu CC, Hsieh-Li HM, Wang S, Tsai YC. Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 alleviates neurodegenerative progression in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced mouse models of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 90:26-46. [PMID: 32739365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the Parkinson's disease (PD) pathogenesis is strongly associated with bidirectional pathways in the microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA), and psychobiotics may inhibit PD progression. We previously reported that the novel psychobiotic strain, Lactobacillus plantarum PS128 (PS128), ameliorated abnormal behaviors and modulated neurotransmissions in dopaminergic pathways in rodent models. Here, we report that orally administering PS128 for 4 weeks significantly alleviated the motor deficits, elevation in corticosterone, nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal death, and striatal dopamine reduction in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrathydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mouse models. PS128 ingestion suppressed glial cell hyperactivation and increased norepinephrine and neurotrophic factors in the striatum of the PD-model mice. PS128 administration also attenuated MPTP-induced oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the nigrostriatal pathway. Fecal analysis showed that PS128 modulated the gut microbiota. L. plantarum abundance was significantly increased along with methionine biosynthesis-related microbial modules. PS128 also suppressed the increased family Enterobacteriaceae and lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan biosynthesis-related microbial modules caused by MPTP. In conclude, PS128 ingestion alleviated MPTP-induced motor deficits and neurotoxicity.PS128 supplementation inhibited neurodegenerative processes in PD-model mice and may help prevent PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fu Liao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yun-Fang Cheng
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC; Microbiome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC; Bened Biomedical Co. Ltd., 2F-2, No.129, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Zhongshan Dist., Taipei City 104, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Ting You
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Chun Kuo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Wei Huang
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Jie Chiou
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Chieh Hsu
- Bened Biomedical Co. Ltd., 2F-2, No.129, Sec. 2, Zhongshan N. Rd., Zhongshan Dist., Taipei City 104, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiu-Mei Hsieh-Li
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Section 4, Tingchow Rd., Wenshan Dist., Taipei City 116, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sabrina Wang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ying-Chieh Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC; Microbiome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Section 2, Linong Street, Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11221, Taiwan, ROC.
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20
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Role of Microglia in Modulating Adult Neurogenesis in Health and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186875. [PMID: 32961703 PMCID: PMC7555074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain, constituting the powerhouse of brain innate immunity. They originate from hematopoietic precursors that infiltrate the developing brain during different stages of embryogenesis, acquiring a phenotype characterized by the presence of dense ramifications. Microglial cells play key roles in maintaining brain homeostasis and regulating brain immune responses. They continuously scan and sense the brain environment to detect any occurring changes. Upon detection of a signal related to physiological or pathological processes, the cells are activated and transform to an amoeboid-like phenotype, mounting adequate responses that range from phagocytosis to secretion of inflammatory and trophic factors. The overwhelming evidence suggests that microglia are crucially implicated in influencing neuronal proliferation and differentiation, as well as synaptic connections, and thereby cognitive and behavioral functions. Here, we review the role of microglia in adult neurogenesis under physiological conditions, and how this role is affected in neurodegenerative diseases.
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21
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Albertini G, Etienne F, Roumier A. Regulation of microglia by neuromodulators: Modulations in major and minor modes. Neurosci Lett 2020; 733:135000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Leach S, Suzuki K. Adrenergic Signaling in Circadian Control of Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1235. [PMID: 32714319 PMCID: PMC7344327 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms govern a multitude of physiologic processes, both on a cell-intrinsic level and systemically, through the coordinated function of multi-organ biosystems. One such system-the adrenergic system-relies on the catecholamine neurotransmitters, adrenaline and noradrenaline, to carry out a range of biological functions. Production of these catecholamines is under dual regulation by both neural components of the sympathetic nervous system and hormonal mechanisms involving the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Importantly, both neural and hormonal arms receive input from the body's central clock, giving rise to the observed rhythmic variations in catecholamine levels in blood and peripheral tissues. Oscillations in catecholamine signals have the potential to influence various cellular targets expressing adrenergic receptors, including cells of the immune system. This review will focus on ways in which the body's central master clock regulates the adrenergic system to generate circadian rhythms in adrenaline and noradrenaline, and will summarize the existing literature linking circadian control of the adrenergic system to immunologic outcomes. A better understanding of the complex, multi-system pathways involved in the control of adrenergic signals may provide immunologists with new insight into mechanisms of immune regulation and precipitate the discovery of new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kazuhiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Immune Response Dynamics, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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23
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Abulwerdi G, Stoica BA, Loane DJ, Faden AI. Putative mGluR4 positive allosteric modulators activate G i-independent anti-inflammatory mechanisms in microglia. Neurochem Int 2020; 138:104770. [PMID: 32454165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Chronic dysregulated microglial activation may lead to persistent inflammation and progressive neurodegeneration. A previous study reported that ADX88178, a putative metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 (mGluR4) positive allosteric modulator (PAM), exerts anti-inflammatory effects in microglia by activating mGluR4. We employed in vitro models of immortalized microglia cell lines and primary microglia to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of inflammatory pathways by ADX88178 and other mGluR4 PAMs. ADX88178 downregulated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, including TNF-α, IL-1β, CCL-2, IL-6, NOS2, and miR-155, as well as NO levels, in BV2 cells and primary microglia. Other mGluR4 modulators had divergent activities; VU0361737 (PAM) showed anti-inflammatory effects, whereas the orthosteric group III agonist, L-AP4, and VU0155041 (PAM) displayed no anti-inflammatory actions. In contrast to the earlier report, ADX88178 anti-inflammatory effects appeared to be mGluR4-independent as mGluR4 expression in our in vitro models was very low and its actions were not altered by pharmacological or molecular inhibition of mGluR4. Moreover, we showed that ADX88178 activated Gi-independent, alternative signaling pathways as indicated by the absence of pertussis toxin-mediated inhibition and by increased phosphorylation of cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), an inhibitor of the NFkB pro-inflammatory pathway. ADX88178 also attenuated NFkB activation by reducing the degradation of IkB and the associated translocation of NFkB-p65 to the nucleus. ADX88178 did not exert its anti-inflammatory effects through adenosine receptors, reported as mGluR4 heteromerization partners. Thus, our results indicate that in microglia, putative mGluR4 PAMs activate mGluR4/Gi-independent mechanisms to attenuate pro-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelareh Abulwerdi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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24
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Tozaki-Saitoh H, Sasaki I, Yamashita T, Hosoi M, Kato TA, Tsuda M. Involvement of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP and tumor progression locus 2 in IL-1β production in microglial cells following activation of β-adrenergic receptors. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 143:133-140. [PMID: 32253104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous noradrenaline (NA) has multiple bioactive functions and, in the central nervous system (CNS), has been implicated in modulating neuroinflammation via β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs). Microglia, resident macrophages in the CNS, have a central role in the brain immune system and have been reported to be activated by NA. However, intracellular signaling mechanisms of the AR-mediated proinflammatory responses of microglia are not fully understood. Using a rapid and stable in vitro reporter assay system to evaluate IL-1β production in microglial BV2 cells, we found that NA and the β-AR agonist isoproterenol upregulated the IL-1β reporter activity. This effect was suppressed by β-AR antagonists. We further examined the involvement of EPAC (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP) and TPL2 (tumor progression locus 2, MAP3K8) and found that inhibitors for EPAC and TPL2 reduced AR agonist-induced IL-1β reporter activity. These inhibitors also suppressed NA-induced endogenous Il1b mRNA expression and IL-1β protein production. Our results suggest that EPAC and TPL2 are involved in β-AR-mediated IL-1β production in microglial cells, and extend our understanding of its intracellular signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Tozaki-Saitoh
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Izumi Sasaki
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yamashita
- Department of Global Healthcare, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masako Hosoi
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Kyushu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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25
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Cao S, Fisher DW, Yu T, Dong H. The link between chronic pain and Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:204. [PMID: 31694670 PMCID: PMC6836339 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1608-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain often occurs in the elderly, particularly in the patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although studies indicate that chronic pain correlates with cognitive decline, it is unclear whether chronic pain accelerates AD pathogenesis. In this review, we provide evidence that supports a link between chronic pain and AD and discuss potential mechanisms underlying this connection based on currently available literature from human and animal studies. Specifically, we describe two intertwined processes, locus coeruleus noradrenergic system dysfunction and neuroinflammation resulting from microglial pro-inflammatory activation in brain areas mediating the affective component of pain and cognition that have been found to influence both chronic pain and AD. These represent a pathological overlap that likely leads chronic pain to accelerate AD pathogenesis. Further, we discuss potential therapeutic interventions targeting noradrenergic dysfunction and microglial activation that may improve patient outcomes for those with chronic pain and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Cao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Street, Zunyi, 56300, Guizhou, China
- Guizhou Key Lab of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Street, Zunyi, 56300, Guizhou, China
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Daniel W Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Tain Yu
- Guizhou Key Lab of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, 149 Dalian Street, Zunyi, 56300, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongxin Dong
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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26
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Yun HK, Park J, Chae U, Lee HS, Huh JW, Lee SR, Bae YC, Lee DS. Parkin in early stage LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells regulates pro-inflammatory response and mitochondrial quality via mitophagy. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 336:577044. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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27
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Gutiérrez IL, González-Prieto M, Caso JR, García-Bueno B, Leza JC, Madrigal JLM. Reboxetine Treatment Reduces Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in the 5xFAD Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease: Role of CCL2. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8628-8642. [PMID: 31297718 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01695-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of brain noradrenaline levels is associated to the initiation of Alzheimer's disease and contributes to its progression. This seems to be due mainly to the anti-neuroinflammatory actions of noradrenaline. The analysis of noradrenaline effects on brain cells demonstrates that it also regulates the production of the chemokine CCL2. In the present study, we analyzed the effect of the selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, reboxetine, on the inflammatory and neurodegenerative alterations present in 5xFAD mice, and how the genetic removal of CCL2 affects reboxetine actions. We observed that the removal of CCL2 reduced the memory impairments in 5xFAD mice as well as the neuroinflammatory response, the accumulation of amyloid beta plaques, and the degeneration of neurons in the brain cortex. The administration of reboxetine with osmotic pumps for 28 days also resulted in anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective changes in 5xFAD mice, even in the absence of CCL2. Yet, 6-month-old CCL2KO mice presented a significant degree of neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. These findings indicate that reboxetine treatment prevents the brain alterations caused by prolonged overproduction of amyloid beta, being these effects independent of CCL2, which is a mediator of the damage caused by amyloid beta in the brain cortex, but necessary for the prevention of the development of neurodegeneration in normal healthy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene L Gutiérrez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta González-Prieto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier R Caso
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - José L M Madrigal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Lechtenberg KJ, Meyer ST, Doyle JB, Peterson TC, Buckwalter MS. Augmented β2-adrenergic signaling dampens the neuroinflammatory response following ischemic stroke and increases stroke size. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:112. [PMID: 31138227 PMCID: PMC6540436 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke provokes a neuroinflammatory response and simultaneously promotes release of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the sympathetic nervous system. This increased sympathetic outflow can act on β2-adrenergic receptors expressed by immune cells such as brain-resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), but the effect on post-stroke neuroinflammation is unknown. Thus, we investigated how changes in β2-adrenergic signaling after stroke onset influence the microglia/MDM stroke response, and the specific importance of microglia/MDM β2-adrenergic receptors to post-stroke neuroinflammation. Methods To investigate the effects of β2-adrenergic receptor manipulation on post-stroke neuroinflammation, we administered the β2-adrenergic receptor agonist clenbuterol to mice 3 h after the onset of photothrombotic stroke. We immunostained to quantify microglia/MDM numbers and proliferation and to assess morphology and activation 3 days later. We assessed stroke outcomes by measuring infarct volume and functional motor recovery and analyzed gene expression levels of neuroinflammatory molecules. Finally, we evaluated changes in cytokine expression and microglia/MDM response in brains of mice with selective knockout of the β2-adrenergic receptor from microglia and monocyte-lineage cells. Results We report that clenbuterol treatment after stroke onset causes enlarged microglia/MDMs and impairs their proliferation, resulting in reduced numbers of these cells in the peri-infarct cortex by 1.7-fold at 3 days after stroke. These changes in microglia/MDMs were associated with increased infarct volume in clenbuterol-treated animals. In mice that had the β2-adrenergic receptor specifically knocked out of microglia/MDMs, there was no change in morphology or numbers of these cells after stroke. However, knockdown of β2-adrenergic receptors in microglia and MDMs resulted in increased expression of TNFα and IL-10 in peri-infarct tissue, while stimulation of β2-adrenergic receptors with clenbuterol had the opposite effect, suppressing TNFα and IL-10 expression. Conclusions We identified β2-adrenergic receptor signaling as an important regulator of the neuroimmune response after ischemic stroke. Increased β2-adrenergic signaling after stroke onset generally suppressed the microglia/MDM response, reducing upregulation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and increasing stroke size. In contrast, diminished β2-adrenergic signaling in microglia/MDMs augmented both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression after stroke. The β2-adrenergic receptor may therefore present a therapeutic target for improving the post-stroke neuroinflammatory and repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra J Lechtenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Scott T Meyer
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Janelle B Doyle
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Todd C Peterson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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29
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Farrar MJ, Kolkman KE, Fetcho JR. Features of the structure, development, and activity of the zebrafish noradrenergic system explored in new CRISPR transgenic lines. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2493-2508. [PMID: 30070695 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The noradrenergic (NA) system of vertebrates is implicated in learning, memory, arousal, and neuroinflammatory responses, but is difficult to access experimentally. Small and optically transparent, larval zebrafish offer the prospect of exploration of NA structure and function in an intact animal. We made multiple transgenic zebrafish lines using the CRISPR/Cas9 system to insert fluorescent reporters upstream of slc6a2, the norepinephrine transporter gene. These lines faithfully express reporters in NA cell populations, including the locus coeruleus (LC), which contains only about 14 total neurons. We used the lines in combination with two-photon microscopy to explore the structure and projections of the NA system in the context of the columnar organization of cell types in the zebrafish hindbrain. We found robust alignment of NA projections with glutamatergic neurotransmitter stripes in some hindbrain segments, suggesting orderly relations to neuronal cell types early in life. We also quantified neurite density in the rostral spinal cord in individual larvae with as much as 100% difference in the number of LC neurons, and found no correlation between neuronal number in the LC and projection density in the rostral spinal cord. Finally, using light sheet microscopy, we performed bilateral calcium imaging of the entire LC. We found that large-amplitude calcium responses were evident in all LC neurons and showed bilateral synchrony, whereas small-amplitude events were more likely to show interhemispheric asynchrony, supporting the potential for targeted LC neuromodulation. Our observations and new transgenic lines set the stage for a deeper understanding of the NA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Farrar
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.,Department of Math, Physics and Statistics, Messiah College, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristine E Kolkman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Joseph R Fetcho
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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30
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Sharma M, Flood PM. β-arrestin2 regulates the anti-inflammatory effects of Salmeterol in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 cells. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 325:10-19. [PMID: 30352316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglial activation contributes to chronic inflammation and neuronal loss in progressive neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Thus, treatments suppressing microglial activation may have therapeutic benefits to prevent neuronal loss in neurodegenerative diseases. Our previous findings show that Salmeterol, a long-acting β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) agonist, is neuroprotective in two distinct animal models of PD, including where lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli was used to initiate chronic neurodegeneration. Salmeterol was found to be a potent inhibitor of dopaminergic neurodegeneration by regulating the production of pro-inflammatory mediators from activated microglial cells. In the present study, we investigated the molecular basis of the anti-inflammatory effects of Salmeterol on LPS-activated murine microglial BV2 cells. BV2 cells were pretreated with Salmeterol and followed by stimulation with LPS. Salmeterol inhibited LPS-induced release of the pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and nitric oxide from BV2 cells. Additionally, Salmeterol suppressed nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65 by inhibiting the IκB-α degradation and TAK1 (transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase1) phosphorylation. We have also found that Salmeterol increases the expression of β-arrestin2 and enhances the interaction between β-arrestin2 and TAB1 (TAK1-binding protein), reduced TAK1/TAB1 mediated activation of NFκB and expression of pro-inflammatory genes. Furthermore, silencing of β-arrestin2 abrogates the anti-inflammatory effects of Salmeterol in LPS-stimulated BV2 cells. Our findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of Salmeterol is β-arrestin2 dependent and also offers novel therapeutics targeting inflammatory pathways to prevent microglial cell activation and neuronal loss in neuroinflammatory diseases like PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Patrick M Flood
- Departments of Dentistry and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Xu H, Rajsombath MM, Weikop P, Selkoe DJ. Enriched environment enhances β-adrenergic signaling to prevent microglia inflammation by amyloid-β. EMBO Mol Med 2018; 10:emmm.201808931. [PMID: 30093491 PMCID: PMC6127891 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201808931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE) is a rodent behavioral paradigm that can model the cognitive benefits to humans associated with intellectual activity and exercise. We recently discovered EE's anti-inflammatory protection of brain microglia against soluble oligomers of human amyloid β-protein (oAβ). Mechanistically, we report that the key factor in microglial protection by EE is chronically enhanced β-adrenergic signaling. Quantifying microglial morphology and inflammatory RNA profiles revealed that mice in standard housing (SH) fed the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol experienced similar protection of microglia against oAβ-induced inflammation as did mice in EE Conversely, mice in EE fed the β-adrenergic antagonist propranolol lost microglial protection against oAβ. Mice lacking β1/β2-adrenergic receptors showed no protection of microglia by EE In SH mice, quantification of norepinephrine in hippocampus and interstitial fluid showed that oAβ disrupted norepinephrine homeostasis, and microglial-specific analysis of β2-adrenergic receptors indicated a decreased receptor level. Both features were rescued by EE Thus, enhanced β-adrenergic signaling at the ligand and receptor levels mediates potent benefits of EE on microglial inflammation induced by human Aβ oligomers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Xu
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic DiseasesBrigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Molly M Rajsombath
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic DiseasesBrigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Pia Weikop
- Center for Translational NeuromedicineUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic DiseasesBrigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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32
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Song S, Jiang L, Oyarzabal EA, Wilson B, Li Z, Shih YYI, Wang Q, Hong JS. Loss of Brain Norepinephrine Elicits Neuroinflammation-Mediated Oxidative Injury and Selective Caudo-Rostral Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2653-2669. [PMID: 30051353 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1235-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Environmental toxicant exposure has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Clinical manifestations of non-motor and motor symptoms in PD stem from decades of progressive neurodegeneration selectively afflicting discrete neuronal populations along a caudo-rostral axis. However, recapitulating this spatiotemporal neurodegenerative pattern in rodents has been unsuccessful. The purpose of this study was to generate such animal PD models and delineate mechanism underlying the ascending neurodegeneration. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal death in mice brains were measured at different times following a single systemic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We demonstrate that LPS produced an ascending neurodegeneration that temporally afflicted neurons initially in the locus coeruleus (LC), followed by substantia nigra, and lastly the primary motor cortex and hippocampus. To test the hypothesis that LPS-elicited early loss of noradrenergic LC neurons may underlie this ascending pattern, we used a neurotoxin N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine (DSP-4) to deplete brain norepinephrine. DSP-4 injection resulted in a time-dependent ascending degenerative pattern similar to that generated by the LPS model. Mechanistic studies revealed that increase in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-2 (NOX2)-dependent superoxide/reactive oxygen species (ROS) production plays a key role in both LPS- and DSP-4-elicited neurotoxicity. We found that toxin-elicited chronic neuroinflammation, oxidative neuronal injuries, and neurodegeneration were greatly suppressed in mice deficient in NOX2 gene or treated with NOX2-specific inhibitor. Our studies document the first rodent PD model recapturing the ascending neurodegenerative pattern of PD patients and provide convincing evidence that the loss of brain norepinephrine is critical in initiating and maintaining chronic neuroinflammation and the discrete neurodegeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Song
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop F1-01Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Lulu Jiang
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop F1-01Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA.,Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Esteban A Oyarzabal
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop F1-01Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Belinda Wilson
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop F1-01Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA
| | - Zibo Li
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Qingshan Wang
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop F1-01Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA. .,Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, P.O. Box 12233, Mail Drop F1-01Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27709, USA.
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The role of catecholamines in HIV neuropathogenesis. Brain Res 2018; 1702:54-73. [PMID: 29705605 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The success of anti-retroviral therapy has improved the quality of life and lifespan of HIV + individuals, transforming HIV infection into a chronic condition. These improvements have come with a cost, as chronic HIV infection and long-term therapy have resulted in the emergence of a number of new pathologies. This includes a variety of the neuropathological and neurocognitive effects collectively known as HIVassociated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) or NeuroHIV. These effects persist even in the absence of viral replication, suggesting that they are mediated the long-term changes in the CNS induced by HIV infection rather than by active replication. Among these effects are significant changes in catecholaminergic neurotransmission, especially in dopaminergic brain regions. In HIV-infected individuals not treated with ARV show prominent neuropathology is common in dopamine-rich brain regions and altered autonomic nervous system activity. Even infected individuals on therapy, there is significant dopaminergic neuropathology, and elevated stress and norepinephrine levels correlate with a decreased effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs. As catecholamines function as immunomodulatory factors, the resultant dysregulation of catecholaminergic tone could substantially alter the development of HIVassociated neuroinflammation and neuropathology. In this review, we discuss the role of catecholamines in the etiology of HIV neuropathogenesis. Providing a comprehensive examination of what is known about these molecules in the context of HIV-associated disease demonstrates the importance of further studies in this area, and may open the door to new therapeutic strategies that specifically ameliorate the effects of catecholaminergic dysregulation on NeuroHIV.
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Toshimitsu M, Kamei Y, Ichinose M, Seyama T, Imada S, Iriyama T, Fujii T. Atomoxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, improves short-term histological outcomes after hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in the neonatal male rat. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 70:34-45. [PMID: 29608930 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the recent progress of perinatal medicine, perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) insult remains an important cause of brain injury in neonates, and is pathologically characterized by neuronal loss and the presence of microglia. Neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine (NE) and glutamate, are involved in the pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy via the interaction between neurons and microglia. Although it is well known that the monoamine neurotransmitter NE acts as an anti-inflammatory agent in the brain under pathological conditions, its effects on perinatal HI insult remains elusive. Atomoxetine, a selective NE reuptake inhibitor, has been used clinically for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Here, we investigated whether the enhancement of endogenous NE by administration of atomoxetine could protect neonates against HI insult by using the neonatal male rat model. We also examined the involvement of microglia in this process. METHODS Unilateral HI brain injury was induced by the combination of left carotid artery dissection followed by ligation and hypoxia (8% O2, 2 h) in postnatal day 7 (P7) male rat pups. The pups were randomized into three groups: the atomoxetine treatment immediately after HI insult, the atomoxetine treatment at 3 h after HI insult, or the vehicle treatment group. The pups were euthanized on P8 and P14, and the brain regions including the cortex, striatum, hippocampus, and thalamus were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS HI insult resulted in severe brain damage in the ipsilateral hemisphere at P14. Atomoxetine treatment immediately after HI insult significantly increased NE levels in the ipsilateral hemisphere at 1 h after HI insult and reduced the neuronal damage via the increased phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (pCREB) in all brain regions examined. In addition, the number of microglia was maintained under atomoxetine treatment compared with that of the vehicle treatment group. To determine the involvement of microglia in the process of neuronal loss by HI insult, we further examined the influence of hypoxia on rat primary cultured microglia by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Hypoxia did not cause the upregulation of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) mRNA expression, but decreased the microglial intrinsic nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/arginase1 mRNA expression ratio. NE treatment further decreased the microglial iNOS/arginase1 mRNA expression ratio. In contrast, no significant neuroprotective effect was observed at P14 when atomoxetine was administered at 3 h after HI insult. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that the enhancement of intrinsic neurotransmitter NE signaling by a selective NE reuptake inhibitor, atomoxetine, reduced the perinatal HI insult brain injury. In addition, atomoxetine treatment was associated with changes of TUNEL, pCREB, and BDNF expression levels, and microglial numbers, morphology, and responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatake Toshimitsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kamei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Saitama 350-0495, Japan.
| | - Mari Ichinose
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shinya Imada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Takayuki Iriyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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35
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Zhu MY. Noradrenergic Modulation on Dopaminergic Neurons. Neurotox Res 2018; 34:848-859. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-018-9889-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Treatment with the noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor atomoxetine alone and in combination with the α2-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan attenuates loss of dopamine and associated motor deficits in the LPS inflammatory rat model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 69:456-469. [PMID: 29339319 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of treatment with the noradrenaline (NA) re-uptake inhibitor atomoxetine and the α2-adrenoceptor (AR) antagonist idazoxan in an animal model of Parkinson's disease (PD) was assessed. Concurrent systemic treatment with atomoxetine and idazoxan, a combination which serves to enhance the extra-synaptic availability of NA, exerts anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects following delivery of an inflammatory stimulus, the bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the substantia nigra. Lesion-induced deficits in motor function (akinesia, forelimb-use asymmetry) and striatal dopamine (DA) loss were rescued to varying degrees depending on the treatment. Treatment with atomoxetine following LPS-induced lesion to the substantia nigra, yielded a robust anti-inflammatory effect, suppressing microglial activation and expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α whilst increasing the expression of neurotrophic factors. Furthermore atomoxetine treatment prevented loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive nigral dopaminergic neurons and resulted in functional improvements in motor behaviours. Atomoxetine alone was sufficient to achieve most of the observed effects. In combination with idazoxan, an additional improvement in the impairment of contralateral limb use 7 days post lesion and a reduction in amphetamine-mediated rotational asymmetry 14 days post-lesion was observed, compared to atomoxetine or idazoxan treatments alone. The results indicate that increases in central NA tone has the propensity to regulate the neuroinflammatory phenotype in vivo and may act as an endogenous neuroprotective mechanism where inflammation contributes to the progression of DA loss. In accordance with this, the clinical use of agents such as NA re-uptake inhibitors and α2-AR antagonists may prove useful in enhancing the endogenous neuroimmunomodulatory potential of NA in conditions associated with brain inflammation.
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Gutiérrez IL, González-Prieto M, García-Bueno B, Caso JR, Feinstein DL, Madrigal JLM. CCL2 Induces the Production of β2 Adrenergic Receptors and Modifies Astrocytic Responses to Noradrenaline. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7872-7885. [PMID: 29478130 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The decline in brain noradrenaline levels is associated with the progression of certain neurodegenerative diseases. This seems to be due, at least in part, to the ability of noradrenaline to limit glial activation and to reduce the damage associated with it. Our previous studies of the mechanisms involved in this process indicate that noradrenaline induces the production of the chemokine CCL2 in astrocytes. While CCL2 can protect neurons against certain injuries, its overproduction has also proven to be harmful and to prevent noradrenaline neuroprotective effects. Therefore, in this study, we analyze if the modifications caused to astrocytes by an excessive production of CCL2 may alter their response to noradrenaline. Using primary cultures of rat cortical astrocytes, we observed that CCL2 enhances the production of beta 2 adrenergic receptors in these cells. While this potentiates noradrenaline signaling through cAMP, the activation of the transcription factor CREB is inhibited by CCL2. Furthermore, although CCL2 potentiates noradrenaline induction of glycogenolysis, this does not translate into an augmented release of lactate, one of the processes through which astrocytes help support neurons. Additionally, other neuroprotective actions of noradrenaline, such as the production of brain derived neurotrophic factor and the inhibition of the inducible nitric oxide synthase in astrocytes were modified by CCL2. These data suggest that some of the central nervous system alterations related to CCL2 could be due to its effects on adrenergic receptors and its interference with noradrenaline signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene L Gutiérrez
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta González-Prieto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier R Caso
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Douglas L Feinstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - José L M Madrigal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Av. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Investigación Neuroquímica (IUINQ-UCM) and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (Imas12), Madrid, Spain.
- Dpto. Farmacología, Fac. Medicina, Avda. Complutense s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Griffin ÉW, Yssel JD, O’Neill E, Ryan KJ, Boyle N, Harper P, Harkin A, Connor T. The β2-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol reduces the neuroinflammatory response, neutrophil infiltration and apoptosis following intra-striatal IL-1β administration to rats. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:99-106. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1418882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Éadaoin W. Griffin
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Justin D. Yssel
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoin O’Neill
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katie J. Ryan
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Noreen Boyle
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Harper
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Connor
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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O'Neill E, Harkin A. Targeting the noradrenergic system for anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects: implications for Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1332-1337. [PMID: 30106035 PMCID: PMC6108217 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system is thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), whereas pharmacological approaches to increase noradrenaline bioavailability may provide neuroprotection. Noradrenaline inhibits microglial activation and suppresses pro-inflammatory mediator production (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β & inducible nitric oxide synthase activity), thus limiting the cytotoxicity of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in response to an inflammatory stimulus. Neighbouring astrocyte populations promote a neurotrophic environment in response to β2-adrenoceptor (β2-AR) stimulation via the production of growth factors (e.g., brain derived neurotrophic factor, cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor & glial cell derived neurotrophic factor which have shown promising neuroprotective and neuro-restorative effects in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. More recent findings have demonstrated a role for the β2-AR in down-regulating expression levels of the human α-synuclein gene SNCA and relative α-synuclein protein abundance. Given that α-synuclein is a major protein constituent of Lewy body pathology, a hallmark neuropathological feature in Parkinson's disease, these findings could open up new avenues for pharmacological intervention strategies aimed at alleviating the burden of α-synucleinopathies in the Parkinsonian brain. In essence, the literature reviewed herein supports our hypothesis of a tripartite neuroprotective role for noradrenaline in combating PD-related neuropathology and motor dysfunction via (1) inhibiting nigral microglial activation & pro-inflammatory mediator production, (2) promoting the synthesis of neurotrophic factors from midbrain astrocytes and (3) downregulating α-synuclein gene expression and protein abundance in a β2-AR-dependent manner. Thus, taken together, either pharmacologically enhancing extra-synaptic noradrenaline bioavailability or targeting glial β2-ARs directly makes itself as a promising treatment option aimed at slowing/halting PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin O'Neill
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Singhal G, Baune BT. Microglia: An Interface between the Loss of Neuroplasticity and Depression. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:270. [PMID: 28943841 PMCID: PMC5596091 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression has been widely accepted as a major psychiatric disease affecting nearly 350 million people worldwide. Research focus is now shifting from studying the extrinsic and social factors of depression to the underlying molecular causes. Microglial activity is shown to be associated with pathological conditions, such as psychological stress, pathological aging, and chronic infections. These are primary immune effector cells in the CNS and regulate the extensive dialogue between the nervous and the immune systems in response to different immunological, physiological, and psychological stressors. Studies have suggested that during stress and pathologies, microglia play a significant role in the disruption of neuroplasticity and have detrimental effects on neuroprotection causing neuroinflammation and exacerbation of depression. After a systematic search of literature databases, relevant articles on the microglial regulation of bidirectional neuroimmune pathways affecting neuroplasticity and leading to depression were reviewed. Although, several hypotheses have been proposed for the microglial role in the onset of depression, it is clear that all molecular pathways to depression are linked through microglia-associated neuroinflammation and hippocampal degeneration. Molecular factors such as an excess of glucocorticoids and changes in gene expression of neurotrophic factors, as well as neuro active substances secreted by gut microbiota have also been shown to affect microglial morphology and phenotype resulting in depression. This review aims to critically analyze the various molecular pathways associated with the microglial role in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Psychiatric Neuroscience Lab, Discipline of Psychiatry, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
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Schiavone S, Tucci P, Mhillaj E, Bove M, Trabace L, Morgese MG. Antidepressant drugs for beta amyloid-induced depression: A new standpoint? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2017; 78:114-122. [PMID: 28499898 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that depression represents a risk factor and an early manifestation of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neuropsychiatric symptoms may derive from neurobiological changes in specific brain areas and may be considered prodromal of dementia. We have previously reported the depressive-like profile in rats receiving a single intracerebroventricular injection of soluble amyloid beta protein (ßA). Here, we verified the effect of different classes of antidepressants on the ßA-induced depressive behavior and on cortical monoamine levels. To these purposes, the forced swimming test was performed and cortical levels of serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We found that acute fluoxetine (20mg/kg, s.c.), reboxetine (10mg/kg, s.c.), and ketamine (15mg/kg, i.p.) significantly reduced the immobility in ßA-treated rats compared to controls. Fluoxetine and reboxetine reversed 5-HT reduction, while βA-induced NA increase was further enhanced by all treatments. Treatments with fluoxetine, reboxetine and ketamine were able to revert soluble ßA-induced decrease of cortical BDNF levels, while only fluoxetine and ketamine, but not reboxetine, had the same effects on cortical NGF expression. Moreover, plasma soluble ßA-levels were lowered by fluoxetine, but not reboxetine and ketamine, treatments. Our data suggest that different classes of antidepressants yield a short-acting effect on rat soluble ßA-induced depressive profile. Thus, we hypothesize a novel common mechanism of action of these drugs also based upon a "ßA lowering" effect. Although further investigations are still needed, our study might open a new scenario for unravelling the molecular antidepressant mechanisms of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Schiavone
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mhillaj
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Bove
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Morgese
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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42
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Inhibition of the kynurenine pathway protects against reactive microglial-associated reductions in the complexity of primary cortical neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 810:163-173. [PMID: 28688912 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain glia possess the rate limiting enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) which catalyses the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenine. Microglia also express kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO) and kynureninase (KYNU) which lead to the production of the free radical producing metabolites, 3-hydroxykynurenine and 3-hydroxyanthranillic acid respectively and subsequently production of the NMDA receptor agonist quinolinic acid. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of IFNγ-stimulated kynurenine pathway (KP) induction in microglia on neurite outgrowth and complexity, and to determine whether alterations could be abrogated using pharmacological inhibitors of the KP. BV-2 microglia were treated with IFNγ (5ng/ml) for 24h and conditioned media (CM) was placed on primary cortical neurons 3 days in vitro (DIV) for 48h. Neurons were fixed and neurite outgrowth and complexity was assessed using fluorescent immunocytochemistry followed by Sholl analysis. Results show increased mRNA expression of IDO, KMO and KYNU, and increased concentrations of tryptophan, kynurenine, and 3-hydroxykynurenine in the CM of IFNγ-stimulated BV-2 microglia. The IFNγ-stimulated BV-2 microglial CM reduced neurite outgrowth and complexity with reductions in various parameters of neurite outgrowth prevented when BV-2 microglia were pre-treated with either the IDO inhibitor, 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT) (L) (0.5mM; 30min), the KMO inhibitor, Ro 61-8048 (1μM; 30min), the synthetic glucocorticoid, dexamethasone (1μM; 2h) -which suppresses IFNγ-induced IDO - and the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, MK801 (0.1μM; 30min). Overall this study indicates that inhibition of the KP in microglia may be targeted to protect against reactive microglial-associated neuronal atrophy.
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43
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Yanguas-Casás N, Barreda-Manso MA, Nieto-Sampedro M, Romero-Ramírez L. TUDCA: An Agonist of the Bile Acid Receptor GPBAR1/TGR5 With Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Microglial Cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2231-2245. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Yanguas-Casás
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas Instituto Cajal (CSIC); Madrid Spain
| | - M. Asunción Barreda-Manso
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas Instituto Cajal (CSIC); Madrid Spain
- Unidad de Neurología Experimental; Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM); Toledo Spain
| | - Manuel Nieto-Sampedro
- Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas Instituto Cajal (CSIC); Madrid Spain
- Unidad de Neurología Experimental; Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM); Toledo Spain
| | - Lorenzo Romero-Ramírez
- Unidad de Neurología Experimental; Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (SESCAM); Toledo Spain
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44
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Noradrenaline induces CX3CL1 production and release by neurons. Neuropharmacology 2017; 114:146-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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45
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Masilamoni GJ, Groover O, Smith Y. Reduced noradrenergic innervation of ventral midbrain dopaminergic cell groups and the subthalamic nucleus in MPTP-treated parkinsonian monkeys. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 100:9-18. [PMID: 28042095 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is anatomical and functional evidence that ventral midbrain dopaminergic (DA) cell groups and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) receive noradrenergic innervation in rodents, but much less is known about these interactions in primates. Degeneration of NE neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) and related brainstem NE cell groups is a well-established pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the development of such pathology in animal models of PD has been inconsistent across species and laboratories. We recently demonstrated 30-40% neuronal loss in the LC, A5 and A6 NE cell groups of rhesus monkeys rendered parkinsonian by chronic administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). In this study, we used dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DβH) immunocytochemistry to assess the impact of this neuronal loss on the number of NE terminal-like varicosities in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC), ventral tegmental area (VTA), retrorubral field (RRF) and STN of MPTP-treated parkinsonian monkeys. Our findings reveal that the NE innervation of the ventral midbrain and STN of normal monkeys is heterogeneously distributed being far more extensive in the VTA, RRF and dorsal tier of the SNC than in the ventral SNC and STN. In parkinsonian monkeys, all regions underwent a significant (~50-70%) decrease in NE innervation. At the electron microscopic level, some DβH-positive terminals formed asymmetric axo-dendritic synapses in VTA and STN. These findings demonstrate that the VTA, RRF and SNCd are the main ventral midbrain targets of ascending NE inputs, and that these connections undergo a major break-down in chronically MPTP-treated parkinsonian monkeys. This severe degeneration of the ascending NE system may contribute to the pathophysiology of ventral midbrain and STN neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunasingh Jeyaraj Masilamoni
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Olivia Groover
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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46
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Carta AR, Mulas G, Bortolanza M, Duarte T, Pillai E, Fisone G, Vozari RR, Del-Bel E. l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and neuroinflammation: do microglia and astrocytes play a role? Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:73-91. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna R. Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato; S.P. N. 8 09042 Monserrato Cagliari Italy
| | - Giovanna Mulas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato; S.P. N. 8 09042 Monserrato Cagliari Italy
| | - Mariza Bortolanza
- School of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto; Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology; University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Café S/N 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
- USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Terence Duarte
- School of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto; Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology; University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Café S/N 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
- USP, Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences (NAPNA); São Paulo Brazil
| | - Elisabetta Pillai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato; S.P. N. 8 09042 Monserrato Cagliari Italy
| | - Gilberto Fisone
- Department of Neuroscience; Karolinska Institutet; Retzius väg 8 17177 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Rita Raisman Vozari
- INSERM U 1127; CNRS UMR 7225; UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR S 1127; Institut Du Cerveau et de La Moelle Epiniére; ICM; Paris France
| | - Elaine Del-Bel
- School of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto; Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology; University of São Paulo (USP); Av. Café S/N 14040-904 Ribeirão Preto SP Brazil
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47
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Potter LE, Paylor JW, Suh JS, Tenorio G, Caliaperumal J, Colbourne F, Baker G, Winship I, Kerr BJ. Altered excitatory-inhibitory balance within somatosensory cortex is associated with enhanced plasticity and pain sensitivity in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:142. [PMID: 27282914 PMCID: PMC4901403 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic neuropathic pain is a common symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS). MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has been used as an animal model to investigate the mechanisms of pain in MS. Previous studies have implicated sensitization of spinal nociceptive networks in the pathogenesis of pain in EAE. However, the involvement of supraspinal sites of nociceptive integration, such as the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), has not been defined. We therefore examined functional, structural, and immunological alterations in S1 during the early stages of EAE, when pain behaviors first appear. We also assessed the effects of the antidepressant phenelzine (PLZ) on S1 alterations and nociceptive (mechanical) sensitivity in early EAE. PLZ has been shown to restore central nervous system (CNS) tissue concentrations of GABA and the monoamines (5-HT, NA) in EAE. We hypothesized that PLZ treatment would also normalize nociceptive sensitivity in EAE by restoring the balance of excitation and inhibition (E-I) in the CNS. METHODS We used in vivo flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging (FAI) to assess neural ensemble responses in S1 to vibrotactile stimulation of the limbs in early EAE. We also used immunohistochemistry (IHC), and Golgi-Cox staining, to examine synaptic changes and neuroinflammation in S1. Mechanical sensitivity was assessed at the clinical onset of EAE with Von Frey hairs. RESULTS Mice with early EAE exhibited significantly intensified and expanded FAI responses in S1 compared to controls. IHC revealed increased vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT1) expression and disrupted parvalbumin+ (PV+) interneuron connectivity in S1 of EAE mice. Furthermore, peri-neuronal nets (PNNs) were significantly reduced in S1. Morphological analysis of excitatory neurons in S1 revealed increased dendritic spine densities. Iba-1+ cortical microglia were significantly elevated early in the disease. Chronic PLZ treatment was found to normalize mechanical thresholds in EAE. PLZ also normalized S1 FAI responses, neuronal morphologies, and cortical microglia numbers and attenuated VGLUT1 reactivity-but did not significantly attenuate the loss of PNNs. CONCLUSIONS These findings implicate a pro-excitatory shift in the E-I balance of the somatosensory CNS, arising early in the pathogenesis EAE and leading to large-scale functional and structural plasticity in S1. They also suggest a novel antinociceptive effect of PLZ treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam E Potter
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Clinical Sciences Building, 8-120, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - John W Paylor
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry (NRU), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Jee Su Suh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Clinical Sciences Building, 8-120, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Gustavo Tenorio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Clinical Sciences Building, 8-120, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Jayalakshmi Caliaperumal
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Fred Colbourne
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Glen Baker
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry (NRU), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Ian Winship
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry (NRU), University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6E 2H7, Canada. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Clinical Sciences Building, 8-120, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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48
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Feinstein DL, Kalinin S, Braun D. Causes, consequences, and cures for neuroinflammation mediated via the locus coeruleus: noradrenergic signaling system. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:154-178. [PMID: 26968403 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aside from its roles in as a classical neurotransmitter involved in regulation of behavior, noradrenaline (NA) has other functions in the CNS. This includes restricting the development of neuroinflammatory activation, providing neurotrophic support to neurons, and providing neuroprotection against oxidative stress. In recent years, it has become evident that disruption of physiological NA levels or signaling is a contributing factor to a variety of neurological diseases and conditions including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Multiple Sclerosis. The basis for dysregulation in these diseases is, in many cases, due to damage occurring to noradrenergic neurons present in the locus coeruleus (LC), the major source of NA in the CNS. LC damage is present in AD, multiple sclerosis, and a large number of other diseases and conditions. Studies using animal models have shown that experimentally induced lesion of LC neurons exacerbates neuropathology while treatments to compensate for NA depletion, or to reduce LC neuronal damage, provide benefit. In this review, we will summarize the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions of NA, summarize examples of how LC damage worsens disease, and discuss several approaches taken to treat or prevent reductions in NA levels and LC neuronal damage. Further understanding of these events will be of value for the development of treatments for AD, multiple sclerosis, and other diseases and conditions having a neuroinflammatory component. The classical neurotransmitter noradrenaline (NA) has critical roles in modulating behaviors including those involved in sleep, anxiety, and depression. However, NA can also elicit anti-inflammatory responses in glial cells, can increase neuronal viability by inducing neurotrophic factor expression, and can reduce neuronal damage due to oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals. NA is primarily produced by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expressing neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC), a relatively small brainstem nucleus near the IVth ventricle which sends projections throughout the brain and spinal cord. It has been known for close to 50 years that LC neurons are lost during normal aging, and that loss is exacerbated in neurological diseases including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. LC neuronal damage and glial activation has now been documented in a variety of other neurological conditions and diseases, however, the causes of LC damage and cell loss remain largely unknown. A number of approaches have been developed to address the loss of NA and increased inflammation associated with LC damage, and several methods are being explored to directly minimize the extent of LC neuronal cell loss or function. In this review, we will summarize some of the consequences of LC loss, consider several factors that likely contribute to that loss, and discuss various ways that have been used to increase NA or to reduce LC damage. This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas L Feinstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Sergey Kalinin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Braun
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA.,Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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49
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Voronova IP, Khramova GM, Kulikova EA, Petrovskii DV, Bazovkina DV, Kulikov AV. 5-HT2A receptors control body temperature in mice during LPS-induced inflammation via regulation of NO production. Pharmacol Res 2015; 103:123-31. [PMID: 26621247 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled 5-HT2A receptors are involved in the regulation of numerous normal and pathological physiological functions. At the same time, its involvement in the regulation of body temperature (Tb) in normal conditions is obscure. Here we study the effect of the 5-HT2A receptor activation or blockade on Tb in sick animals. The experiments were carried out on adult C57BL/6 mouse males. Systemic inflammation and sickness were produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.1mg/kg, ip), while the 5-HT2A receptor was stimulated or blocked through the administration of the receptor agonist DOI or antagonist ketanserin (1mg/kg), respectively. LPS, DOI or ketanserin alone produced no effect on Tb. However, administration of LPS together with a peripheral or central ketanserin injection reduced Tb (32.2°C). Ketanserin reversed the LPS-induced expression of inducible NO synthase in the brain. Consequently, an involvement of NO in the mechanism of the hypothermic effect of ketanserin in sick mice was hypothesized. Administration of LPS together with NO synthase inhibitor, l-nitro-arginine methyl ester (60mg/kg, ip) resulted in deep (28.5°C) and prolonged (8h) hypothermia, while administration of l-nitro-arginine methyl ester alone produced no effect on Tb. Thus, 5-HT2A receptors play a key role in Tb control in sick mice. Blockade of this GPCR produces hypothermia in mice with systemic inflammation via attenuation of LPS-induced NO production. These results indicate an unexpected role of 5-HT2A receptors in inflammation and NO production and have a considerable biological impact on understanding the mechanism of animal adaptation to pathogens and parasites. Moreover, adverse side effects of 5-HT2A receptor antagonists in patients with inflammation may be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina P Voronova
- Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Galina M Khramova
- Institute of Physiology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 630117 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elizabeth A Kulikova
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitrii V Petrovskii
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Daria V Bazovkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander V Kulikov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
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50
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Morgese MG, Colaianna M, Mhillaj E, Zotti M, Schiavone S, D'Antonio P, Harkin A, Gigliucci V, Campolongo P, Trezza V, De Stradis A, Tucci P, Cuomo V, Trabace L. Soluble beta amyloid evokes alteration in brain norepinephrine levels: role of nitric oxide and interleukin-1. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:428. [PMID: 26594145 PMCID: PMC4633524 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong evidence showed neurotoxic properties of beta amyloid (Aβ) and its pivotal role in the Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Beside, experimental data suggest that Aβ may have physiological roles considering that such soluble peptide is produced and secreted during normal cellular activity. There is now suggestive evidence that neurodegenerative conditions, like AD, involve nitric oxide (NO) in their pathogenesis. Nitric oxide also possess potent neuromodulatory actions in brain regions, such as prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus (HIPP), and nucleus accumbens (NAC). In the present study, we evaluated the effect of acute Aβ injection on norepinephrine (NE) content before and after pharmacological manipulations of nitrergic system in above mentioned areas. Moreover, effects of the peptide on NOS activity were evaluated. Our data showed that 2 h after i.c.v. soluble Aβ administration, NE concentrations were significantly increased in the considered areas along with increased iNOS activity. Pre-treatment with NOS inhibitors, 7-Nitroindazole (7-NI), and N6-(1-iminoethyl)-L-lysine-dihydrochloride (L-NIL), reversed Aβ-induced changes. Ultimately, pharmacological block of interleukin1 (IL-1) receptors prevented NE increase in all brain regions. Taken together our findings suggest that NO and IL-1 are critically involved in regional noradrenergic alterations induced by soluble Aβ injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Marilena Colaianna
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy ; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emanuela Mhillaj
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy ; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, La Sapienza, University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Zotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Stefania Schiavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Palma D'Antonio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Valentina Gigliucci
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrizia Campolongo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, La Sapienza, University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, Department of Science, University "Roma Tre," Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo De Stradis
- Department of Bio Agro-Food Sciences, The Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cuomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, La Sapienza, University of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia Foggia, Italy
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