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Ucciferri CC, Dunn SE. Effect of puberty on the immune system: Relevance to multiple sclerosis. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1059083. [PMID: 36533239 PMCID: PMC9755749 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1059083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty is a dynamic period marked by changing levels of sex hormones, the development of secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive maturity. This period has profound effects on various organ systems, including the immune system. The critical changes that occur in the immune system during pubertal onset have been shown to have implications for autoimmune conditions, including Multiple Sclerosis (MS). MS is rare prior to puberty but can manifest in children after puberty. This disease also has a clear female preponderance that only arises following pubertal onset, highlighting a potential role for sex hormones in autoimmunity. Early onset of puberty has also been shown to be a risk factor for MS. The purpose of this review is to overview the evidence that puberty regulates MS susceptibility and disease activity. Given that there is a paucity of studies that directly evaluate the effects of puberty on the immune system, we also discuss how the immune system is different in children and mice of pre- vs. post-pubertal ages and describe how gonadal hormones may regulate these immune mechanisms. We present evidence that puberty enhances the expression of co-stimulatory molecules and cytokine production by type 2 dendritic cells (DC2s) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), increases T helper 1 (Th1), Th17, and T follicular helper immunity, and promotes immunoglobulin (Ig)G antibody production. Overall, this review highlights how the immune system undergoes a functional maturation during puberty, which has the potential to explain the higher prevalence of MS and other autoimmune diseases seen in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C Ucciferri
- Department of Immunology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shannon E Dunn
- Department of Immunology, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Women's College Research Institute, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Manouchehri N, Hussain RZ, Cravens PD, Esaulova E, Artyomov MN, Edelson BT, Wu GF, Cross AH, Doelger R, Loof N, Eagar TN, Forsthuber TG, Calvier L, Herz J, Stüve O. CD11c +CD88 +CD317 + myeloid cells are critical mediators of persistent CNS autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2014492118. [PMID: 33785592 PMCID: PMC8040603 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014492118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natalizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) against α4-integrin, reduces the number of dendritic cells (DC) in cerebral perivascular spaces in multiple sclerosis (MS). Selective deletion of α4-integrin in CD11c+ cells should curtail their migration to the central nervous system (CNS) and ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We generated CD11c.Cre+/-ITGA4fl/fl C57BL/6 mice to selectively delete α4-integrin in CD11c+ cells. Active immunization and adoptive transfer EAE models were employed and compared with WT controls. Multiparameter flow cytometry was utilized to immunophenotype leukocyte subsets. Single-cell RNA sequencing was used to profile individual cells. α4-Integrin expression by CD11c+ cells was significantly reduced in primary and secondary lymphoid organs in CD11c.Cre+/-ITGA4fl/fl mice. In active EAE, a delayed disease onset was observed in CD11c.Cre+/-ITGA4fl/fl mice, during which CD11c+CD88+ cells were sequestered in the blood. Upon clinical EAE onset, CD11c+CD88+ cells appeared in the CNS and expressed CD317+ In adoptive transfer experiments, CD11c.Cre+/-ITGA4fl/fl mice had ameliorated clinical disease phenotype associated with significantly diminished numbers of CNS CD11c+CD88+CD317+ cells. In human cerebrospinal fluid from subjects with neuroinflammation, microglia-like cells display coincident expression of ITGAX (CD11c), C5AR1 (CD88), and BST2 (CD317). In mice, we show that only activated, but not naïve microglia expressed CD11c, CD88, and CD317. Finally, anti-CD317 treatment prior to clinical EAE substantially enhanced recovery in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navid Manouchehri
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Rehana Z Hussain
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Petra D Cravens
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Ekaterina Esaulova
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Gregory F Wu
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Anne H Cross
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Richard Doelger
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Nicolas Loof
- The Moody Foundation Flow Cytometry Facility, Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Todd N Eagar
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249
| | - Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neuroanatomy, Albert-Ludwigs University, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390;
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75216
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3
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Ma T, Wang F, Xu S, Huang JH. Meningeal immunity: Structure, function and a potential therapeutic target of neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:264-276. [PMID: 33548498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Meningeal immunity refers to immune surveillance and immune defense in the meningeal immune compartment, which depends on the unique position, structural composition of the meninges and functional characteristics of the meningeal immune cells. Recent research advances in meningeal immunity have demonstrated many new ways in which a sophisticated immune landscape affects central nervous system (CNS) function under physiological or pathological conditions. The proper function of the meningeal compartment might protect the CNS from pathogens or contribute to neurological disorders. Since the concept of meningeal immunity, especially the meningeal lymphatic system and the glymphatic system, is relatively new, we will provide a general review of the meninges' basic structural elements, organization, regulation, and functions with regards to meningeal immunity. At the same time, we will emphasize recent evidence for the role of meningeal immunity in neurodegenerative diseases. More importantly, we will speculate about the feasibility of the meningeal immune region as a drug target to provide some insights for future research of meningeal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyun Ma
- Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China
| | - Fushun Wang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610060, PR China.
| | - Shijun Xu
- Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137, PR China.
| | - Jason H Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health Center, Temple, TX 76502, United States; Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, TX 76502, United States
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4
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Haupeltshofer S, Leichsenring T, Berg S, Pedreiturria X, Joachim SC, Tischoff I, Otte JM, Bopp T, Fantini MC, Esser C, Willbold D, Gold R, Faissner S, Kleiter I. Smad7 in intestinal CD4 + T cells determines autoimmunity in a spontaneous model of multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25860-25869. [PMID: 31796589 PMCID: PMC6926056 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905955116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental triggers acting at the intestinal barrier are thought to contribute to the initiation of autoimmune disorders. The transforming growth factor beta inhibitor Smad7 determines the phenotype of CD4+ T cells. We hypothesized that Smad7 in intestinal CD4+ T cells controls initiation of opticospinal encephalomyelitis (OSE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis (MS), depending on the presence of gut microbiota. Smad7 was overexpressed or deleted in OSE CD4+ T cells to determine the effect on clinical progression, T cell differentiation, and T cell migration from the intestine to the central nervous system (CNS). Smad7 overexpression worsened the clinical course of OSE and increased CNS inflammation and demyelination. It favored expansion of intestinal CD4+ T cells toward an inflammatory phenotype and migration of intestinal CD4+ T cells to the CNS. Intestinal biopsies from MS patients revealed decreased transforming growth factor beta signaling with a shift toward inflammatory T cell subtypes. Smad7 in intestinal T cells might represent a valuable therapeutic target for MS to achieve immunologic tolerance in the intestine and suppress CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Haupeltshofer
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Teresa Leichsenring
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sarah Berg
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Xiomara Pedreiturria
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie C Joachim
- University Eye Clinic, Experimental Eye Research Institute, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44892 Bochum, Germany
| | - Iris Tischoff
- Institut für Pathologie, Bergmannsheil, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan-Michel Otte
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Klinikum Links der Weser, 28277 Bremen, Germany
| | - Tobias Bopp
- Institute for Immunology, Universitätsmedizin Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), Universitätsmedizin Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Massimo C Fantini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," 00133 Roma RM, Italy
| | - Charlotte Esser
- Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dieter Willbold
- Institut für Physikalische Biologie, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Simon Faissner
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- St. Josef-Hospital, Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany;
- Marianne-Strauss-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke gGmbH, 82335 Berg, Germany
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Drohomyrecky PC, Doroshenko ER, Akkermann R, Moshkova M, Yi TJ, Zhao FL, Ahn JJ, McGaha TL, Pahan K, Dunn SE. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-δ Acts within Peripheral Myeloid Cells to Limit Th Cell Priming during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:2588-2601. [PMID: 31578267 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-δ is a fatty acid-activated transcription factor that regulates metabolic homeostasis, cell growth, and differentiation. Previously, we reported that mice with a global deficiency of PPAR-δ develop an exacerbated course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), highlighting a role for this nuclear receptor in limiting the development of CNS inflammation. However, the cell-specific contribution of PPAR-δ to the more severe CNS inflammatory response remained unclear. In this study, we studied the specific involvement of PPAR-δ in myeloid cells during EAE using mice that had Cre-mediated excision of floxed Ppard driven by the lysozyme M (LysM) promoter (LysM Cre :Ppard fl/fl). We observed that LysM Cre :Ppard fl/fl mice were more susceptible to EAE and developed a more severe course of this disease compared with Ppard fl/fl controls. The more severe EAE in LysM Cre :Ppard fl/fl mice was associated with an increased accumulation of pathogenic CD4+ T cells in the CNS and enhanced myelin-specific Th1 and Th17 responses in the periphery. Adoptive transfer EAE studies linked this EAE phenotype in LysM Cre :Ppard fl/fl mice to heightened Th responses. Furthermore, studies using an in vitro CD11b+ cell:Th cell coculture system revealed that CD11b+CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC) from LysM Cre :Ppard fl/fl mice had a heightened capacity to prime myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-specific Th cells compared with Ppard fl/fl counterparts; the effects of DC on Th1 cytokine production were mediated through production of the IL-12p40 homodimer. These studies revealed a role for PPAR-δ in DC in limiting Th cell priming during EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rainer Akkermann
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Marina Moshkova
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Tae Joon Yi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Fei L Zhao
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jeeyoon Jennifer Ahn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Shannon E Dunn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; .,Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada; and.,Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1N8, Canada
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6
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Yan SC, Wang YJ, Li YJ, Cai WY, Weng XG, Li Q, Chen Y, Yang Q, Zhu XX. Dihydroartemisinin Regulates the Th/Treg Balance by Inducing Activated CD4+ T cell Apoptosis via Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction in Mouse Models of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132475. [PMID: 31284478 PMCID: PMC6651826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is a derivative of the herb Artemisia annua L. that has prominent immunomodulatory activity; however, its underlying mechanism remains elusive. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an idiopathic inflammatory condition characterized as an autoimmune disorder that includes dysfunctions in the T helper (Th)/T regulatory cell (Treg) balance, which normally plays pivotal roles in immune homeostasis. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of DHA to ameliorate IBD by restoring the Th/Treg cell balance. To this end, we established mouse models of colitis induced by oxazolone (OXA) and 2,4,6-trinitro-benzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). We then treated mice with DHA at 4, 8, or 16 mg/kg/day. DHA treatment ameliorated colitis signs and reduced lymphocyte infiltration and tissue fibrosis. Moreover, DHA decreased the numbers of Th1 and Th17 cells and Th9 and Th22 cells in TNBS- or OXA-induced colitis, respectively, and increased Tregs in both models. DHA (0.8 mg/mL) also inhibited activated CD4+ T lymphocytes, which was accompanied by apoptosis induction. Moreover, it promoted heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) production in vitro and in vivo, concomitant with CD4+ T cell apoptosis and restoration of the Th/Treg balance, and these effects were blocked by treatment with the HO-1 inhibitor Sn-protoporphyrin IX. Overall, these results suggest that DHA is a novel and valuable candidate for IBD therapy or Th/Treg immunoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chao Yan
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ya Jie Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yu Jie Li
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Wei Yan Cai
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiao Gang Weng
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qi Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Xiao Xin Zhu
- Artemisinin Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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7
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Hussain RZ, Cravens PD, Miller-Little WA, Doelger R, Granados V, Herndon E, Okuda DT, Eagar TN, Stüve O. α4-integrin deficiency in B cells does not affect disease in a T-cell-mediated EAE disease model. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2019; 6:e563. [PMID: 31086806 PMCID: PMC6481229 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective The goal of this study was to investigate the role of CD 19+ B cells within the brain and spinal cord during CNS autoimmunity in a peptide-induced, primarily T-cell–mediated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. We hypothesized that CD19+ B cells outside the CNS drive inflammation in EAE. Methods We generated CD19.Cre+/− α4-integrinfl/fl mice. EAE was induced by active immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOGp35-55). Multiparameter flow cytometry was used to phenotype leukocyte subsets in primary and secondary lymphoid organs and the CNS. Serum cytokine levels and Ig levels were assessed by bead array. B-cell adoptive transfer was used to determine the compartment-specific pathogenic role of antigen-specific and non–antigen-specific B cells. Results A genetic ablation of α4-integrin in CD19+/− B cells significantly reduced the number of CD19+ B cells in the CNS but does not affect EAE disease activity in active MOGp35-55-induced disease. The composition of B-cell subsets in the brain, primary lymphoid organs, and secondary lymphoid organs of CD19.Cre+/− α4-integrinfl/fl mice was unchanged during MOGp35-55-induced EAE. Adoptive transfer of purified CD19+ B cells from CD19.Cre+/− α4-integrinfl/fl mice or C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) control mice immunized with recombinant rMOG1-125 or ovalbumin323-339 into MOGp35-55-immunized CD19.Cre+/− α4-integrinfl/fl mice caused worse clinical EAE than was observed in MOGp35-55-immunized C57BL/6 WT control mice that did not receive adoptively transferred CD19+ B cells. Conclusions Observations made in CD19.Cre+/− α4-integrinfl/fl mice in active MOGp35-55-induced EAE suggest a compartment-specific pathogenic role of CD19+ B cells mostly outside of the CNS that is not necessarily antigen specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana Z Hussain
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (R.Z.H., P.C.C., W.A.M.-L., R.D., V.G., D.T.O., O.S.) and Department of Pathology (E.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine (T.N.E.), Houston Methodist Hospital; Neurology Section (O.S.), VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service; and Department of Neurology (O.S.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Petra D Cravens
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (R.Z.H., P.C.C., W.A.M.-L., R.D., V.G., D.T.O., O.S.) and Department of Pathology (E.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine (T.N.E.), Houston Methodist Hospital; Neurology Section (O.S.), VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service; and Department of Neurology (O.S.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - William A Miller-Little
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (R.Z.H., P.C.C., W.A.M.-L., R.D., V.G., D.T.O., O.S.) and Department of Pathology (E.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine (T.N.E.), Houston Methodist Hospital; Neurology Section (O.S.), VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service; and Department of Neurology (O.S.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Richard Doelger
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (R.Z.H., P.C.C., W.A.M.-L., R.D., V.G., D.T.O., O.S.) and Department of Pathology (E.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine (T.N.E.), Houston Methodist Hospital; Neurology Section (O.S.), VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service; and Department of Neurology (O.S.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Valerie Granados
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (R.Z.H., P.C.C., W.A.M.-L., R.D., V.G., D.T.O., O.S.) and Department of Pathology (E.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine (T.N.E.), Houston Methodist Hospital; Neurology Section (O.S.), VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service; and Department of Neurology (O.S.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Emily Herndon
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (R.Z.H., P.C.C., W.A.M.-L., R.D., V.G., D.T.O., O.S.) and Department of Pathology (E.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine (T.N.E.), Houston Methodist Hospital; Neurology Section (O.S.), VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service; and Department of Neurology (O.S.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Darin T Okuda
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (R.Z.H., P.C.C., W.A.M.-L., R.D., V.G., D.T.O., O.S.) and Department of Pathology (E.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine (T.N.E.), Houston Methodist Hospital; Neurology Section (O.S.), VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service; and Department of Neurology (O.S.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Todd N Eagar
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (R.Z.H., P.C.C., W.A.M.-L., R.D., V.G., D.T.O., O.S.) and Department of Pathology (E.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine (T.N.E.), Houston Methodist Hospital; Neurology Section (O.S.), VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service; and Department of Neurology (O.S.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (R.Z.H., P.C.C., W.A.M.-L., R.D., V.G., D.T.O., O.S.) and Department of Pathology (E.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine (T.N.E.), Houston Methodist Hospital; Neurology Section (O.S.), VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service; and Department of Neurology (O.S.), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
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8
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Cummings M, Arumanayagam ACS, Zhao P, Kannanganat S, Stuve O, Karandikar NJ, Eagar TN. Presenilin1 regulates Th1 and Th17 effector responses but is not required for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200752. [PMID: 30089166 PMCID: PMC6082653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) where pathology is thought to be regulated by autoreactive T cells of the Th1 and Th17 phenotype. In this study we sought to understand the functions of Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) in regulating T cell effector responses in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) murine model of MS. PSEN1 is the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase a multimolecular protease that mediates intramembranous proteolysis. γ-secretase is known to regulate several pathways of immune importance. Here we examine the effects of disrupting PSEN1 functions on EAE and T effector differentiation using small molecule inhibitors of γ-secretase (GSI) and T cell-specific conditional knockout mice (PSEN1 cKO). Surprisingly, blocking PSEN1 function by GSI treatment or PSEN1 cKO had little effect on the development or course of MOG35-55-induced EAE. In vivo GSI administration reduced the number of myelin antigen-specific T cells and suppressed Th1 and Th17 differentiation following immunization. In vitro, GSI treatment inhibited Th1 differentiation in neutral but not IL-12 polarizing conditions. Th17 differentiation was also suppressed by the presence of GSI in all conditions and GSI-treated Th17 T cells failed to induce EAE following adoptive transfer. PSEN cKO T cells showed reduced Th1 and Th17 differentiation. We conclude that γ-secretase and PSEN1-dependent signals are involved in T effector responses in vivo and potently regulate T effector differentiation in vitro, however, they are dispensable for EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dibenzazepines/pharmacology
- Dibenzazepines/therapeutic use
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/metabolism
- Presenilin-1/deficiency
- Presenilin-1/genetics
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Cummings
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | | | - Picheng Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Sunil Kannanganat
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Nitin J. Karandikar
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Todd N. Eagar
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States of America
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9
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Prado C, Gaiazzi M, González H, Ugalde V, Figueroa A, Osorio-Barrios FJ, López E, Lladser A, Rasini E, Marino F, Zaffaroni M, Cosentino M, Pacheco R. Dopaminergic Stimulation of Myeloid Antigen-Presenting Cells Attenuates Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3-Activation Favouring the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:571. [PMID: 29619030 PMCID: PMC5871671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dual potential to promote tolerance or inflammation to self-antigens makes dendritic cells (DCs) fundamental players in autoimmunity. Previous results have shown that stimulation of dopamine receptor D5 (DRD5) in DCs potentiates their inflammatory behaviour, favouring the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Here, we aimed to decipher the underlying mechanism and to test its relevance in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Our data shows that DRD5-deficiency confined to DCs in EAE mice resulted in reduced frequencies of CD4+ T-cell subsets with inflammatory potential in the central nervous system, including not only Th1 and Th17 cells but also granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor producers. Importantly, ex vivo depletion of dopamine from DCs resulted in a dramatic reduction of EAE severity, highlighting the relevance of an autocrine loop promoting inflammation in vivo. Mechanistic analyses indicated that DRD5-signalling in both mouse DCs and human monocytes involves the attenuation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3-activation, a transcription factor that limits the production of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23. Furthermore, we found an exacerbated expression of all dopamine receptors in peripheral blood pro-inflammatory monocytes obtained from MS patients. These findings illustrate a novel mechanism by which myeloid antigen-presenting cells may trigger the onset of their inflammatory behaviour promoting the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Prado
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia and Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Michela Gaiazzi
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Hugo González
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia and Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Ugalde
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia and Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alicia Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia and Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Ernesto López
- Laboratorio de Inmunoterapia Génica, Fundación Ciencia and Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro Lladser
- Laboratorio de Inmunoterapia Génica, Fundación Ciencia and Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emanuela Rasini
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Mauro Zaffaroni
- Multiple Sclerosis Centre, ASST della Valle Olona, Hospital of Gallarate, Gallarate, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunología, Fundación Ciencia and Vida, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Hussain RZ, Miller-Little WA, Doelger R, Cutter GR, Loof N, Cravens PD, Stüve O. Defining standard enzymatic dissociation methods for individual brains and spinal cords in EAE. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2018; 5:e437. [PMID: 29359175 PMCID: PMC5773844 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine the capacity, effectiveness, efficiency, and reliability of select tissue dissociation methods to isolate mononuclear cells from the CNS of mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Methods As part of an assay qualification, we tested the isolation method Percoll PLUS vs a commercially available enzymatic Neural Tissue Dissociation Kit (Kit), and the enzymes accutase and papain in C57BL/6 mice with active EAE. In a stepwise approach, we applied the following 4 criteria to each dissociation method: (1) mononuclear cell viability post-processing was required to be ≥80% per brain or spinal cord sample, (2) absolute live mononuclear cell numbers was required to be ≥5 × 105 per brain or spinal cord sample of mice with clinical EAE, (3) test-retest reliability had to be verified, and (4) the absolute mononuclear cell numbers in brain and spinal cord had to correlate with the EAE disease course. Results Enzymatic dissociations allowed for greatly increased cell yield and specifically allowed for downstream assays from individual brains and spinal cords in C57BL/6 mice with EAE. All enzymatic dissociations provided a more efficient and effective method for isolating mononuclear cells from brains and spinal cord. Only the Kit assay provided a significant correlation between absolute mononuclear cell numbers in the spinal cord and EAE disease severity. Conclusions Enzymatic dissociation of CNS tissue of C57BL/6 mice with active EAE with the Kit should be the standard method. The identification of optimized CNS dissociation methods in EAE has the potential to identify cellular events that are pertinent to MS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana Z Hussain
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (R.Z.H., W.A.M.-L., R.D., P.D.C., O.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Biostatistics (G.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Moody Foundation Flow Cytometry Facility (N.L.), Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Neurology Section (O.S.), VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX; and Department of Neurology (O.S.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - William A Miller-Little
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (R.Z.H., W.A.M.-L., R.D., P.D.C., O.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Biostatistics (G.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Moody Foundation Flow Cytometry Facility (N.L.), Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Neurology Section (O.S.), VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX; and Department of Neurology (O.S.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Richard Doelger
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (R.Z.H., W.A.M.-L., R.D., P.D.C., O.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Biostatistics (G.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Moody Foundation Flow Cytometry Facility (N.L.), Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Neurology Section (O.S.), VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX; and Department of Neurology (O.S.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Gary R Cutter
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (R.Z.H., W.A.M.-L., R.D., P.D.C., O.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Biostatistics (G.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Moody Foundation Flow Cytometry Facility (N.L.), Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Neurology Section (O.S.), VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX; and Department of Neurology (O.S.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Nicolas Loof
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (R.Z.H., W.A.M.-L., R.D., P.D.C., O.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Biostatistics (G.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Moody Foundation Flow Cytometry Facility (N.L.), Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Neurology Section (O.S.), VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX; and Department of Neurology (O.S.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Petra D Cravens
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (R.Z.H., W.A.M.-L., R.D., P.D.C., O.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Biostatistics (G.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Moody Foundation Flow Cytometry Facility (N.L.), Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Neurology Section (O.S.), VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX; and Department of Neurology (O.S.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics (R.Z.H., W.A.M.-L., R.D., P.D.C., O.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Biostatistics (G.C.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; The Moody Foundation Flow Cytometry Facility (N.L.), Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Neurology Section (O.S.), VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX; and Department of Neurology (O.S.), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
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11
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Abstract
The protocol in this chapter presents a method to actively induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), one of the most widely used animal models to study efficacy of potential drugs for treatment of multiple sclerosis. Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system and the most common cause of chronic neurological impairment in young people. In this model EAE is induced in female C57BL/6 mice by immunization with an emulsion of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (fragment 35-55) in complete Freund's adjuvant, followed by administration of pertussis toxin in phosphate-buffered saline. EAE is evidenced by ascending flaccid paralysis with inflammation targeting the spinal cord.
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12
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Rus V, Nguyen V, Tatomir A, Lees JR, Mekala AP, Boodhoo D, Tegla CA, Luzina IG, Antony PA, Cudrici CD, Badea TC, Rus HG. RGC-32 Promotes Th17 Cell Differentiation and Enhances Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3869-3877. [PMID: 28356385 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1602158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Th17 cells play a critical role in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Response gene to complement (RGC)-32 is a cell cycle regulator and a downstream target of TGF-β that mediates its profibrotic activity. In this study, we report that RGC-32 is preferentially upregulated during Th17 cell differentiation. RGC-32-/- mice have normal Th1, Th2, and regulatory T cell differentiation but show defective Th17 differentiation in vitro. The impaired Th17 differentiation is associated with defects in IFN regulatory factor 4, B cell-activating transcription factor, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt, and SMAD2 activation. In vivo, RGC-32-/- mice display an attenuated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis phenotype accompanied by decreased CNS inflammation and reduced frequency of IL-17- and GM-CSF-producing CD4+ T cells. Collectively, our results identify RGC-32 as a novel regulator of Th17 cell differentiation in vitro and in vivo and suggest that RGC-32 is a potential therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis and other Th17-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Rus
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201; .,Research Service, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Vinh Nguyen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201.,Research Service, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Alexandru Tatomir
- Research Service, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201.,Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jason R Lees
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Armugam P Mekala
- Research Service, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201.,Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Dallas Boodhoo
- Research Service, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201.,Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Cosmin A Tegla
- Research Service, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201.,Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Irina G Luzina
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201.,Research Service, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Paul A Antony
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Cornelia D Cudrici
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Tudor C Badea
- Retinal Circuit Development and Genetics Unit, Neurobiology Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Horea G Rus
- Research Service, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201.,Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
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13
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Vaitaitis GM, Yussman MG, Waid DM, Wagner DH. Th40 cells (CD4+CD40+ Tcells) drive a more severe form of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis than conventional CD4 T cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172037. [PMID: 28192476 PMCID: PMC5305068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CD40-CD154 interaction is critically involved in autoimmune diseases, and CD4 T cells play a dominant role in the Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). CD4 T cells expressing CD40 (Th40) are pathogenic in type I diabetes but have not been evaluated in EAE. We demonstrate here that Th40 cells drive a rapid, more severe EAE disease course than conventional CD4 T cells. Adoptively transferred Th40 cells are present in lesions in the CNS and are associated with wide spread demyelination. Primary Th40 cells from EAE-induced donors adoptively transfer EAE without further in-vitro expansion and without requiring the administration of the EAE induction regimen to the recipient animals. This has not been accomplished with primary, non-TCR-transgenic donor cells previously. If co-injection of Th40 donor cells with Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in the recipient animals is done, the disease course is more severe. The CFA component of the EAE induction regimen causes generalized inflammation, promoting expansion of Th40 cells and infiltration of the CNS, while MOG-antigen shapes the antigen-specific TCR repertoire. Those events are both necessary to precipitate disease. In MS, viral infections or trauma may induce generalized inflammation in susceptible individuals with subsequent disease onset. It will be important to further understand the events leading up to disease onset and to elucidate the contributions of the Th40 T cell subset. Also, evaluating Th40 levels as predictors of disease onset would be highly useful because if either the generalized inflammation event or the TCR-honing can be interrupted, disease onset may be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela M. Vaitaitis
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Martin G. Yussman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Dan M. Waid
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David H. Wagner
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Alvarenga-Filho H, Salles M, Hygino J, Ferreira TB, Sacramento PM, Monteiro C, Vasconcelos CCF, Alvarenga RMP, Bento CA. Fatigue favors in vitro Th1 and Th17-like cell expansion and reduces corticoid sensitivity in MS patients. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 303:81-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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IL-12/IL-23p40 Is Highly Expressed in Secondary Lymphoid Organs and the CNS during All Stages of EAE, but Its Deletion Does Not Affect Disease Perpetuation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165248. [PMID: 27780253 PMCID: PMC5079572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23 are heterodimers that share the p40 subunit, and both cytokines are critical in the differentiation of T helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells, respectively. Th1 and Th17 effector cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), an animal model of the human central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune demyelinating disorder multiple sclerosis (MS). However, ustekinumab, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against p40 failed to show efficacy over placebo in a phase II clinical trial in patients with MS. The role of p40 in initial T cell priming and maintenance in secondary lymphoid tissues is not yet well understood. Methods Active EAE was induced in the B6.129-IL12b strain of p40eYFP reporter mice (yet40 mice), and Th1 and Th17 polarized cells were adoptively transferred into p40-deficient mice. Cellular subsets were phenotyped by multi-parameter flow cytometry, and p40 tissue expression was identified by confocal microscopy. Results We show that yet40 mice are susceptible to EAE, and that p40 is highly expressed in secondary lymphoid organs and the CNS during all stages of the disease. Interestingly, p40 expression in the recipient is not required for EAE induction after adoptive transfer of activated and differentiated encephalitogenic Th1 and Th17 cells into p40-deficient mice. Peripheral antagonism of T helper cell trophic factors critical for the differentiation and maintenance of Th1 and Th17 cells ameliorates EAE, indicating that p40 may play a critical role in the induction of CNS autoimmunity but not in its perpetuation. Conclusion Our data may explain why ustekinumab did not ameliorate paraclinical and clinical disease in patients with MS. In patients with already established disease, activated antigen-specific encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells are likely already differentiated, and are not dependent on p40 for maintenance. A clinical trial of longer duration with anti-p40 mAbs or other forms of pharmacological p40 antagonism, or sequential anti-p40 therapy following T cell depletion may show a benefit by affecting de novo generation of autoimmune T cells.
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16
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Doñas C, Carrasco M, Fritz M, Prado C, Tejón G, Osorio-Barrios F, Manríquez V, Reyes P, Pacheco R, Bono MR, Loyola A, Rosemblatt M. The histone demethylase inhibitor GSK-J4 limits inflammation through the induction of a tolerogenic phenotype on DCs. J Autoimmun 2016; 75:105-117. [PMID: 27528513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
As it has been established that demethylation of lysine 27 of histone H3 by the lysine-specific demethylase JMJD3 increases immune responses and thus elicits inflammation, we hypothesize that inhibition of JMJD3 may attenuate autoimmune disorders. We found that in vivo administration of GSK-J4, a selective inhibitor of JMJD3 and UTX, ameliorates the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In vitro experiments revealed that the anti-inflammatory effect of GSK-J4 was exerted through an effect on dendritic cells (DCs), promoting a tolerogenic profile characterized by reduced expression of costimulatory molecules CD80/CD86, an increased expression of tolerogenic molecules CD103 and TGF-β1, and reduced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF. Adoptive transfer of GSK-J4-treated DCs into EAE mice reduced the clinical manifestation of the disease and decreased the extent of inflammatory CD4+ T cells infiltrating the central nervous system. Notably, Treg generation, stability, and suppressive activity were all exacerbated by GSK-J4-treated DCs without affecting Th1 and Th17 cell production. Our data show that GSK-J4-mediated modulation of inflammation is achieved by a direct effect on DCs and that systemic treatment with GSK-J4 or adoptive transfer of GSK-J4-treated DCs ex vivo may be promising approaches for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Doñas
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Carrasco
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Macarena Fritz
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Prado
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela Tejón
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Valeria Manríquez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paz Reyes
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Pacheco
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Rosa Bono
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Mario Rosemblatt
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Ñuñoa, 7780272, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile.
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17
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Blood coagulation factor XII drives adaptive immunity during neuroinflammation via CD87-mediated modulation of dendritic cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11626. [PMID: 27188843 PMCID: PMC4873982 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant immune responses represent the underlying cause of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Recent evidence implicated the crosstalk between coagulation and immunity in CNS autoimmunity. Here we identify coagulation factor XII (FXII), the initiator of the intrinsic coagulation cascade and the kallikrein-kinin system, as a specific immune cell modulator. High levels of FXII activity are present in the plasma of MS patients during relapse. Deficiency or pharmacologic blockade of FXII renders mice less susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (a model of MS) and is accompanied by reduced numbers of interleukin-17A-producing T cells. Immune activation by FXII is mediated by dendritic cells in a CD87-dependent manner and involves alterations in intracellular cyclic AMP formation. Our study demonstrates that a member of the plasmatic coagulation cascade is a key mediator of autoimmunity. FXII inhibition may provide a strategy to combat MS and other immune-related disorders.
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Arellano B, Hussain R, Miller-Little WA, Herndon E, Lambracht-Washington D, Eagar TN, Lewis R, Healey D, Vernino S, Greenberg BM, Stüve O. A Single Amino Acid Substitution Prevents Recognition of a Dominant Human Aquaporin-4 Determinant in the Context of HLA-DRB1*03:01 by a Murine TCR. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152720. [PMID: 27054574 PMCID: PMC4824350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is considered a putative autoantigen in patients with Neuromyelitis optica (NMO), an autoinflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). HLA haplotype analyses of patients with NMO suggest a positive association with HLA-DRB1* 03:01. We previously showed that the human (h) AQP4 peptide 281–300 is the dominant immunogenic determinant of hAQP4 in the context of HLA-DRB1*03:01. This immunogenic peptide stimulates a strong Th1 and Th17 immune response. AQP4281-300-specific encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells should initiate CNS inflammation that results in a clinical phenotype in HLA-DRB1*03:01 transgenic mice. Methods Controlled study with humanized experimental animals. HLA-DRB1*03:01 transgenic mice were immunized with hAQP4281-300, or whole-length hAQP4 protein emulsified in complete Freund’s adjuvant. Humoral immune responses to both antigens were assessed longitudinally. In vivo T cell frequencies were assessed by tetramer staining. Mice were followed clinically, and the anterior visual pathway was tested by pupillometry. CNS tissue was examined histologically post-mortem. Flow cytometry was utilized for MHC binding assays and to immunophenotype T cells, and T cell frequencies were determined by ELISpot assay. Results Immunization with hAQP4281-300 resulted in an in vivo expansion of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, and an immunoglobulin isotype switch. HLA-DRB1*03:01 TG mice actively immunized with hAQP4281-300, or with whole-length hAQP4 protein were resistant to developing a neurological disease that resembles NMO. Experimental mice show no histological evidence of CNS inflammation, nor change in pupillary responses. Subsequent analysis reveals that a single amino acid substitution from aspartic acid in hAQP4 to glutamic acid in murine (m)AQP4 at position 290 prevents the recognition of hAQP4281-300 by the murine T cell receptor (TCR). Conclusion Induction of a CNS inflammatory autoimmune disorder by active immunization of HLA-DRB1*03:01 TG mice with human hAQP4281-300 will be complex due to a single amino acid substitution. The pathogenic role of T cells in this disorder remains critical despite these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamine Arellano
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Rehana Hussain
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - William A. Miller-Little
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Emily Herndon
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Doris Lambracht-Washington
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Todd N. Eagar
- Histocompatibility and Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, The Methodist Hospital Physician Organization, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Robert Lewis
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Don Healey
- Opexa Therapeutics, The Woodlands, TX, United States of America
| | - Steven Vernino
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Benjamin M. Greenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States of America
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Rust H, Kuhle J, Kappos L, Derfuss T. Severe exacerbation of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis after G-CSF therapy. NEUROLOGY-NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2016; 3:e215. [PMID: 27027097 PMCID: PMC4794809 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ingwersen J, Wingerath B, Graf J, Lepka K, Hofrichter M, Schröter F, Wedekind F, Bauer A, Schrader J, Hartung HP, Prozorovski T, Aktas O. Dual roles of the adenosine A2a receptor in autoimmune neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:48. [PMID: 26920550 PMCID: PMC4768407 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conditions of inflammatory tissue distress are associated with high extracellular levels of adenosine, due to increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) degradation upon cellular stress or the release of extracellular ATP upon cell death, which can be degraded to adenosine by membrane-bound ecto-enzymes like CD39 and CD73. Adenosine is recognised to mediate anti-inflammatory effects via the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR), as shown in experimental models of arthritis. Here, using pharmacological interventions and genetic inactivation, we investigated the roles of A2aR in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS We used two independent mouse EAE variants, i.e. active immunization in C57BL/6 with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 or transfer-EAE by proteolipid protein (PLP)139-155-stimulated T lymphocytes and EAE in mice treated with A2aR-agonist CGS21680 at different stages of disease course and in mice lacking A2aR (A2aR(-/-)) compared to direct wild-type littermates. In EAE, we analysed myelin-specific proliferation and cytokine synthesis ex vivo, as well as inflammation and demyelination by immunohistochemistry. In vitro, we investigated the effect of A2aR on migration of CD4(+) T cells, macrophages and microglia, as well as the impact of A2aR on phagocytosis of macrophages and microglia. Statistical tests were Mann-Whitney U and Student's t test. RESULTS We found an upregulation of A2aR in the central nervous system (CNS) in EAE, predominantly detected on T cells and macrophages/microglia within the inflamed tissue. Preventive EAE treatment with A2aR-specific agonist inhibited myelin-specific T cell proliferation ex vivo and ameliorated disease, while application of the same agonist after disease onset exacerbated non-remitting EAE progression and resulted in more severe tissue destruction. Accordingly, A2aR-deficient mice showed accelerated and exacerbated disease manifestation with increased frequencies of IFN-γ-, IL-17- and GM-CSF-producing CD4(+) T helper cells and higher numbers of inflammatory lesions in the early stage. However, EAE quickly ameliorated and myelin debris accumulation was lower in A2aR(-/-) mice. In vitro, activation of A2aR inhibited phagocytosis of myelin by macrophages and primary microglia as well as migration of CD4(+) T cells, macrophages and primary microglia. CONCLUSIONS A2aR activation exerts a complex pattern in chronic autoimmune neurodegeneration: while providing anti-inflammatory effects on T cells and thus protection at early stages, A2aR seems to play a detrimental role during later stages of disease and may thus contribute to sustained tissue damage within the inflamed CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ingwersen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - B Wingerath
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - J Graf
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - K Lepka
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - M Hofrichter
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - F Schröter
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany. .,Current address: Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, HeinrichHeine University, Moorenstrasse 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - F Wedekind
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Research Center Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Str., 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - A Bauer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Research Center Jülich, Leo-Brandt-Str., 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - J Schrader
- Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - H-P Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - T Prozorovski
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - O Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Moorenstr. 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Wlodarczyk A, Cédile O, Jensen KN, Jasson A, Mony JT, Khorooshi R, Owens T. Pathologic and Protective Roles for Microglial Subsets and Bone Marrow- and Blood-Derived Myeloid Cells in Central Nervous System Inflammation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:463. [PMID: 26441968 PMCID: PMC4562247 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a series of processes designed for eventual clearance of pathogens and repair of damaged tissue. In the context of autoimmune recognition, inflammatory processes are usually considered to be pathological. This is also true for inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS). However, as in other tissues, neuroinflammation can have beneficial as well as pathological outcomes. The complex role of encephalitogenic T cells in multiple sclerosis and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) may derive from heterogeneity of the myeloid cells with which these T cells interact within the CNS. Myeloid cells, including resident microglia and infiltrating bone marrow-derived cells, such as dendritic cells (DC) and monocytes/macrophages [bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM)], are highly heterogeneous populations that may be involved in neurotoxicity and also immunoregulation and regenerative processes. Better understanding and characterization of myeloid cell heterogeneity is essential for future development of treatments controlling inflammation and inducing neuroprotection and neuroregeneration in diseased CNS. Here, we describe and compare three populations of myeloid cells: CD11c+ microglia, CD11c− microglia, and CD11c+ blood-derived cells in terms of their pathological versus protective functions in the CNS of mice with EAE. Our data show that CNS-resident microglia include functionally distinct subsets that can be distinguished by their expression of CD11c. These subsets differ in their expression of Arg-1, YM1, iNOS, IL-10, and IGF-1. Moreover, in contrast to BMDM/DC, both subsets of microglia express protective interferon-beta (IFNβ), high levels of colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor, and do not express the Th1-associated transcription factor T-bet. Taken together, our data suggest that CD11c+ microglia, CD11c− microglia, and infiltrating BMDM/DC represent separate and distinct populations and illustrate the heterogeneity of the CNS inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Oriane Cédile
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Kirstine Nolling Jensen
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Agathe Jasson
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark ; Department of Biology, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon , Lyon , France
| | - Jyothi Thyagabhavan Mony
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Reza Khorooshi
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
| | - Trevor Owens
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark , Odense , Denmark
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22
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Murugaiyan G, da Cunha AP, Ajay AK, Joller N, Garo LP, Kumaradevan S, Yosef N, Vaidya VS, Weiner HL. MicroRNA-21 promotes Th17 differentiation and mediates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1069-80. [PMID: 25642768 DOI: 10.1172/jci74347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of IL-17-producing Th17 cells is associated with the development of multiple autoimmune diseases; however, the contribution of microRNA (miRNA) pathways to the intrinsic control of Th17 development remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that miR-21 expression is elevated in Th17 cells and that mice lacking miR-21 have a defect in Th17 differentiation and are resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Furthermore, we determined that miR-21 promotes Th17 differentiation by targeting and depleting SMAD-7, a negative regulator of TGF-β signaling. Moreover, the decreases in Th17 differentiation in miR-21-deficient T cells were associated with defects in SMAD-2/3 activation and IL-2 suppression. Finally, we found that treatment of WT mice with an anti-miR-21 oligonucleotide reduced the clinical severity of EAE, which was associated with a decrease in Th17 cells. Thus, we have characterized a T cell-intrinsic miRNA pathway that enhances TGF-β signaling, limits the autocrine inhibitory effects of IL-2, and thereby promotes Th17 differentiation and autoimmunity.
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23
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González H, Pacheco R. T-cell-mediated regulation of neuroinflammation involved in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:201. [PMID: 25441979 PMCID: PMC4258012 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is involved in several neurodegenerative disorders and emerging evidence indicates that it constitutes a critical process that is required for the progression of neurodegeneration. Microglial activation constitutes a central event in neuroinflammation. Furthermore, microglia can not only be activated with an inflammatory and neurotoxic phenotype (M1-like phenotype), but they also can acquire a neurosupportive functional phenotype (M2-like phenotype) characterised by the production of anti-inflammatory mediators and neurotrophic factors. Importantly, during the past decade, several studies have shown that CD4+ T-cells infiltrate the central nervous system (CNS) in many neurodegenerative disorders, in which their participation has a critical influence on the outcome of microglial activation and consequent neurodegeneration. In this review, we focus on the analysis of the interplay of the different sub-populations of CD4+ T-cells infiltrating the CNS and how they participate in regulating the outcome of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the context of Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis. In this regard, encephalitogenic inflammatory CD4+ T-cells, such as Th1, Th17, GM-CSF-producer CD4+ T-cells and γδT-cells, strongly contribute to chronic neuroinflammation, thus perpetuating neurodegenerative processes. In contrast, encephalitogenic or meningeal Tregs and Th2 cells decrease inflammatory functions in microglial cells and promote a neurosupportive microenvironment. Moreover, whereas some neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease involve the participation of inflammatory CD4+ T-cells 'naturally', the physiopathology of other neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, is associated with the participation of anti-inflammatory CD4+ T-cells that delay the neurodegenerative process. Thus, current evidence supports the hypothesis that the involvement of CD4+ T-cells against CNS antigens constitutes a key component in regulating the progression of the neurodegenerative process.
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24
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Hussain RZ, Hayardeny L, Cravens PC, Yarovinsky F, Eagar TN, Arellano B, Deason K, Castro-Rojas C, Stüve O. Immune surveillance of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis--relevance for therapy and experimental models. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 276:9-17. [PMID: 25282087 PMCID: PMC4301841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disorders frequently involves the reduction, or depletion of immune-competent cells. Alternatively, immune cells are being sequestered away from the target organ by interfering with their movement from secondary lymphoid organs, or their migration into tissues. These therapeutic strategies have been successful in multiple sclerosis (MS), the most prevalent autoimmune inflammatory disorder of the CNS. However, many of the agents that are currently approved or in clinical development also have severe potential adverse effects that stem from the very mechanisms that mediate their beneficial effects by interfering with CNS immune surveillance. This review will outline the main cellular components of the innate and adaptive immune system that participate in host defense and maintain immune surveillance of the CNS. Their pathogenic role in MS and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is also discussed. Furthermore, an experimental model is introduced that may assist in evaluating the effect of therapeutic interventions on leukocyte homeostasis and function within the CNS. This model or similar models may become a useful tool in the repertoire of pre-clinical tests of pharmacological agents to better explore their potential for adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehana Z Hussain
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Petra C Cravens
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Felix Yarovinsky
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Todd N Eagar
- Histocompatibility and Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, The Methodist Hospital Physician Organization, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamine Arellano
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Krystin Deason
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Cyd Castro-Rojas
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA; Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany.
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25
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Testing effects of glatiramer acetate and fingolimod in an infectious model of CNS immune surveillance. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 276:232-5. [PMID: 25227585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Immune surveillance of the CNS is critical for preventing infections; however, there is no accepted experimental model to assess the risk of infection when utilizing disease-modifying agents. We tested two approved agents for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), glatiramer acetate and fingolimod, in an experimental model of CNS immune surveillance. C57BL/6 mice were infected with the ME49 strain of the neuroinvasive parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) and then treated with GA and fingolimod. Neither treatment affected host survival; however, differences were observed in parasite load and in leukocyte numbers in the brains of infected animals. Here we demonstrate that this model could be a useful tool for analyzing immune surveillance.
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26
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Breuer J, Schwab N, Schneider-Hohendorf T, Marziniak M, Mohan H, Bhatia U, Gross CC, Clausen BE, Weishaupt C, Luger TA, Meuth SG, Loser K, Wiendl H. Ultraviolet B light attenuates the systemic immune response in central nervous system autoimmunity. Ann Neurol 2014; 75:739-58. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hema Mohan
- Department of Neurology; University of Münster; Münster
| | | | | | - Björn E. Clausen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz; Mainz
| | | | - Thomas A. Luger
- Department of Dermatology; University of Münster; Münster
- Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research; Münster
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion; Münster Germany
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology; University of Münster; Münster
- Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research; Münster
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion; Münster Germany
| | - Karin Loser
- Department of Dermatology; University of Münster; Münster
- Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research; Münster
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion; Münster Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology; University of Münster; Münster
- Interdisciplinary Center of Clinical Research; Münster
- Cluster of Excellence EXC 1003, Cells in Motion; Münster Germany
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27
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Levy M, Wildemann B, Jarius S, Orellano B, Sasidharan S, Weber MS, Stuve O. Immunopathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica. Adv Immunol 2014; 121:213-42. [PMID: 24388217 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800100-4.00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO, Devic's syndrome) is a clinical syndrome characterized by optic neuritis and (mostly longitudinally extensive) myelitis. If untreated, NMO usually takes a relapsing course and often results in blindness and tetra- or paraparesis. The discovery of autoantibodies to aquaporin-4, the most abundant water channel in the CNS, in 70-80% of patients with NMO (termed NMO-IgG or AQP4-Ab) and subsequent investigations into the pathogenic impact of this new reactivity have led to the recognition of NMO as an autoimmune condition and as a disease entity in its own right, distinct from classic multiple sclerosis. Here, we comprehensively review the current knowledge on the role of NMO-IgG/AQP4-Ab, B cells, T cells, and the innate immune system in the pathogenesis of NMO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Levy
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Jarius
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamine Orellano
- Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Saranya Sasidharan
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin S Weber
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Olaf Stuve
- Department of Neurology & Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA; Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, Texas, USA; Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany; Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Paul D, Ge S, Lemire Y, Jellison ER, Serwanski DR, Ruddle NH, Pachter JS. Cell-selective knockout and 3D confocal image analysis reveals separate roles for astrocyte-and endothelial-derived CCL2 in neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:10. [PMID: 24444311 PMCID: PMC3906899 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-11-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Expression of chemokine CCL2 in the normal central nervous system (CNS) is nearly undetectable, but is significantly upregulated and drives neuroinflammation during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis which is considered a contributing factor in the human disease. As astrocytes and brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) forming the blood–brain barrier (BBB) are sources of CCL2 in EAE and other neuroinflammatory conditions, it is unclear if one or both CCL2 pools are critical to disease and by what mechanism(s). Methods Mice with selective CCL2 gene knockout (KO) in astrocytes (Astro KO) or endothelial cells (Endo KO) were used to evaluate the respective contributions of these sources to neuroinflammation, i.e., clinical disease progression, BBB damage, and parenchymal leukocyte invasion in a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55)-induced EAE model. High-resolution 3-dimensional (3D) immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and colloidal gold immuno-electron microscopy were employed to confirm sites of CCL2 expression, and 3D immunofluorescence confocal microscopy utilized to assess inflammatory responses along the CNS microvasculature. Results Cell-selective loss of CCL2 immunoreactivity was demonstrated in the respective KO mice. Compared to wild-type (WT) mice, Astro KO mice showed reduced EAE severity but similar onset, while Endo KO mice displayed near normal severity but significantly delayed onset. Neither of the KO mice showed deficits in T cell proliferation, or IL-17 and IFN-γ production, following MOG35-55 exposure in vitro, or altered MOG-major histocompatibility complex class II tetramer binding. 3D confocal imaging further revealed distinct actions of the two CCL2 pools in the CNS. Astro KOs lacked the CNS leukocyte penetration and disrupted immunostaining of CLN-5 at the BBB seen during early EAE in WT mice, while Endo KOs uniquely displayed leukocytes stalled in the microvascular lumen. Conclusions These results point to astrocyte and endothelial pools of CCL2 each regulating different stages of neuroinflammation in EAE, and carry implications for drug delivery in neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shujun Ge
- Department of Cell Biology, Blood-brain Barrier Laboratory, 263 Farmington Ave,, Farmington CT 06030, USA.
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29
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Cravens PD, Kieseier BC, Hussain R, Herndon E, Arellano B, Ben LH, Timmons BC, Castro-Rojas C, Hartung HP, Hemmer B, Weber MS, Zamvil SS, Stüve O. The neonatal CNS is not conducive for encephalitogenic Th1 T cells and B cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:67. [PMID: 23705890 PMCID: PMC3679999 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is thought to be a CD4+ T cell mediated autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is rarely diagnosed during infancy. Cellular and molecular mechanisms that confer disease resistance in this age group are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a differential composition of immune cells within the CNS modulates age-associated susceptibility to CNS autoimmune disease. C57BL/6 mice younger than eight weeks were resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) following active immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide (p) 35-55. Neonates also developed milder EAE after transfer of adult encephalitogenic T cells primed by adult or neonate antigen presenting cells (APC). There was a significant increase in CD45+ hematopoietic immune cells and CD45+ high side scatter granulocytes in the CNS of adults, but not in neonates. Within the CD45+ immune cell compartment of adults, the accumulation of CD4+ T cells, Gr-1+ and Gr-1- monocytes and CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC) was identified. A significantly greater percentage of CD19+ B cells in the adult CNS expressed MHC II than neonate CNS B cells. Only in the adult CNS could IFNγ transcripts be detected 10 days post immunization for EAE. IFNγ is highly expressed by adult donor CD4+ T cells that are adoptively transferred but not by transferred neonate donor cells. In contrast, IL-17 transcripts could not be detected in adult or neonate CNS in this EAE model, and neither adult nor neonate donor CD4+ T cells expressed IL-17 at the time of adoptive transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra D Cravens
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9036, USA
| | - Bernd C Kieseier
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Rehana Hussain
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9036, USA
| | - Emily Herndon
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Benjamine Arellano
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9036, USA
| | - Li-Hong Ben
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9036, USA
| | - Brenda C Timmons
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Cyd Castro-Rojas
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9036, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, 81675, Germany
| | - Martin S Weber
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, 81675, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, 37075, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, Georg August University, Göttingen, 37975, Germany
| | - Scott S Zamvil
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Program in Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX, 75390-9036, USA
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, 81675, Germany
- Neurology Section, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, 4500 South Lancaster Rd, Dallas, TX, 75216, USA
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Mannara F, Valente T, Saura J, Graus F, Saiz A, Moreno B. Passive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 with MOG: evidence of involvement of B cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52361. [PMID: 23300649 PMCID: PMC3530560 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most relevant animal model to study demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. EAE can be induced by active (active EAE) or passive (at-EAE) transfer of activated T cells in several species and strains of rodents. However, histological features of at-EAE model in C57BL/6 are poorly described. The aim of this study was to characterize the neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative responses of at-EAE in C57BL/6 mice by histological techniques and compare them with that observed in the active EAE model. To develop the at-EAE, splenocytes from active EAE female mice were harvested and cultured in presence of MOG(35-55) and IL-12, and then injected intraperitoneally in recipient female C57BL6/J mice. In both models, the development of EAE was similar except for starting before the onset of symptoms and presenting a higher EAE cumulative score in the at-EAE model. Spinal cord histological examination revealed an increased glial activation as well as more extensive demyelinating areas in the at-EAE than in the active EAE model. Although inflammatory infiltrates composed by macrophages and T lymphocytes were found in the spinal cord and brain of both models, B lymphocytes were significantly increased in the at-EAE model. The co-localization of these B cells with IgG and their predominant distribution in areas of demyelination would suggest that IgG-secreting B cells are involved in the neurodegenerative processes associated with at-EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mannara
- Center for Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tony Valente
- Center for Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Josep Saura
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Graus
- Center for Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Saiz
- Center for Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Moreno
- Center for Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology, Hospital Clinic and Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
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Arellano B, Hussain R, Zacharias T, Yoon J, David C, Zein S, Steinman L, Forsthuber T, Greenberg BM, Lambracht-Washington D, Ritchie AM, Bennett JL, Stüve O. Human aquaporin 4281-300 is the immunodominant linear determinant in the context of HLA-DRB1*03:01: relevance for diagnosing and monitoring patients with neuromyelitis optica. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 69:1125-31. [PMID: 22751865 DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2012.1300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify linear determinants of human aquaporin 4 (hAQP4) in the context of HLA-DRB1*03:01. DESIGN In this controlled study with humanized experimental animals, HLA-DRB1*03:01 transgenic mice were immunized with whole-protein hAQP4 emulsified in complete Freund adjuvant. To test T-cell responses, lymph node cells and splenocytes were cultured in vitro with synthetic peptides 20 amino acids long that overlap by 10 amino acids across the entirety of hAQP4. The frequency of interferon γ, interleukin (IL) 17, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and IL-5-secreting CD4+ T cells was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent sport assay. Quantitative immunofluorescence microscopy was performed to determine whether hAQP4281-300 inhibits the binding of anti-hAQP4 recombinant antibody to surface full-length hAQP4. SETTING Academic neuroimmunology laboratories. SUBJECTS Humanized HLA-DRB1*03:01+/+ H-2b-/- transgenic mice on a B10 background. RESULTS Peptide hAQP4281-300 generated a significantly (P <.01) greater TH1 and TH17 immune response than any of the other linear peptides screened. This 20mer peptide contains 2 dominant immunogenic 15mer peptides. hAQP4284-298 induced predominantly an IL-17 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor TH cell phenotype, whereas hAQP4285-299 resulted in a higher frequency of TH1 cells. hAQP4281-300 did not interfere with recombinant AQP4 autoantibody binding. CONCLUSIONS hAQP4281-330 is the dominant linear immunogenic determinant of hAQP4 in the context of HLA-DRB1*03:01. Within hAQP4281-330 are 2 dominant immunogenic determinants that induce differential TH phenotypes. hAQP4 determinants identified in this study can serve as diagnostic biomarkers in patients with neuromyelitis optica and may facilitate the monitoring of treatment responses to pharmacotherapies.
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