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Plas X, Bruinsma B, van Lissa CJ, Vermetten E, van Lutterveld R, Geuze E. Long-term trajectories of depressive symptoms in deployed military personnel: A 10-year prospective study. J Affect Disord 2024; 354:702-711. [PMID: 38537760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military missions, especially those involving combat exposure, are associated with an increased risk of depression. Understanding the long-term course of depressive symptoms post-deployment is important to improve decision-making regarding deployment and mental health policies in the military. This study investigates trajectories of depressive symptoms in the Dutch army, exploring the influence of factors such as demographics, early-life trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and deployment stressors. METHODS A cohort of 1032 military men and women deployed to Afghanistan (2005-2008) was studied from pre- to 10 years post-deployment. Depressive and PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Symptom CheckList-90 and the Self-Rating Inventory for PTSD. Demographics, early trauma, and deployment experiences were collected at baseline and after deployment, respectively. Latent Class Growth Analysis was used to explore heterogeneity in trajectories of depressive symptoms over time. RESULTS Four trajectories were found: resilient (65%), intermediate-stable (20%), symptomatic-chronic (9%), and late-onset-increasing (6%). The resilient group experienced fewer deployment stressors, while the symptomatic-chronic group reported more early life traumas. Trajectories with elevated depressive symptoms consistently demonstrated higher PTSD symptoms. LIMITATIONS Potential nonresponse bias and missing information due to the longitudinal design and extensive follow-up times. CONCLUSIONS This study identified multiple trajectories of depressive symptoms in military personnel up to 10 years post-deployment, associated with early trauma, deployment stressors, adverse life events and PTSD symptoms. The prevalence of the resilient trajectory suggests a substantial level of resilience among deployed military personnel. These findings provide valuable insights and a foundation for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xandra Plas
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht Brain Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Bastiaan Bruinsma
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht Brain Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Caspar J van Lissa
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Eric Vermetten
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Remko van Lutterveld
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht Brain Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elbert Geuze
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Utrecht Brain Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Brain Research and Innovation Centre, Ministry of Defence, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Hoffman JR, Hoffman MW, Zelicha H, Gepner Y, Willoughby DS, Feinstein U, Ostfeld I. The Effect of 2 Weeks of Inactivated Probiotic Bacillus coagulans on Endocrine, Inflammatory, and Performance Responses During Self-Defense Training in Soldiers. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2330-2337. [PMID: 31306390 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hoffman, JR, Hoffman, MW, Zelicha, H, Gepner, Y, Willoughby, DS, Feinstein, U, and Ostfeld, I. The Effect of 2-Weeks of Inactivated Probiotic Bacillus coagulans on Endocrine, Inflammatory and Performance Responses During Self-Defense Training in Soldiers. J Strength Cond Res 33(9): 2330-2337, 2019-The effect of 2 weeks of inactivated Bacillus coagulans (iBC) ingestion on performance and inflammatory cytokines was examined during a self-defense course in soldiers. Sixteen male soldiers were randomly assigned to either iBC (n = 8) or placebo (PL; n = 8) in this double-blind study. Participants were garrisoned on base and participated in the same training tasks. Assessments were conducted in a single day before (PRE) and after the supplementation period (POST). During each testing session, participants were assessed for vertical jump power (VJP), muscle endurance, simulated casualty drag, and 2 100-m shuttle runs. Resting blood measures for testosterone, cortisol, creatine kinase, and inflammatory cytokines were also assessed. Mann-Whitney analysis of change (Δ) scores indicated no significant change (p's > 0.05) in any of the performance or blood variables. However, a trend (p = 0.089) was noted in the Δ score for VJP in iBC compared with PL. In addition, trends were observed in the change in IL-10 (p = 0.057) and IFNγ (p = 0.057). Magnitude based inferential analysis indicated that changes in VJP and simulated casualty drag were likely beneficial (90.7 and 80.4% likelihood effect, respectively) for iBC. In addition, iBC supplementation very likely augmented IL-10 concentrations, but was possibly negative for changes in IL-6, and likely negative for changes in TNFα and IFNγ. Changes in all other performance and blood markers were unclear. Results indicated that 2 weeks of iBC supplementation appeared to be beneficial for maintaining power and short-term speed performance, while attenuating the inflammatory response during intense training in a military self-defense course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R Hoffman
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Hila Zelicha
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Yftach Gepner
- School of Public Health, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- Exercise and Biochemical Nutritional Lab, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX
| | - Uri Feinstein
- Israel Defense Force, Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ishay Ostfeld
- Israel Defense Force, Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Gepner Y, Hoffman JR, Hoffman MW, Zelicha H, Cohen H, Ostfeld I. Association between circulating inflammatory markers and marksmanship following intense military training. J ROY ARMY MED CORPS 2018; 165:391-394. [DOI: 10.1136/jramc-2018-001084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
IntroductionIntense military operations during deployment or training are associated with elevations in inflammatory cytokine markers. However, the influence of an inflammatory response on military-specific skills is unclear. This study examined the association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial fibrillar acidic protein, markers of inflammation, marksmanship and cognitive function following a week of intense military field training.MethodsTwenty male soldiers (20.1±0.6 years; 1.78±0.05m; 74.1±7.9kg) from the same elite combat unit of the Israel Defense Forces volunteered to participate in this study. Soldiers completed a five-day period of intense field training including navigation of 27.8km/day with load carriages of ~50% of their body mass. Soldiers slept approximately fivehours per day and were provided with military field rations. Following the final navigational exercise, soldiers returned to their base and provided a blood sample. In addition, cognitive function assessment and both dynamic and static shooting (15 shots each) were performed following a 200 m gauntlet, in which soldiers had to use hand-to-hand combat skills to reach the shooting range.ResultsResults revealed that tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations were inversely correlated with dynamic shooting (r=−0.646, p=0.005). In addition, a trend (r=0.415, p=0.098) was noted between TNF-α concentrations and target engagement speed (ie, time to complete the shooting protocol). BDNF concentrations were significantly correlated with the Serial Sevens Test performance (r=0.672, p=0.012).ConclusionThe results of this investigation indicate that elevated TNF-α concentrations and lower BDNF concentrations in soldiers following intense military training were associated with decreases in marksmanship and cognitive function, respectively.
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Gepner Y, Hoffman JR, Shemesh E, Stout JR, Church DD, Varanoske AN, Zelicha H, Shelef I, Chen Y, Frankel H, Ostfeld I. Combined effect of Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 and HMB supplementation on muscle integrity and cytokine response during intense military training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:11-18. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01116.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the coadministration of the probiotic Bacillus coagulans GBI-30, 6086 (BC30) with β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) calcium (CaHMB) to CaHMB alone on inflammatory response and muscle integrity during 40 days of intense military training. Soldiers were randomly assigned to one of two groups: CaHMB with BC30 (CaHMBBC30; n = 9) or CaHMB with placebo (CaHMBPL, n = 9). A third group of participants served as a control (CTL; n = 8). During the first 28 days soldiers were garrisoned on base and participated in the same training tasks. During the final 2 wk soldiers navigated 25–30 km per night in difficult terrain carrying ~35 kg of equipment. All assessments (blood draws and diffusion tensor imaging to assess muscle integrity) were conducted before and ~12 h after final supplement consumption. Analysis of covariance was used to analyze all blood and muscle measures. Significant attenuations were noted in IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, CX3CL1, and TNF-α for both CaHMBBC30 and CaHMBPL compared with CTL. Plasma IL-10 concentrations were significantly attenuated for CaHMBBC30 compared with CTL only. A significant decrease in apparent diffusion coefficients was also observed for CaHMBBC30 compared with CaHMBPL. Results provide further evidence that HMB supplementation may attenuate the inflammatory response to intense training and that the combination of the probiotic BC30 with CaHMB may be more beneficial than CaHMB alone in maintaining muscle integrity during intense military training. NEW & NOTEWORTHY β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) in its free acid form was reported to attenuate inflammation and maintain muscle integrity during military training. However, this formulation was difficult to maintain in the field. In this investigation, soldiers ingested HMB calcium (CaHMB) with Bacillus coagulans (BC30) or CaHMB alone during 40 days of training. Results indicated that CaHMB attenuated the inflammatory response and that BC30 combined with CaHMB may be more beneficial than CaHMB alone in maintaining muscle integrity during intense military training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yftach Gepner
- Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jay R. Hoffman
- Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Elad Shemesh
- Israel Defense Force Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - David D. Church
- Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Alyssa N. Varanoske
- Sport and Exercise Science, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Wellness, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Hila Zelicha
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; and
| | | | - Yacov Chen
- Israel Defense Force Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Hagai Frankel
- Israel Defense Force Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Ishay Ostfeld
- Israel Defense Force Medical Corps, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Jonker I, Rosmalen JGM, Schoevers RA. Childhood life events, immune activation and the development of mood and anxiety disorders: the TRAILS study. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1112. [PMID: 28463238 PMCID: PMC5534944 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The experience of childhood life events is associated with higher vulnerability to develop psychiatric disorders. One of the pathways suggested to lead to this vulnerability is activation of the immune system. The aim of this study is to find out whether the association between childhood life events and the development of mood and anxiety disorders is predicted by the activation of the immune system. This study was performed in TRAILS, a large prospective population cohort, from which a subgroup was selected (N=1084, 54.3% female, mean age 19.0 (s.d., 0.6)). Childhood life events before age 16 were assessed using questionnaires at age 12, 14, 16 and 19. Immune activation was assessed at age 16 by elevated high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and by levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies against the herpes viruses herpes simplex virus 1, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus. At age 19, the presence of mood and anxiety disorders was determined using the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 3.0. Regression analyses were used to study the association between life events, the inflammatory markers and mental health. We found that childhood life events score was associated with risk of mood disorders (B=0.269, P<0.001) and anxiety disorders (B=0.129, P<0.001). Childhood life events score was marginally associated with elevated hsCRP (B=0.076, P=0.006), but not with the antibody levels. This was especially due to separation trauma (P=0.015) and sexual abuse (P=0.019). Associations lost significance after correcting for lifestyle factors such as body mass index and substance abuse (P=0.042). None of the inflammatory markers were associated with development of anxiety disorders or mood disorders. In conclusion, the life event scores predicted the development of anxiety disorders and mood disorders at age 19. Life event scores were associated with elevated hsCRP, which was partly explained by lifestyle factors. Elevated hsCRP was not associated with the development of psychiatric disorders at age 19.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jonker
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Hanzeplein 1, Postbus 30.001, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands. E-mail:
| | - J G M Rosmalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R A Schoevers
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center for Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate attenuates cytokine response during sustained military training. Nutr Res 2016; 36:553-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Money KM, Olah Z, Korade Z, Garbett KA, Shelton RC, Mirnics K. An altered peripheral IL6 response in major depressive disorder. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 89:46-54. [PMID: 26804030 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent major psychiatric disorders with a lifetime prevalence of 17%. Recent evidence suggests MDD is not only a brain dysfunction, but a systemic disease affecting the whole body. Central and peripheral inflammatory changes seem to be a centerpiece of MDD pathology: a subset of patients show elevated blood cytokine and chemokine levels that partially normalize with symptom improvement over the course of anti-depressant treatment. As this inflammatory process in MDD is poorly understood, we hypothesized that the peripheral tissues of MDD patients will respond differently to inflammatory stimuli, resulting in an aberrant transcriptional response to elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines. To test this, we used MDD patient- and control-derived dermal fibroblast cultures to investigate their response to an acute treatment with IL6, IL1β, TNFα, or vehicle. Following RNA isolation and subsequent cDNA synthesis, quantitative PCR was used to determine the relative expression level of several families of inflammation-responsive genes. Our results showed comparable expression of the tested genes between MDD patients and controls at baseline. In contrast, MDD patient fibroblasts had a diminished transcriptional response to IL6 in all the gene sets tested (oxidative stress response, mitochondrial function, and lipid metabolism). We also found a significant increase in baseline and IL6 stimulated transcript levels of the IL6 receptor gene. This IL6 receptor transcript increase in MDD fibroblasts was accompanied by an IL6 stimulated increase in induction of SOCS3, which dampens IL6 receptor signaling. Altogether our results demonstrate that there is an altered transcriptional response to IL6 in MDD, which may represent one of the molecular mechanisms contributing to disease pathophysiology. Ultimately we hope that these studies will lead to validation of novel MDD drug targets focused on normalizing the altered IL6 response in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli M Money
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Medical Scientist Training Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zita Olah
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt International Scholar Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Richard C Shelton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Acute Psychophysiological Relationships Between Mood, Inflammatory and Cortisol Changes in Response to Simulated Physical Firefighting Work and Sleep Restriction. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2015; 41:165-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10484-015-9329-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Lee KA, Gay CL, Lerdal A, Pullinger CR, Aouizerat BE. Cytokine polymorphisms are associated with fatigue in adults living with HIV/AIDS. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 40:95-103. [PMID: 24632226 PMCID: PMC4102618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue has been associated with inflammation and cytokine activity among adults, but this relationship has not been evaluated among adults living with HIV. Diurnal patterns of fatigue have been previously identified in adults with HIV/AIDS. Thus, the purpose of this study was to describe these fatigue patterns in relation to cytokine plasma concentrations and gene polymorphisms. A convenience sample of 317 adults living with HIV/AIDS completed a measure of fatigue in the morning and evening for three consecutive days; participants reporting low levels of both morning and evening fatigue (n=110) or high levels of fatigue in the morning and evening (n=114) were included in the analysis, resulting in a final sample of 224 adults (151 men, 55 women, and 18 transgender). Plasma cytokines were analyzed, and genotyping was conducted for 15 candidate genes involved in cytokine signaling: interferon-gamma (IFNG), IFNG receptor 1 (IFNGR1), interleukins (IL), nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells (NFKB-1 and -2), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA). Demographic and clinical variables were evaluated as potential covariates. Controlling for genomic estimates of ancestry and self-reported race/ethnicity and gender, the high fatigue pattern was associated with five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): IL1B rs1071676 and rs1143627, IL4 rs2243274, and TNFA rs1800683 and rs1041981. The IL1B and TNFA polymorphisms were not associated with plasma levels of IL-1β or TNFα, respectively. This study strengthens the evidence for an association between inflammation and fatigue. In this chronic illness population, the cytokine polymorphisms associated with high levels of morning and evening fatigue provide direction for future personalized medicine intervention research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Lee
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Caryl L. Gay
- Department of Family Health Care Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Research, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Lovisenberg Diakonale University of College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anners Lerdal
- Department of Research, Lovisenberg Diakonale Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Nursing Science, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Clive R. Pullinger
- Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bradley E. Aouizerat
- Department of Physiological Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Johnston CS, Barkyoumb GM, Schumacher SS. Vitamin C supplementation slightly improves physical activity levels and reduces cold incidence in men with marginal vitamin C status: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrients 2014; 6:2572-83. [PMID: 25010554 PMCID: PMC4113757 DOI: 10.3390/nu6072572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The early indications of vitamin C deficiency are unremarkable (fatigue, malaise, depression) and may manifest as a reduced desire to be physically active; moreover, hypovitaminosis C may be associated with increased cold duration and severity. This study examined the impact of vitamin C on physical activity and respiratory tract infections during the peak of the cold season. Healthy non-smoking adult men (18–35 years; BMI < 34 kg/m2; plasma vitamin C < 45 µmol/L) received either 1000 mg of vitamin C daily (n = 15) or placebo (n = 13) in a randomized, double-blind, eight-week trial. All participants completed the Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey-21 daily and the Godin Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire weekly. In the final two weeks of the trial, the physical activity score rose modestly for the vitamin C group vs. placebo after adjusting for baseline values: +39.6% (95% CI [−4.5,83.7]; p = 0.10). The number of participants reporting cold episodes was 7 and 11 for the vitamin C and placebo groups respectively during the eight-week trial (RR = 0.55; 95% CI [0.33,0.94]; p = 0.04) and cold duration was reduced 59% in the vitamin C versus placebo groups (−3.2 days; 95% CI [−7.0,0.6]; p = 0.06). These data suggest measurable health advantages associated with vitamin C supplementation in a population with adequate-to-low vitamin C status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol S Johnston
- School of Nutrition and Health Promotion, Arizona State University, 500 N. 3rd St., Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA.
| | | | - Sara S Schumacher
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America®, 14200 W. Celebrate Life Way, Goodyear, AZ 85338, USA.
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Ulirsch J, Ballina L, Soward A, Rossi C, Hauda W, Holbrook D, Wheeler R, Foley K, Batts J, Collette R, Goodman E, McLean S. Pain and somatic symptoms are sequelae of sexual assault: Results of a prospective longitudinal study. Eur J Pain 2013; 18:559-66. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2013.00395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J.C. Ulirsch
- TRYUMPH Research Program; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill USA
| | - L.E. Ballina
- TRYUMPH Research Program; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill USA
| | - A.C. Soward
- TRYUMPH Research Program; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill USA
| | - C. Rossi
- Forensic Nursing Program; Medicine; Cone Health System; Greensboro USA
| | - W. Hauda
- Pediatric Emergency Medicine; Inova Fairfax Hospital; Falls Church; USA
| | - D. Holbrook
- Forensic Nursing Program; Mercy Medical Center; Baltimore USA
| | - R. Wheeler
- Department of Emergency Medicine; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill USA
| | - K.A. Foley
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Sentara Norfolk Hospital; USA
| | - J. Batts
- Department of Emergency Medicine; Carolinas Medical Center; Charlotte USA
| | - R. Collette
- SANE Program; Mission Health System; Asheville USA
| | - E. Goodman
- SANE Program; Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center; Winston-Salem USA
| | - S.A. McLean
- TRYUMPH Research Program; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill USA
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Van Houdenhove B, Luyten P, Kempke S. Chronic fatigue syndrome/fibromyalgia: a “stress-adaptation” model. FATIGUE-BIOMEDICINE HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/21641846.2013.795085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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