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Seo JP, Ryu HJ. Aging of reward dopamine tracts in the human brain: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36112. [PMID: 37986323 PMCID: PMC10659658 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The mesocortical tract (MCT) and mesolimbic tract (MLT) are reward dopaminergic tracts that have been shown to play a role in regulating reward stimuli, including both incentive salience and social stimuli. In the current study, we examined aging of the MCT and MLT in normal human participants to explain human brain structures using diffusion tensor tractography (DTT). Sixty-four healthy participants were recruited for this study and allocated to 3 groups based on participants' age. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed, and MCTs and MLTs were reconstructed using the probabilistic tractography method. A significant negative correlation was observed between age and fractional anisotropy and tract volume of the MCT and MLT, whereas a positive correlation was observed between age and mean diffusivity. The mean fractional anisotropy value of the MCT was significantly lower in the old group than in the young and middle-aged groups (P < .05). The mean diffusivity values of the MCT and MLT were significantly higher in the old group than in the young and middle-aged groups (P < .05). The mean tract volume values of the MCT and MLT were significantly lower in the old group than in the young group (P < .05). We found that degenerative changes in the MCT and MLT began in participants in the 20s-30s, progressed steadily throughout life, and accelerated in the 60s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Pyo Seo
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health and Welfare Sciences, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Heun Jae Ryu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
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2
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Multimodal detection of dopamine by sniffer cells expressing genetically encoded fluorescent sensors. Commun Biol 2022; 5:578. [PMID: 35689020 PMCID: PMC9187629 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine supports locomotor control and higher brain functions such as motivation and learning. Consistently, dopaminergic dysfunction is involved in a spectrum of neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases. Detailed data on dopamine dynamics is needed to understand how dopamine signals translate into cellular and behavioral responses, and to uncover pathological disturbances in dopamine-related diseases. Genetically encoded fluorescent dopamine sensors have recently enabled unprecedented monitoring of dopamine dynamics in vivo. However, these sensors' utility for in vitro and ex vivo assays remains unexplored. Here, we present a blueprint for making dopamine sniffer cells for multimodal dopamine detection. We generated sniffer cell lines with inducible expression of seven different dopamine sensors and perform a head-to-head comparison of sensor properties to guide users in sensor selection. In proof-of-principle experiments, we apply the sniffer cells to record endogenous dopamine release from cultured neurons and striatal slices, and for determining tissue dopamine content. Furthermore, we use the sniffer cells to measure dopamine uptake and release via the dopamine transporter as a radiotracer free, high-throughput alternative to electrochemical- and radiotracer-based assays. Importantly, the sniffer cell framework can readily be applied to the growing list of genetically encoded fluorescent neurotransmitter sensors.
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Heidari A, Yazdanpanah N, Rezaei N. The role of Toll-like receptors and neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:135. [PMID: 35668422 PMCID: PMC9172200 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02496-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, significantly affecting patients' life. Pathologically, PD is associated with the extensive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in various regions of the central nervous system (CNS), specifically the substantia nigra. This neuronal loss is accompanied by the aggregation of misfolded protein, named α-synuclein. MAIN TEXT Recent studies detected several clues of neuroinflammation in PD samples using postmortem human PD brains and various PD animal models. Some evidence of neuroinflammation in PD patients included higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), presence of activated microglia in various brain regions such as substantia nigra, infiltration of peripheral inflammatory cells in affected brain regions, and altered function of cellular immunity like monocytes phagocytosis defects. On the other side, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors primarily located on microglia, as well as other immune and non-immune cells, expressing pivotal roles in recognizing exogenous and endogenous stimuli and triggering inflammatory responses. Most studies indicated an increased expression of TLRs in the brain and peripheral blood cells of PD samples. Besides, this upregulation was associated with excessive neuroinflammation followed by neurodegeneration in affected regions. Therefore, evidence proposed that TLR-mediated neuroinflammation might lead to a dopaminergic neural loss in PD patients. In this regard, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 have the most prominent roles. CONCLUSION Although the presence of inflammation in acute phases of PD might have protective effects concerning the clearance of α-synuclein and delaying the disease advancement, the chronic activation of TLRs and neuroinflammation might lead to neurodegeneration, resulting in the disease progression. Therefore, this study aimed to review additional evidence of the contribution of TLRs and neuroinflammation to PD pathogenesis, with the hope that TLRs could serve as novel disease-modifying therapeutic targets in PD patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Heidari
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Yazdanpanah
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Dr. Qarib St, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran, 14194, Iran. .,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Novello S, Mercatelli D, Albanese F, Domenicale C, Brugnoli A, D'Aversa E, Vantaggiato S, Dovero S, Murtaj V, Presotto L, Borgatti M, Shimshek DR, Bezard E, Moresco RM, Belloli S, Morari M. In vivo susceptibility to energy failure parkinsonism and LRRK2 kinase activity. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 162:105579. [PMID: 34871735 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The G2019S mutation of LRRK2 represents a risk factor for idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Here, we investigate whether LRRK2 kinase activity regulates susceptibility to the environmental toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). G2019S knock-in mice (bearing enhanced kinase activity) showed greater nigro-striatal degeneration compared to LRRK2 knock-out, LRRK2 kinase-dead and wild-type mice following subacute MPTP treatment. LRRK2 kinase inhibitors PF-06447475 and MLi-2, tested under preventive or therapeutic treatments, protected against nigral dopamine cell loss in G2019S knock-in mice. MLi-2 also rescued striatal dopaminergic terminal degeneration in both G2019S knock-in and wild-type mice. Immunoblot analysis of LRRK2 Serine935 phosphorylation levels confirmed target engagement of LRRK2 inhibitors. However, MLi-2 abolished phosphoSerine935 levels in the striatum and midbrain of both wild-type and G2019S knock-in mice whereas PF-06447475 partly reduced phosphoSerine935 levels in the midbrain of both genotypes. In vivo and ex vivo uptake of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) ligand [18F]-VC701 revealed a similar TSPO binding in MPTP-treated wild-type and G2019S knock-in mice which was consistent with an increased GFAP striatal expression as revealed by Real Time PCR. We conclude that LRRK2 G2019S, likely through enhanced kinase activity, confers greater susceptibility to mitochondrial toxin-induced parkinsonism. LRRK2 kinase inhibitors are neuroprotective in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Novello
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Daniela Mercatelli
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; Technopole of Ferrara, LTTA Laboratory for Advanced Therapies, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Federica Albanese
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Chiara Domenicale
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alberto Brugnoli
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta D'Aversa
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Silvia Vantaggiato
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sandra Dovero
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Valentina Murtaj
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; PhD Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy.
| | - Luca Presotto
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Monica Borgatti
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Derya R Shimshek
- Department of Neuroscience, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France.
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Segrate, Italy.
| | - Sara Belloli
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Segrate, Italy.
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Seo JP, Koo DK. Aging of the Nigrostriatal Tract in the Human Brain: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57090994. [PMID: 34577917 PMCID: PMC8464776 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57090994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The loss of dopamine neurons in the nigrostriatal tract (NST) is one of the main pathological features of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and degeneration of the NST leads to the motor symptoms observed in PD, which include hypokinesia, tremors, rigidity, and postural imbalance. In this study, we used diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) to investigate the aging of the NST in normal human subjects to elucidate human brain structures. Materials and Methods: Fifty-nine healthy subjects were recruited for this study and allocated to three groups, that is, a 20 to ≤39 year old group (the young group), a 40 to ≤59 year old group (the middle-aged group), and a ≥60 year old group (the old group). DTT scanning was performed, and NSTs were reconstructed using the probabilistic tractography method. NSTs were defined by selecting fibers passing through seed and target regions of interest placed on the substantia nigra and the striatum. Results: A significant negative correlation was observed between age and fractional anisotropy and tract volume (TV) of the NST. Mean TV values of the NST were significantly lower in the old group than in the young and middle-aged groups (p < 0.05). The TV values of the NST were significantly reduced with age for men and women (p < 0.05). Conclusion: We found that aging of the NST began in the 3rd decile and progressed steadily throughout life until old age, when it exhibited significant degeneration. We suspect these results are related to the correlation between the incidence of PD and age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong-Kyun Koo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-41-550-6103; Fax: +82-41-559-7934
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Huang M, Li Y, Tian T, Wang K, Wang Y, Yan W, Yang H. Knockdown of TLR4 Represses the Paraquat-Induced Neuroinflammation and Microglial M1 Polarization. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:741-750. [PMID: 32734565 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ) is associated with multiple nervous system disorders including Parkinson's disease. Despite the evidence that PQ could induce inflammatory responses in the central nervous system and largely contribute to neurotoxicity, the mechanisms of PQ-induced neuroinflammation are not yet fully understood. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) could recognize various pathogens and initiate inflammation processes. Therefore, we investigated the role of TLR4 in PQ-induced neuroinflammation by using murine microglial immortalized BV-2 cell line. Normal microglia and TLR4-knockdown microglia were treated with PQ to evaluate signal transduction molecular expression, inflammatory responses, and microglial functions. Compared with normal microglia, PQ-induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines was significantly reduced in TLR4-knockdown microglia. Levels of M1 markers were decreased, while levels of M2 markers were increased upon PQ exposure, confirming that TLR4 depletion inhibited the microglial M1 polarization. Besides, the migration and phagocytosis capability reduced by PQ were to some extent recovered in TLR4-knockdown microglia. Taken together, our results suggested that TLR4 mediated the neuroinflammatory responses in microglia and the depletion of TLR4 protects against PQ neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Huang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, 750004, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yingying Li
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, 750004, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Tian Tian
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, 750004, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Kai Wang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, 750004, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, 750004, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Weiguang Yan
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, 750004, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Huifang Yang
- The Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, 750004, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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7
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What and How Can Physical Activity Prevention Function on Parkinson's Disease? OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4293071. [PMID: 32215173 PMCID: PMC7042542 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4293071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aim This study was aimed at investigating the effects and molecular mechanisms of physical activity intervention on Parkinson's disease (PD) and providing theoretical guidance for the prevention and treatment of PD. Methods Four electronic databases up to December 2019 were searched (PubMed, Springer, Elsevier, and Wiley database), 176 articles were selected. Literature data were analyzed by the logic analysis method. Results (1) Risk factors of PD include dairy products, pesticides, traumatic brain injury, and obesity. Protective factors include alcohol, tobacco, coffee, black tea, and physical activity. (2) Physical activity can reduce the risk and improve symptoms of PD and the beneficial forms of physical activity, including running, dancing, traditional Chinese martial arts, yoga, and weight training. (3) Different forms of physical activity alleviate the symptoms of PD through different mechanisms, including reducing the accumulation of α-syn protein, inflammation, and oxidative stress, while enhancing BDNF activity, nerve regeneration, and mitochondrial function. Conclusion Physical activity has a positive impact on the prevention and treatment of PD. Illustrating the molecular mechanism of physical activity-induced protective effect on PD is an urgent need for improving the efficacy of PD therapy regimens in the future.
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Toll-like receptors and their therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease and α-synucleinopathies. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:41-51. [PMID: 31271873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.06.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors which mediate an inflammatory response upon the detection of specific molecular patterns found on foreign organisms and on endogenous damage-related molecules. These receptors play a major role in the activation of microglia, the innate immune cells of the CNS, and are also expressed in peripheral tissues, including blood mononuclear cells and the gut. It is well established that immune activation, in both the brain and periphery, is a feature of Parkinson's disease as well as other α-synucleinopathies. Aggregated forms of α-synuclein can act as ligands for TLRs (particularly TLR2 and TLR4), and hence these receptors may play a critical role in mediating a detrimental immune response to this protein, as well as other inflammatory signals in Parkinson's and related α-synucleinopathies. In this review, the potential role of TLRs in contributing to the progression of these disorders is discussed. Existing evidence comes predominantly from studies in in vitro and in vivo models, as well as analyses of postmortem human brain tissue and pre-clinical studies of TLR inhibitors. This evidence is evaluated in detail, and the potential for therapeutic intervention in α-synucleinopathies through TLR inhibition is discussed.
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9
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Hwang DJ, Kwon KC, Song HK, Kim KS, Jung YS, Hwang DY, Cho JY. Comparative analysis of dose-dependent neurotoxic response to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in C57BL/6 N mice derived from three different sources. Lab Anim Res 2019; 35:10. [PMID: 32257898 PMCID: PMC7081672 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0012-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MPTP, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine is commonly used to induce nigrostriatal defects to induce parkinsonism and/or parkinsonian syndrome, to replicate the lesions seen in Parkinson’s disease (PD), with use in numerous PD models in mice. It has been suggested that various biological characteristics including strain could result in differing mortality rates, sensitivity to MPTP administration, and reproducibility of lesions in mice, but there is no evidence on the sensitivity of C57BL/6 mice from different origins to MPTP and its associated pathological lesions. In this study, we investigated the magnitude of the dose-dependent response to acute MPTP administration in C57BL/6NKorl mice and two commercialized C57BL/6 stocks derived from the United States and Japan. We measured biological features (body weight, temperature, and composition), nigrostriatal neurotoxic responses (dopamine levels, tyrosine hydroxylase enzymes, and protein carbonylation) and motor function. In results, the three different C57BL/6 stocks exhibited similar overall neurotoxic response and locomotor impairment which increased in a dose-dependent manner with acute MPTP administration (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 30 mg/kg, all with external heat support), although some of these differences were not significant. In conclusion, this study provides scientific evidence that C57BL/6NKorl mice can be used as an alternative animal model for practical and targeted PD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Joo Hwang
- 1Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, 05541 South Korea
| | - Ki-Chun Kwon
- 1Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, 05541 South Korea
| | - Hyun-Keun Song
- 2Department of Microbiology and Immunology, INJE University College of Medicine, Busan, 47392 South Korea
| | - Kil-Soo Kim
- 3College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566 South Korea
| | - Young-Suk Jung
- 4College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241 South Korea
| | - Dae-Youn Hwang
- 5Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources & Life Science/Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463 South Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Cho
- 1Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, Seoul, 05541 South Korea
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Campolo M, Paterniti I, Siracusa R, Filippone A, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. TLR4 absence reduces neuroinflammation and inflammasome activation in Parkinson's diseases in vivo model. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 76:236-247. [PMID: 30550933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, disabling neurodegenerative disorder. It has been shown Toll like receptor (TLR) 4-deficient mice protect against MPTP toxicity, suggesting that dopaminergic cell death is TLR4-dependent. The aim of this study was to demonstrate, in an in vivo model of PD, how TLR4 plays its important role in the pathogenesis of PD by using MPTP neurotoxin model (4 × 20 mg/kg, 2 h apart, i.p). Our experiments have demonstrated that the absence of TLR4 prevented dopamine depletion, increased tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine transporter activities and reduced the number of α-synuclein-positive neurons. The absence of TLR4 also had an impact on inflammatory processes, modulating the transcription factors NF-κB p65 and AP-1, and reducing astrogliosis. Importantly, we demonstrated that the absence of TLR4 modulated inflammosome pathway. Moreover, it has been shown that TLR4 modulated motor and non-motor symptoms typical of PD. Our results clearly demonstrated that absence of TLR4 reduces the development of neuroinflammation associated with PD through NF-κB, AP-1 and inflammasome pathways modulation; therefore, TLR4 could be considered as an encouraging therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Campolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Irene Paterniti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessia Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, USA.
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Bachiller S, Jiménez-Ferrer I, Paulus A, Yang Y, Swanberg M, Deierborg T, Boza-Serrano A. Microglia in Neurological Diseases: A Road Map to Brain-Disease Dependent-Inflammatory Response. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:488. [PMID: 30618635 PMCID: PMC6305407 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia represent a specialized population of macrophages-like cells in the central nervous system (CNS) considered immune sentinels that are capable of orchestrating a potent inflammatory response. Microglia are also involved in synaptic organization, trophic neuronal support during development, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in the developing brain, myelin turnover, control of neuronal excitability, phagocytic debris removal as well as brain protection and repair. Microglial response is pathology dependent and affects to immune, metabolic. In this review, we will shed light on microglial activation depending on the disease context and the influence of factors such as aging, environment or cell-to-cell interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bachiller
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Itzia Jiménez-Ferrer
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Agnes Paulus
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Swanberg
- Translational Neurogenetics Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Cheng L, Chen L, Wei X, Wang Y, Ren Z, Zeng S, Zhang X, Wen H, Gao C, Liu H. NOD2 promotes dopaminergic degeneration regulated by NADPH oxidase 2 in 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:243. [PMID: 30157869 PMCID: PMC6116377 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In Parkinson’s disease (PD), loss of striatal dopaminergic (DA) terminals and degeneration of DA neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) are associated with inflammation. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein (NOD)2, one of the first discovered NOD-like receptors, plays an important role in inflammation. However, the role of NOD2 has not been elucidated in PD. Methods NOD2 mRNA and protein expression in the SN and the striatum of C57BL/6 mice treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) was measured. We next investigated the potential contribution of the NOD2-dependent pathway to 6-OHDA-induced DA degeneration using NOD2-deficient (NOD2−/−) mice. Assays examining DA degeneration and inflammation include HPLC, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, TUNEL staining, and cytometric bead array. To further explore a possible link between NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) and NOD2 signaling in PD, microglia were transfected with shRNA specific to NOX2 in vitro and apocynin were given to mice subjected to 6-OHDA and muramyl dipeptide (MDP) striatal injection. Results The expression of NOD2 was upregulated in an experimental PD model induced by the neurotoxin 6-OHDA. NOD2 deficiency resulted in a protective effect against 6-OHDA-induced DA degeneration and neuronal death, which was associated with the attenuated inflammatory response. Moreover, silencing of NOX2 in microglia suppressed the expression of NOD2 and the inflammatory response induced by 6-OHDA and attenuated the toxicity of conditioned medium from 6-OHDA or MDP-stimulated microglia to neuronal cells. Furthermore, apocynin treatment inhibited NOD2 upregulation and DA degeneration in the SN of WT mice induced by 6-OHDA and MDP. Conclusion This study provides the direct evidence that NOD2 is related to 6-OHDA-induced DA degeneration through NOX2-mediated oxidative stress, indicating NOD2 is a novel innate immune signaling molecule participating in PD inflammatory response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1289-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinbing Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenglan Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Wen
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Infectious Disease Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chengjiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Huiqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Wenhua West Road 44, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Jang Y, Koo JH, Kwon I, Kang EB, Um HS, Soya H, Lee Y, Cho JY. Neuroprotective effects of endurance exercise against neuroinflammation in MPTP-induced Parkinson's disease mice. Brain Res 2016; 1655:186-193. [PMID: 27816415 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the main degenerative neurological disorders accompanying death of dopaminergic neurons prevalent in aged population. Endurance exercise (EE) has been suggested to confer neurogenesis and mitigate the degree of seriousness of PD. However, underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for exercise-mediated neuroprotection against PD remain largely unknown. Given the relevant interplay between elevated α-synuclein and neuroinflammation in a poor prognosis and vicious progression of PD and anti-inflammatory effects of EE, we hypothesized that EE would reverse motor dysfunction and cell death caused by PD. To this end, we chose a pharmacological model of PD (e.g., chronic injection of neurotoxin MPTP). Young adult male mice (7 weeks old) were randomly divided into three groups: sedentary control (C, n=10), MPTP (M, n=10), and MPTP + endurance exercise (ME, n=10). Our data showed that EE restored motor function impaired by MPTP in parallel with reduced cell death. Strikingly, EE exhibited a significant reduction in α-synuclein protein along with diminished pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-α and IL-1β). Supporting this, EE prevented activation of Toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) downstream signaling cascades such as MyD88, TRAF6 and TAK-1 incurred by in MPTP administration in the striatum. Moreover, EE reestablished tyrosine hydroxylase at levels similar to C group. Taken together, our data suggest that an EE-mediated neuroprotective mechanism against PD underlies anti-neuroinflammation conferred by reduced levels of α-synuclein. Our data provides an important insight into developing a non-pharmacological countermeasure against neuronal degeneration caused by PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchul Jang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, 88-15 Oryun-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-763, Republic of Korea; Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy, Bldg. 72, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Jung-Hoon Koo
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, 88-15 Oryun-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Insu Kwon
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy, Bldg. 72, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Eun-Bum Kang
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, 88-15 Oryun-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Seob Um
- Department of Exercise Prescription, Kon-Yang University, 119 Daehangro, Nonsan city, Chungnam 320-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Youngil Lee
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, University of West Florida, 11000 University Pkwy, Bldg. 72, Pensacola, FL 32514, USA
| | - Joon-Yong Cho
- Exercise Biochemistry Laboratory, Korea National Sport University, 88-15 Oryun-dong, Songpa-gu, Seoul 138-763, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Coulombe K, Saint-Pierre M, Cisbani G, St-Amour I, Gibrat C, Giguère-Rancourt A, Calon F, Cicchetti F. Partial neurorescue effects of DHA following a 6-OHDA lesion of the mouse dopaminergic system. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 30:133-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Cisbani G, Drouin-Ouellet J, Gibrat C, Saint-Pierre M, Lagacé M, Badrinarayanan S, Lavallée-Bourget M, Charest J, Chabrat A, Boivin L, Lebel M, Bousquet M, Lévesque M, Cicchetti F. Cystamine/cysteamine rescues the dopaminergic system and shows neurorestorative properties in an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:430-444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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16
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Côté M, Poirier AA, Aubé B, Jobin C, Lacroix S, Soulet D. Partial depletion of the proinflammatory monocyte population is neuroprotective in the myenteric plexus but not in the basal ganglia in a MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 46:154-67. [PMID: 25637482 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients often suffer from gastrointestinal (GI) impairments that are associated with the alteration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the myenteric nervous system. Growing evidence suggests that inflammation originating from the gut may have a major impact in both the initiation and progression of PD. Here, we investigated the role of the innate immune response in neurodegeneration occurring in central nervous system (CNS) and enteric nervous system (ENS) in response to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a neurotoxin that produces Parkinsonism in both humans and animal models. We found a strong immune response in the gut of mice treated with MPTP, as demonstrated by the prominent presence of macrophages derived from CD115(+) CD11b(+) Ly6C(Hi) monocytes, known as M1 monocytes, and increased production of IL-1β and IL-6. Partial depletion of proinflammatory M1 monocytes through intravenous injections of clodronate-encapsulated liposome protects against MPTP-induced reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the ENS. In contrast, loss of striatal TH expression in the CNS after MPTP intoxication occurs regardless of partial monocyte depletion. Examination of brain tissue revealed that microglial activation, comprising the majority of the immune response in the CNS after MPTP injections is unaffected by M1 depletion. In vitro experiments revealed that MPTP and MPP(+) act directly on monocytes to elicit a proinflammatory response that is, in part, dependent on the MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway resulting in nitrite and proinflammatory cytokine production. Taken together, our results demonstrate a critical role for proinflammatory M1 monocytes/macrophages in DAergic alterations occurring in the GI, but not in the brain, in the MPTP model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Côté
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - A-A Poirier
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - B Aubé
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - C Jobin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Florida, FL, USA
| | - S Lacroix
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculté de médecine, Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 0A6, Canada
| | - D Soulet
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Québec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Faculté de médecine, Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1K 0A6, Canada.
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17
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Zhao J, Han X, Xue L, Zhu K, Liu H, Xie A. Association of TLR4 gene polymorphisms with sporadic Parkinson's disease in a Han Chinese population. Neurol Sci 2015; 36:1659-65. [PMID: 25908385 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is considered as a multifactorial disorder involving complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors, while previous studies point to a pivotal role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of PD. As a member of pattern recognition receptors, TLR4 plays an important role in the immune response and inflammatory responses. Growing evidences suggest that mutation of TLR4 gene may be connected with the development of PD. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether genetic polymorphisms of the TLR4 gene are associated with PD susceptibility. We genotyped three single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the TLR4 gene (rs1927911, rs1927914 and rs10116253) by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in unrelated 380 PD patients and 380 healthy-matched controls. Our study revealed that rs1927914 C allele carriers and C allele were probably related to a decreased risk of PD (p = 0.032 and p = 0.028, respectively) as well as male PD (p = 0.034) and early-onset PD (EOPD) (p = 0.023). In addition, there were significant differences in genotype and allele distribution in male PD patients and its healthy-matched control subgroup (p = 0.035 and p = 0.012, respectively). For rs1927911 and rs10116253 polymorphisms, genotype or allele frequencies did not differ between groups. Our data suggest that the TLR4 gene might contribute to the risk of developing PD in Han Chinese and rs1927914 polymorphism may be a protective factor for sporadic PD, male PD and EOPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University, No. 16 Jiangsu road, Qingdao, 266003, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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Arsenault D, Drouin-Ouellet J, Saint-Pierre M, Petrou P, Dubois M, Kriz J, Barker RA, Cicchetti A, Cicchetti F. A novel combinational approach of microstimulation and bioluminescence imaging to study the mechanisms of action of cerebral electrical stimulation in mice. J Physiol 2015; 593:2257-78. [PMID: 25653107 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.287243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is used to treat a number of neurological conditions and is currently being tested to intervene in neuropsychiatric conditions. However, a better understanding of how it works would ensure that side effects could be minimized and benefits optimized. We have thus developed a unique device to perform brain stimulation (BS) in mice and to address fundamental issues related to this methodology in the pre-clinical setting. This new microstimulator prototype was specifically designed to allow simultaneous live bioluminescence imaging of the mouse brain, allowing real time assessment of the impact of stimulation on cerebral tissue. We validated the authenticity of this tool in vivo by analysing the expression of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), corresponding to the microglial response, in the stimulated brain regions of TLR2-fluc-GFP transgenic mice, which we further corroborated with post-mortem analyses in these animals as well as in human brains of patients who underwent DBS to treat their Parkinson's disease. In the present study, we report on the development of the first BS device that allows for simultaneous live in vivo imaging in mice. This tool opens up a whole new range of possibilities that allow a better understanding of BS and how to optimize its effects through its use in murine models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Arsenault
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Axe Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Janelle Drouin-Ouellet
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martine Saint-Pierre
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Axe Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Petros Petrou
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Axe Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Marilyn Dubois
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Axe Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jasna Kriz
- Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Roger A Barker
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Antonio Cicchetti
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Axe Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Francesca Cicchetti
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec (CHUQ), Axe Neurosciences, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Drouin-Ouellet J, St-Amour I, Saint-Pierre M, Lamontagne-Proulx J, Kriz J, Barker RA, Cicchetti F. Toll-like receptor expression in the blood and brain of patients and a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu103. [PMID: 25522431 PMCID: PMC4438545 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence supports a role for the immune system in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Importantly, recent preclinical studies are now suggesting a specific contribution of inflammation to the α-synuclein-induced pathology seen in this condition. METHODS We used flow cytometry and western blots to detect toll-like receptor 2 and 4 expression in blood and brain samples of Parkinson's disease patients and mice overexpressing human α-synuclein. To further assess the effects of α-synuclein overexpression on the innate immune system, we performed a longitudinal study using Thy1.2-α-synuclein mice that expressed a bicistronic DNA construct (reporter genes luciferase and green fluorescent protein) under the transcriptional control of the murine toll-like receptor 2 promoter. RESULTS Here, we report increases in toll-like receptors 2 and 4 expression in circulating monocytes and of toll-like receptor 4 in B cells and in the caudate/putamen of Parkinson's disease patients. Monthly bioluminescence imaging of Thy1.2-α-synuclein mice showed increasing toll-like receptor 2 expression from 10 months of age, although no change in toll-like receptor 2 and 4 expression was observed in the blood and brain of these mice at 12 months of age. Dexamethasone treatment starting at 5 months of age for 1 month significantly decreased the microglial response in the brain of these mice and promoted functional recovery as observed using a wheel-running activity test. CONCLUSION Our results show that toll-like receptors 2 and 4 are modulated in the blood and brain of Parkinson's disease patients and that overexpression of α-synuclein leads to a progressive microglial response, the inhibition of which has a beneficial impact on some motor phenotypes of an animal model of α-synucleinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Drouin-Ouellet
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Drs Drouin-Ouellet and Barker); Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada (Dr St-Amour, Ms Saint-Pierre, Mr Lamontagne-Proulx, and Dr Cicchetti); Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada (Dr Kriz); and Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada (Drs Kriz and Cicchetti).
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francesca Cicchetti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (Drs Drouin-Ouellet and Barker); Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada (Dr St-Amour, Ms Saint-Pierre, Mr Lamontagne-Proulx, and Dr Cicchetti); Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada (Dr Kriz); and Département de psychiatrie et neurosciences, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada (Drs Kriz and Cicchetti).
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20
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Heuss ND, Pierson MJ, Montaniel KRC, McPherson SW, Lehmann U, Hussong SA, Ferrington DA, Low WC, Gregerson DS. Retinal dendritic cell recruitment, but not function, was inhibited in MyD88 and TRIF deficient mice. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:143. [PMID: 25116321 PMCID: PMC4149240 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune system cells are known to affect loss of neurons due to injury or disease. Recruitment of immune cells following retinal/CNS injury has been shown to affect the health and survival of neurons in several models. We detected close, physical contact between dendritic cells and retinal ganglion cells following an optic nerve crush, and sought to understand the underlying mechanisms. METHODS CD11c-DTR/GFP mice producing a chimeric protein of diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) and GFP from a transgenic CD11c promoter were used in conjunction with mice deficient in MyD88 and/or TRIF. Retinal ganglion cell injury was induced by an optic nerve crush, and the resulting interactions of the GFPhi cells and retinal ganglion cells were examined. RESULTS Recruitment of GFPhi dendritic cells to the retina was significantly compromised in MyD88 and TRIF knockout mice. GFPhi dendritic cells played a significant role in clearing fluorescent-labeled retinal ganglion cells post-injury in the CD11c-DTR/GFP mice. In the TRIF and MyD88 deficient mice, the resting level of GFPhi dendritic cells was lower, and their influx was reduced following the optic nerve crush injury. The reduction in GFPhi dendritic cell numbers led to their replacement in the uptake of fluorescent-labeled debris by GFPlo microglia/macrophages. Depletion of GFPhi dendritic cells by treatment with diphtheria toxin also led to their displacement by GFPlo microglia/macrophages, which then assumed close contact with the injured neurons. CONCLUSIONS The contribution of recruited cells to the injury response was substantial, and regulated by MyD88 and TRIF. However, the presence of these adaptor proteins was not required for interaction with neurons, or the phagocytosis of debris. The data suggested a two-niche model in which resident microglia were maintained at a constant level post-optic nerve crush, while the injury-stimulated recruitment of dendritic cells and macrophages led to their transient appearance in numbers equivalent to or greater than the resident microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dale S Gregerson
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Lions Research Bldg, Rm 314, 2001 6th St SE, Minneapolis 55455, MN, USA.
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21
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Ha YR, Ha H, Lee SJ. Protection of vessel permeability by genistein against lipopolysaccharide induced acute inflammation in a chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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22
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The role of inflammatory and oxidative stress mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease: focus on astrocytes. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:28-38. [PMID: 23783559 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8483-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Epidemiologic, animal, human, and therapeutic studies support the role of oxidative stress and inflammatory cascade in initiation and progression of PD. In Parkinson's disease pathophysiology, activated glia affects neuronal injury and death through production of neurotoxic factors like glutamate, S100B, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), prostaglandins, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. As disease progresses, inflammatory secretions engage neighboring cells, including astrocytes and endothelial cells, resulting in a vicious cycle of autocrine and paracrine amplification of inflammation leading to neurodegeneration. The exact mechanism of these inflammatory mediators in the disease progression is still poorly understood. In this review, we highlight and discuss the mechanisms of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators by which they contribute to the disease progression. Particularly, we focus on the altered role of astroglial cells that presumably initiate and execute dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD. In conclusion, we focus on the molecular mechanism of neurodegeneration, which contributes to the basic understanding of the role of neuroinflammation in PD pathophysiology.
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Shastri A, Bonifati DM, Kishore U. Innate immunity and neuroinflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:342931. [PMID: 23843682 PMCID: PMC3697414 DOI: 10.1155/2013/342931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of central nervous system (CNS) is usually associated with trauma and infection. Neuroinflammation occurs in close relation to trauma, infection, and neurodegenerative diseases. Low-level neuroinflammation is considered to have beneficial effects whereas chronic neuroinflammation can be harmful. Innate immune system consisting of pattern-recognition receptors, macrophages, and complement system plays a key role in CNS homeostasis following injury and infection. Here, we discuss how innate immune components can also contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Shastri
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, Heinz Wolff Building, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Domenico Marco Bonifati
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Neurological Disorders, Santa Chiara Hospital, Largo Medaglie d'oro 1, 38100 Trento, Italy
| | - Uday Kishore
- Centre for Infection, Immunity and Disease Mechanisms, Heinz Wolff Building, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, UK
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Noelker C, Morel L, Lescot T, Osterloh A, Alvarez-Fischer D, Breloer M, Henze C, Depboylu C, Skrzydelski D, Michel PP, Dodel RC, Lu L, Hirsch EC, Hunot S, Hartmann A. Toll like receptor 4 mediates cell death in a mouse MPTP model of Parkinson disease. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1393. [PMID: 23462811 PMCID: PMC3589722 DOI: 10.1038/srep01393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammalians, toll-like receptors (TLR) signal-transduction pathways induce the expression of a variety of immune-response genes, including inflammatory cytokines. It is therefore plausible to assume that TLRs are mediators in glial cells triggering the release of cytokines that ultimately kill DA neurons in the substantia nigra in Parkinson disease (PD). Accordingly, recent data indicate that TLR4 is up-regulated by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment in a mouse model of PD. Here, we wished to evaluate the role of TLR4 in the acute mouse MPTP model of PD: TLR4-deficient mice and wild-type littermates control mice were used for the acute administration way of MPTP or a corresponding volume of saline. We demonstrate that TLR4-deficient mice are less vulnerable to MPTP intoxication than wild-type mice and display a decreased number of Iba1+ and MHC II+ activated microglial cells after MPTP application, suggesting that the TLR4 pathway is involved in experimental PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Noelker
- INSERM UMR_S975, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR_S975, CNRS UMR 7225, CR-ICM, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France,Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lydie Morel
- INSERM UMR_S975, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR_S975, CNRS UMR 7225, CR-ICM, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Lescot
- INSERM UMR_S975, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR_S975, CNRS UMR 7225, CR-ICM, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Anke Osterloh
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, 20324 Germany
| | - Daniel Alvarez-Fischer
- INSERM UMR_S975, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR_S975, CNRS UMR 7225, CR-ICM, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France,Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Minka Breloer
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, 20324 Germany
| | - Carmen Henze
- INSERM UMR_S975, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR_S975, CNRS UMR 7225, CR-ICM, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Candan Depboylu
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Delphine Skrzydelski
- INSERM UMR_S975, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR_S975, CNRS UMR 7225, CR-ICM, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Patrick P. Michel
- INSERM UMR_S975, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR_S975, CNRS UMR 7225, CR-ICM, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Richard C. Dodel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Lixia Lu
- INSERM UMR_S975, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR_S975, CNRS UMR 7225, CR-ICM, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Etienne C. Hirsch
- INSERM UMR_S975, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR_S975, CNRS UMR 7225, CR-ICM, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Hunot
- INSERM UMR_S975, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR_S975, CNRS UMR 7225, CR-ICM, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France,
| | - Andreas Hartmann
- INSERM UMR_S975, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR_S975, CNRS UMR 7225, CR-ICM, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France,
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Parkinson's Disease in a Dish: What Patient Specific-Reprogrammed Somatic Cells Can Tell Us about Parkinson's Disease, If Anything? Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:926147. [PMID: 23316244 PMCID: PMC3539381 DOI: 10.1155/2012/926147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Technologies allowing for the derivation of patient-specific neurons from somatic cells are emerging as powerful in vitro tools to investigate the intrinsic cellular pathological behaviours of the diseases that affect these patients. While the use of patient-derived neurons to model Parkinson's disease (PD) has only just begun, these approaches have allowed us to begin investigating disease pathogenesis in a unique way. In this paper, we discuss the advances made in the field of cellular reprogramming to model PD and discuss the pros and cons associated with the use of such cells.
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Impact of intravenous immunoglobulin on the dopaminergic system and immune response in the acute MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:234. [PMID: 23046563 PMCID: PMC3520736 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is a blood-derived product, used for the treatment of immunodeficiency and autoimmune diseases. Since a range of immunotherapies have recently been proposed as a therapeutic strategy for Parkinson’s disease (PD), we investigated the effects of an IVIg treatment in a neurotoxin-induced animal model of PD. Mice received four injections of MPTP (15 mg/kg) at 2-hour intervals followed by a 14-day IVIg treatment, which induced key immune-related changes such as increased regulatory T-cell population and decreased CD4+/CD8+ ratio. The MPTP treatment induced significant 80% and 84% decreases of striatal dopamine concentrations (P < 0.01), as well as 33% and 40% reductions in the number of nigral dopaminergic neurons (P < 0.001) in controls and IVIg-treated mice, respectively. Two-way analyses of variance further revealed lower striatal tyrosine hydroxylase protein levels, striatal homovanillic acid concentrations and nigral dopaminergic neurons (P < 0.05) in IVIg-treated animals. Collectively, our results fail to support a neurorestorative effect of IVIg on the nigrostriatal system in the MPTP-treated mice and even suggest a trend toward a detrimental effect of IVIg on the dopaminergic system. These preclinical data underscore the need to proceed with caution before initiating clinical trials of IVIg in PD patients.
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Benadiba M, Luurtsema G, Wichert-Ana L, Buchpigel CA, Filho GB. New Molecular Targets for PET and SPECT Imaging in Neurodegenerative Diseases. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2012; 34 Suppl 2:S125-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbp.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Drouin-Ouellet J, Cicchetti F. Inflammation and neurodegeneration: the story 'retolled'. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:542-51. [PMID: 22944460 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in innate immunity by recognizing conserved motifs predominantly found in microorganisms. Increasing evidence supports a role for TLRs in sterile inflammation as observed in neurodegenerative disorders. This includes work suggesting a contribution for these receptors to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and related disorders. In this review, the potential role of TLRs in the context of protein aggregation, neuronal degeneration, and genetic risk factors is addressed. In particular, we discuss the evidence derived from experimental models of both AD and PD which suggests that activation of TLRs can have beneficial and detrimental effects on pathological features such as protein aggregation and neuronal death. A deeper understanding of these dichotomous observations could be used for therapeutic benefit.
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Drouin-Ouellet J, LeBel M, Filali M, Cicchetti F. MyD88 deficiency results in both cognitive and motor impairments in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:880-5. [PMID: 22401992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) product is the most common adaptor protein implicated in Toll-like and interleukin receptor (TIR) domain signaling and thus plays an important role in the innate immune system. Despite the fact that the MyD88-dependent pathway has emerged as an important player in cell death processes described in several animal models of neurodegenerative disorders, the contribution of this pathway to specific behavioral phenotypes has been largely ignored. To understand the full implication of this pathway, we tested MyD88(-/-) mice for both motor and cognitive functions in normal conditions. MyD88(-/-) mice displayed impaired spatial and working memory as detected by the Barnes maze, the water T-maze and the passive avoidance tests. Furthermore, MyD88(-/-) mice demonstrated hypolocomotion in the open-field and wheel activity systems, as well as impairments in motor coordination and balance using the pole test and the rotarod. Our findings shed light on behavioral alterations that are associated with the deletion of the MyD88 protein in physiological conditions. These behavioral effects should be taken into consideration when assessing the role of the MyD88-dependent pathway in various infectious and non-infectious conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Drouin-Ouellet
- Neuroscience Axis, Endocrinology & Genomics Unit, CHUL Research Center (CHUQ), T2-50, 2705 Boul. Laurier, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
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Barker RA, Cicchetti F. Current understanding of the glial response to disorders of the aging CNS. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:95. [PMID: 22654755 PMCID: PMC3361074 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this special issue of Frontiers in Pharmacology, we have asked leading experts to comment and review the evidence that inflammatory cells play a leading role in the pathological processes underlying neurodegenerative disorders. We now seek to draw these various observations together into a conclusion, with the hope that this will inform further work in this area and result in the identification of new therapeutic targets that will have a disease modifying effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Barker
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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