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Egervärn M, Flink C. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in meat and leafy greens available in the Swedish retail market - Occurrence and diversity of stx subtypes and serotypes. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 408:110446. [PMID: 37857019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a major cause of foodborne illness, ranging from mild diarrhea to permanent kidney failure. This study summarizes the results of four surveys performed at different time periods, which investigated the occurrence and characteristics of STEC in beef, lamb and leafy greens available in the Swedish retail market. Such data is required when assessing the public health risk of varying types of STEC in different foods, and for establishing risk management measures. Samples from domestic and imported products were collected based on their availability in the retail market. The occurrence of STEC was investigated in 477 samples of beef, 330 samples of lamb and 630 samples of leafy greens. The detection of virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eae) was performed using real-time PCR followed by the isolation of bacteria from stx-positive enriched samples using immunomagnetic separation or an immunoblotting method. All STEC isolated from the food samples was further characterised in terms of stx subtyping and serotyping through whole genome sequencing. STEC was isolated from 2 to 14 % of beef samples and 20 to 61 % of lamb samples, depending on the region of origin. STEC was not isolated from samples of leafy greens, although stx genes were detected in 11 (2 %) of the samples tested. In total, 5 of the 151 sequenced STEC isolates from meat contained stx2 and eae, of which 4 such combinations had the stx2a subtype. The stx2 gene, stx2a in particular, is strongly associated with serious disease in humans, especially in combination with the eae gene. The isolates belonged to 20 different serotypes. Two isolates from beef and one from lamb belonged to the serotype O157:H7 and contained genes for stx2 and eae. Overall, several combinations of stx subtypes were found in isolates from beef, whereas stx1c, either alone or together with stx2b, was the dominant combination found in STEC from lamb. In conclusion, STEC was rare in whole meat samples of domestic beef in the Swedish retail market, whereas such bacteria were frequently found in minced meat and whole meat samples of imported beef and domestic and imported lamb. Although the number of isolates containing genes linked to an increased risk of severe disease was low, beef and lamb in the Swedish retail market is a common source of human exposure to potentially pathogenic STEC.
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Young JN, Chung J, Fett N. Eosinophilic Annular Erythema Responding to Doxycycline. Cureus 2023; 15:e47478. [PMID: 38022231 PMCID: PMC10660796 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic annular erythema (EAE) is a rare skin disease characterized by relapsing and remitting pruritic, annular erythematous plaques and tissue eosinophilia. A 39-year-old male presented with a mildly pruritic, relapsing, and remitting urticarial rash. A biopsy revealed superficial and deep perivascular dermatitis with numerous eosinophils and some neutrophils, with an absence of flame figures. Based on clinical and histopathologic findings, the patient was given a diagnosis of eosinophilic annular erythema. Treatment was initiated with doxycycline 100 mg twice daily. The patient reported substantial improvement at three months and sustained clearance at one year, remaining on doxycycline well tolerated throughout. To our knowledge, no cases of EAE improving with doxycycline have been reported in the literature and, thus, our findings highlight a potential new therapy to consider in a patient with EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade N Young
- School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, USA
| | - Jina Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, USA
| | - Nicole Fett
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, USA
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Camacho-Toledano C, Machín-Díaz I, Calahorra L, Cabañas-Cotillas M, Otaegui D, Castillo-Triviño T, Villar LM, Costa-Frossard L, Comabella M, Midaglia L, García-Domínguez JM, García-Arocha J, Ortega MC, Clemente D. Peripheral myeloid-derived suppressor cells are good biomarkers of the efficacy of fingolimod in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:277. [PMCID: PMC9675277 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing number of treatments that are now available to manage patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) highlights the need to develop biomarkers that can be used within the framework of individualized medicine. Fingolimod is a disease-modifying treatment that belongs to the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators. In addition to inhibiting T cell egress from lymph nodes, fingolimod promotes the immunosuppressive activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), whose monocytic subset (M-MDSCs) can be used as a biomarker of disease severity, as well as the degree of demyelination and extent of axonal damage in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS. In the present study, we have assessed whether the abundance of circulating M-MDSCs may represent a useful biomarker of fingolimod efficacy in EAE and in the clinical context of MS patients. Methods Treatment with vehicle or fingolimod was orally administered to EAE mice for 14 days in an individualized manner, starting the day when each mouse began to develop clinical signs. Peripheral blood from EAE mice was collected previous to treatment and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected from fingolimod to treat MS patients’ peripheral blood. In both cases, M-MDSCs abundance was analyzed by flow cytometry and its relationship with the future clinical affectation of each individual animal or patient was assessed. Results Fingolimod-treated animals presented a milder EAE course with less demyelination and axonal damage, although a few animals did not respond well to treatment and they invariably had fewer M-MDSCs prior to initiating the treatment. Remarkably, M-MDSC abundance was also found to be an important and specific parameter to distinguish EAE mice prone to better fingolimod efficacy. Finally, in a translational effort, M-MDSCs were quantified in MS patients at baseline and correlated with different clinical parameters after 12 months of fingolimod treatment. M-MDSCs at baseline were highly representative of a good therapeutic response to fingolimod, i.e., patients who met at least two of the criteria used to define non-evidence of disease activity-3 (NEDA-3) 12 months after treatment. Conclusion Our data indicate that M-MDSCs might be a useful predictive biomarker of the response of MS patients to fingolimod. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02635-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Camacho-Toledano
- grid.414883.20000 0004 1767 1847Neuroimmuno-Repair Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Isabel Machín-Díaz
- grid.414883.20000 0004 1767 1847Neuroimmuno-Repair Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Leticia Calahorra
- grid.414883.20000 0004 1767 1847Neuroimmuno-Repair Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - María Cabañas-Cotillas
- grid.414883.20000 0004 1767 1847Neuroimmuno-Repair Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - David Otaegui
- grid.432380.eMultiple Sclerosis Unit, Biodonostia Health Institute, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Tamara Castillo-Triviño
- grid.432380.eMultiple Sclerosis Unit, Biodonostia Health Institute, 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain ,grid.414651.30000 0000 9920 5292Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Luisa María Villar
- grid.411347.40000 0000 9248 5770Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucienne Costa-Frossard
- grid.411347.40000 0000 9248 5770Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain ,grid.411347.40000 0000 9248 5770Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Comabella
- grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Neurology-Neuroimmunology Service, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luciana Midaglia
- grid.411083.f0000 0001 0675 8654Neurology-Neuroimmunology Service, Centre d’Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya (Cemcat), Institut de Recerca Vall d’Hebron, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Manuel García-Domínguez
- grid.410526.40000 0001 0277 7938Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer García-Arocha
- grid.414883.20000 0004 1767 1847Neuroimmuno-Repair Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - María Cristina Ortega
- grid.414883.20000 0004 1767 1847Neuroimmuno-Repair Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Diego Clemente
- grid.414883.20000 0004 1767 1847Neuroimmuno-Repair Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos-SESCAM, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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Paul SK, Saddam M, Rahaman KA, Choi J, Lee S, Hasan M. Molecular modeling, molecular dynamics simulation, and essential dynamics analysis of grancalcin: An upregulated biomarker in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11232. [PMID: 36340004 PMCID: PMC9626934 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model is the most commonly used animal model, and it best represents multiple sclerosis. Grancalcin (GCA) was discovered to be upregulated in EAE mice. GCA comprises 220 amino acids that have been assigned the UniprotKB ID Q8VC88. It is a calcium-binding protein that helps neutrophils adhere to fibronectin and the formation of focal adhesions. However, the protein data bank does not contain the crystal structure of mouse GCA. The current study aims to analyze the structural and physicochemical properties of GCA. Mouse GCA showed a high percentage identity (87%) with the crystal structure of des (1–52) grancalcin with bound calcium (chain A) from Homo sapiens identified by its PDB id 1k94_A. Using the SWISS-MODEL server, we used 1k94_A as a template protein to model the mouse GCA protein. Compared to the template structure 1K94, three potential binding sites for calcium-binding have been proposed, ranging from 13 to 20, 80 to 91, and 109 to 120 amino acids. On an i5 personal computer with 8GB of RAM, GROMACS 2020.1 was utilized to run a 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. RMSD, Rg, and RMSF analysis of an MD simulation trajectory indicate a stable and compact state throughout the simulation period of modeled proteins. We found that GCA is primarily alpha helical (Class 1), with eight alpha helices. The essential dynamics analysis captures PCA and SASA, culminating in the biological motions that correspond to the last 1000 frames. These findings will aid the development of potential inhibitors as well as the determination of binding pockets and residues for drug-like molecules.
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Calvier L, Demuth G, Manouchehri N, Wong C, Sacharidou A, Mineo C, Shaul PW, Monson NL, Kounnas MZ, Stüve O, Herz J. Reelin depletion protects against autoimmune encephalomyelitis by decreasing vascular adhesion of leukocytes. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaay7675. [PMID: 32801146 PMCID: PMC7860587 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay7675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation as a result of immune cell recruitment into the central nervous system (CNS) is a key pathogenic mechanism of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, current anti-inflammatory interventions depleting immune cells or directly targeting their trafficking into the CNS can have serious side effects, highlighting a need for better immunomodulatory strategies. We detected increased Reelin concentrations in the serum of patients with MS, resulting in increased endothelial permeability to leukocytes through increased nuclear factor κB-mediated expression of vascular adhesion molecules. We thus investigated the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of Reelin immunodepletion in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and further validated the results in Reelin knockout mice. Removal of plasma Reelin by either approach protected against neuroinflammation and largely abolished the neurological consequences by reducing endothelial permeability and immune cell accumulation in the CNS. Our findings suggest Reelin depletion as a therapeutic approach with an inherent good safety margin for the treatment of MS and other diseases where leukocyte extravasation is a major driver of pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Calvier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Guillaume Demuth
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Navid Manouchehri
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Connie Wong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Anastasia Sacharidou
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Philip W Shaul
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Nancy L Monson
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology, VA North Texas Health Care System, Medical Service, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Anglès d’Auriac MB, Sirevåg R. Multiplex PCR for the simultaneous detection of the Enterobacterial gene wecA, the Shiga Toxin genes (stx 1 and stx 2) and the Intimin gene ( eae). BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:360. [PMID: 29880035 PMCID: PMC5992677 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3457-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aetiology of several human diarrhoeas has been increasingly associated with the presence of virulence factors rather than with the bacterial species hosting the virulence genes, exemplified by the sporadic emergence of new bacterial hosts. Two important virulence factors are the Shiga toxin (Stx) and the E. coli outer membrane protein (Eae) or intimin, encoded by the stx and eae genes, respectively. Although several polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols target these virulence genes, few aim at detecting all variants or have an internal amplification control (IAC) included in a multiplex assay. The objective of this work was to develop a simple multiplex PCR assay in order to detect all stx and eae variants, as well as to detect bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae, also used as an IAC. RESULTS The wecA gene coding for the production of the Enterobacterial Common Antigen was used to develop an Enterobacteriaceae specific qPCR. Universal primers for the detection of stx and eae were developed and linked to a wecA primer pair in a robust triplex PCR. In addition, subtyping of the stx genes was achieved by subjecting the PCR products to restriction digestion and semi-nested duplex PCR, providing a simple screening assay for human diarrhoea diagnostic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc B. Anglès d’Auriac
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 0349 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Box 1031, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Reidun Sirevåg
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Box 1031, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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Fadel HM, Afifi R, Al-Qabili DM. Characterization and zoonotic impact of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli in some wild bird species. Vet World 2017; 10:1118-1128. [PMID: 29062203 PMCID: PMC5639112 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.1118-1128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Wild birds are considered silent vectors of some zoonotic water and food borne pathogens of public health significance. Owing to the importance of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as the most pathogenic among the emerging diarrheagenic E. coli groups that can infect man; the present study was designed to detect the occurrence of STEC among wild birds in Egypt. Materials and Methods: A total of 177 intestinal content swab samples originating from five wild bird species were investigated for the presence of E. coli and STEC by standard culture methods. Suspect STEC isolates were further characterized by serotyping, random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD PCR), antimicrobial resistance pattern and PCR detection of stx1, stx2, and eae genes. Results: A total of 30 suspect STEC isolates from 30 positive birds’ samples were detected and identified on STEC CHROMagar (semi-captive pigeons, 15; house crows, 8; cattle egrets, 3; moorhens, 2; and house teals, 2). 25 isolates were grouped into 13 serogroups (O:20, O:25, O:26, O:27, O:63, O:78, O:111, O:114, O:125, O:128, O:142, O:153, and O:158), while five were rough strains. The distribution of STEC virulence genes among wild birds was as follows: 16 birds carried stx1 gene only (nine pigeons [28.1%], six crows [7.1%], and one cattle egret [5.6%]). Stx1 and stx2 genes together were detected in four birds (one cattle egret [5.6%], two moorhens [6.1%], and one house teal, [10%]). Only one pigeon (3.1%) possessed the three alleles. Disk diffusion test results showed that cefixime was the most effective against STEC serotypes with (93.3%) sensitivity, followed by gentamycin (56.7%), and amoxicillin (50%). On the other hand, all the recovered STEC isolates were resistant to cefotaxime, doxycycline, cephalothin, and sulfisoxazole. RAPD fingerprinting using primers OPA-2 and OPA-9 showed that STEC isolates were heterogeneous; they yielded 30 and 27 different clusters, respectively. Conclusions: Wild birds carry STEC and may add to the contamination of the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Mohamed Fadel
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Rabab Afifi
- Department of Wildlife and Zoo Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Dheyazan Mohammed Al-Qabili
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine College, Thamar University, Yemen
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Neher S, Hazarika AK, Barkalita LM, Borah P, Bora DP, Sharma RK. Isolation and characterization of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli of animal and bird origin by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Vet World 2016; 9:123-7. [PMID: 27051196 PMCID: PMC4819360 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.123-127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to determine the virulence genes and serotype of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains isolated from animals and birds. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 226 different samples viz., fecal, intestinal content, rectal swab and heart blood were collected from different clinically affected/healthy animals and birds and were streaked on McConkeys' lactose agar and eosin methylene blue agar for isolation of E. coli, confirmed by staining characteristics and biochemical tests. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR) all the E. coli isolates were screened for certain virulence genes, viz., Shiga toxin 1 (stx1), stx2 and eae and enterohemolytic (Ehly) phenotype was observed in washed sheep blood agar plate. All the isolated E. coli strains were forwarded to the National Salmonella and Escherichia Centre, Central Research Institute, Kasauli (Himachal Pradesh) for serotyping. RESULTS Out of 226 samples 138 yielded E. coli. All the isolates were screened for molecular detection of different virulent genes, viz. stx1, stx2 and eae, based on which 36 (26.08%) were identified as STEC. Among those STEC isolates, 15 (41.67%), 14 (38.89%), 1 (2.78%) exhibited eae, stx2, stx1 alone, respectively, whereas 4 (11.11%) and 2 (5.56%) carried both stx1 and stx2, stx2 and eae, respectively. Among the STEC isolates 22 were belonged to 15 different sero-groups, viz., O2, O20, O22, O25, O43, O60, O69, O90, O91, O95, O106, O118, O130, O162 and O170 and others were untypable. Ehly phenotype was observed in 10 (27.78%) the STEC isolates. CONCLUSION The present study concluded that STEC could be isolated from both clinically affected as well as healthy animals and birds. Regular monitoring of more samples from animal and bird origin is important to identify natural reservoir of STEC to prevent zoonotic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Neher
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - A. K. Hazarika
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - L. M. Barkalita
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - P. Borah
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - D. P. Bora
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - R. K. Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Zhang J, Lapato A, Bodhankar S, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Treatment with IL-10 producing B cells in combination with E2 ameliorates EAE severity and decreases CNS inflammation in B cell-deficient mice. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:1117-27. [PMID: 25776868 PMCID: PMC4561218 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Clinical improvement during pregnancy in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients suggests that sex hormones exert potent regulatory effects on autoimmune function. Our previous studies demonstrated that estrogen- (17β-estradiol; E2) mediated protection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model for MS, hinges on the B cells, leading to elevated numbers of IL-10 secreting CD1d(hi)CD5(+) B regulatory cells (Bregs) in wild type mice. Our data show that co-administration of E2 and IL-10(+) B cells ameliorates EAE disease severity and limits CNS infiltrating leukocytes in B cell deficient mice. Additionally, treatment with E2 and Bregs reduces demyelination and dramatically decreases the proportion of CD11b(+)CD45(hi) activated microglia/macrophages found in the CNS of immunized animals compared to vehicle, E2 or Breg cells alone. Furthermore, mice given E2 and Bregs exhibit increased numbers of peripheral programmed death-1 positive CD4(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and up-regulation of programmed death receptor-ligand-1 and CD80 expression on monocytes. Our study suggests IL-10 producing Bregs have powerful therapeutic potential as an agent against EAE when augmented with E2 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Andrew Lapato
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Sheetal Bodhankar
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Arthur A. Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Correspondence author: Halina Offner, Neuroimmunology Research R&D-31, VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd., Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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Akinduti PA, Aboderin BW, Oloyede R, Ogiogwa JI, Motayo BO, Ejilude O. High-level Multi-Resistant and Virulent Escherichia coli in Abeokuta, Nigeria. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2015; 37:119-29. [PMID: 26263915 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2015.1063504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Multi-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains co-harboring virulence genes is a cause of high morbidity in Abeokuta, Nigeria. This study was designed to determine some virulent factors among enteropathogenic E. coli in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Approximately non-repetitive 102 isolates of E. coli were recovered from clinical samples from two health facilities in Abeokuta. Biotyping using API and antibiotic susceptibility was determined, and eae and flic genes were assayed by PCR. Antibiotic resistance relatedness was performed by DendroUPGMA. Results showed that 48.0% and 52.0 % were intestinal and extra-intestinal E. coli, ampicillin recorded 100% resistance, amoxycilli/clavulanic acid 64.7%, cotrimoxazole 57.8% and 56.8% resistance against cefotaxime, at MIC >16 ug/mL, 100%, 57.8%, and 50% have MIC50 to ampicillin, tetracycline, and ceftazidime, while 74.5% and 48.0% have MIC90 to ampicillin and ceftazidime. Significant rates of 4.9%, 7.8%, and 9.8% flic, eae, and flic/eae genes were found in intestinal isolates, while 2.9%, 2.0%, and 3.9% were found in extra-intestinal (P < 0.05). Two major clades of the resistant isolates reveal significant antibiotic relatedness among intestinal and extra-intestinal isolates, at 54% resistance similarities with very high multi-antibiotic resistance index of 1.0 (MARI). A high rate of undetected virulent E. coli pathotypes with high resistance could trigger unprecedented morbidity and mortality, mostly among children and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Akinniyi Akinduti
- a Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology , Olabisi Onabanjo University , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - Bukola W Aboderin
- b Department of Pathology , Federal Medical Center , Abeokuta , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - Rasaq Oloyede
- c Biotechnology Centre , Federal University of Agriculture , Abeokuta , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - Joseph I Ogiogwa
- b Department of Pathology , Federal Medical Center , Abeokuta , Ogun State , Nigeria
| | - Babatunde O Motayo
- b Department of Pathology , Federal Medical Center , Abeokuta , Ogun State , Nigeria.,d Department of Virology , College of Medicine, University of Ibadan , Ibadan , Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun Ejilude
- a Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology , Olabisi Onabanjo University , Ogun State , Nigeria
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11
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Pradel N, Etienne-Mesmin L, Thévenot J, Cordonnier C, Blanquet-Diot S, Livrelli V. In vitro adhesion properties of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from cattle, food, and humans. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:156. [PMID: 25774152 PMCID: PMC4343011 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are able to cause serious illnesses ranging from diarrhea to hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). These bacteria colonize the digestive tract of humans and produce Shiga-toxins, which are considered to be essential for virulence and are crucial in lethal infection. Colon colonization is supposed to be a determinant step in the development of the infection, but the virulence traits that mediate this step are unclear. We analyzed the ability of 256 STEC strains belonging to seropathotype A (the most virulent O157:H7 serotype) to seropathotype E (not involved in human disease) to adhere to HEp-2, HCT-8, and T84 cell lines. Of the 256 STEC tested most (82%) were non-adherent in our assays. The adhesion levels were globally low and were not related to pathogenicity, although the highest levels were associated to O26:H11 and O103:H2 strains of seropathotype B (associated with HUS but less commonly than serotype O157:H7), possessing both the eae and toxB genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Pradel
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, M2iSH, 'Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte' UMR INSERM/Université d'Auvergne U1071 USC-INRA 2018, Clermont Université - Université d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, M2iSH, 'Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte' UMR INSERM/Université d'Auvergne U1071 USC-INRA 2018, Clermont Université - Université d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, France ; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, EA-4678 CIDAM, 'Conception Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament', Clermont Université - Université d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jonathan Thévenot
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, M2iSH, 'Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte' UMR INSERM/Université d'Auvergne U1071 USC-INRA 2018, Clermont Université - Université d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, France ; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, EA-4678 CIDAM, 'Conception Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament', Clermont Université - Université d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Charlotte Cordonnier
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, M2iSH, 'Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte' UMR INSERM/Université d'Auvergne U1071 USC-INRA 2018, Clermont Université - Université d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, France ; Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, EA-4678 CIDAM, 'Conception Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament', Clermont Université - Université d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, EA-4678 CIDAM, 'Conception Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament', Clermont Université - Université d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Valérie Livrelli
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, M2iSH, 'Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte' UMR INSERM/Université d'Auvergne U1071 USC-INRA 2018, Clermont Université - Université d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand, France ; Unité de Recherche M2iSH, Faculté de Pharmacie, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service Bactériologie Mycologie Parasitologie Clermont-Ferrand, France
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12
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Dutta S, Pazhani GP, Nataro JP, Ramamurthy T. Heterogenic virulence in a diarrheagenic Escherichia coli: evidence for an EPEC expressing heat-labile toxin of ETEC. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 305:47-54. [PMID: 25465159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have encountered an Escherichia coli strain isolated from a child with acute diarrhea. This strain harbored eae and elt genes encoding for E. coli attaching and effacing property and heat-labile enterotoxin of EPEC and ETEC, respectively. Due to the presence of these distinct virulence factors, we named this uncommon strain as EPEC/ETEC hybrid. The elt gene was identified in a conjugally transferable plasmid of the EPEC/ETEC hybrid. In addition, several virulence genes in the locus of enterocyte effacement have been identified, which confirms that the EPEC/ETEC has an EPEC genetic background. The hybrid nature of this strain was further confirmed by using tissue culture assays. In the multi locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, the EPEC/ETEC belonged to the sequence type ST328 and was belonging to ST278 Cplx. Sequence analysis of the plasmid DNA revealed presence of six large contigs with several insertion sequences. A phage integrase gene and the prophages of gp48 and gp49 have been found in the upstream of eltAB. In the downstream of elt, an urovirulence loci adhesion encoding (pap) cluster containing papG, and papC were also identified. Similar to other reports, we have identified a heterogenic virulence in a diarrheagenic E. coli but with different combination of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjucta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Gururaja P Pazhani
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - James P Nataro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
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Shrestha B, Ge S, Pachter JS. Resolution of central nervous system astrocytic and endothelial sources of CCL2 gene expression during evolving neuroinflammation. Fluids Barriers CNS 2014; 11:6. [PMID: 24589378 PMCID: PMC3944978 DOI: 10.1186/2045-8118-11-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chemokine CCL2 is a critical mediator of neuroinflammation in diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). CCL2 drives mononuclear cell infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS), alters expression and distribution of microvascular endothelial tight junction proteins, and disrupts the blood-brain and blood-spinal cord barriers. Immunohistochemistry has consistently revealed astrocytes to be a source of this chemokine during neuroinflammation, while providing less uniform evidence that CNS endothelial cells may also express CCL2. Moreover, the relative contributions of these cell types to the CNS pool of CCL2 during MS/EAE are unclear and the aim of this study was to investigate this further. METHODS CCL2 gene expression was determined by qRT-PCR in different populations of CNS cells at different times following EAE induced by immunization with MOG35-55 peptide and adjuvants, or after injection with adjuvants alone. CNS cells types were isolated by two different protocols: bulk isolation to yield crude microvascular and parenchymal fractions (containing astrocytes, other glia, and neurons), or laser capture microdissection (LCM) to acquire more precisely microvascular endothelial cells, astrocytes or other parenchymal cells. RESULTS Both CNS microvessel and parenchymal populations prepared by crude bulk isolation showed up-regulation of CCL2 mRNA following MOG immunization or injection of adjuvants alone. More exact dissection by LCM revealed microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes to be the specific sources of CCL2 gene induction following MOG immunization, while only astrocytes showed elevated CCL2 mRNA in response to just adjuvants. Astrocytes displayed the greatest degree of stimulation of CCL2 gene expression following EAE induction. CONCLUSIONS High-precision LCM affirmed both microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes as the major CNS sources of CCL2 gene expression during EAE. Given the high accessibility of the CNS microvascular endothelium, endothelial-derived CCL2 could prove a viable target for therapeutic intervention in neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Shrestha
- Blood–brain Barrier Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Shujun Ge
- Blood–brain Barrier Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Joel S Pachter
- Blood–brain Barrier Laboratory, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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14
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Tully M, Shi R. New insights in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis--role of acrolein in neuronal and myelin damage. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20037-47. [PMID: 24113583 PMCID: PMC3821601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by an inappropriate inflammatory reaction resulting in widespread myelin injury along white matter tracts. Neurological impairment as a result of the disease can be attributed to immune-mediated injury to myelin, axons and mitochondria, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuropathy remain incompletely understood. Incomplete mechanistic knowledge hinders the development of therapies capable of alleviating symptoms and slowing disease progression in the long-term. Recently, oxidative stress has been implicated as a key component of neural tissue damage prompting investigation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers as a potential therapeutic option. Despite the establishment of oxidative stress as a crucial process in MS development and progression, ROS scavengers have had limited success in animal studies which has prompted pursuit of an alternative target capable of curtailing oxidative stress. Acrolein, a toxic β-unsaturated aldehyde capable of initiating and perpetuating oxidative stress, has been suggested as a viable point of intervention to guide the development of new treatments. Sequestering acrolein using an FDA-approved compound, hydralazine, offers neuroprotection resulting in dampened symptom severity and slowed disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice. These results provide promise for therapeutic development, indicating the possible utility of neutralizing acrolein to preserve and improve neurological function in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Tully
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; E-Mail:
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Riyi Shi
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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15
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Barkauskas DS, Evans TA, Myers J, Petrosiute A, Silver J, Huang AY. Extravascular CX3CR1+ cells extend intravascular dendritic processes into intact central nervous system vessel lumen. Microsc Microanal 2013; 19:778-790. [PMID: 23642852 PMCID: PMC3933819 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613000482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Within the central nervous system (CNS), antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a critical role in orchestrating inflammatory responses where they present CNS-derived antigens to immune cells that are recruited from the circulation to the cerebrospinal fluid, parenchyma, and perivascular space. Available data indicate that APCs do so indirectly from outside of CNS vessels without direct access to luminal contents. Here, we applied high-resolution, dynamic intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy to directly visualize extravascular CX3CR1+ APC behavior deep within undisrupted CNS tissues in two distinct anatomical sites under three different inflammatory stimuli. Surprisingly, we observed that CNS-resident APCs dynamically extend their cellular processes across an intact vessel wall into the vascular lumen with preservation of vessel integrity. While only a small number of APCs displayed intravascular extensions in intact, noninflamed vessels in the brain and the spinal cord, the frequency of projections increased over days in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model, whereas the number of projections remained stable compared to baseline days after tissue injury such as CNS tumor infiltration and aseptic spinal cord trauma. Our observation of this unique behavior by parenchyma CX3CR1+ cells in the CNS argues for further exploration into their functional role in antigen sampling and immune cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah S. Barkauskas
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Teresa A. Evans
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jay Myers
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Agne Petrosiute
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alex Y. Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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16
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Serres S, Bristow C, de Pablos RM, Merkler D, Soto MS, Sibson NR, Anthony DC. Magnetic resonance imaging reveals therapeutic effects of interferon-beta on cytokine-induced reactivation of rat model of multiple sclerosis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:744-53. [PMID: 23423190 PMCID: PMC3652701 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interferon-β (IFN-β) drugs are considered to derive their beneficial effects on multiple sclerosis (MS) progression via their antiinflammatory properties, but the precise mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we sought to discover how IFN-β impacts on inflammation-associated aggravation of MS-like lesions in rat. Animals with dormant focal experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) lesions were challenged intravenously with a replication-deficient adenovirus vector carrying interleukin (IL)-1β cDNA (AdIL-1β). Aggravation of inflammation and demyelination within the focal EAE lesion was observed after AdIL-1β injection with associated changes in tissue structure detected by diffusion and magnetization transfer imaging. Postgadolinium-DTPA T1-weighted images revealed contrast enhancement in the ipsilateral meninges, indicating breakdown of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and increased left/right regional cerebral blood volume ratio was also observed after AdIL-1β injection. To determine the role of IFN-β on reactivation of the EAE lesion, rats were treated with therapeutic doses of IFN-β and focal EAE lesions showed significantly reduced reactivation in response to systemic AdIL-1β injection. In conclusion, these findings indicate a central role for peripheral IL-1β expression in the mechanism of MS lesion reactivation and that the therapeutic effects of IFN-β may, at least in part, reflect suppression of the effects of peripheral inflammation on MS lesion pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Serres
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Bristow
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rocío M de Pablos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Doron Merkler
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neuropathology, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Ziehn MO, Avedisian AA, Dervin SM, O'Dell TJ, Voskuhl RR. Estriol preserves synaptic transmission in the hippocampus during autoimmune demyelinating disease. J Transl Med 2012; 92:1234-45. [PMID: 22525427 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2012.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits occur in over half of multiple sclerosis patients, with hippocampal-dependent learning and memory commonly impaired. Data from in vivo MRI and post-mortem studies in MS indicate that the hippocampus is targeted. However, the relationship between structural pathology and dysfunction of the hippocampus in MS remains unclear. Hippocampal neuropathology also occurs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most commonly used animal model of MS. Although estrogen treatment of EAE has been shown to be anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective in the spinal cord, it is unknown if estrogen treatment may prevent hippocampal pathology and dysfunction. In the current study we examined excitatory synaptic transmission during EAE and focused on pathological changes in synaptic protein complexes known to orchestrate functional synaptic transmission in the hippocampus. We then determined if estriol, a candidate hormone treatment, was capable of preventing functional changes in synaptic transmission and corresponding hippocampal synaptic pathology. Electrophysiological studies revealed altered excitatory synaptic transmission and paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) during EAE. Neuropathological experiments demonstrated that there were decreased levels of pre- and post-synaptic proteins in the hippocampus, diffuse loss of myelin staining and atrophy of the pyramidal layers of hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1). Estriol treatment prevented decreases in excitatory synaptic transmission and lessened the effect of EAE on PPF. In addition, estriol treatment prevented several neuropathological alterations that occurred in the hippocampus during EAE. Cross-modality correlations revealed that deficits in excitatory synaptic transmission were significantly correlated with reductions in trans-synaptic protein binding partners known to modulate excitatory synaptic transmission. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing a functional correlate to hippocampal neuropathology in any MS model. Furthermore, a treatment was identified that prevented both deficits in synaptic function and hippocampal neuropathology.
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Burrows GG, Meza-Romero R, Huan J, Sinha S, Mooney JL, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Gilt required for RTL550-CYS-MOG to treat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:143-9. [PMID: 22392628 PMCID: PMC3348371 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9289-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II-derived recombinant T cell receptor ligands (RTLs) modulate the behavior of pathogenic T cells and can reverse clinical and histological signs of autoimmune disease in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), and are currently in clinical trials for treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). To expand the utility of these rationally-designed biologics and explore their mechanism(s) of activity in vivo, we have engineered RTL constructs bearing cysteine-tethered antigenic peptides and demonstrate that the appropriate cysteine-tethered RTLs effectively treat EAE. The data presented here suggests that the mechanism by which antigen-specific tolerance induction by RTLs bearing cysteine-tethered antigenic peptides in vivo involves delivery of RTL/antigen to endosomal compartments for processing and re-presentation by full-length MHC class II, with RTLs bearing cysteine-tethered antigenic peptides requiring gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol-reductase (GILT) for therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Burrows
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, 97239, USA.
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Fransson M, Piras E, Burman J, Nilsson B, Essand M, Lu B, Harris RA, Magnusson PU, Brittebo E, Loskog ASI. CAR/FoxP3-engineered T regulatory cells target the CNS and suppress EAE upon intranasal delivery. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:112. [PMID: 22647574 PMCID: PMC3403996 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). In the murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS, T regulatory (Treg) cell therapy has proved to be beneficial, but generation of stable CNS-targeting Tregs needs further development. Here, we propose gene engineering to achieve CNS-targeting Tregs from naïve CD4 cells and demonstrate their efficacy in the EAE model. METHODS CD4+ T cells were modified utilizing a lentiviral vector system to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in trans with the murine FoxP3 gene that drives Treg differentiation. The cells were evaluated in vitro for suppressive capacity and in C57BL/6 mice to treat EAE. Cells were administered by intranasal (i.n.) cell delivery. RESULTS The engineered Tregs demonstrated suppressive capacity in vitro and could efficiently access various regions in the brain via i.n cell delivery. Clinical score 3 EAE mice were treated and the engineered Tregs suppressed ongoing encephalomyelitis as demonstrated by reduced disease symptoms as well as decreased IL-12 and IFNgamma mRNAs in brain tissue. Immunohistochemical markers for myelination (MBP) and reactive astrogliosis (GFAP) confirmed recovery in mice treated with engineered Tregs compared to controls. Symptom-free mice were rechallenged with a second EAE-inducing inoculum but remained healthy, demonstrating the sustained effect of engineered Tregs. CONCLUSION CNS-targeting Tregs delivered i.n. localized to the CNS and efficiently suppressed ongoing inflammation leading to diminished disease symptoms.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Cell Engineering/methods
- Cell Line
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/administration & dosage
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/genetics
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Lentivirus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/administration & dosage
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa Fransson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Dag Hammarskjoldsv 20, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elena Piras
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Husarg 3, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joachim Burman
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala University Hospital Entr 70, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Berith Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Dag Hammarskjoldsv 20, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Dag Hammarskjoldsv 20, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - BinFeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15212, USA
| | - Robert A Harris
- Applied Immunology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital at Solna, Solna, Sweden
| | - Peetra U Magnusson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Dag Hammarskjoldsv 20, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva Brittebo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Husarg 3, SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angelica SI Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Rudbeck Laboratory C11, Dag Hammarskjoldsv 20, SE-75185, Uppsala, Sweden
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Noga MJ, Dane A, Shi S, Attali A, van Aken H, Suidgeest E, Tuinstra T, Muilwijk B, Coulier L, Luider T, Reijmers TH, Vreeken RJ, Hankemeier T. Metabolomics of cerebrospinal fluid reveals changes in the central nervous system metabolism in a rat model of multiple sclerosis. Metabolomics 2012; 8:253-263. [PMID: 22448154 PMCID: PMC3291832 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-011-0306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used animal model for Multiple Sclerosis (MScl). CSF metabolomics in an acute EAE rat model was investigated using targetted LC-MS and GC-MS. Acute EAE in Lewis rats was induced by co-injection of Myelin Basic Protein with Complete Freund's Adjuvant. CSF samples were collected at two time points: 10 days after inoculation, which was during the onset of the disease, and 14 days after inoculation, which was during the peak of the disease. The obtained metabolite profiles from the two time points of EAE development show profound differences between onset and the peak of the disease, suggesting significant changes in CNS metabolism over the course of MBP-induced neuroinflammation. Around the onset of EAE the metabolome profile shows significant decreases in arginine, alanine and branched amino acid levels, relative to controls. At the peak of the disease, significant increases in concentrations of multiple metabolites are observed, including glutamine, O-phosphoethanolamine, branched-chain amino acids and putrescine. Observed changes in metabolite levels suggest profound changes in CNS metabolism over the course of EAE. Affected pathways include nitric oxide synthesis, altered energy metabolism, polyamine synthesis and levels of endogenous antioxidants. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11306-011-0306-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek J. Noga
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adrie Dane
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Shanna Shi
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amos Attali
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V, Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Aken
- Abbott Healthcare Products B.V, Weesp, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Leon Coulier
- TNO Zeist, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Luider
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo H. Reijmers
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J. Vreeken
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Christophi GP, Gruber RC, Panos M, Christophi RL, Jubelt B, Massa PT. Interleukin-33 upregulation in peripheral leukocytes and CNS of multiple sclerosis patients. Clin Immunol 2012; 142:308-19. [PMID: 22189043 PMCID: PMC3288946 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Here we document for the first time that the cytokine IL-33 is upregulated in both the periphery and the CNS of MS patients. Plasma IL-33 was elevated in MS patients compared to normal subjects and a three-month treatment of MS patients with interferon β-1a resulted in a significant decrease of IL-33 levels. Similarly, stimulated cultured lymphocytes and macrophages from MS patients had elevated IL-33 levels compared to normal subjects. In parallel, the transcription factor NF-κB that mediates IL-33 transcription was also elevated in leukocytes of MS patients. IL-33 was elevated in normal-appearing white matter and plaque areas from MS brains and astrocytes were identified as an important source of IL-33 expression in the CNS. In summary, IL-33 levels are elevated in the periphery and CNS of MS patients, implicating IL-33 in the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P. Christophi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ross C. Gruber
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Michael Panos
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Christophi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Burk Jubelt
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Paul T. Massa
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
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22
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Su KG, Savino C, Marracci G, Chaudhary P, Yu X, Morris B, Galipeau D, Giorgio M, Forte M, Bourdette D. Genetic inactivation of the p66 isoform of ShcA is neuroprotective in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:562-71. [PMID: 22277070 PMCID: PMC3279590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07972.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple sclerosis (MS) has traditionally been considered to be an inflammatory disease, recent evidence has brought neurodegeneration into the spotlight, suggesting that accumulated damage and loss of axons is critical to disease progression and the associated irreversible disability. Proposed mechanisms of axonal degeneration in MS posit cytosolic and subsequent mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload, accumulation of pathologic reactive oxygen species (ROS), and mitochondrial dysfunction leading to cell death. In this context, the role of the p66 isoform of ShcA protein (p66) may be significant. The ShcA isoform is uniquely targeted to the mitochondrial intermembrane space in response to elevated oxidative stress, and serves as a redox enzyme amplifying ROS generation in a positive feedforward loop that eventually mediates cell death by activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Consequently, we tested the hypothesis that genetic inactivation of p66 would reduce axonal injury in a murine model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). As predicted, the p66-knockout (p66-KO) mice developed typical signs of EAE, but had less severe clinical impairment and paralysis than wild-type (WT) mice. Histologic examination of spinal cords and optic nerves showed significant axonal protection in the p66-KO tissue, despite similar levels of inflammation. Furthermore, cultured p66-KO neurons treated with agents implicated in MS neurodegenerative pathways showed greater viability than WT neurons. These results confirm the critical role of ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in the axonal loss that accompanies EAE, and identify p66 as a new pharmacologic target for MS neuroprotective therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Axons/pathology
- Axons/ultrastructure
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebral Cortex/cytology
- Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase F
- Cyclophilins/deficiency
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Freund's Adjuvant/adverse effects
- Glycoproteins/adverse effects
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Leukemic Infiltration/drug therapy
- Leukemic Infiltration/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/ultrastructure
- Optic Nerve/immunology
- Optic Nerve/metabolism
- Optic Nerve/pathology
- Optic Nerve/ultrastructure
- Peptide Fragments/adverse effects
- Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins/deficiency
- Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord/ultrastructure
- Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmy G. Su
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239
| | | | - Gail Marracci
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239
- Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Priya Chaudhary
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Xiaolin Yu
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Brooke Morris
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Danielle Galipeau
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239
| | | | - Michael Forte
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Dennis Bourdette
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239
- Portland VA Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR, 97239
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23
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Spence RD, Voskuhl RR. Neuroprotective effects of estrogens and androgens in CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration. Front Neuroendocrinol 2012; 33:105-15. [PMID: 22209870 PMCID: PMC3616506 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease characterized by inflammation and demyelination. Currently, the cause of MS is unknown. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common mouse model of MS. Treatments with the sex hormones, estrogens and androgens, are capable of offering disease protection during EAE and are currently being used in clinical trials of MS. Beyond endogenous estrogens and androgens, treatments with selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) are also capable of providing disease protection. This protection includes, but is not limited to, prevention of clinical disease, reduction of CNS inflammation, protection against demyelination, and protection against axonal loss. In EAE, current efforts are focused on using conditional cell specific knockouts of sex hormone receptors to identify the in vivo targets of these estrogens and androgens as well as downstream molecules responsible for disease protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory D Spence
- University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Neurology, UCLA Multiple Sclerosis Program, 635 Charles E Young Drive South, Neuroscience Research Building 1, Room 479, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
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24
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McCarthy DP, Richards MH, Miller SD. Mouse models of multiple sclerosis: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 900:381-401. [PMID: 22933080 PMCID: PMC3583382 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-720-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and Theiler's Murine Encephalitis Virus-Induced Demyelinating Disease (TMEV-IDD) are two clinically relevant murine models of multiple sclerosis (MS). Like MS, both are characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration into the CNS and demyelination. EAE is induced by either the administration of myelin protein or peptide in adjuvant or by the adoptive transfer of encephalitogenic T cell blasts into naïve recipients. The relative merits of each of these protocols are compared. Depending on the type of question being asked, different mouse strains and peptides are used. Different disease courses are observed with different strains and different peptides in active EAE. These variations are also addressed. Additionally, issues relevant to clinical grading of EAE in mice are discussed. In addition to EAE induction, useful references for other disease indicators such as DTH, in vitro proliferation, and immunohistochemistry are provided. TMEV-IDD is a useful model for understanding the possible viral etiology of MS. This section provides detailed information on the preparation of viral stocks and subsequent intracerebral infection of mice. Additionally, virus plaque assay and clinical disease assessment are discussed. Recently, recombinant TMEV strains have been created for the study of molecular mimicry which incorporate various 30 amino acid myelin epitopes within the leader region of TMEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick P McCarthy
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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25
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Kozela E, Lev N, Kaushansky N, Eilam R, Rimmerman N, Levy R, Ben-Nun A, Juknat A, Vogel Z. Cannabidiol inhibits pathogenic T cells, decreases spinal microglial activation and ameliorates multiple sclerosis-like disease in C57BL/6 mice. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:1507-19. [PMID: 21449980 PMCID: PMC3165959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 03/10/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabis extracts and several cannabinoids have been shown to exert broad anti-inflammatory activities in experimental models of inflammatory CNS degenerative diseases. Clinical use of many cannabinoids is limited by their psychotropic effects. However, phytocannabinoids like cannabidiol (CBD), devoid of psychoactive activity, are, potentially, safe and effective alternatives for alleviating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) in C57BL/6 mice, as a model of multiple sclerosis. Using immunocytochemistry and cell proliferation assays we evaluated the effects of CBD on microglial activation in MOG-immunized animals and on MOG-specific T-cell proliferation. KEY RESULTS Treatment with CBD during disease onset ameliorated the severity of the clinical signs of EAE. This effect of CBD was accompanied by diminished axonal damage and inflammation as well as microglial activation and T-cell recruitment in the spinal cord of MOG-injected mice. Moreover, CBD inhibited MOG-induced T-cell proliferation in vitro at both low and high concentrations of the myelin antigen. This effect was not mediated via the known cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CBD, a non-psychoactive cannabinoid, ameliorates clinical signs of EAE in mice, immunized against MOG. Suppression of microglial activity and T-cell proliferation by CBD appeared to contribute to these beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Kozela
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nirit Lev
- Neurology Department, Rabin Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Raya Eilam
- Histology Department, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Neta Rimmerman
- Neurobiology Department, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Rivka Levy
- Neurobiology Department, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Avraham Ben-Nun
- Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
| | - Ana Juknat
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zvi Vogel
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Physiology and Pharmacology Department, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
- Neurobiology Department, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
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26
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Pohl M, Fischer MT, Mader S, Schanda K, Kitic M, Sharma R, Wimmer I, Misu T, Fujihara K, Reindl M, Lassmann H, Bradl M. Pathogenic T cell responses against aquaporin 4. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 122:21-34. [PMID: 21468722 PMCID: PMC3120973 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory lesions in the central nervous system of patients with neuromyelitis optica are characterized by infiltration of T cells and deposition of aquaporin-4-specific antibodies and complement on astrocytes at the glia limitans. Although the contribution of aquaporin-4-specific autoantibodies to the disease process has been recently elucidated, a potential role of aquaporin-4-specific T cells in lesion formation is unresolved. To address this issue, we raised aquaporin-4-specific T cell lines in Lewis rats and characterized their pathogenic potential in the presence and absence of aquaporin-4-specific autoantibodies of neuromyelitis optica patients. We show that aquaporin-4-specific T cells induce brain inflammation with particular targeting of the astrocytic glia limitans and permit the entry of pathogenic anti-aquaporin-4-specific antibodies to induce NMO-like lesions in spinal cord and brain. In addition, transfer of aquaporin-4-specific T cells provoked mild (subclinical) myositis and interstitial nephritis. We further show that the expression of the conformational epitope, recognized by NMO patient-derived aquaporin-4-specific antibodies is induced in kidney cells by the pro-inflammatory cytokine gamma-interferon. Our data provide further support for the view that NMO lesions may be induced by a complex interplay of T cell mediated and humoral immune responses against aquaporin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pohl
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie-Therese Fischer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Simone Mader
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Schanda
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maja Kitic
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rakhi Sharma
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Wimmer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatsuro Misu
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics and Neurology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryomachi, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8574 Japan
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Bradl
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
Cycling glial precursors-"NG2-glia"-are abundant in the developing and mature central nervous system (CNS). During development, they generate oligodendrocytes. In culture, they can revert to a multipotent state, suggesting that they might have latent stem cell potential that could be harnessed to treat neurodegenerative disease. This hope has been subdued recently by a series of fate-mapping studies that cast NG2-glia as dedicated oligodendrocyte precursors in the healthy adult CNS-though rare, neuron production in the piriform cortex remains a possibility. Following CNS damage, the repertoire of NG2-glia expands to include Schwann cells and possibly astrocytes-but so far not neurons. This reaffirms the central role of NG2-glia in myelin repair. The realization that oligodendrocyte generation continues throughout normal adulthood has seeded the idea that myelin genesis might also be involved in neural plasticity. We review these developments, highlighting areas of current interest, contention, and speculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London (UCL), UK.
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28
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Ahrens ET, Young WB, Xu H, Pusateri LK. Rapid quantification of inflammation in tissue samples using perfluorocarbon emulsion and fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance. Biotechniques 2011; 50:229-34. [PMID: 21548906 PMCID: PMC5012185 DOI: 10.2144/000113652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantification of inflammation in tissue samples can be a time-intensive bottleneck in therapeutic discovery and preclinical endeavors. We describe a versatile and rapid approach to quantitatively assay macrophage burden in intact tissue samples. Perfluorocarbon (PFC) emulsion is injected intravenously, and the emulsion droplets are effectively taken up by monocytes and macrophages. These 'in situ' labeled cells participate in inflammatory events in vivo resulting in PFC accumulation at inflammatory loci. Necropsied tissues or intact organs are subjected to conventional fluorine-19 ((19)F) NMR spectroscopy to quantify the total fluorine content per sample, proportional to the macrophage burden. We applied these methods to a rat model of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) exhibiting extensive inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly in the spinal cord. In a cohort of EAE rats, we used (19)F NMR to derive an inflammation index (IFI) in intact CNS tissues. Immunohistochemistry was used to confirm intracellular colocalization of the PFC droplets within CNS CD68+ cells having macrophage morphology. The IFI linearly correlated to mRNA levels of CD68 via real-time PCR analysis. This (19)F NMR approach can accelerate tissue analysis by at least an order of magnitude compared with histological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Ahrens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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29
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Ji N, Rao N, Guentzel NM, Arulanandam BP, Forsthuber TG. Anaphylaxis and mortality induced by treatment of mice with anti-VLA-4 antibody and pertussis toxin. J Immunol 2011; 186:2750-6. [PMID: 21270409 PMCID: PMC4064569 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ab-mediated blockade of the adhesion molecule VLA-4 has been shown to ameliorate disease in human multiple sclerosis patients and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal models. We wanted to determine whether anti-VLA-4 Ab treatment affected the function and persistence of autoreactive T cells in mice with EAE. Unexpectedly, we observed a high level of mortality in anti-VLA-4 mAb (PS/2)-treated mice with actively induced EAE despite decreased disease severity. Investigation of the underlying mechanism showed that injection of PS/2 mAb in combination with pertussis toxin resulted in anaphylaxis and mortality. Furthermore, the data showed that CD4(+) T cells were required for this effect and suggested a role for IL-1β and TNF-α in the underlying pathology. The results reveal a previously not appreciated deleterious effect of anti-VLA-4 Ab treatment in combination with exposure to pertussis toxin.
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MESH Headings
- Anaphylaxis/genetics
- Anaphylaxis/immunology
- Anaphylaxis/mortality
- Animals
- Antibodies, Blocking/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Drug Combinations
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/mortality
- Female
- Integrin alpha4beta1/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/administration & dosage
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Pertussis Toxin/administration & dosage
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/deficiency
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Niannian Ji
- Dept. Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249
| | - Nagarjun Rao
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
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30
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Chastain EML, Duncan DS, Rodgers JM, Miller SD. The role of antigen presenting cells in multiple sclerosis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1812:265-74. [PMID: 20637861 PMCID: PMC2970677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating T cell mediated autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Animal models of MS, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) have given light to cellular mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression of this organ-specific autoimmune disease. Within the CNS, antigen presenting cells (APC) such as microglia and astrocytes participate as first line defenders against infections or inflammation. However, during chronic inflammation they can participate in perpetuating the self-destructive environment by secretion of inflammatory factors and/or presentation of myelin epitopes to autoreactive T cells. Dendritic cells (DC) are also participants in the presentation of antigen to T cells, even within the CNS. While the APCs alone are not solely responsible for mediating the destruction to the myelin sheath, they are critical players in perpetuating the inflammatory milieu. This review will highlight relevant studies which have provided insight to the roles played by microglia, DCs and astrocytes in the context of CNS autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M L Chastain
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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31
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Guyton MK, Das A, Samantaray S, Wallace GC, Butler JT, Ray SK, Banik NL. Calpeptin attenuated inflammation, cell death, and axonal damage in animal model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2398-408. [PMID: 20623621 PMCID: PMC3164817 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model for studying multiple sclerosis (MS). Calpain has been implicated in many inflammatory and neurodegenerative events that lead to disability in EAE and MS. Thus, treating EAE animals with calpain inhibitors may block these events and ameliorate disability. To test this hypothesis, acute EAE Lewis rats were treated dose dependently with the calpain inhibitor calpeptin (50-250 microg/kg). Calpain activity, gliosis, loss of myelin, and axonal damage were attenuated by calpeptin therapy, leading to improved clinical scores. Neuronal and oligodendrocyte death were also decreased, with down-regulation of proapoptotic proteins, suggesting that decreases in cell death were due to decreases in the expression or activity of proapoptotic proteins. These results indicate that calpain inhibition may offer a novel therapeutic avenue for treating EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kelly Guyton
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Arabinda Das
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Supriti Samantaray
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Gerald C. Wallace
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Jonathan T. Butler
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Naren L. Banik
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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El-behi M, Rostami A, Ciric B. Current views on the roles of Th1 and Th17 cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:189-97. [PMID: 20107924 PMCID: PMC2866798 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9188-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are autoimmune demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Interferon-gamma-producing Th1 and interleukin-17-producing Th17 CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells mediate disease pathogenesis in EAE and likely in MS as well. However, the relative contribution of each Th subset to autoimmune processes in the CNS remains unclear. Emerging data suggest that both Th1 and Th17 cells contribute to CNS autoimmunity, albeit through different mechanisms. A better understanding of the roles that Th1 and Th17 cells play in autoimmune inflammation will be helpful in developing new therapeutic approaches. In this review, we discuss recent findings on the roles of Th1 and Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-behi
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Ste. 300 JHN, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Ste. 300 JHN, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Ste. 300 JHN, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Sinha S, Subramanian S, Emerson-Webber A, Lindner M, Burrows GG, Grafe M, Linington C, Vandenbark AA, Bernard CCA, Offner H. Recombinant TCR ligand reverses clinical signs and CNS damage of EAE induced by recombinant human MOG. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2010; 5:231-9. [PMID: 19789980 PMCID: PMC2866769 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-009-9175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that in addition to T cell-dependent effector mechanisms, autoantibodies are also involved in the pathogenesis of MS, including demyelinating antibodies specific for myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Our previous studies have demonstrated that recombinant T cell receptor ligands (RTLs) are very effective for treating T cell-mediated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In order to expand the scope of RTL therapy in MS patients, it was of interest to study RTL treatment of EAE involving a demyelinating antibody component. Therefore, we evaluated the therapeutic effects of RTL551, specific for T cells reactive to mouse (m)MOG-35-55 peptide, on EAE induced with recombinant human (rh)MOG in C57BL/6 mice. We report that RTL551 therapy can reverse disease progression and reduce demyelination and axonal damage induced by rhMOG without suppressing the anti-MOG antibody response. This result suggests that T cell-mediated inflammation and associated blood-brain barrier dysfunction are the central contributors to EAE pathogenesis and that successful regulation of these key players restricts potential damage by demyelinating antibodies. The results of our study lend support for the use of RTL therapy for treatment of MS subjects whose disease includes inflammatory T cells as well as those with an additional antibody component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Sinha
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Sandhya Subramanian
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Ashley Emerson-Webber
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Group, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Maren Lindner
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 9PP, UK
| | - Gregory G. Burrows
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Tykeson Multiple Sclerosis Research Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Marjorie Grafe
- Department of Pathology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | | | - Arthur A. Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Tykeson Multiple Sclerosis Research Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Claude C. A. Bernard
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Group, Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Tykeson Multiple Sclerosis Research Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
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Ziehn MO, Avedisian AA, Tiwari-Woodruff S, Voskuhl RR. Hippocampal CA1 atrophy and synaptic loss during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, EAE. J Transl Med 2010; 90:774-86. [PMID: 20157291 PMCID: PMC3033772 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Over half of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients experience cognitive deficits, including learning and memory dysfunction, and the mechanisms underlying these deficits remain poorly understood. Neuronal injury and synaptic loss have been shown to occur within the hippocampus in other neurodegenerative disease models, and these pathologies have been correlated with cognitive impairment. Whether hippocampal abnormalities occur in MS models is unknown. Using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we evaluated hippocampal neurodegeneration and inflammation during disease. Hippocampal pathology began early in EAE disease course, and included decreases in CA1 pyramidal layer volume, loss of inhibitory interneurons and increased cell death of neurons and glia. It is interesting to note that these effects occurred in the presence of chronic microglial activation, with a relative paucity of infiltrating blood-borne immune cells. Widespread diffuse demyelination occurred in the hippocampus, but there was no significant decrease in axonal density. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in pre-synaptic puncta and synaptic protein expression within the hippocampus, as well as impaired performance on a hippocampal-dependent spatial learning task. Our results demonstrate that neurodegenerative changes occur in the hippocampus during autoimmune-mediated demyelinating disease. This work establishes a preclinical model for assessing treatments targeted toward preventing hippocampal neuropathology and dysfunction in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina O Ziehn
- Interdepartmental Program of Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Multiple Sclerosis Program, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrea A Avedisian
- Multiple Sclerosis Program, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Seema Tiwari-Woodruff
- Multiple Sclerosis Program, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rhonda R Voskuhl
- Multiple Sclerosis Program, Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
Nitrosative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several CNS disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We have recently shown that protein nitrosothiols (PrSNOs) accumulate in the brain of MS patients, and there is indirect evidence that PrSNO levels are also increased in EAE. In this study we sought to identify the major PrSNOs in the spinal cord of EAE animals prepared by active immunization of C57/BL6 mice with MOG(35-55) peptide. For this purpose, PrSNOs from control and EAE mice at various disease stages were derivatized with HPDP-biotin, and the biotinylated proteins were isolated with streptavidin-agarose. Proteins from total and streptavidin-bound fractions were then analyzed by Western blotting using antibodies against the major S-nitrosylated substrates of CNS tissue. With this approach we found that the proportion of S-nitrosylated neurofilament proteins, NMDA receptors, alpha/beta-tubulin, beta-actin, and GAPDH is increased in EAE. Other potential substrates either were not S-nitrosylated in vivo (HCN3, HSP-72, CRMP-2, gamma-actin, calbindin) or their S-nitrosylation levels were unaltered in EAE (Na/K ATPase, hexokinase, glycogen phosphorylase). We also discovered that neuronal specific enolase is the major S-nitrosylated protein in acute EAE. Given that S-nitrosylation affects protein function, it is likely that the observed changes are significant to the pathophysiology of inflammatory demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Bizzozero
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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Abstract
Regulatory changes in cytokine permeation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) may have crucial roles in central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disease. Accordingly, we examined the interactions of interleukin (IL)-15 with the cerebral vasculature after induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In contrast to the influx of (125)I-IL15 from blood to the CNS in normal mice and the persistence of IL15 influx in the spinal cord of EAE mice, influx was reduced in the EAE brain. Analyses of disappearance kinetics, FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate)-albumin space, and delivery of IL15 by in situ perfusion, all indicate that the changes were not caused by BBB disruption but by the rapid availability (high volume of distribution) of IL15 and albumin. Although there was no significant change in the BBB permeation of IL15 in either direction in EAE mice, there was an upregulation of its specific receptor, IL15Ralpha, and an increased in situ production of IL15 mRNA that showed regional variation in both basal and EAE states. Overall, for IL15, its increased cerebral vascular space in the brain was equally as important as its persistent influx across the blood-spinal cord barrier, indicating that it is fully capable of activating the upregulated IL15Ralpha in the brain along with the intrinsic CNS source of IL15 in EAE mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Hsuchou
- Blood-Brain Barrier Group, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, USA
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Abstract
Shotgun proteomics involves the analysis of peptides obtained by enzymatic digestions of proteins and subsequent identification via tandem mass spectrometry. This approach is an effective method for studying global protein expression in neuronal systems. The method described here is a quantitative shotgun neuroproteomics method using amine-specific isobaric tags for a relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based workflow. We will provide the technical details for sample preparation, two-dimensional liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry, database search, and statistical analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins. We will use a recent study on a rat model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis to illustrate the successful application of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hong Li
- Address correspondence to:Hong Li, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-NJMS, 185 S. Orange Ave. MSB E-609, Newark, NJ 07103. Tel: 973-972-8396, Fax: 973-972-5594,
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Handel TM, Johnson Z, Rodrigues DH, Dos Santos AC, Cirillo R, Muzio V, Riva S, Mack M, Déruaz M, Borlat F, Vitte PA, Wells TNC, Teixeira MM, Proudfoot AEI. An engineered monomer of CCL2 has anti-inflammatory properties emphasizing the importance of oligomerization for chemokine activity in vivo. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:1101-8. [PMID: 18662971 PMCID: PMC2538597 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0108061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrated recently that P8A-CCL2, a monomeric variant of the chemokine CCL2/MCP-1, is unable to induce cellular recruitment in vivo, despite full activity in vitro. Here, we show that this variant is able to inhibit CCL2 and thioglycollate-mediated recruitment of leukocytes into the peritoneal cavity and recruitment of cells into lungs of OVA-sensitized mice. This anti-inflammatory activity translated into a reduction of clinical score in the more complex inflammatory model of murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Several hypotheses for the mechanism of action of P8A-CCL2 were tested. Plasma exposure following s.c. injection is similar for P8A-CCL2 and wild-type (WT) CCL2, ruling out the hypothesis that P8A-CCL2 disrupts the chemokine gradient through systemic exposure. P8A-CCL2 and WT induce CCR2 internalization in vitro and in vivo; CCR2 then recycles to the cell surface, but the cells remain refractory to chemotaxis in vitro for several hours. Although the response to P8A-CCL2 is similar to WT, this finding is novel and suggests that despite the presence of the receptor on the cell surface, coupling to the signaling machinery is retarded. In contrast to CCL2, P8A-CCL2 does not oligomerize on glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). However, it retains the ability to bind GAGs and displaces endogenous JE (murine MCP-1) from endothelial surfaces. Intravital microscopy studies indicate that P8A-CCL2 prevents leukocyte adhesion, while CCL2 has no effect, and this phenomenon may be related to the mechanism. These results suggest that oligomerization-deficient chemokines can exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in vivo and may represent new therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy M Handel
- Merck Serono Geneva Research Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
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39
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Perchellet A, Brabb T, Goverman JM. Crosspresentation by nonhematopoietic and direct presentation by hematopoietic cells induce central tolerance to myelin basic protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:14040-5. [PMID: 18772374 PMCID: PMC2544575 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0804970105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Central tolerance plays a critical role in eliminating self-reactive T cells specific for peripheral antigens. Here we show that central tolerance of MHC class I-restricted T cells specific for classic myelin basic protein (MBP), a component of the myelin sheath, is mediated by both bone marrow (BM)-derived and nonBM-derived cells. Unexpectedly, BM-derived cells induce tolerance directly by using classic MBP that they synthesize, whereas nonBM-derived cells mediate tolerance by crosspresenting classic MBP acquired from an exogenous source. Thus, tolerance to tissue-specific antigens can involve multiple cell types and mechanisms in the thymus, which may account for the limited spectrum of autoimmune syndromes observed when expression of tissue-specific antigens is impaired only in thymic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thea Brabb
- Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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40
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Jones RE, Moes N, Zwickey H, Cunningham CL, Gregory WL, Oken B. Treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with alpha lipoic acid and associative conditioning. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:538-43. [PMID: 18162366 PMCID: PMC2435499 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 10/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have initiated studies to evaluate the suitability of performing therapeutic conditioning trials in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice treated with alpha lipoic acid (ALA). EAE was induced in SJL mice by active immunization with myelin antigen. Once daily subcutaneous injection of ALA served as the unconditional stimulus (US) administered with the conditional stimulus (CS) saccharin-flavored drinking water under a regimen of restricted water access. In the first study, we found that water restriction and saccharin administration were compatible with disease development and effective ALA treatment of EAE mice. In the second study, mice were conditioned to once daily administration of ALA paired with administration of saccharin-flavored water (US+CS) on days 7-16. Test trials spanned experimental days 17-32 in groups receiving either saccharin-flavored water (CS, in the experimental group) versus unflavored water (CSo, in the control group) and compared several measures of EAE severity using multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA). Reduced disease severity in the experimental group (US+CS:CS) compared to the control group (US+CS:CSo) suggested that conditioning had occurred. These results demonstrate an approach for conducting therapeutic conditioning trials in EAE mice and suggest considerations for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Jones
- VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Nicole Moes
- VA Medical Center, Portland, OR, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Heather Zwickey
- Helfgott Research Institute, National College of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR
| | - Christopher L. Cunningham
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Portland Alcohol Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - William L. Gregory
- Helfgott Research Institute, National College of Natural Medicine, Portland, OR
| | - Barry Oken
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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Frausto RF, Crocker SJ, Eam B, Whitmire JK, Whitton JL. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide-induced experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and T cell responses are unaffected by immunoproteasome deficiency. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 192:124-33. [PMID: 17964666 PMCID: PMC2175388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The inoculation of MOG peptides into C57BL/6 mice induces CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and recent work has shown that adoptive transfer of the latter population, after extensive in vitro stimulation, can cause EAE in naïve recipient mice. Herein, we have evaluated the incidence and severity of EAE, and the induction of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, following MOG peptide inoculation of wt mice and of LMP-2KO mice that lack an intact immunoproteasome, a cytoplasmic organelle that is induced by chronic inflammation and that may be important for the presentation of MHC class I epitopes to CD8(+) T cells. We report that EAE, evaluated by both clinical and histological criteria, is similar in LMP-2KO mice and wildtype C57B/6 mice (wt) in response to immunization with MOG peptides MOG(35-55) and MOG(40-54), suggesting that the immunoproteasome does not play a key role in the development of demyelinating disease. Furthermore, and consistent with previous reports, peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells were barely detectable in the CNS of peptide-immunized mice, although peptide-specific CD4(+) T cells were abundant. Therefore, we used a new technique to look for autoreactive CD8(+) T cells in MOG peptide-immunized mice, and we report the identification of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells that, as late as 19 days after peptide injection, are actively producing IFNgamma in vivo, in response to in vivo antigen contact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - J L. Whitton
- *Corresponding author Molecular and Integrative Neurosciences Dept., SP30-2110, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, Tel: 858-784-7090, FAX: 858-784-7380,
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42
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Abstract
Regulatory T (T(reg)) cells show promise for treating autoimmune diseases, but their induction to elevated potency has been problematic when the most optimally derived cells are from diseased animals. To circumvent reliance on auto-antigen reactive T(reg) cells, stimulation to vaccine antigens (Ags) may offer a viable alternative while maintaining potency to protect against proinflammatory diseases. Our Salmonella vaccine expressing colonization factor Ag I (CFA/I) possesses anti-inflammatory properties, evident by elevated Th2 cell responses, reduced inflammatory cell infiltrates in the Peyer's patches, and an absence of proinflammatory cytokine production by infected macrophages. Given these findings, we hypothesized whether this vaccine would be protective against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). As such, Salmonella-CFA/I protected in both prophylactic and therapeutic paradigms against proteolipid protein (PLP(139-151))-mediated EAE in SJL mice. The protected mice showed significantly reduced clinical disease and subsequent resolution when compared to PBS-treated controls. Histopathological studies showed reduced demyelination and no inflammation of spinal cords when compared to PBS- or Salmonella vector-treated mice. To ascertain whether the observed immune deviation was in part supported by T(reg) cells, analysis revealed involvement of FoxP3(+) CD25(+) CD4(+) T cells. Adoptive transfer of induced TGF-beta (+) T(reg) cells from vaccinated mice showed complete protection against PLP(139-151) challenge, but not by naive T(reg) cells. Partial protection to EAE was also achieved by the adoptive transfer of CD25(-) CD4(+) T cells, suggesting that Th2 cells also contributed. Thus, these data show that T(reg) cells are induced by oral vaccination with Salmonella-CFA/I contributing to the efficacious treatment of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Pascual
- Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717-3610, USA.
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43
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Adams JE, Webb MS, Hu J, Staunton D, Barnum SR. Disruption of the beta2-integrin CD11d (alphaDbeta2) gene fails to protect against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 184:180-7. [PMID: 17254640 PMCID: PMC2747331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The fourth member of the beta(2)-integrin family of adhesion molecules, CD11d (alpha(D)beta(2)), is expressed on a wide variety of immune cells, however its function in autoimmune diseases, including EAE remains unknown. We induced EAE in wild-type and CD11d(-/-) C57BL/6 mice using myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG(35-55)) peptide. The clinical course and histopathology of EAE were identical in both groups of mice throughout the disease course. There were no significant differences in the infiltration of leukocyte subsets into the central nervous system or in the production of cytokines from T cells isolated from the spleen or spinal cord from both groups of mice. Our data demonstrate that CD11d is not required for the development of EAE and, to date, is the only beta(2)-integrin molecule whose deletion does not result in attenuated disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD18 Antigens/genetics
- CD18 Antigens/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spleen/pathology
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian E. Adams
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19 St. S., BBRB/842, Birmingham, AL, 35294 USA
| | - Matthew S. Webb
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19 St. S., BBRB/842, Birmingham, AL, 35294 USA
| | - Jane Hu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19 St. S., BBRB/842, Birmingham, AL, 35294 USA
| | - Don Staunton
- ICOS Pharmaceuticals, 22021 20 Ave. SE Bothell, WA, 98021 USA
| | - Scott R. Barnum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19 St. S., BBRB/842, Birmingham, AL, 35294 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 845 19 St. S., BBRB/842, Birmingham, AL, 35294 USA
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44
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Abstract
Human autoimmune disease involves local activation of antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells that produce inflammatory Th1 cytokines leading to the further recruitment and activation of lymphocytes and monocytes, resulting ultimately in the destruction of target tissue. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) initiate activation of CD4(+) T cells in a multistep process that minimally involves co-ligation of the TCR and CD4 by the MHC class II/peptide complex and costimulation through additional T cell surface molecules such as CD28. Disruption of this highly orchestrated series of events can result in the direct modulation of CD4(+) T cell behavior. The interaction between MHC and TCR holds unique promise as a focal point for therapeutic intervention in the pathology of CD4(+) T cell-mediated diseases, and MHC class II-derived Recombinant TCR Ligands ("RTLs") have emerged as a new class of therapeutics with potent clinical efficacy in a diverse set of animal models for multiple sclerosis. Here I review the systemic effect that RTL therapy has on the intact immune system and present an overview of a molecular mechanism by which RTL therapy could induce these systemic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory G Burrows
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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45
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Zinser E, Lechmann M, Golka A, Lutz MB, Steinkasserer A. Prevention and treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by soluble CD83. J Exp Med 2004; 200:345-51. [PMID: 15289503 PMCID: PMC2211980 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20030973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2003] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD83 is up-regulated on the surface of dendritic cells (DCs) during maturation and has been widely used as a marker for mature DCs. Recently, we reported the recombinant expression of the extracellular immunoglobulin domain of human CD83 (hCD83ext). Using this soluble form of CD83, allogeneic as well as specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte proliferation could be blocked in vitro. Here we report the functional analysis of soluble CD83 in vivo, using murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model. Strikingly, only three injections of soluble CD83 prevented the paralysis associated with EAE almost completely. In addition, even when the EAE was induced a second time, CD83-treated mice were protected, indicating a long-lasting suppressive effect. Furthermore, soluble CD83 strongly reduced the paralysis in different therapeutic settings. Most important, even when the treatment was delayed until the disease symptoms were fully established, soluble CD83 clearly reduced the paralyses. In addition, also when EAE was induced a second time, soluble CD83-treated animals showed reduced disease symptoms. Finally, hCD83ext treatment almost completely reduced leukocyte infiltration in the brain and in the spinal cord. In summary, this work strongly supports an immunosuppressive role of soluble CD83, thereby indicating its therapeutic potential in the regulation of immune disorders in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Zinser
- Department of Dermatology, Hartmannstasse 14, University Hospital Erlangen, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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Salama AD, Chitnis T, Imitola J, Ansari MJI, Akiba H, Tushima F, Azuma M, Yagita H, Sayegh MH, Khoury SJ. Critical role of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) pathway in regulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Exp Med 2003; 198:71-8. [PMID: 12847138 PMCID: PMC2196082 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20022119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is mediated by autoantigen-specific T cells dependent on critical costimulatory signals for their full activation and regulation. We report that the programmed death-1 (PD-1) costimulatory pathway plays a critical role in regulating peripheral tolerance in murine EAE and appears to be a major contributor to the resistance of disease induction in CD28-deficient mice. After immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) there was a progressive increase in expression of PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 but not PD-L2 within the central nervous system (CNS) of mice with EAE, peaking after 3 wk. In both wild-type (WT) and CD28-deficient mice, PD-1 blockade resulted in accelerated and more severe disease with increased CNS lymphocyte infiltration. Worsening of disease after PD-1 blockade was associated with a heightened autoimmune response to MOG, manifested by increased frequency of interferon gamma-producing T cells, increased delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, and higher serum levels of anti-MOG antibody. In vivo blockade of PD-1 resulted in increased antigen-specific T cell expansion, activation, and cytokine production. Interestingly, PD-L2 but not PD-L1 blockade in WT animals also resulted in disease augmentation. Our data are the first demonstration that the PD-1 pathway plays a critical role in regulating EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Salama
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplantation, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Aktas O, Waiczies S, Smorodchenko A, Dorr J, Seeger B, Prozorovski T, Sallach S, Endres M, Brocke S, Nitsch R, Zipp F. Treatment of relapsing paralysis in experimental encephalomyelitis by targeting Th1 cells through atorvastatin. J Exp Med 2003; 197:725-33. [PMID: 12629065 PMCID: PMC2193848 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins, known as inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, exhibit numerous functions related to inflammation, such as MHC class II down-regulation, interference with T cell adhesion, and induction of apoptosis. Here we demonstrate that both subcutaneous and oral administration of atorvastatin inhibit the development of actively induced chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in SJL/J mice and significantly reduce the inflammatory infiltration into the central nervous system (CNS). When treatment was started after disease onset, atorvastatin reduced the incidence of relapses and protected from the development of further disability. Both the reduced autoreactive T cell response measured by proliferation toward the encephalitogenic peptide PLP139-151 and the cytokine profile indicate a potent blockade of T helper cell type 1 immune response. In in vitro assays atorvastatin not only inhibited antigen-specific responses, but also decreased T cell proliferation mediated by direct TCR engagement independently of MHC class II and LFA-1. Inhibition of proliferation was not due to apoptosis induction, but linked to a negative regulation on cell cycle progression. However, early T cell activation was unaffected, as reflected by unaltered calcium fluxes. Thus, our results provide evidence for a beneficial role of statins in the treatment of autoimmune attack on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Aktas
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center, NWFZ 2680, Charité, 10098 Berlin, Germany.
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Ye Q, Press B, Kissler S, Yang XF, Lu L, Bassing CH, Sleckman BP, Jansson M, Panoutsakopoulou V, Trimble LA, Alt FW, Cantor H. T cell costimulation through CD28 depends on induction of the Bcl-xgamma isoform: analysis of Bcl-xgamma-deficient mice. J Exp Med 2002; 196:87-95. [PMID: 12093873 PMCID: PMC2194014 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20012084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis of CD28-dependent costimulation of T cells is poorly understood. Bcl-xgamma is a member of the Bcl-x family whose expression is restricted to activated T cells and requires CD28-dependent ligation for full expression. We report that Bcl-xgamma-deficient (Bcl-xgamma-/-) T cells display defective proliferative and cytokine responses to CD28-dependent costimulatory signals, impaired memory responses to proteolipid protein peptide (PLP), and do not develop PLP-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In contrast, enforced expression of Bcl-xgamma largely replaces the requirement for B7-dependent ligation of CD28. These findings identify the Bcl-xgamma cytosolic protein as an essential downstream link in the CD28-dependent signaling pathway that underlies T cell costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunrui Ye
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Walters CE, Pryce G, Hankey DJR, Sebti SM, Hamilton AD, Baker D, Greenwood J, Adamson P. Inhibition of Rho GTPases with protein prenyltransferase inhibitors prevents leukocyte recruitment to the central nervous system and attenuates clinical signs of disease in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 2002; 168:4087-4094. [PMID: 11937568 PMCID: PMC3836400 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.8.4087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ICAM-1-mediated brain endothelial cell (EC)-signaling pathway induced by adherent lymphocytes is a central element in facilitating lymphocyte migration through the tight endothelial barrier of the brain. Rho proteins, which must undergo posttranslational prenylation to be functionally active, have been shown to be an essential component of this signaling cascade. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of inhibiting protein prenylation in brain ECs on their ability to support T lymphocyte migration. ECs treated in vitro with protein prenylation inhibitors resulted in a significant reduction in transendothelial T lymphocyte migration. To determine the therapeutic potential of this approach, an animal model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, was induced in Biozzi ABH mice. Animals treated before disease onset with protein prenylation inhibitors exhibited a dramatic and significant reduction in both leukocyte infiltration into the CNS and clinical presentation of disease compared with untreated animals. These studies demonstrate, for the first time, the potential for pharmacologically targeting CNS EC signaling responses, and particularly endothelial Rho proteins, as a means of attenuating leukocyte recruitment to the CNS.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Benzamides/pharmacology
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/enzymology
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/enzymology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Dimethylallyltranstransferase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Combinations
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/enzymology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Guinea Pigs
- Leukocytes/cytology
- Leukocytes/drug effects
- Leukocytes/enzymology
- Leukocytes/immunology
- Methionine/analogs & derivatives
- Methionine/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Multiple Sclerosis/enzymology
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/prevention & control
- Myelin Basic Protein/toxicity
- Protein Prenylation/drug effects
- Protein Prenylation/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Walters
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL
| | - Gareth Pryce
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street London WC1N 1PJ
| | - Deborah J. R. Hankey
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street London WC1N 1PJ
| | - Said M. Sebti
- Drug Discovery Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Departments of Oncology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, 12002 Magnolia Drive, Tampa, Florida 33612-9497 USA
| | | | - David Baker
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 1 Wakefield Street London WC1N 1PJ
| | - John Greenwood
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL
| | - Peter Adamson
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL
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Menges M, Rössner S, Voigtländer C, Schindler H, Kukutsch NA, Bogdan C, Erb K, Schuler G, Lutz MB. Repetitive injections of dendritic cells matured with tumor necrosis factor alpha induce antigen-specific protection of mice from autoimmunity. J Exp Med 2002; 195:15-21. [PMID: 11781361 PMCID: PMC2196016 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20011341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to induce T cell immunity, whereas immature DCs induce T cell tolerance. Here we describe that injections of DCs matured with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (TNF/DCs) induce antigen-specific protection from experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. Maturation by TNF-alpha induced high levels of major histocompatibility complex class II and costimulatory molecules on DCs, but they remained weak producers of proinflammatory cytokines. One injection of such TNF/DCs pulsed with auto-antigenic peptide ameliorated the disease score of EAE. This could not be observed with immature DCs or DCs matured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus anti-CD40. Three consecutive injections of peptide-pulsed TNF/DCs derived from wild-type led to the induction of peptide-specific predominantly interleukin (IL)-10-producing CD4(+) T cells and complete protection from EAE. Blocking of IL-10 in vivo could only partially restore the susceptibility to EAE, suggesting an important but not exclusive role of IL-10 for EAE prevention. Notably, the protection was peptide specific, as TNF/DCs pulsed with unrelated peptide could not prevent EAE. In conclusion, this study describes that stimulation by TNF-alpha results in incompletely matured DCs (semi-mature DCs) which induce peptide-specific IL-10-producing T cells in vivo and prevent EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauritius Menges
- Department of Dermatology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen 91052, Germany
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