1
|
Advani J, Mehta PA, Hamel AR, Mehrotra S, Kiel C, Strunz T, Corso-Díaz X, Kwicklis M, van Asten F, Ratnapriya R, Chew EY, Hernandez DG, Montezuma SR, Ferrington DA, Weber BHF, Segrè AV, Swaroop A. QTL mapping of human retina DNA methylation identifies 87 gene-epigenome interactions in age-related macular degeneration. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1972. [PMID: 38438351 PMCID: PMC10912779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation provides a crucial epigenetic mark linking genetic variations to environmental influence. We have analyzed array-based DNA methylation profiles of 160 human retinas with co-measured RNA-seq and >8 million genetic variants, uncovering sites of genetic regulation in cis (37,453 methylation quantitative trait loci and 12,505 expression quantitative trait loci) and 13,747 DNA methylation loci affecting gene expression, with over one-third specific to the retina. Methylation and expression quantitative trait loci show non-random distribution and enrichment of biological processes related to synapse, mitochondria, and catabolism. Summary data-based Mendelian randomization and colocalization analyses identify 87 target genes where methylation and gene-expression changes likely mediate the genotype effect on age-related macular degeneration. Integrated pathway analysis reveals epigenetic regulation of immune response and metabolism including the glutathione pathway and glycolysis. Our study thus defines key roles of genetic variations driving methylation changes, prioritizes epigenetic control of gene expression, and suggests frameworks for regulation of macular degeneration pathology by genotype-environment interaction in retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree Advani
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Puja A Mehta
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew R Hamel
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sudeep Mehrotra
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Christina Kiel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Strunz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ximena Corso-Díaz
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Madeline Kwicklis
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Freekje van Asten
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rinki Ratnapriya
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily Y Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, Clinical Trials Branch, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra R Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Bernhard H F Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Human Genetics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ayellet V Segrè
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ramírez-Pardo I, Villarejo-Zori B, Jiménez-Loygorri JI, Sierra-Filardi E, Alonso-Gil S, Mariño G, de la Villa P, Fitze PS, Fuentes JM, García-Escudero R, Ferrington DA, Gomez-Sintes R, Boya P. Ambra1 haploinsufficiency in CD1 mice results in metabolic alterations and exacerbates age-associated retinal degeneration. Autophagy 2023; 19:784-804. [PMID: 35875981 PMCID: PMC9980615 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2103307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a key process in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The age-dependent decline in retinal autophagy has been associated with photoreceptor degeneration. Retinal dysfunction can also result from damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), as the RPE-retina constitutes an important metabolic ecosystem that must be finely tuned to preserve visual function. While studies of mice lacking essential autophagy genes have revealed a predisposition to retinal degeneration, the consequences of a moderate reduction in autophagy, similar to that which occurs during physiological aging, remain unclear. Here, we described a retinal phenotype consistent with accelerated aging in mice carrying a haploinsufficiency for Ambra1, a pro-autophagic gene. These mice showed protein aggregation in the retina and RPE, metabolic underperformance, and premature vision loss. Moreover, Ambra1+/gt mice were more prone to retinal degeneration after RPE stress. These findings indicate that autophagy provides crucial support to RPE-retinal metabolism and protects the retina against stress and physiological aging.Abbreviations : 4-HNE: 4-hydroxynonenal; AMBRA1: autophagy and beclin 1 regulator 1, AMD: age-related macular degeneration;; GCL: ganglion cell layer; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; GLUL: glutamine synthetase/glutamate-ammonia ligase; HCL: hierarchical clustering; INL: inner nuclear layer; IPL: inner plexiform layer; LC/GC-MS: liquid chromatography/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; MA: middle-aged; MTDR: MitoTracker Deep Red; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; NL: NH4Cl and leupeptin; Nqo: NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase; ONL: outer nuclear layer; OPL: outer plexiform layer; OP: oscillatory potentials; OXPHOS: oxidative phosphorylation; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; PRKC/PKCα: protein kinase C; POS: photoreceptor outer segment; RGC: retinal ganglion cells; RPE: retinal pigment epithelium; SI: sodium iodate; TCA: tricarboxylic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Ramírez-Pardo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Ignacio Jiménez-Loygorri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Sierra-Filardi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Alonso-Gil
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Pedro de la Villa
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Vision neurophisiology group, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrick S Fitze
- Departament of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fuentes
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Nursing and Occupational Therapy, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Nerodegenerative Diseases unit, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Cáceres, Spain
| | - Ramón García-Escudero
- Molecular Oncology Unit, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Raquel Gomez-Sintes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shen S, Kapphahn RJ, Zhang M, Qian S, Montezuma SR, Shang P, Ferrington DA, Qu J. Quantitative Proteomics of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Reveals Key Regulators for the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:3252. [PMID: 36834668 PMCID: PMC9959910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in elderly people, with limited treatment options available for most patients. AMD involves the death of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor cells, with mitochondria dysfunction being a critical early event. In the current study, we utilized our unique resource of human donor RPE graded for AMD presence and severity to investigate proteome-wide dysregulation involved in early AMD. Organelle-enriched fractions of RPE were isolated from donors with early AMD (n = 45) and healthy age-matched controls (n = 32) and were analyzed by UHR-IonStar, an integrated proteomics platform enabling reliable and in-depth proteomic quantification in large cohorts. A total of 5941 proteins were quantified with excellent analytical reproducibility, and with further informatics analysis, many biological functions and pathways were found to be significantly dysregulated in donor RPE samples with early AMD. Several of these directly pinpointed changes in mitochondrial functions, e.g., translation, ATP metabolic process, lipid homeostasis, and oxidative stress. These novel findings highlighted the value of our proteomics investigation by allowing a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying early AMD onset and facilitating both treatment development and biomarker discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shichen Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Shuo Qian
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Sandra R. Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peng Shang
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA
| | - Jun Qu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fisher CR, Shaaeli AA, Ebeling MC, Montezuma SR, Ferrington DA. Investigating mitochondrial fission, fusion, and autophagy in retinal pigment epithelium from donors with age-related macular degeneration. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21725. [PMID: 36526679 PMCID: PMC9758189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in developed countries, characterized by the death of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells and photoreceptors. Previous studies report an accumulation of damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria in RPE of human donors with AMD. Understanding how damaged mitochondria accumulate in AMD is an important step in discovering disease mechanisms and identifying therapeutic targets. In this report, we assessed mitochondrial fission and fusion by quantifying proteins and measured mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) via protein analysis and advanced imaging techniques using mitochondrial targeted mKeima in primary human RPE from donors with or without AMD. We report disease-specific differences in mitochondrial proteins that regulate fission, fusion, and mitophagy that were present at baseline and with treatments to stimulate these pathways. Data suggest AMD RPE utilize receptor-mediated mitophagy as a compensatory mechanism for deficits in the ubiquitin-mediated mitophagy pathway. These changes in mitochondrial homeostasis could lead to the buildup of damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria observed in the RPE of AMD donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody R. Fisher
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA ,grid.17635.360000000419368657Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Adam A. Shaaeli
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA ,grid.17635.360000000419368657Undergraduate program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Mara C. Ebeling
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Sandra R. Montezuma
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA ,grid.17635.360000000419368657Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA ,grid.17635.360000000419368657Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA ,grid.280881.b0000 0001 0097 5623Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA 91103 USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dimasuay KG, Schaunaman N, Berg B, Cervantes D, Kruger E, Heppner FL, Ferrington DA, Chu HW. Airway epithelial immunoproteasome subunit LMP7 protects against rhinovirus infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14507. [PMID: 36008456 PMCID: PMC9403975 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18807-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoproteasomes (IP) serve as an important modulator of immune responses to pathogens and other pathological factors. LMP7/β5i, one of the IP subunits, plays a critical role in autoimmune diseases by downregulating inflammation. Rhinovirus (RV) infection is a major risk factor in the exacerbations of respiratory inflammatory diseases, but whether LMP7 regulates RV-mediated inflammation in the lung particularly in the airway epithelium, the first line of defense against RV infection, remains unclear. In this study, we determined whether airway epithelial LMP7 promotes the resolution of RV-mediated lung inflammation. Inducible airway epithelial-specific LMP7-deficient (conditional knockout, CKO) mice were generated to reveal the in vivo anti-inflammatory and antiviral functions of LMP7. By using LMP7-deficient primary human airway epithelial cells generated by CRISPR-Cas9, we confirmed that airway epithelial LMP7 decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and viral load during RV infection. Additionally, airway epithelial LMP7 enhanced the expression of a negative immune regulator A20/TNFAIP3 during viral infection that may contribute to the anti-inflammatory function of LMP7. We also discovered that induction of LMP7 by a low dose of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PI:C) reduced RV-mediated inflammation in our CKO mice infected with RV. Our findings suggest that airway epithelial LMP7 has anti-inflammatory and antiviral functions that is critical to the resolution of RV-mediated lung inflammation. Induction of airway epithelial LMP7 may open a novel avenue for therapeutic intervention against RV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Niccolette Schaunaman
- grid.240341.00000 0004 0396 0728Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO USA
| | - Bruce Berg
- grid.240341.00000 0004 0396 0728Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO USA
| | - Diana Cervantes
- grid.240341.00000 0004 0396 0728Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO USA
| | - Elke Kruger
- grid.412469.c0000 0000 9116 8976Institute for Medicine Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank L. Heppner
- grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Hong Wei Chu
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sterling JK, Baumann B, Foshe S, Voigt A, Guttha S, Alnemri A, McCright SJ, Li M, Zauhar RJ, Montezuma SR, Kapphahn RJ, Chavali VRM, Hill DA, Ferrington DA, Stambolian D, Mullins RF, Merrick D, Dunaief JL. Inflammatory adipose activates a nutritional immunity pathway leading to retinal dysfunction. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110942. [PMID: 35705048 PMCID: PMC9248858 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness among Americans over 50, is characterized by dysfunction and death of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The RPE accumulates iron in AMD, and iron overload triggers RPE cell death in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism of RPE iron accumulation in AMD is unknown. We show that high-fat-diet-induced obesity, a risk factor for AMD, drives systemic and local inflammatory circuits upregulating interleukin-1β (IL-1β). IL-1β upregulates RPE iron importers and downregulates iron exporters, causing iron accumulation, oxidative stress, and dysfunction. We term this maladaptive, chronic activation of a nutritional immunity pathway the cellular iron sequestration response (CISR). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of choroid and retina from human donors revealed that hallmarks of this pathway are present in AMD microglia and macrophages. Together, these data suggest that inflamed adipose tissue, through the CISR, can lead to RPE pathology in AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob K Sterling
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bailey Baumann
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sierra Foshe
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew Voigt
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Samyuktha Guttha
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ahab Alnemri
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sam J McCright
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Randy J Zauhar
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sandra R Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rebecca J Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Venkata R M Chavali
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David A Hill
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Institute for Vision Research, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - David Merrick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- FM Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fisher CR, Ebeling MC, Ferrington DA. Quantification of mitophagy using mKeima-mito in cultured human primary retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108981. [PMID: 35167864 PMCID: PMC8957530 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium is a pigmented monolayer of cells that help maintain a healthy retina. Loss of this essential cell layer is implicated in a number of visual disorders, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Utilizing primary RPE cultures to investigate disease is an important step in understanding disease mechanisms. However, the use of primary RPE cultures presents a number of challenges, including the limited number of cells available and the presence of auto-fluorescent pigment that interferes with quantifying fluorescent probes. Additionally, primary RPE are difficult to transfect with exogenous nucleic acids traditionally used for fluorescent imaging. To overcome these challenges, we used an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector to express a pH sensitive fluorescent protein, mKeima, fused to the mitochondrial targeting sequence of cytochrome oxidase subunit 8A (mKeima-mito). mKeima-mito allows for quantification of mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) in live-cell time-lapse imaging experiments. We also developed an image analysis pipeline to selectively quantify mKeima-mito while removing the signal of auto-fluorescent pigment from the dataset by utilizing information from the mKeima fluorescent channels. These techniques are demonstrated in primary RPE cultures expressing mKeima-mito treated with 2-[2-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]hydrazinylidene]-propanedinitrile (FCCP), an uncoupler that depolarizes the mitochondrial membrane and leads to mitochondrial fragmentation and mitophagy. The techniques outlined provide a roadmap for investigating disease mechanisms or the effect of treatments utilizing fluorescent probes in an important cell culture model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody R Fisher
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mara C Ebeling
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mohan R, Jo S, Lockridge A, Ferrington DA, Murray K, Eschenlauer A, Bernal-Mizrachi E, Fujitani Y, Alejandro EU. OGT Regulates Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Function via Diabetes Susceptibility Gene Pdx1. Diabetes 2021; 70:2608-2625. [PMID: 34462257 PMCID: PMC8564412 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), a nutrient sensor sensitive to glucose flux, is highly expressed in the pancreas. However, the role of OGT in the mitochondria of β-cells is unexplored. In this study, we identified the role of OGT in mitochondrial function in β-cells. Constitutive deletion of OGT (βOGTKO) or inducible ablation in mature β-cells (iβOGTKO) causes distinct effects on mitochondrial morphology and function. Islets from βOGTKO, but not iβOGTKO, mice display swollen mitochondria, reduced glucose-stimulated oxygen consumption rate, ATP production, and glycolysis. Alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress by genetic deletion of Chop did not rescue the mitochondrial dysfunction in βOGTKO mice. We identified altered islet proteome between βOGTKO and iβOGTKO mice. Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) was reduced in in βOGTKO islets. Pdx1 overexpression increased insulin content and improved mitochondrial morphology and function in βOGTKO islets. These data underscore the essential role of OGT in regulating β-cell mitochondrial morphology and bioenergetics. In conclusion, OGT couples nutrient signal and mitochondrial function to promote normal β-cell physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Mohan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Seokwon Jo
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Amber Lockridge
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kevin Murray
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Arthur Eschenlauer
- University of Minnesota Informatics Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ernesto Bernal-Mizrachi
- Miami VA Healthcare System, Miami, FL
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miami, FL
| | - Yoshio Fujitani
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Emilyn U Alejandro
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Armbrust KR, Karunadharma PP, Terluk MR, Kapphahn RJ, Olsen TW, Ferrington DA, Montezuma SR. No association between cataract surgery and mitochondrial DNA damage with age-related macular degeneration in human donor eyes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258803. [PMID: 34665838 PMCID: PMC8525771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether age-related macular degeneration (AMD) severity or the frequency of retinal pigment epithelium mitochondrial DNA lesions differ in human donor eyes that have undergone cataract surgery compared to phakic eyes. Methods Eyes from human donors aged ≥ 55 years were obtained from the Minnesota Lions Eye Bank. Cataract surgery status was obtained from history provided to Eye Bank personnel by family members at the time of tissue procurement. Donor eyes were graded for AMD severity using the Minnesota Grading System. Quantitative PCR was performed on DNA isolated from macular punches of retinal pigment epithelium to quantitate the frequency of mitochondrial DNA lesions in the donor tissue. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate for associations between (1) cataract surgery and AMD severity and (2) cataract surgery and mitochondrial DNA lesion frequency. Results A total of 157 subjects qualified for study inclusion. Multivariable analysis with age, sex, smoking status, and cataract surgery status showed that only age was associated with AMD grade. Multivariable analysis with age, sex, smoking status, and cataract surgery status showed that none of these factors were associated with retinal pigment epithelium mitochondrial DNA lesion frequency. Conclusions In this study of human donor eyes, neither retinal pigment epithelium mitochondrial DNA damage nor the stage of AMD severity are independently associated with cataract surgery after adjusting for other AMD risk factors. These new pathologic and molecular findings provide evidence against a relationship between cataract surgery and AMD progression and support the idea that cataract surgery is safe in the setting of AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen R. Armbrust
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Pabalu P. Karunadharma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Marcia R. Terluk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Timothy W. Olsen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sandra R. Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ratnapriya R, Acar İE, Geerlings MJ, Branham K, Kwong A, Saksens NTM, Pauper M, Corominas J, Kwicklis M, Zipprer D, Starostik MR, Othman M, Yashar B, Abecasis GR, Chew EY, Ferrington DA, Hoyng CB, Swaroop A, den Hollander AI. Family-based exome sequencing identifies rare coding variants in age-related macular degeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 29:2022-2034. [PMID: 32246154 PMCID: PMC7390936 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 52 independent variants at 34 genetic loci that are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of incurable vision loss in the elderly worldwide. However, causal genes at the majority of these loci remain unknown. In this study, we performed whole exome sequencing of 264 individuals from 63 multiplex families with AMD and analyzed the data for rare protein-altering variants in candidate target genes at AMD-associated loci. Rare coding variants were identified in the CFH, PUS7, RXFP2, PHF12 and TACC2 genes in three or more families. In addition, we detected rare coding variants in the C9, SPEF2 and BCAR1 genes, which were previously suggested as likely causative genes at respective AMD susceptibility loci. Identification of rare variants in the CFH and C9 genes in our study validated previous reports of rare variants in complement pathway genes in AMD. We then extended our exome-wide analysis and identified rare protein-altering variants in 13 genes outside the AMD-GWAS loci in three or more families. Two of these genes, SCN10A and KIR2DL4, are of interest because variants in these genes also showed association with AMD in case-control cohorts, albeit not at the level of genome-wide significance. Our study presents the first large-scale, exome-wide analysis of rare variants in AMD. Further independent replications and molecular investigation of candidate target genes, reported here, would assist in gaining novel insights into mechanisms underlying AMD pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinki Ratnapriya
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory (NNRL), National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - İlhan E Acar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje J Geerlings
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Kari Branham
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Alan Kwong
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nicole T M Saksens
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Pauper
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Jordi Corominas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Madeline Kwicklis
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory (NNRL), National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Zipprer
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory (NNRL), National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Margaret R Starostik
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory (NNRL), National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mohammad Othman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Beverly Yashar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Goncalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Emily Y Chew
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory (NNRL), National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Carel B Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory (NNRL), National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sreekumar PG, Ferrington DA, Kannan R. Glutathione Metabolism and the Novel Role of Mitochondrial GSH in Retinal Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:661. [PMID: 33923192 PMCID: PMC8146950 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is present ubiquitously, and its role as a crucial cellular antioxidant in tissues, including the retina, is well established. GSH's antioxidant function arises from its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species or to serve as an essential cofactor for GSH S-transferases and peroxidases. This review summarizes the general functions, retinal distribution, disorders linked to GSH deficiency, and the emerging role for mitochondrial GSH (mGSH) in retinal function. Though synthesized only in the cytosol, the presence of GSH in multiple cell organelles suggests the requirement for its active transport across organellar membranes. The localization and distribution of 2-oxoglutarate carrier (OGC) and dicarboxylate carrier (DIC), two recently characterized mitochondrial carrier proteins in RPE and retina, show that these transporters are highly expressed in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and retinal layers, and their expression increases with RPE polarity in cultured cells. Depletion of mGSH levels via inhibition of the two transporters resulted in reduced mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters (basal respiration, ATP production, maximal respiration, and spare respiratory capacity) and increased RPE cell death. These results begin to reveal a critical role for mGSH in maintaining RPE bioenergetics and cell health. Thus, augmentation of mGSH pool under GSH-deficient conditions may be a valuable tool in treating retinal disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration and optic neuropathies, whose pathologies have been associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parameswaran G. Sreekumar
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Ram Kannan
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA;
- Stein Eye Institute, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ebeling MC, Geng Z, Kapphahn RJ, Roehrich H, Montezuma SR, Dutton JR, Ferrington DA. Impaired Mitochondrial Function in iPSC-Retinal Pigment Epithelium with the Complement Factor H Polymorphism for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040789. [PMID: 33918210 PMCID: PMC8066149 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly, is characterized by loss of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). While the disease mechanism remains unclear, prior studies have linked AMD with RPE mitochondrial defects and genetic polymorphisms in the complement pathway. This study used RPE generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-RPE), which were derived from human donors with or without AMD and genotyped for the complement factor H (CFH) AMD high-risk allele (rs1061170, Y402H) to investigate whether donor disease state or genotype had a detrimental effect on mitochondrial function and inflammation. Results show that cells derived from donors with AMD display decreased mitochondrial function under conditions of stress and elevated expression of inflammatory markers compared to iPSC-RPE from individuals without AMD. A more pronounced reduction in mitochondrial function and increased inflammatory markers was observed in CFH high-risk cells, irrespective of disease state. These results provide evidence for a previously unrecognized link between CFH and mitochondrial function that could contribute to RPE loss in AMD patients harboring the CFH high-risk genotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mara C. Ebeling
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (R.J.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Zhaohui Geng
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (R.J.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Heidi Roehrich
- Histology Core for Vision Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Sandra R. Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (R.J.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - James R. Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: (J.R.D.); (D.A.F.); Tel.: +1-612-626-2762 (J.R.D.); +1-612-624-8267 (D.A.F.)
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (R.J.K.); (S.R.M.)
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.R.D.); (D.A.F.); Tel.: +1-612-626-2762 (J.R.D.); +1-612-624-8267 (D.A.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Truong V, Viken K, Geng Z, Barkan S, Johnson B, Ebeling MC, Montezuma SR, Ferrington DA, Dutton JR. Automating Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Culture and Differentiation of iPSC-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium for Personalized Drug Testing. SLAS Technol 2020; 26:287-299. [PMID: 33292045 DOI: 10.1177/2472630320972110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Derivation and differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) provide the opportunity to generate medically important cell types from individual patients and patient populations for research and the development of potential cell therapies. This technology allows disease modeling and drug screening to be carried out using diverse population cohorts and with more relevant cell phenotypes than can be accommodated using traditional immortalized cell lines. However, technical complexities in the culture and differentiation of hiPSCs, including lack of scale and standardization and prolonged experimental timelines, limit the adoption of this technology for many large-scale studies, including personalized drug screening. The entry of reproducible end-to-end automated workflows for hiPSC culture and differentiation, demonstrated on commercially available platforms, provides enhanced accessibility of this technology for both research laboratories and commercial pharmaceutical testing. Here we have utilized TECAN Fluent automated cell culture workstations to perform hiPSC culture and differentiation in a reproducible and scalable process to generate patient-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells for downstream use, including drug testing. hiPSCs derived from multiple donors with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were introduced into our automated workflow, and cell lines were cultured and differentiated into retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Donor hiPSC-RPE lines were subsequently entered in an automated drug testing workflow to measure mitochondrial function after exposure to "mitoactive" compounds. This work demonstrates scalable, reproducible culture and differentiation of hiPSC lines from individuals on the TECAN Fluent platform and illustrates the potential for end-to-end automation of hiPSC-based personalized drug testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Truong
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kevin Viken
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Zhaohui Geng
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samantha Barkan
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Blake Johnson
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mara C Ebeling
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sandra R Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - James R Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Karim MR, Fisher CR, Kapphahn RJ, Polanco JR, Ferrington DA. Investigating AKT activation and autophagy in immunoproteasome-deficient retinal cells. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231212. [PMID: 32275682 PMCID: PMC7147741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major proteolytic systems, the proteasome and the autophagy pathway, are key components of the proteostasis network. The immunoproteasome, a proteasome subtype, and autophagy are upregulated under stress conditions, forming a coordinated unit designed to minimize the effect of cell stress. We investigated how genetic ablation of the LMP2 immunoproteasome subunit affects autophagy in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from WT and LMP2 knockout mice. We monitored autophagy regulation by measuring LC3, phosphorylation of AKT (S473), and phosphorylation of S6, a downstream readout of AKT (mTOR) pathway activation. We also evaluated transcription factor EB (TFEB) nuclear translocation, a transcription factor that controls expression of autophagy and lysosome genes. WT and LMP2 KO cells were monitored after treatment with EBSS to stimulate autophagy, insulin to stimulate AKT, or an AKT inhibitor (trehalose or MK-2206). Under basal conditions, we observed hyper-phosphorylation of AKT and S6, as well as lower nuclear-TFEB content in LMP2 KO RPE compared with WT. AKT inhibitors MK-2206 and trehalose significantly inhibited AKT phosphorylation and stimulated nuclear translocation of TFEB. Starvation and AKT inhibition upregulated autophagy, albeit to a lesser extent in LMP2 KO RPE. These data support the idea that AKT hyper-activation is an underlying cause of defective autophagy regulation in LMP2 KO RPE, revealing a unique link between two proteolytic systems and a previously unknown function in autophagy regulation by the immunoproteasome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Razaul Karim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Cody R. Fisher
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jorge R. Polanco
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Fliesler
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry and Neuroscience Graduate Program, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York (SUNY)- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Research Service, Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System (VAWNYHS), Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ferrington DA, Fisher CR, Kowluru RA. Mitochondrial Defects Drive Degenerative Retinal Diseases. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:105-118. [PMID: 31771932 PMCID: PMC6938541 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in the pathology of two major blinding retinal diseases, diabetic retinopathy (DR) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). These diseases accumulate mitochondrial defects in distinct retinal subcellular structures, the vascular/neural network in DR and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in AMD. These mitochondrial defects cause a metabolic crisis that drives disease. With no treatments to stop these diseases, coupled with an increasing population suffering from AMD and DR, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutics targeting the mitochondria to prevent or reverse disease-specific pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences and Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Cody R Fisher
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences and Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Renu A Kowluru
- Ophthalmology, Vision, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Schultz H, Song Y, Baumann BH, Kapphahn RJ, Montezuma SR, Ferrington DA, Dunaief JL. Increased serum proteins in non-exudative AMD retinas. Exp Eye Res 2019; 186:107686. [PMID: 31158383 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The blood retinal barrier (BRB) closely regulates the retinal microenvironment. Its compromise leads to the accumulation of retinal fluid containing potentially harmful plasma components. While eyes with non-exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were previously felt to have an intact BRB, we propose that the BRB in non-exudative AMD eyes may be subclinically compromised, allowing entry of retina-toxic plasma proteins. We test this hypothesis by measuring retinal levels of abundant plasma proteins that should not cross the intact BRB. Two cohorts of frozen, post mortem neurosensory retinas were studied by Western analysis. One cohort from Alabama had 4 normal controls and 4 eyes with various forms of AMD. Another cohort from Minnesota had 5 intermediate AMD eyes and 5 normals. Both cohorts were age/post mortem interval (PMI) matched. The non-exudative AMD retinas in the Alabama cohort had significantly higher levels of albumin and complement component 9 (C9) than normal controls. The positive control exudative AMD donor retina had higher levels of all but one serum protein. In both macular and peripheral neurosensory retina samples, intermediate AMD retinas in the Minnesota cohort had significantly higher levels of albumin, fibrinogen, IgG, and C9 than controls. Our results suggest that there may be moderate subclinical BRB leakage in non-exudative AMD. Potentially harmful plasma components including complement or iron could enter the neurosensory retina in AMD patients prior to advanced disease. Thus, therapies aiming to stabilize the BRB might have a role in the management of non-exudative AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Schultz
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratory, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ying Song
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratory, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Bailey H Baumann
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratory, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca J Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Sandra R Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratory, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ratnapriya R, Sosina OA, Starostik MR, Kwicklis M, Kapphahn RJ, Fritsche LG, Walton A, Arvanitis M, Gieser L, Pietraszkiewicz A, Montezuma SR, Chew EY, Battle A, Abecasis GR, Ferrington DA, Chatterjee N, Swaroop A. Author Correction: Retinal transcriptome and eQTL analyses identify genes associated with age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet 2019; 51:1067. [PMID: 31068672 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0430-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the version of this article initially published, in Supplementary Data 5, the logFC, FC, P value and adjusted P value for advanced AMD versus control (DE 4/1) without age correction did not correspond to the correct gene IDs. The errors have been corrected in the HTML version of the article.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinki Ratnapriya
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olukayode A Sosina
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Margaret R Starostik
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Madeline Kwicklis
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca J Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lars G Fritsche
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ashley Walton
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marios Arvanitis
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Linn Gieser
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Pietraszkiewicz
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra R Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emily Y Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexis Battle
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ratnapriya R, Sosina OA, Starostik MR, Kwicklis M, Kapphahn RJ, Fritsche LG, Walton A, Arvanitis M, Gieser L, Pietraszkiewicz A, Montezuma SR, Chew EY, Battle A, Abecasis GR, Ferrington DA, Chatterjee N, Swaroop A. Retinal transcriptome and eQTL analyses identify genes associated with age-related macular degeneration. Nat Genet 2019; 51:606-610. [PMID: 30742112 PMCID: PMC6441365 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variants at 34 loci contributing to age-related macular degeneration (AMD)1-3. We generated transcriptional profiles of postmortem retinas from 453 controls and cases at distinct stages of AMD and integrated retinal transcriptomes, covering 13,662 protein-coding and 1,462 noncoding genes, with genotypes at more than 9 million common SNPs for expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis of a tissue not included in Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) and other large datasets4,5. Cis-eQTL analysis identified 10,474 genes under genetic regulation, including 4,541 eQTLs detected only in the retina. Integrated analysis of AMD-GWAS with eQTLs ascertained likely target genes at six reported loci. Using transcriptome-wide association analysis (TWAS), we identified three additional genes, RLBP1, HIC1 and PARP12, after Bonferroni correction. Our studies expand the genetic landscape of AMD and establish the Eye Genotype Expression (EyeGEx) database as a resource for post-GWAS interpretation of multifactorial ocular traits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinki Ratnapriya
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Olukayode A Sosina
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Margaret R Starostik
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Madeline Kwicklis
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca J Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lars G Fritsche
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ashley Walton
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marios Arvanitis
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Linn Gieser
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Pietraszkiewicz
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandra R Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emily Y Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alexis Battle
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gonçalo R Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Nilanjan Chatterjee
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Felszeghy S, Viiri J, Paterno JJ, Hyttinen JMT, Koskela A, Chen M, Leinonen H, Tanila H, Kivinen N, Koistinen A, Toropainen E, Amadio M, Smedowski A, Reinisalo M, Winiarczyk M, Mackiewicz J, Mutikainen M, Ruotsalainen AK, Kettunen M, Jokivarsi K, Sinha D, Kinnunen K, Petrovski G, Blasiak J, Bjørkøy G, Koskelainen A, Skottman H, Urtti A, Salminen A, Kannan R, Ferrington DA, Xu H, Levonen AL, Tavi P, Kauppinen A, Kaarniranta K. Loss of NRF-2 and PGC-1α genes leads to retinal pigment epithelium damage resembling dry age-related macular degeneration. Redox Biol 2018; 20:1-12. [PMID: 30253279 PMCID: PMC6156745 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multi-factorial disease that is the leading cause of irreversible and severe vision loss in the developed countries. It has been suggested that the pathogenesis of dry AMD involves impaired protein degradation in retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). RPE cells are constantly exposed to oxidative stress that may lead to the accumulation of damaged cellular proteins, DNA and lipids and evoke tissue deterioration during the aging process. The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the lysosomal/autophagosomal pathway are the two major proteolytic systems in eukaryotic cells. NRF-2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2) and PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha) are master transcription factors in the regulation of cellular detoxification. We investigated the role of NRF-2 and PGC-1α in the regulation of RPE cell structure and function by using global double knockout (dKO) mice. The NRF-2/PGC-1α dKO mice exhibited significant age-dependent RPE degeneration, accumulation of the oxidative stress marker, 4-HNE (4-hydroxynonenal), the endoplasmic reticulum stress markers GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein 78) and ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4), and damaged mitochondria. Moreover, levels of protein ubiquitination and autophagy markers p62/SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1), Beclin-1 and LC3B (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta) were significantly increased together with the Iba-1 (ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1) mononuclear phagocyte marker and an enlargement of RPE size. These histopathological changes of RPE were accompanied by photoreceptor dysmorphology and vision loss as revealed by electroretinography. Consequently, these novel findings suggest that the NRF-2/PGC-1α dKO mouse is a valuable model for investigating the role of proteasomal and autophagy clearance in the RPE and in the development of dry AMD. NRF-2/PGC-1α dKO mouse model shows a dry AMD-like phenotype. Loss of NRF-2/PGC-1α genes increased oxidative and ER stress in RPE cells. High oxidative stress was associated with impaired autophagy and proteasomal clearance. The pathology becomes manifest as an age-related loss of photoreceptor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Felszeghy
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Viiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi J Paterno
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha M T Hyttinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ali Koskela
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mei Chen
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Henri Leinonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Niko Kivinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Koistinen
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elisa Toropainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marialaura Amadio
- Department of Drug Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Adrian Smedowski
- Chair and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Mika Reinisalo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mateusz Winiarczyk
- Department of Epizootiology, University of Life Sciences of Lublin, Poland; Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Mackiewicz
- Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Maija Mutikainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Ruotsalainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Kettunen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kimmo Jokivarsi
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Debasish Sinha
- The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kati Kinnunen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Centre of Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Geir Bjørkøy
- Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine; Norwegian University of Science and Technology and Department of Technology; University College of Sør-Trøndelag, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ari Koskelainen
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Aalto, Finland
| | - Heli Skottman
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, BioMediTech Institute, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ram Kannan
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Heping Xu
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Institute of Experimental Medicine Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pasi Tavi
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kapphahn RJ, Richards MJ, Ferrington DA, Fliesler SJ. Lipid-derived and other oxidative modifications of retinal proteins in a rat model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Exp Eye Res 2018; 178:247-254. [PMID: 30114413 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative modification of proteins can perturb their structure and function, often compromising cellular viability. Such modifications include lipid-derived adducts (e.g., 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP)) as well as nitrotyrosine (NTyr). We compared the retinal proteome and levels of such modifications in the AY9944-treated rat model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), in comparison to age-matched controls. Retinas harvested at 3 months of age were either subjected to proteomic analysis or to immuno-slot blot analysis, the latter probing blots with antibodies raised against HNE, CEP, and NTyr, followed by quantitative densitometry. HNE modification of retinal proteins was markedly (>9-fold) higher in AY9944-treated rats compared to controls, whereas CEP modification was only modestly (≤2-fold) greater, and NTyr modification was minimal and exhibited no difference as a function of AY9944 treatment. Anti-HNE immunoreactivity was greatest in the plexiform and ganglion cell layers, but also present in the RPE, choroid, and photoreceptor outer segment layer in AY9944-treated rats; control retinas showed minimal HNE labeling. 1D-PAGE/Western blot analysis of rod outer segment (ROS) membranes revealed HNE modification of both opsin and β-transducin. Proteomic analysis revealed the differential expression of several retinal proteins as a consequence of AY9944 treatment. Upregulated proteins included those involved in chaperone/protein folding, oxidative and cellular stress responses, transcriptional regulation, and energy production. βA3/A1 Crystallin, which has a role in regulation of lysosomal acidification, was down-regulated. Hence, oxidative modification of retinal proteins occurs in the SLOS rat model, in addition to the previously described oxidation of lipids. The results are discussed in the context of the histological and physiological changes that occur in the retina in the SLOS rat model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael J Richards
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Steven J Fliesler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Departments of Ophthalmology and Biochemistry and the Neuroscience Graduate Program, The State University of New York (SUNY)- University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Research Service, Veterans Administration Western New York Healthcare System (VAWNYHS), Buffalo, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Baumann CW, Kwak D, Ferrington DA, Thompson LV. Downhill exercise alters immunoproteasome content in mouse skeletal muscle. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:507-517. [PMID: 29124664 PMCID: PMC6045542 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Content of the immunoproteasome, the inducible form of the standard proteasome, increases in atrophic muscle suggesting it may be associated with skeletal muscle remodeling. However, it remains unknown if the immunoproteasome responds to stressful situations that do not promote large perturbations in skeletal muscle proteolysis. The purpose of this study was to determine how an acute bout of muscular stress influences immunoproteasome content. To accomplish this, wild-type (WT) and immunoproteasome knockout lmp7 -/- /mecl1 -/- (L7M1) mice were run downhill on a motorized treadmill. Soleus muscles were excised 1 and 3 days post-exercise and compared to unexercised muscle (control). Ex vivo physiology, histology and biochemical analyses were used to assess the effects of immunoproteasome knockout and unaccustomed exercise. Besides L7M1 muscle being LMP7/MECL1 deficient, no other major biochemical, histological or functional differences were observed between the control muscles. In both strains, the downhill run shifted the force-frequency curve to the right and reduced twitch force; however, it did not alter tetanic force or inflammatory markers. In the days post-exercise, several of the proteasome's catalytic subunits were upregulated. Specifically, WT muscle increased LMP7 while L7M1 muscle instead increased β5. These findings indicate that running mice downhill results in subtle contractile characteristics that correspond to skeletal muscle injury, yet it does not appear to induce a significant inflammatory response. Interestingly, this minor stress activated the production of specific immunoproteasome subunits that if knocked out were replaced by components of the standard proteasome. These data suggest that the immunoproteasome may be involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cory W Baumann
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Dongmin Kwak
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - LaDora V Thompson
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
AMD is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries. The dry form of AMD, also known as atrophic AMD, is characterized by the death of RPE and photoreceptors. Currently, there are no treatments for this form of the disease due in part to our incomplete understanding of the mechanism causing AMD. Strong experimental evidence from studies of human donors with AMD supports the emerging hypothesis that defects in RPE mitochondria drive AMD pathology. These studies, using different experimental methods, have shown disrupted RPE mitochondrial architecture and decreased mitochondrial number and mass, altered content of multiple mitochondrial proteins, increased mitochondrial DNA damage that correlates with disease severity, and defects in bioenergetics for primary RPE cultures from AMD donors. Herein, we discuss a model of metabolic uncoupling that alters bioenergetics in the diseased retina and drives AMD pathology. These data provide the rationale for targeting the mitochondria in the RPE as the most efficacious intervention strategy if administered early, before vision loss and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody R. Fisher
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ferrington DA, Ebeling MC, Kapphahn RJ, Terluk MR, Fisher CR, Polanco JR, Roehrich H, Leary MM, Geng Z, Dutton JR, Montezuma SR. Altered bioenergetics and enhanced resistance to oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial cells from donors with age-related macular degeneration. Redox Biol 2017; 13:255-265. [PMID: 28600982 PMCID: PMC5466586 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among older adults. It has been suggested that mitochondrial defects in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) underlies AMD pathology. To test this idea, we developed primary cultures of RPE to ask whether RPE from donors with AMD differ in their metabolic profile compared with healthy age-matched donors. Analysis of gene expression, protein content, and RPE function showed that these cultured cells replicated many of the cardinal features of RPE in vivo. Using the Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer to measure bioenergetics, we observed RPE from donors with AMD exhibited reduced mitochondrial and glycolytic function compared with healthy donors. RPE from AMD donors were also more resistant to oxidative inactivation of these two energy-producing pathways and were less susceptible to oxidation-induced cell death compared with cells from healthy donors. Investigation of the potential mechanism responsible for differences in bioenergetics and resistance to oxidative stress showed RPE from AMD donors had increased PGC1α protein as well as differential expression of multiple genes in response to an oxidative challenge. Based on our data, we propose that cultured RPE from donors phenotyped for the presence or absence of AMD provides an excellent model system for studying "AMD in a dish". Our results are consistent with the ideas that (i) a bioenergetics crisis in the RPE contributes to AMD pathology, and (ii) the diseased environment in vivo causes changes in the cellular profile that are retained in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Corresponding author at: 380 Lions Research Bldg., 2001 6th St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Mara C. Ebeling
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marcia R. Terluk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Cody R. Fisher
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA,Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jorge R. Polanco
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Heidi Roehrich
- Histology Core for Vision Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Michaela M. Leary
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Zhaohui Geng
- Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - James R. Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute and Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Sandra R. Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Baumann CW, Kwak D, Ferrington DA, Thompson LV. Impact of Downhill Running on Proteasome Content in Mouse Skeletal Muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000518269.48399.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
26
|
Ghosh S, Shang P, Yazdankhah M, Bhutto I, Hose S, Montezuma SR, Luo T, Chattopadhyay S, Qian J, Lutty GA, Ferrington DA, Zigler JS, Sinha D. Activating the AKT2-nuclear factor-κB-lipocalin-2 axis elicits an inflammatory response in age-related macular degeneration. J Pathol 2017; 241:583-588. [PMID: 28026019 DOI: 10.1002/path.4870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex and progressive degenerative eye disease resulting in severe loss of central vision. Recent evidence indicates that immune system dysregulation could contribute to the development of AMD. We hypothesize that defective lysosome-mediated clearance causes accumulation of waste products in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), activating the immune system and leading to retinal tissue injury and AMD. We have generated unique genetically engineered mice in which lysosome-mediated clearance (both by phagocytosis and autophagy) in RPE cells is compromised, causing the development of features of early AMD. Our recent data indicate a link between lipocalin-2 (LCN-2) and the inflammatory responses induced in this mouse model. We show that nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and STAT-1 may function as a complex in our animal model system, together controlling the upregulation of LCN-2 expression in the retina and stimulating an inflammatory response. This study revealed increased infiltration of LCN-2-positive neutrophils in the choroid and retina of early AMD patients as compared with age-matched controls. Our results demonstrate that, both in our animal model and in human AMD, the AKT2-NF-κB-LCN-2 signalling axis is involved in activating the inflammatory response, making this pathway a potential target for AMD treatment. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, WB, India
| | - Peng Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meysam Yazdankhah
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Imran Bhutto
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sandra R Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tianqi Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerard A Lutty
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - J Samuel Zigler
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu HM, Ferrington DA, Baumann CW, Thompson LV. Denervation-Induced Activation of the Standard Proteasome and Immunoproteasome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166831. [PMID: 27875560 PMCID: PMC5119786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The standard 26S proteasome is responsible for the majority of myofibrillar protein degradation leading to muscle atrophy. The immunoproteasome is an inducible form of the proteasome. While its function has been linked to conditions of atrophy, its contribution to muscle proteolysis remains unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if the immunoproteasome plays a role in skeletal muscle atrophy induced by denervation. Adult male C57BL/6 wild type (WT) and immunoproteasome knockout lmp7-/-/mecl-1-/- (L7M1) mice underwent tibial nerve transection on the left hindlimb for either 7 or 14 days, while control mice did not undergo surgery. Proteasome activity (caspase-, chymotrypsin-, and trypsin- like), protein content of standard proteasome (β1, β5 and β2) and immunoproteasome (LMP2, LMP7 and MECL-1) catalytic subunits were determined in the gastrocnemius muscle. Denervation induced significant atrophy and was accompanied by increased activities and protein content of the catalytic subunits in both WT and L7M1 mice. Although denervation resulted in a similar degree of muscle atrophy between strains, the mice lacking two immunoproteasome subunits showed a differential response in the extent and duration of proteasome features, including activities and content of the β1, β5 and LMP2 catalytic subunits. The results indicate that immunoproteasome deficiency alters the proteasome’s composition and activities. However, the immunoproteasome does not appear to be essential for muscle atrophy induced by denervation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiming M. Liu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Cory W. Baumann
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - LaDora V. Thompson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu H, Ferrington DA, Thompson LV. Denervation Induced Muscle Atrophy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000487941.32219.0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
29
|
Baumann CW, Liu H, Ferrington DA, Thompson LV. Activation of the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Reduces Function in Denervated Skeletal Muscle. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000487942.39842.c3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
30
|
Ma B, Jing M, Villalta PW, Kapphahn RJ, Montezuma SR, Ferrington DA, Stepanov I. Simultaneous determination of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine in human retinal DNA by liquid chromatography nanoelectrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22375. [PMID: 26979577 PMCID: PMC4793187 DOI: 10.1038/srep22375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among older adults in the developed world. Oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) may play a key role in AMD. Measurement of oxidative DNA lesions such as 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine (8-oxo-dA) in diseased RPE could provide important insights into the mechanism of AMD development. We have developed a liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous analysis of 8-oxo-dG and 8-oxo-dA in human retinal DNA. The developed method was applied to the analysis of retinal DNA from 5 donors with AMD and 5 control donors without AMD. In mtDNA, the levels of 8-oxo-dG in controls and AMD donors averaged 170 and 188, and 8-oxo-dA averaged 11 and 17 adducts per 10(6) bases, respectively. In nuclear DNA, the levels of 8-oxo-dG in controls and AMD donors averaged 0.54 and 0.96, and 8-oxo-dA averaged 0.04 and 0.05 adducts per 10(6) bases, respectively. This highly sensitive method allows for the measurement of both adducts in very small amounts of DNA and can be used in future studies investigating the pathophysiological role of 8-oxo-dG and 8-oxo-dA in AMD and other oxidative damage-related diseases in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Ma
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Meng Jing
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Peter W. Villalta
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 493, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sandra R. Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 493, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 493, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 806, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Mayo Mail Code 807, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ferrington DA, Kapphahn RJ, Leary MM, Atilano SR, Terluk MR, Karunadharma P, Chen GKJ, Ratnapriya R, Swaroop A, Montezuma SR, Kenney MC. Increased retinal mtDNA damage in the CFH variant associated with age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2016; 145:269-277. [PMID: 26854823 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness among the elderly in the developed world. Genetic analysis of AMD has identified 34 high-risk loci associated with AMD. The genes at these high risk loci belong to diverse biological pathways, suggesting different mechanisms leading to AMD pathogenesis. Thus, therapies targeting a single pathway for all AMD patients will likely not be universally effective. Recent evidence suggests defects in mitochondria (mt) of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) may constitute a key pathogenic event in some AMD patients. The purpose of this study is to determine if individuals with a specific genetic background have a greater propensity for mtDNA damage. We used human eyebank tissues from 76 donors with AMD and 42 age-matched controls to determine the extent of mtDNA damage in the RPE that was harvested from the macula using a long extension polymerase chain reaction assay. Genotype analyses were performed for ten common AMD-associated nuclear risk alleles (ARMS2, TNFRSF10A, CFH, C2, C3, APOE, CETP, LIPC, VEGF and COL10A1) and mtDNA haplogroups. Sufficient samples were available for genotype association with mtDNA damage for TNFRSF10A, CFH, CETP, VEGFA, and COL10A1. Our results show that AMD donors carrying the high risk allele for CFH (C) had significantly more mtDNA damage compared with donors having the wild-type genetic profile. The data from an additional 39 donors (12 controls and 27 AMD) genotyped for CFH alleles further supported these findings. Taken together, these studies provide the rationale for a more personalized approach for treating AMD by uncovering a significant correlation between the CFH high risk allele and accelerated mtDNA damage. Patients harboring this genetic risk factor may benefit from therapies that stabilize and protect the mt in the RPE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Rebecca J Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michaela M Leary
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Shari R Atilano
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Marcia R Terluk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Pabalu Karunadharma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | - Rinki Ratnapriya
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology, Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandra R Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - M Cristina Kenney
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
PURPOSE Lactoferrin (LF) is a multifunctional protein known to provide innate defense due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. In the eye, LF has been identified in the tears and vitreous humor. Its presence in other ocular tissues has not been determined. Our aim is to assess the presence of LF in the cornea, iris, retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of humans and mice. METHODS To test for the endogenous production of LF, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed in cultured human cells from the cornea and RPE and in murine tissues. To confirm LF localization in specific ocular tissue, immunohistochemistry was performed on flat mounts of cornea, retina and RPE in human donor eyes. The presence of LF was assessed by western blotting in human and mouse ocular tissue and human culture cells (cornea and RPE). To verify antibody specificity, purified human LF and transferrin (TF) were used on 1D and 2D western blots. RESULTS LF gene expression was confirmed in the cornea and RPE cell cultures from humans, suggesting that LF is an endogenously produced protein. PCR results from mouse ocular tissue showed LF expression in cornea, iris, RPE, but not in retina. These results were also consistent with immunohistochemical localization of LF in human donor tissue. Antibody reaction for human LF was specific and western blotting showed its presence in the cornea, iris and RPE tissues. A faint reaction for the retina was observed but was likely due to contamination from other ocular tissues. Multiple commercially available antibodies for murine LF cross-reacted with TF, so no reliable results were obtained for murine western blot. CONCLUSION LF is expressed in multiple eye tissues of humans and mice. This widespread expression and multifunctional activity of LF suggests that it may play an important role in protecting eye tissues from inflammation-associated diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abrar A Rageh
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences
| | | | - Heidi Roehrich
- b Histology Core for Vision Research , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , MN , USA
| | - Ching Yuan
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ferrington DA, Sinha D, Kaarniranta K. Defects in retinal pigment epithelial cell proteolysis and the pathology associated with age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 51:69-89. [PMID: 26344735 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of protein homeostasis, also referred to as "Proteostasis", integrates multiple pathways that regulate protein synthesis, folding, translocation, and degradation. Failure in proteostasis may be one of the underlying mechanisms responsible for the cascade of events leading to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This review covers the major degradative pathways (ubiquitin-proteasome and lysosomal involvement in phagocytosis and autophagy) in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and summarizes evidence of their involvement in AMD. Degradation of damaged and misfolded proteins via the proteasome occurs in coordination with heat shock proteins. Evidence of increased content of proteasome and heat shock proteins in retinas from human donors with AMD is consistent with increased oxidative stress and extensive protein damage with AMD. Phagocytosis and autophagy share key molecules in phagosome maturation as well as degradation of their cargo following fusion with lysosomes. Phagocytosis and degradation of photoreceptor outer segments ensures functional integrity of the neural retina. Autophagy rids the cell of toxic protein aggregates and defective mitochondria. Evidence suggesting a decline in autophagic flux includes the accumulation of autophagic substrates and damaged mitochondria in RPE from AMD donors. An age-related decrease in lysosomal enzymatic activity inhibits autophagic clearance of outer segments, mitochondria, and protein aggregates, thereby accelerating the accumulation of lipofuscin. This cumulative damage over a person's lifetime tips the balance in RPE from a state of para-inflammation, which strives to restore cell homeostasis, to the chronic inflammation associated with AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, 2001 6th St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room M035 Robert and Clarice Smith Bldg, 400 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Schuld NJ, Hussong SA, Kapphahn RJ, Lehmann U, Roehrich H, Rageh AA, Heuss ND, Bratten W, Gregerson DS, Ferrington DA. Immunoproteasome deficiency protects in the retina after optic nerve crush. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126768. [PMID: 25978061 PMCID: PMC4433222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoproteasome is upregulated by disease, oxidative stress, and inflammatory cytokines, suggesting an expanded role for the immunoproteasome in stress signaling that goes beyond its canonical role in generating peptides for antigen presentation. The signaling pathways that are regulated by the immunoproteasome remain elusive. However, previous studies suggest a role for the immunoproteasome in the regulation of PTEN and NF-κB signaling. One well-known pathway upstream of NF-κB and downstream of PTEN is the Akt signaling pathway, which is responsible for mediating cellular survival and is modulated after optic nerve crush (ONC). This study investigated the role of retinal immunoproteasome after injury induced by ONC, focusing on the Akt cell survival pathway. Retinas or retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from wild type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice lacking either one (LMP2) or two (LMP7 and MECL-1) catalytic subunits of the immunoproteasome were utilized in this study. We show that mRNA and protein levels of the immunoproteasome subunits are significantly upregulated in WT retinas following ONC. Mice lacking the immunoproteasome subunits show either a delayed or dampened apoptotic response as well as altered Akt signaling, compared to WT mice after ONC. Treatment of the RPE cells with insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) to stimulate Akt signaling confirmed that the immunoproteasome modulates this pathway, and most likely modulates parallel pathways as well. This study links the inducible expression of the immunoproteasome following retinal injury to Akt signaling, which is important in many disease pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Schuld
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Stacy A. Hussong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ute Lehmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Heidi Roehrich
- Histology Core for Vision Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Abrar A. Rageh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Neal D. Heuss
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Wendy Bratten
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dale S. Gregerson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Montezuma SR, Dolezal LD, Rageh AA, Mar K, Jordan M, Ferrington DA. Lactoferrin Reduces Chorioretinal Damage in the Murine Laser Model of Choroidal Neovascularization. Curr Eye Res 2015; 40:946-53. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.969808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
36
|
Heuss ND, Pierson MJ, Montaniel KRC, McPherson SW, Lehmann U, Hussong SA, Ferrington DA, Low WC, Gregerson DS. Retinal dendritic cell recruitment, but not function, was inhibited in MyD88 and TRIF deficient mice. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:143. [PMID: 25116321 PMCID: PMC4149240 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune system cells are known to affect loss of neurons due to injury or disease. Recruitment of immune cells following retinal/CNS injury has been shown to affect the health and survival of neurons in several models. We detected close, physical contact between dendritic cells and retinal ganglion cells following an optic nerve crush, and sought to understand the underlying mechanisms. METHODS CD11c-DTR/GFP mice producing a chimeric protein of diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) and GFP from a transgenic CD11c promoter were used in conjunction with mice deficient in MyD88 and/or TRIF. Retinal ganglion cell injury was induced by an optic nerve crush, and the resulting interactions of the GFPhi cells and retinal ganglion cells were examined. RESULTS Recruitment of GFPhi dendritic cells to the retina was significantly compromised in MyD88 and TRIF knockout mice. GFPhi dendritic cells played a significant role in clearing fluorescent-labeled retinal ganglion cells post-injury in the CD11c-DTR/GFP mice. In the TRIF and MyD88 deficient mice, the resting level of GFPhi dendritic cells was lower, and their influx was reduced following the optic nerve crush injury. The reduction in GFPhi dendritic cell numbers led to their replacement in the uptake of fluorescent-labeled debris by GFPlo microglia/macrophages. Depletion of GFPhi dendritic cells by treatment with diphtheria toxin also led to their displacement by GFPlo microglia/macrophages, which then assumed close contact with the injured neurons. CONCLUSIONS The contribution of recruited cells to the injury response was substantial, and regulated by MyD88 and TRIF. However, the presence of these adaptor proteins was not required for interaction with neurons, or the phagocytosis of debris. The data suggested a two-niche model in which resident microglia were maintained at a constant level post-optic nerve crush, while the injury-stimulated recruitment of dendritic cells and macrophages led to their transient appearance in numbers equivalent to or greater than the resident microglia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dale S Gregerson
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Lions Research Bldg, Rm 314, 2001 6th St SE, Minneapolis 55455, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Immunoproteasomes contain replacements for the three catalytic subunits of standard proteasomes. In most cells, oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines are stimuli that lead to elevated production of immunoproteasomes. Immune system cells, especially antigen-presenting cells, express a higher basal level of immunoproteasomes. A well-described function of immunoproteasomes is to generate peptides with a hydrophobic C terminus that can be processed to fit in the groove of MHC class I molecules. This display of peptides on the cell surface allows surveillance by CD8 T cells of the adaptive immune system for pathogen-infected cells. Functions of immunoproteasomes, other than generating peptides for antigen presentation, are emerging from studies in immunoproteasome-deficient mice, and are complemented by recently described diseases linked to mutations or single-nucleotide polymorphisms in immunoproteasome subunits. Thus, this growing body of literature suggests a more pleiotropic role in cell function for the immunoproteasome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Maldonado M, Kapphahn RJ, Terluk MR, Heuss ND, Yuan C, Gregerson DS, Ferrington DA. Immunoproteasome deficiency modifies the alternative pathway of NFκB signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56187. [PMID: 23457524 PMCID: PMC3572990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoproteasome is a protease abundant in immune cells and also present, albeit at lower concentrations, in cells outside the immune system. Recent evidence supports a novel role for the immunoproteasome in the cellular stress response potentially through regulation of NFκB signaling, which is the primary response to multiple stressors. The current study tests whether the Classical or Alternative Pathways are regulated by immunoproteasome following chronic TNFα exposure in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells isolated from wild-type mice and mice deficient in one (LMP2, L2) or two (LMP7 and MECL-1, L7M1) immunoproteasome subunits. Assays were performed to assess the expression of NFκB responsive genes, the content and activity of NFκB transcription factors (p65, p50, p52, cRel, RelB), and expression and content of regulatory proteins (IκBα, A20, RPS3). Major findings include distinct differences in expression of NFκB responsive genes in both KO cells. The mechanism responsible for the altered gene expression could not be established for L7M1 since no major differences in NFκB transcription factor content or activation were observed. However, L2 cells exhibited substantially higher content and diminished activation of NFκB transcription factors associated with the Alternative Pathway and delayed termination of the Classical Pathway. These results provide strong experimental evidence supporting a role for immunoproteasome in modulating NFκB signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Maldonado
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Marcia R. Terluk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Neal D. Heuss
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ching Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dale S. Gregerson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ferrington DA, Roehrich H, Chang AA, Huang CW, Maldonado M, Bratten W, Rageh AA, Heuss ND, Gregerson DS, Nelson EF, Yuan C. Corneal wound healing is compromised by immunoproteasome deficiency. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54347. [PMID: 23365662 PMCID: PMC3554767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed roles for immunoproteasome in regulating cell processes essential for maintaining homeostasis and in responding to stress and injury. The current study investigates how the absence of immunoproteasome affects the corneal epithelium under normal and stressed conditions by comparing corneas from wildtype (WT) mice and those deficient in two immunoproteasome catalytic subunits (lmp7(-/-)/mecl-1(-/-), L7M1). Immunoproteasome expression was confirmed in WT epithelial cells and in cells of the immune system that were present in the cornea. More apoptotic cells were found in both corneal explant cultures and uninjured corneas of L7M1 compared to WT mice. Following mechanical debridement, L7M1 corneas displayed delayed wound healing, including delayed re-epithelialization and re-establishment of the epithelial barrier, as well as altered inflammatory cytokine production compared to WT mice. These results suggest that immunoproteasome plays an important role in corneal homeostasis and wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Heidi Roehrich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Angela A. Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Craig W. Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Marcela Maldonado
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Wendy Bratten
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Abrar A. Rageh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Neal D. Heuss
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dale S. Gregerson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth F. Nelson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ching Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abràmoff M, Abrams GW, Agarwal A, Ai E, Aiello LM, Aiello LP, Albert DM, Aschbrenner MW, Ávila M, Aylward GW, Bedell M, Belfort R, Bennett J, Bergstrom C, Besirli CG, Bhende PS, Binder S, Bird AC, Blodi BA, Blumenkranz MS, Boldt HC, Bornfeld N, Bottoni F, Boulton ME, Bowne SJ, Brantley MA, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Bringmann A, Brinton DA, Brown GC, Brown JC, Brunner S, Bush RA, Cao D, Capone A, Carruthers D, Cavallerano JD, Chakravarthy U, Chan CC, Chan W, Charles S, Charteris DG, Chen DF, Chen J, Chen Y, Cheung CYL, Chew EY, Chiang A, Chiang MF, Constable IJ, Coscas G, Cruess AF, Cunningham ET, Curcio CA, Daiger SP, Damato BE, Davis JL, Davis MD, Day S, De Potter P, de Smet MD, Denniston AK, Dhaliwal RS, Ding X, Do DV, Dou G, Dunn WA, Ehlers JP, Engelbert M, Faia LJ, Falsini B, Fawzi AA, Fekrat S, Feldon SE, Fernandes RAB, Ferreyra HA, Ferrington DA, Ferris FL, Finger PT, Fisher SK, Fishman GA, Fleckenstein M, Flynn HW, Fok AC, Foulds WS, Freeman WR, Freton A, Friedlander M, Frishman LJ, Fu AD, Garcia Filho CADA, Garcia-Valenzuela E, Gaudric A, Gayed M, Genead MA, Gerding H, Giani A, Goldberg MF, Gombos DS, Gopal L, Gordon C, Goto H, Gragoudas ES, Grant MB, Green WR, Gregg RG, Gregor Z, Gregori G, Gregory-Evans K, Grob S, Groenewald C, Grossniklaus HE, Grover S, Gullapalli VK, Gupta A, Guthoff RF, Hahn P, Haller JA, Harbour JW, Haritoglou C, Hartnett ME, Hawkins BS, He S, Herwig MC, Heussen FM, Hinton DR, Holz FG, Houston SK, Hui YN, Humayun MS, Ikuno Y, Isaac D, Ishibashi T, Jabs DA, Jaffe GJ, Jampol LM, Joffe L, Johnson M, Johnson MW, Johnson RN, Joussen AM, Julian K, Jumper JM, Kaiser PK, Kampik A, Katamay R, Kay CN, Keane PA, Kenney MC, Khaderi KR, Khodair MA, Kim IK, Kim TW, Kirchhof B, Klein BE, Klein R, Konstantinidis L, Kozak I, Kuppermann BD, Labriola LT, Lai TY, Lam DS, Lam LA, Landers MB, Lane AM, Lavik EB, Leary JF, Lee SY, Lee TC, Leung LSB, Lewis DA, Lewis GP, Leys A, Li X, Liakopoulos S, Lin CP, Lin P, Liu DT, London NJ, Lujan BJ, Luo Y, Lutty GA, MacLaren R, Madreperla S, Maguire AM, Mainster MA, Mansfield NC, Markoe AM, Marmor MF, Martin DF, Massey SC, McCall MA, McCannel TA, McCutchan JA, McDonald HR, Mehta MP, Meier P, Merbs S, Meredith TA, Meyer CH, Mieler WF, Miller JW, Mirza RG, Mitter SK, Mittra RA, Miyake Y, Montemagno C, Moshiri A, Mruthyunjaya P, Muccioli C, Mullins RF, Murata T, Murphree AL, Murphy RP, Murray PI, Murray TG, Nagpal M, Namperumalsamy P, Nanda SK, Nguyen QD, Nussenblatt RB, Oh KT, Ohji M, Ohno-Matsui K, Palanker D, Patel PS, Pavlick AC, Peereboom DM, Pennesi ME, Pepose JS, Perry JD, Puliafito CA, Quiram PA, Raman R, Ramchandran RS, Rao HV, Rao NA, Rao PK, Rathinam SR, Recchia FM, Redmond KJ, Reh TA, Reichenbach A, Ritch R, Rosenfeld PJ, Rubin GS, Ruiz-Garcia H, Ryan SJ, Sadda SR, Sadun AA, Sakamoto T, Sampath AP, Schachat AP, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Schwartz SG, Scott AW, Sebag J, Seddon JM, Sen HN, Sepah YJ, Sharma S, Sharma T, Sheu SJ, Shields CL, Shields JA, Shinoda K, Shukla D, Sieving PA, Silva PA, Silveira C, Singh AD, Smith SB, Smith WM, Sobrin L, Sodhi A, Sohn EH, Soubrane G, Spielberg L, Srivastava SK, Stachs O, Staurenghi G, Sternberg P, Stone EM, Sugino IK, Sullivan LS, Sullivan P, Sun JK, Sunness JS, Tadayoni R, Tang S, Terasaki H, Thomas MA, Thompson JT, Thumann G, Toth CA, Trese MT, Tsai JH, Turell ME, Turner PL, Udar N, Ulrich JN, Van Gelder RN, van Meurs JC, Vasconcelos-Santos DV, Vavvas DG, Vemulakonda GA, Wang H, Wang Y, Weiland JD, Weleber RG, Wharam MD, Wickham L, Wiedemann P, Wiley HE, Wilkinson C, Wilson DJ, Wolfensberger TJ, Wong D, Wong IY, Wong TY, Wu DM, Yandiev Y, Yang CH, Yang CM, Yannuzzi LA, Yasuda M, Yeh PT, Yehoshua Z, Yiu G, Yoon YH, Yu HG, Yuan A, Zarbin MA, Zhang JJ, Zhang K, Zhao M, Zhou P. Contributors. Retina 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0737-9.00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
41
|
Hussong SA, Roehrich H, Kapphahn RJ, Maldonado M, Pardue MT, Ferrington DA. A novel role for the immunoproteasome in retinal function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:714-23. [PMID: 20881299 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The immunoproteasome is a proteasome subtype with a well-characterized role in the immune system. The presence of high immunoproteasome concentrations in the photoreceptors and synaptic regions of the immune-privileged retina implies a role in visual transmission. In this study, immunoproteasome knockout (KO) mice lacking either one (lmp7(-/-), L7) or two (lmp7(-/-)/mecl-1(-/-), L7M1) catalytic subunits of the immunoproteasome were used to test the hypothesis that it is essential for the maintenance of normal retinal function. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and immunoproteasome KO mice lacking either one (L7) or two (L7M1) catalytic subunits of the immunoproteasome were studied to determine the importance of the immunoproteasome in maintaining normal retinal function and morphology. Changes in retinal morphology were assessed in mice 2 to 24 months of age. Retinal function was measured with electroretinography (ERG), and relative content of select retinal proteins was assessed by immunoblot analysis. RESULTS Retinal morphometry showed no major abnormalities in age-matched WT or KO mice. No significant difference was observed in the levels of proteins involved in vision transmission. ERGs from KO mice exhibited an approximate 25% decrease in amplitude of the dark- and light-adapted b-waves and faster dark-adapted b-wave implicit times. CONCLUSIONS Immunoproteasome deficiency causes defects in bipolar cell response. These results support a previously unrecognized role for the immunoproteasome in vision transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Hussong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Graber* TG, Chen* C(J, Mosser KH, Bratten WM, Ferrington DA, Thompson LV. Mouse models of muscle remodeling. Exp Gerontol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2010.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
43
|
Karunadharma PP, Nordgaard CL, Olsen TW, Ferrington DA. Mitochondrial DNA damage as a potential mechanism for age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51:5470-9. [PMID: 20505194 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-5429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing evidence suggests a central role for mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Previous proteomic data from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) revealed significant changes to mt proteins, suggesting potential functional defects and damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with AMD progression. The present study tests the hypothesis that mtDNA damage increases with aging and AMD. METHODS Genomic DNA was isolated from the macular region of human donor RPE graded for stages of AMD (Minnesota Grading System [MGS] 1-4). Region-specific mtDNA damage with normal aging was evaluated in 45 control subjects (ages 34-88 years, MGS 1) and AMD-associated damage in diseased subjects (n = 46), compared with that in age-matched control subjects (n = 26). Lesions per 10 kb per genome in the mtDNA and nuclear DNA were measured with long-extension polymerase chain reaction (LX PCR). The level of deleted mtDNA in each donor was measured with quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). RESULTS With aging, an increase in mtDNA damage was observed only in the common deletion region of the mt genome. In contrast, with AMD, mtDNA lesions increased significantly in all regions of the mt genome beyond levels found in age-matched control subjects. mtDNA accumulated more lesions than did two nuclear genes, with total damage of the mt genome estimated to be eight times higher. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the data indicate that mtDNA is preferentially damaged with AMD progression. These results suggest a potential link between mt dysfunction due to increased mtDNA lesions and AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pabalu P Karunadharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Our previous work demonstrated that immunoproteasome is up-regulated in the retina and brain in response to injury that does not involve an inflammatory response (J. Neurochem. 2008; 106:158). These results suggest additional non-immune functions for the immunoproteasome in the cellular stress response pathway. The present study further investigates the potential involvement of the immunoproteasome in responding to the chronic stress of aging or oxidant exposure in the retina and cultured retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells from knock-out mice missing either one (lmp7(-/-)) or two (lmp7(-/-)/mecl-1(-/-)) immunoproteasome subunits. We show that aging and chronic oxidative stress up-regulates immunoproteasome in the retina and RPE from wild-type mice. No up-regulation of LMP2 was observed in retinas or RPE lacking MECL-1 and/or LMP7, suggesting that the full complement of immunoproteasome subunits is required to achieve maximal up-regulation in response to stress. We also show that RPE deficient in immunoproteasome are more susceptible to oxidation-induced cell death, supporting a role for immunoproteasome in protecting from oxidative stress. These results provide key mechanistic insight into novel aspects of proteasome biology and are an important first step in identifying alternative roles for retinal immunoproteasome that are unrelated to its role in the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A Hussong
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen CNJ, Brown-Borg HM, Rakoczy SG, Ferrington DA, Thompson LV. Aging impairs the expression of the catalytic subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase in soleus muscle under stress. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2009; 65:129-37. [PMID: 20018823 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glp194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the mechanisms responsible for the disrupted homeostasis of reduced glutathione (GSH) in aging muscles with stress (14 days of hind-limb unloading [HU]). Adult and old rats were randomized into four groups: weight bearing and 3, 7, and 14 days of HU. Soleus muscles were harvested to investigate the activity or content of enzymes involved in GSH metabolism (utilization and synthesis). The activities of glutathione S transferase, glutathione reductase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) were determined. The protein content of the two subunits of GCL, catalytic subunit (GCLC) and modifier subunit (GCLM), were evaluated. The major results, failure to maintain the accelerated GCLC production and GCL activity, are associated with the GSH depletion in aging muscles with 14 days of HU. The results suggest that the regulation of GCL, especially the catalytic subunit, with stress may be compromised in aging muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Nan Joyce Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Balog EM, Lockamy EL, Thomas DD, Ferrington DA. Site-specific methionine oxidation initiates calmodulin degradation by the 20S proteasome. Biochemistry 2009; 48:3005-16. [PMID: 19231837 DOI: 10.1021/bi802117k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The proteasome is a key intracellular protease that regulates processes, such as signal transduction and protein quality control, through the selective degradation of specific proteins. Signals that target a protein for degradation, collectively known as degrons, have been defined for many proteins involved in cell signaling. However, the molecular signals involved in recognition and degradation of proteins damaged by oxidation have not been completely defined. The current study used biochemical and spectroscopic measurements to define the properties in calmodulin that initiate degradation by the 20S proteasome. Our experimental approach involved the generation of multiple calmodulin mutants with specific Met replaced by Leu. This strategy of site-directed mutagenesis permitted site-selective oxidation of Met to Met sulfoxide. We found that the oxidation-induced loss of secondary structure, as measured by circular dichroism, correlated with the rate of degradation for wild-type and mutants containing Leu substitutions in the C-terminus. However, no degradation was observed for mutants with Met to Leu substitution in the N-terminus, suggesting that oxidation-induced structural unfolding in the N-terminal region is essential for degradation by the 20S proteasome. Experiments comparing the thermodynamic stability of CaM mutants helped to further localize the critical site of oxidation-induced focal disruption between residues 51 and 72 in the N-terminal region. This work brings new biochemical and structural clarity to the concept of the degron, the portion of a protein that determines its susceptibility to degradation by the proteasome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward M Balog
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Chen CN, Ferrington DA, Thompson LV. Carbonic anhydrase III and four-and-a-half LIM protein 1 are preferentially oxidized with muscle unloading. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2008; 105:1554-61. [PMID: 18756007 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90680.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The identities of proteins that show disuse-related changes in the content of oxidative modification are unknown. Furthermore, it is unknown whether the global accumulation of oxidized proteins is greater in aged animals with muscle disuse. The purposes of this study are 1) to identify the exact proteins that show disuse-related changes in oxidation levels and 2) to test the hypothesis that the global accumulation of oxidized proteins with muscle disuse would be greater in aged animals. Adult and old rats were randomized into four groups: weight bearing and 3, 7, or 14 days of hindlimb unloading. Soleus muscles were harvested to investigate the protein oxidation with unloading. Slot blot, SDS-PAGE, and Western blot analyses were used to detect the accumulation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenol (HNE)- and nitrotyrosine (NT)-modified proteins. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight and tandem mass spectroscopy were used to identify modified proteins. We found that global HNE- and NT-modified proteins accumulated significantly with aging but not with muscle unloading. Two HNE and NT target proteins, four-and-a-half LIM protein 1 (FHL1) and carbonic anhydrase III (CAIII), showed changes in the oxidation levels with muscle unloading. The changes in the oxidation levels happened to adult rats but not old rats. However, old rats had higher baseline levels of HNE-modified FHL1. In summary, the data suggest that the muscle unloading-related changes of protein oxidation are more significant in specific proteins and that the changes are age related.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-nan Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
It is well known that immunoproteasome generates peptides for MHC Class I occupancy and recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). The present study focused on evidence for alternative roles for immunoproteasome. Retina and brain were analyzed for expression of immunoproteasome subunits using immunohistochemistry and western blotting under normal conditions and after injury/stress induced by CTL attack on glia (brain) or neurons (retina). Normal retina expressed substantial levels of immunoproteasome in glia, neurons, and retinal pigment epithelium. The basal level of immunoproteasome in retina was two-fold higher than in brain; CTL-induced retinal injury further up-regulated immunoproteasome expression. Immunoproteasome up-regulation was also observed in injured brain and corresponded with expression in Purkinje cells, microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. These results suggest that the normal environment of the retina is sufficiently challenging to require on-going expression of immunoproteasome. Further, immunoproteasome up-regulation with retinal and brain injury implies a role in neuronal protection and/or repair of damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Arora P, Husom AD, Ferrington DA, Thompson LV. Age-dependent effects of treadmill exercise during a period of inactivity. Exp Gerontol 2008; 43:668-673. [PMID: 18445515 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a treadmill exercise protocol to prevent muscle weakness, atrophy and alterations in calcium regulation in adult, old and very old rats. Adult (7-12 months), old (29-30 months) and very old (34-36 months) F344BNF(1) rats were randomly assigned to weight bearing (WB), weight bearing exercise (WBX), non-weight bearing (NWB) and non-weight bearing exercise (NWBX) groups. The WB group was considered the sedentary-control animals. NWB rats were hindlimb unweighted for 14 days. WBX and NWBX groups were exercised on a treadmill for approximately 15 min four times daily. The contractile properties [diameter, peak active force (P(0)), specific tension (P(0)/CSA)] of single myosin heavy chain type II fibers and Ca regulation [Ca(2+) dependent ATPase activity] were determined. Fiber diameter reduced by 24% in the very old rats with NWB. P(0) and P(0)/CSA declined in the young adult and very old rats with NWB. NWBX attenuated these changes in the young and very old rats. Ca(2+) dependent ATPase activity increased with treadmill exercise during non-weight bearing in the young animals. In conclusion, the treadmill exercise is beneficial in attenuating the non-weight bearing-induced changes in the individual MHC type II muscle fibers of the gastrocnemius muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Arora
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Nordgaard CL, Karunadharma PP, Feng X, Olsen TW, Ferrington DA. Mitochondrial proteomics of the retinal pigment epithelium at progressive stages of age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:2848-55. [PMID: 18344451 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.07-1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in individuals over the age of 65. Histopathological changes become evident in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer that provides metabolic support for the overlying photoreceptors, even at the earliest stages of AMD that precede vision loss. In a previous global RPE proteome analysis, changes were identified in the content of several mitochondrial proteins associated with AMD. In this study, the subproteome of mitochondria isolated from human donor RPE graded with the Minnesota Grading System (MGS) was analyzed. METHODS Human donor eye bank eyes were categorized into one of four progressive stages (MGS 1-4) based on the clinical features of AMD. After dissection of the RPE, mitochondrial proteins were isolated and separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis based on their charge and mass. Protein spot densities were compared between the four MGS stages. Peptides from spots that changed significantly with MGS stage were extracted and analyzed by using mass spectrometry to identify the protein. RESULTS Western blot analyses verified that mitochondria were consistently enriched between MGS stages. The densities of eight spots increased or decreased significantly as a function of MGS stage. These spots were identified as the alpha-, beta-, and delta-ATP synthase subunits, subunit VIb of the cytochrome c oxidase complex, mitofilin, mtHsp70, and the mitochondrial translation factor Tu. CONCLUSIONS The results are consistent with the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with AMD and further suggest specific pathophysiological mechanisms involving altered mitochondrial translation, import of nuclear-encoded proteins, and ATP synthase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis L Nordgaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|