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Teixeira AR, Bittar C, Silva Santos GS, Oliveira TY, Huang AS, Linden N, Ferreira IATM, Murdza T, Muecksch F, Jones RB, Caskey M, Jankovic M, Nussenzweig MC. Transcription of HIV-1 at sites of intact latent provirus integration. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20240391. [PMID: 39141127 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20240391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 antiretroviral therapy is highly effective but fails to eliminate a reservoir of latent proviruses, leading to a requirement for life-long treatment. How the site of integration of authentic intact latent proviruses might impact their own or neighboring gene expression or reservoir dynamics is poorly understood. Here, we report on proviral and neighboring gene transcription at sites of intact latent HIV-1 integration in cultured T cells obtained directly from people living with HIV, as well as engineered primary T cells and cell lines. Proviral gene expression was correlated to the level of endogenous gene expression under resting but not activated conditions. Notably, latent proviral promoters were 100-10,000× less active than in productively infected cells and had little or no measurable impact on neighboring gene expression under resting or activated conditions. Thus, the site of integration has a dominant effect on the transcriptional activity of intact HIV-1 proviruses in the latent reservoir, thereby influencing cytopathic effects and proviral immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rafaela Teixeira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cintia Bittar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Thiago Y Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Noemi Linden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Isabella A T M Ferreira
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tetyana Murdza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Chica and Heinz Schaller (CHS) Research Group, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mila Jankovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michel C Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Chevy Chase, MD, USA
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2
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Teixeira AR, Bittar C, Silva Santos GS, Oliveira TY, Huang AS, Linden N, Ferreira IA, Murdza T, Muecksch F, Jones RB, Caskey M, Jankovic M, Nussenzweig MC. Transcription of HIV-1 at sites of intact latent provirus integration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.26.591331. [PMID: 38746186 PMCID: PMC11092494 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.26.591331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
HIV-1 anti-retroviral therapy is highly effective but fails to eliminate a reservoir of latent proviruses leading to a requirement for life-long treatment. How the site of integration of authentic intact latent proviruses might impact their own or neighboring gene expression or reservoir dynamics is poorly understood. Here we report on proviral and neighboring gene transcription at sites of intact latent HIV-1 integration in cultured T cells obtained directly from people living with HIV, as well as engineered primary T cells and cell lines. Proviral gene expression was correlated to the level of endogenous gene expression under resting but not activated conditions. Notably, latent proviral promoters were 10010,000X less active than in productively infected cells and had little or no measurable impact on neighboring gene expression under resting or activated conditions. Thus, the site of integration has a dominant effect on the transcriptional activity of intact HIV-1 proviruses in the latent reservoir thereby influencing cytopathic effects and proviral immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rafaela Teixeira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cintia Bittar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Thiago Y. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Noemi Linden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Isabella A.T.M. Ferreira
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tetyana Murdza
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Muecksch
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Heidelberg, Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg, Germany
- Chica and Heinz Schaller (CHS) Research Group, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marina Caskey
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mila Jankovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
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3
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Promsote W, Xu L, Hataye J, Fabozzi G, March K, Almasri CG, DeMouth ME, Lovelace SE, Talana CA, Doria-Rose NA, McKee K, Hait SH, Casazza JP, Ambrozak D, Beninga J, Rao E, Furtmann N, Birkenfeld J, McCarthy E, Todd JP, Petrovas C, Connors M, Hebert AT, Beck J, Shen J, Zhang B, Levit M, Wei RR, Yang ZY, Pegu A, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Koup RA. Trispecific antibody targeting HIV-1 and T cells activates and eliminates latently-infected cells in HIV/SHIV infections. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3719. [PMID: 37349337 PMCID: PMC10287722 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39265-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Agents that can simultaneously activate latent HIV, increase immune activation and enhance the killing of latently-infected cells represent promising approaches for HIV cure. Here, we develop and evaluate a trispecific antibody (Ab), N6/αCD3-αCD28, that targets three independent proteins: (1) the HIV envelope via the broadly reactive CD4-binding site Ab, N6; (2) the T cell antigen CD3; and (3) the co-stimulatory molecule CD28. We find that the trispecific significantly increases antigen-specific T-cell activation and cytokine release in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Co-culturing CD4+ with autologous CD8+ T cells from ART-suppressed HIV+ donors with N6/αCD3-αCD28, results in activation of latently-infected cells and their elimination by activated CD8+ T cells. This trispecific antibody mediates CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation in non-human primates and is well tolerated in vivo. This HIV-directed antibody therefore merits further development as a potential intervention for the eradication of latent HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanwisa Promsote
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ling Xu
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- ModeX Therapeutics Inc., 22 Strathmore Road, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Jason Hataye
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Giulia Fabozzi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kylie March
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cassandra G Almasri
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Megan E DeMouth
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah E Lovelace
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chloe Adrienna Talana
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicole A Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Krisha McKee
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sabrina Helmold Hait
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joseph P Casazza
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Ercole Rao
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Joerg Birkenfeld
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Perspix Biotech GmbH, FiZ Frankfurt Innovation Center Biotechnology, Altenhoeferallee 3, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elizabeth McCarthy
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John-Paul Todd
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constantinos Petrovas
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital (chuv) and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jeremy Beck
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Junqing Shen
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bailin Zhang
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Ronnie R Wei
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- ModeX Therapeutics Inc., 22 Strathmore Road, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- ModeX Therapeutics Inc., 22 Strathmore Road, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John R Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- ModeX Therapeutics Inc., 22 Strathmore Road, Natick, MA, 01760, USA
| | - Gary J Nabel
- Sanofi, 640 Memorial Dr., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- ModeX Therapeutics Inc., 22 Strathmore Road, Natick, MA, 01760, USA.
| | - Richard A Koup
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Liu X, Zhu X, Peng X, Tao R, Wan Z, Hui J, Guo Y, Hang Y, Zhu B. Lenalidomide potentially reduced the level of cell- associated HIV RNA and improved persistent inflammation in patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis a pilot study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:954814. [PMID: 35967862 PMCID: PMC9369255 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.954814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe HIV-1 reservoir is a major barrier to curative strategies. Inflammation is an important factor for HIV-1 reservoir persistence. Lenalidomide regulates inflammatory cytokines efficiently. We examined whether lenalidomide could inhibit HIV-1 transcription and reduce systemic inflammation in people living with HIV.MethodsLenalidomide was administered orally for 48 weeks to patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis (HIV-CM). A HIV-1 latency model was treated with or without lenalidomide ex vivo for 5 days. The primary endpoints were change in HIV reservoir markers and inflammatory cytokines in both the cohort and cell model.ResultsThirteen participants were enrolled from May 2019 to September 2020. The median change in cell-associated (CA) HIV RNA between baseline and 48 weeks was 0.81 log10 copies/million peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The CA HIV RNA decreased significantly in the cohort (P = 0.021). Serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) gradually diminished with lenalidomide treatment until 48 weeks (P = 0.007, P = 0.014, respectively). C-reactive protein/IL-6/TNF-α and CA HIV RNA were significantly correlated (P = 0.0027, 0.0496, and 0.0346, respectively). Lenalidomide also significantly decreased HIV core P24 (P = 0.0038) and CA HIV RNA in CD8-depleted PBMCs (P = 0.0178) ex vivo. TNF-α and IL-6 were significantly reduced in the CD8-depleted PBMC supernatant (P = 0.004, P < 0.0001, respectively) while IL-10 levels increased significantly on lenalidomide compared to no-lenalidomide treatment (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsLenalidomide was preliminarily confirmed to reduce the level of cell- associated HIV RNA and improve persistent inflammation in patients with HIV-Associated cryptococcal meningitis, which was a potential intervention for clinical use to inhibit viral transcription of the HIV-1 reservoir and reduced HIV-related inflammation in HIV-1 patients during ART.
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Lewandowski EM, Kroeck KG, Jacobs LM, Fenske TG, Witt RN, Hintz AM, Ramsden ER, Zhang X, Peterson F, Volkman BF, Veldkamp CT, Chen Y. Structural Insights into Molecular Recognition by Human Chemokine CCL19. Biochemistry 2022; 61:311-318. [PMID: 35156805 PMCID: PMC9254573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The human chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 bind to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) CCR7 and play an important role in the trafficking of immune cells as well as cancer metastasis. Conserved binding sites for sulfotyrosine residues on the receptor contribute significantly to the chemokine/GPCR interaction and have been shown to provide promising targets for new drug-discovery efforts to disrupt the chemokine/GPCR interaction and, consequently, tumor metastasis. Here, we report the first X-ray crystal structure of a truncated CCL19 (residues 7-70) at 2.50 Å resolution, revealing molecular details crucial for protein-protein interactions. Although the overall structure is similar to the previously determined NMR model, there are important variations, particularly near the N terminus and the so-called 30's and 40's loops. Computational analysis using the FTMap server indicates the potential importance of these areas in ligand binding and the differences in binding hotspots compared to CCL21. NMR titration experiments using a CCR7-derived peptide (residues 5-11, TDDYIGD) further demonstrate potential receptor recognition sites, such as those near the C terminus and 40's loop, which consist of both positively charged and hydrophobic residues that may be important for receptor binding. Taken together, the X-ray, NMR, and computational analysis herein provide insights into the overall structure and molecular features of CCL19 and enables investigation into this chemokine's function and inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Lewandowski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Kyle G. Kroeck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Lian M.C. Jacobs
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Tyler G. Fenske
- Department of Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Robin N. Witt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Whitewater, Whitewater, Wisconsin 53190, United States
| | - Alyssa M. Hintz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Whitewater, Whitewater, Wisconsin 53190, United States
| | - Elizabeth R. Ramsden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Whitewater, Whitewater, Wisconsin 53190, United States
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Francis Peterson
- Department of Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States
| | - Brian F. Volkman
- Department of Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, United States,Corresponding authors: Brian F. Volkman, , Christopher T. Veldkamp, , Yu Chen,
| | - Christopher T. Veldkamp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Whitewater, Whitewater, Wisconsin 53190, United States,Corresponding authors: Brian F. Volkman, , Christopher T. Veldkamp, , Yu Chen,
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, Florida 33612, United States,Corresponding authors: Brian F. Volkman, , Christopher T. Veldkamp, , Yu Chen,
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Pasternak AO, Berkhout B. The Splice of Life: Does RNA Processing Have a Role in HIV-1 Persistence? Viruses 2021; 13:v13091751. [PMID: 34578332 PMCID: PMC8471011 DOI: 10.3390/v13091751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses HIV-1 replication but does not eradicate the virus. Persistence of HIV-1 latent reservoirs in ART-treated individuals is considered the main obstacle to achieving an HIV-1 cure. However, these HIV-1 reservoirs are not transcriptionally silent, and viral transcripts can be detected in most ART-treated individuals. HIV-1 latency is regulated at the transcriptional and at multiple post-transcriptional levels. Here, we review recent insights into the possible contribution of viral RNA processing to the persistence of HIV-1 reservoirs, and discuss the clinical implications of persistence of viral RNA species in ART-treated individuals.
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7
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Potential Utility of Natural Killer Cells for Eliminating Cells Harboring Reactivated Latent HIV-1 Following the Removal of CD8 + T Cell-Mediated Pro-Latency Effect(s). Viruses 2021; 13:v13081451. [PMID: 34452317 PMCID: PMC8402732 DOI: 10.3390/v13081451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An impediment to curing HIV-1 infection is the persistence of latently infected cells in ART-treated people living with HIV (PLWH). A key strategy for curing HIV-1 infection is to activate transcription and translation of latent virus using latency reversing agents (LRAs) and eliminate cells harboring reactivated virus via viral cytopathic effect or immune clearance. In this review, we provide an overview of available LRAs and their use in clinical trials. Furthermore, we describe recent data suggesting that CD8+ T cells promote HIV-1 latency in the context of ART, even in the presence of LRAs, which might at least partially explain the clinical inefficiency of previous “shock and kill” trials. Here, we propose a novel cure strategy called “unlock, shock, disarm, and kill”. The general premise of this strategy is to shut down the pro-latency function(s) of CD8+ T cells, use LRAs to reverse HIV-1 latency, counteract anti-apoptotic molecules, and engage natural killer (NK) cells to mediate the killing of cells harboring reactivated latent HIV-1.
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8
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Khoury G, Lee MY, Ramarathinam SH, McMahon J, Purcell AW, Sonza S, Lewin SR, Purcell DFJ. The RNA-Binding Proteins SRP14 and HMGB3 Control HIV-1 Tat mRNA Processing and Translation During HIV-1 Latency. Front Genet 2021; 12:680725. [PMID: 34194479 PMCID: PMC8236859 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.680725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Tat protein is essential for virus production. RNA-binding proteins that facilitate Tat production may be absent or downregulated in resting CD4+ T-cells, the main reservoir of latent HIV in people with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART). In this study, we examined the role of Tat RNA-binding proteins on the expression of Tat and control of latent and productive infection. Affinity purification coupled with mass spectrometry analysis was used to detect binding partners of MS2-tagged tat mRNA in a T cell-line model of HIV latency. The effect of knockdown and overexpression of the proteins of interest on Tat transactivation and translation was assessed by luciferase-based reporter assays and infections with a dual color HIV reporter virus. Out of the 243 interactions identified, knockdown of SRP14 (Signal Recognition Particle 14) negatively affected tat mRNA processing and translation as well as Tat-mediated transactivation, which led to an increase in latent infection. On the other hand, knockdown of HMGB3 (High Mobility Group Box 3) resulted in an increase in Tat transactivation and translation as well as an increase in productive infection. Footprinting experiments revealed that SRP14 and HMGB3 proteins bind to TIM-TAM, a conserved RNA sequence-structure in tat mRNA that functions as a Tat IRES modulator of tat mRNA. Overexpression of SRP14 in resting CD4+ T-cells from patients on ART was sufficient to reverse HIV-1 latency and induce virus production. The role of SRP14 and HMGB3 proteins in controlling HIV Tat expression during latency will be further assessed as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Khoury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Y. Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sri H. Ramarathinam
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - James McMahon
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony W. Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Secondo Sonza
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Damian F. J. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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López-Huertas MR, Jiménez-Tormo L, Madrid-Elena N, Gutiérrez C, Vivancos MJ, Luna L, Moreno S. Maraviroc reactivates HIV with potency similar to that of other latency reversing drugs without inducing toxicity in CD8 T cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114231. [PMID: 32979351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains incurable due to latent reservoirs established in non-activated CD4 T cells. Current efforts to achieve a functional cure rely on immunomodulatory strategies focused on enhancing the functions of cytotoxic cells. Implementation of these actions requires a coordinated activation of the viral transcription in latently infected cells so that the reservoir became visible and accessible to cytotoxic cells. As no latency reversing agent (LRA) has been shown to be completely effective, new combinations are of increasing importance. Recent data have shown that maraviroc is a new LRA. In this work, we have explored how the combination of maraviroc with other LRAs influences on HIV reactivation using in vitro latency models as well as on the cell viability of CD8 T cells from ART-treated patients. Maraviroc reactivated HIV with a potency similar to other LRAs. Triple combinations resulted toxic and were rejected. No dual combination was synergistic. The combination with panobinostat or disulfiram maintained the effect of both drugs without inducing cell proliferation or toxicity. Maraviroc does not alter the viability of CD8 T cells isolated from patients under antiretroviral treatment. This finding enhances the properties of maraviroc as a LRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa López-Huertas
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Jiménez-Tormo
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Madrid-Elena
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Vivancos
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Luna
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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10
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CD4 + T Cell-Mimicking Nanoparticles Broadly Neutralize HIV-1 and Suppress Viral Replication through Autophagy. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00903-20. [PMID: 32934078 PMCID: PMC7492730 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00903-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 is a major global health challenge. The development of an effective vaccine and/or a therapeutic cure is a top priority. The creation of vaccines that focus an antibody response toward a particular epitope of a protein has shown promise, but the genetic diversity of HIV-1 hinders this progress. Here we developed an approach using nanoengineered CD4+ T cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (TNP). Not only do TNP effectively neutralize all strains of HIV-1, but they also selectively bind to infected cells and decrease the release of HIV-1 particles through an autophagy-dependent mechanism with no drug-induced off-target or cytotoxic effects on bystander cells. Therapeutic strategies that provide effective and broad‐spectrum neutralization against HIV-1 infection are highly desirable. Here, we investigate the potential of nanoengineered CD4+ T cell membrane-coated nanoparticles (TNP) to neutralize a broad range of HIV-1 strains. TNP displayed outstanding neutralizing breadth and potency; they neutralized all 125 HIV-1-pseudotyped viruses tested, including global subtypes/recombinant forms, and transmitted/founder viruses, with a geometric mean 80% inhibitory concentration (IC80) of 819 μg ml−1 (range, 72 to 8,570 μg ml−1). TNP also selectively bound to and induced autophagy in HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells and macrophages, while having no effect on uninfected cells. This TNP-mediated autophagy inhibited viral release and reduced cell-associated HIV-1 in a dose- and phospholipase D1-dependent manner. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of autophagy ablated this effect. Thus, we can use TNP as therapeutic agents to neutralize cell-free HIV-1 and to target HIV-1 gp120-expressing cells to decrease the HIV-1 reservoir.
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11
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Martinsen JT, Gunst JD, Højen JF, Tolstrup M, Søgaard OS. The Use of Toll-Like Receptor Agonists in HIV-1 Cure Strategies. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1112. [PMID: 32595636 PMCID: PMC7300204 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors and part of the first line of defense against invading microbes. In humans, we know of 10 different TLRs, which are expressed to varying degrees in immune cell subsets. Engaging TLRs through their specific ligands leads to activation of the innate immune system and secondarily priming of the adaptive immune system. Because of these unique properties, TLR agonists have been investigated as immunotherapy in cancer treatment for many years, but in recent years there has also been growing interest in the use of TLR agonists in the context of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) cure research. The primary obstacle to curing HIV-1 is the presence of a latent viral reservoir in transcriptionally silent immune cells. Due to the very limited transcription of the integrated HIV-1 proviruses, latently infected cells cannot be targeted and cleared by immune effector mechanisms. TLR agonists are very interesting in this context because of their potential dual effects as latency reverting agents (LRAs) and immune modulatory compounds. Here, we review preclinical and clinical data on the impact of TLR stimulation on HIV-1 latency as well as antiviral and HIV-1-specific immunity. We also focus on the promising role of TLR agonists in combination strategies in HIV-1 cure research. Different combinations of TLR agonists and broadly neutralizing antibodies or TLRs agonists as adjuvants in HIV-1 vaccines have shown very encouraging results in non-human primate experiments and these concepts are now moving into clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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12
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Khoury G, Mackenzie C, Ayadi L, Lewin SR, Branlant C, Purcell DFJ. Tat IRES modulator of tat mRNA (TIM-TAM): a conserved RNA structure that controls Tat expression and acts as a switch for HIV productive and latent infection. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:2643-2660. [PMID: 31875221 PMCID: PMC7049722 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tat protein is essential to fully activate HIV transcription and processing of viral mRNA, and therefore determines virus expression in productive replication and the establishment and maintenance of latent infection. Here, we used thermodynamic and structure analyses to define a highly conserved sequence-structure in tat mRNA that functions as Tat IRES modulator of tat mRNA (TIM-TAM). By impeding cap-dependent ribosome progression during authentic spliced tat mRNA translation, TIM-TAM stable structure impacts on timing and level of Tat protein hence controlling HIV production and infectivity along with promoting latency. TIM-TAM also adopts a conformation that mediates Tat internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent translation during the early phases of infection before provirus integration. Our results document the critical role of TIM-TAM in Tat expression to facilitate virus reactivation from latency, with implications for HIV treatment and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georges Khoury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity - The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), UMR7365 CNRS Université Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy 54505, France
| | - Charlene Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity - The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Lilia Ayadi
- Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), UMR7365 CNRS Université Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy 54505, France
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christiane Branlant
- Ingénierie Moléculaire et Physiopathologie Articulaire (IMoPA), UMR7365 CNRS Université Lorraine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy 54505, France
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity - The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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13
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Mota TM, McCann CD, Danesh A, Huang SH, Magat DB, Ren Y, Leyre L, Bui TD, Rohwetter TM, Kovacs CM, Benko E, MacLaren L, Wimpelberg A, Cannon CM, Hardy WD, Safrit JT, Jones RB. Integrated Assessment of Viral Transcription, Antigen Presentation, and CD8 + T Cell Function Reveals Multiple Limitations of Class I-Selective Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors during HIV-1 Latency Reversal. J Virol 2020; 94:e01845-19. [PMID: 32051267 PMCID: PMC7163115 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01845-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials investigating histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) to reverse HIV-1 latency aim to expose reservoirs in antiretroviral (ARV)-treated individuals to clearance by immune effectors, yet have not driven measurable reductions in the frequencies of infected cells. We therefore investigated the effects of the class I-selective HDACi nanatinostat and romidepsin on various blocks to latency reversal and elimination, including viral splicing, antigen presentation, and CD8+ T cell function. In ex vivo CD4+ T cells from ARV-suppressed individuals, both HDACi significantly induced viral transcription, but not splicing nor supernatant HIV-1 RNA. In an HIV-1 latency model using autologous CD8+ T cell clones as biosensors of antigen presentation, neither HDACi-treated CD4+ T cell condition induced clone degranulation. Both HDACi also impaired the function of primary CD8+ T cells in viral inhibition assays, with nanatinostat causing less impairment. These findings suggest that spliced or cell-free HIV-1 RNAs are more indicative of antigen expression than unspliced HIV-RNAs and may help to explain the limited abilities of HDACi to generate CD8+ T cell targets in vivoIMPORTANCE Antiretroviral (ARV) drug regimens suppress HIV-1 replication but are unable to cure infection. This leaves people living with HIV-1 burdened by a lifelong commitment to expensive daily medication. Furthermore, it has become clear that ARV therapy does not fully restore health, leaving individuals at elevated risk for cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancers, and neurocognitive disorders, as well as leaving them exposed to stigma. Efforts are therefore under way to develop therapies capable of curing infection. A key focus of these efforts has been on a class of drugs called histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), which have the potential of exposing hidden reservoirs of HIV-1 to elimination by the immune system. Unfortunately, clinical trial results with HDACi have thus far been disappointing. In the current study, we integrate a number of experimental approaches to build a model that provides insights into the limited activity of HDACi in clinical trials and offers direction for future approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia M Mota
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chase D McCann
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ali Danesh
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Szu-Han Huang
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dean B Magat
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yanqin Ren
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Louise Leyre
- Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tracy D Bui
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas M Rohwetter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Lynsay MacLaren
- Research Department, Whitman-Walker Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - W David Hardy
- Division of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - R Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
- Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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14
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Okutomi T, Minakawa S, Hirota R, Katagiri K, Morikawa Y. HIV Reactivation in Latently Infected Cells With Virological Synapse-Like Cell Contact. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040417. [PMID: 32276457 PMCID: PMC7232209 DOI: 10.3390/v12040417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV reactivation from latency is induced by cytokines but also by cell contact with other cells. To better understand this, J1.1 cells, a latent HIV-1-infected Jurkat derivative, were cocultured with its parental Jurkat. J1.1 cells became p17MA-positive and produced a high level of HIV p24CA antigen, only when they were cocultured with stimulated Jurkat with cell-to-cell contact. In contrast, very little p24CA was produced when they were cocultured without cell contact. Similar results were obtained when latent ACH-2 and its parental A3.01 cells were cocultured. Confocal microscopy revealed that not only HIV-1 p17MA and gp120Env but also LFA-1, CD81, CD59, and TCR CD3 accumulated at the cell contact site, suggesting formation of the virological synapse-like structure. LFA-1–ICAM-1 interaction was involved in the cell-to-cell contact. When J1.1 was cocultured with TCR-deficient Jurkat, the p17MA-positive rate was significantly lower, although the cell-to-cell contact was not impaired. Quantitative proteomics identified 54 membrane molecules, one of which was MHC class I, that accumulated at the cell contact site. Reactivation from latency was also influenced by the presence of stromal cells. Our study indicated that latent HIV-1 in J1.1/ACH-2 cells was efficiently reactivated by cell-to-cell contact with stimulated parental cells, accompanying the virological synapse-like structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Okutomi
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (T.O.); (S.M.); (R.H.)
| | - Satoko Minakawa
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (T.O.); (S.M.); (R.H.)
| | - Riku Hirota
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (T.O.); (S.M.); (R.H.)
| | - Koko Katagiri
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, Kitasato 1-15-1, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan;
| | - Yuko Morikawa
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Shirokane 5-9-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan; (T.O.); (S.M.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-5791-6129
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15
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Van der Sluis RM, Zerbato JM, Rhodes JW, Pascoe RD, Solomon A, Kumar NA, Dantanarayana AI, Tennakoon S, Dufloo J, McMahon J, Chang JJ, Evans VA, Hertzog PJ, Jakobsen MR, Harman AN, Lewin SR, Cameron PU. Diverse effects of interferon alpha on the establishment and reversal of HIV latency. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008151. [PMID: 32109259 PMCID: PMC7065813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV latency is the major barrier to a cure for people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) because the virus persists in long-lived non-proliferating and proliferating latently infected CD4+ T cells. Latently infected CD4+ T cells do not express viral proteins and are therefore not visible to immune mediated clearance. Therefore, identifying interventions that can reverse latency and also enhance immune mediated clearance is of high interest. Interferons (IFNs) have multiple immune enhancing effects and can inhibit HIV replication in activated CD4+ T cells. However, the effects of IFNs on the establishment and reversal of HIV latency is not understood. Using an in vitro model of latency, we demonstrated that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) inhibit the establishment of HIV latency through secretion of type I IFNα, IFNβ and IFNω but not IFNε or type III IFNλ1 and IFNλ3. However, once latency was established, IFNα but no other IFNs were able to efficiently reverse latency in both an in vitro model of latency and CD4+ T cells collected from PLWH on suppressive ART. Binding of IFNα to its receptor expressed on primary CD4+ T cells did not induce activation of the canonical or non-canonical NFκB pathway but did induce phosphorylation of STAT1, 3 and 5 proteins. STAT5 has been previously demonstrated to bind to the HIV long terminal repeat and activate HIV transcription. We demonstrate diverse effects of interferons on HIV latency with type I IFNα; inhibiting the establishment of latency but also reversing HIV latency once latency is established. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) cannot cure HIV or eliminate infection from long-lived and proliferating latently infected CD4+ T cells. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are major producers of interferons (IFNs), which have multiple effects on viral replication and immunity including suppression of viral expression that could favor HIV latency. Van Der Sluis et al. show that type I IFNs inhibit the establishment of HIV latency, however, once established, latency can be reversed by IFNα but not by other type I or type III IFNs. These observations demonstrate that pDC through type I IFNs are important in HIV latency and can potentially be manipulated to eliminate latent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée M. Van der Sluis
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jennifer M. Zerbato
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jake W. Rhodes
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Rachel D. Pascoe
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ajantha Solomon
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nitasha A. Kumar
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashanti I. Dantanarayana
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Surekha Tennakoon
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James McMahon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Judy J. Chang
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vanessa A. Evans
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul J. Hertzog
- Centre for Innate Immunity and infectious Disease, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Dept Molecular & Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Andrew N. Harman
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharon R. Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail: (SRL); (PUC)
| | - Paul U. Cameron
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health and Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- * E-mail: (SRL); (PUC)
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16
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Van der Sluis RM, Kumar NA, Pascoe RD, Zerbato JM, Evans VA, Dantanarayana AI, Anderson JL, Sékaly RP, Fromentin R, Chomont N, Cameron PU, Lewin SR. Combination Immune Checkpoint Blockade to Reverse HIV Latency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 204:1242-1254. [PMID: 31988180 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy, HIV latency is the major barrier to a cure. HIV persists preferentially in CD4+ T cells expressing multiple immune checkpoint (IC) molecules, including programmed death (PD)-1, T cell Ig and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3), lymphocyte associated gene 3 (LAG-3), and T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT). We aimed to determine whether these and other IC molecules have a functional role in maintaining HIV latency and whether blocking IC molecules with Abs reverses HIV latency. Using an in vitro model that establishes latency in both nonproliferating and proliferating human CD4+ T cells, we show that proliferating cells express multiple IC molecules at high levels. Latent infection was enriched in proliferating cells expressing PD-1. In contrast, nonproliferating cells expressed IC molecules at significantly lower levels, but latent infection was enriched in cells expressing PD-1, TIM-3, CTL-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), or B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA). In the presence of an additional T cell-activating stimulus, staphylococcal enterotoxin B, Abs to CTLA-4 and PD-1 reversed HIV latency in proliferating and nonproliferating CD4+ T cells, respectively. In the absence of staphylococcal enterotoxin B, only the combination of Abs to PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, and TIGIT reversed latency. The potency of latency reversal was significantly higher following combination IC blockade compared with other latency-reversing agents, including vorinostat and bryostatin. Combination IC blockade should be further explored as a strategy to reverse HIV latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée M Van der Sluis
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Nitasha A Kumar
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Rachel D Pascoe
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jennifer M Zerbato
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Vanessa A Evans
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ashanti I Dantanarayana
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Jenny L Anderson
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | | | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3E4, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2X 3E4, Canada.,Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada; and
| | - Paul U Cameron
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia; .,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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17
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Chandrasekar AP, Cummins NW, Badley AD. The Role of the BCL-2 Family of Proteins in HIV-1 Pathogenesis and Persistence. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 33:e00107-19. [PMID: 31666279 PMCID: PMC6822993 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00107-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in HIV-1 therapy have transformed the once fatal infection into a manageable, chronic condition, yet the search for a widely applicable approach to cure remains elusive. The ineffectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing the size of the HIV-1 latent reservoir has prompted investigation into the mechanisms of HIV-1 latency and immune escape. One of the major regulators of apoptosis, the BCL-2 protein, alongside its homologous family members, is a major target of HIV-1-induced change. Recent studies have now demonstrated the association of this protein with cells that support proviral forms in the setting of latency and have helped identify BCL-2 as a novel and promising therapeutic target for HIV-1 therapy directed at possible cure. This review aims to systematically review the interactions of HIV-1 with BCL-2 and its homologs and to examine the possibility of using BCL-2 inhibitors in the study and elimination of the latent reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan W Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andrew D Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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18
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Kim Y, Cameron PU, Lewin SR, Anderson JL. Limitations of dual-fluorescent HIV reporter viruses in a model of pre-activation latency. J Int AIDS Soc 2019; 22:e25425. [PMID: 31855322 PMCID: PMC6922067 DOI: 10.1002/jia2.25425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION HIV latency can be established in vitro following direct infection of a resting CD4+ T cell (pre-activation latency) or infection of an activated CD4+ T cell which then returns to a resting state (post-activation latency). We modified a previously published dual-fluorescent reporter virus seeking to track the establishment and reactivation of pre-activation latency in primary CD4+ T cells. METHODS A previously published dual-fluorescent reporter virus was modified so that expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) was under control of the elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1α) promoter to detect latent infection, and E2 crimson (E2CRM) was under control of the nef promoter to detect productive infection. NL4.3 that expressed GFP in place of nef was used as a positive control. We infected the Jurkat T-cell line and primary CD4+ T cells that were either unstimulated or stimulated with either the chemokine CCL19 or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)/IL-2 and quantified the expression of both fluorescent proteins by flow cytometry. The study was carried out over a period of two years from September 2016 to October 2018. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Expression of both fluorophores was detected following infection of the Jurkat T-cell line while only low levels of the latent reporter were observed following infection of primary CD4+ T cells. In unstimulated and CCL19-treated CD4+ T cells, expression of the GFP latent reporter, increased after further activation of the cells with PHA/phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that the EF1α promoter has poor constitutive expression in resting CD4+ T cells. Therefore, dual-fluorescent reporter viruses with the EF1α promoter may underestimate the frequency of latent infection in resting CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youry Kim
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyThe University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityThe University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Paul U Cameron
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityThe University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Infectious DiseasesAlfred Hospital and Monash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityThe University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Infectious DiseasesAlfred Hospital and Monash UniversityMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jenny L Anderson
- The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityThe University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne HospitalMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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19
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López-Huertas MR, Morín M, Madrid-Elena N, Gutiérrez C, Jiménez-Tormo L, Santoyo J, Sanz-Rodríguez F, Moreno Pelayo MÁ, Bermejo LG, Moreno S. Selective miRNA Modulation Fails to Activate HIV Replication in In Vitro Latency Models. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:323-336. [PMID: 31288207 PMCID: PMC6614709 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
HIV remains incurable because of viral persistence in latent reservoirs that are inaccessible to antiretroviral therapy. A potential curative strategy is to reactivate viral gene expression in latently infected cells. However, no drug so far has proven to be successful in vivo in reducing the reservoir, and therefore new anti-latency compounds are needed. We explored the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in latency maintenance and their modulation as a potential anti-latency strategy. Latency models based on treating resting CD4 T cells with chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) or interleukin-7 (IL7) before HIV infection and next-generation sequencing were used to identify the miRNAs involved in HIV latency. We detected four upregulated miRNAs (miRNA-98, miRNA-4516, miRNA-4488, and miRNA-7974). Individual or combined inhibition of these miRNAs was performed by transfection into cells latently infected with HIV. Viral replication, assessed 72 h after transfection, did not increase after miRNA modulation, despite miRNA inhibition and lack of toxicity. Furthermore, the combined modulation of five miRNAs previously associated with HIV latency was not effective in these models. Our results do not support the modulation of miRNAs as a useful strategy for the reversal of HIV latency. As shown with other drugs, the potential of miRNA modulation as an HIV reactivation strategy could be dependent on the latency model used.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa López-Huertas
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Matías Morín
- Servicio de Genética, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, CIBERER, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Madrid-Elena
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gutiérrez
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Jiménez-Tormo
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Santoyo
- Edinburgh Genomics, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Francisco Sanz-Rodríguez
- Fluorescence Imaging Group, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Moreno Pelayo
- Servicio de Genética, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, CIBERER, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura García Bermejo
- Grupo de Biomarcadores y Dianas Terapéuticas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS) and Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain; Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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20
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Ranganath N, Sandstrom TS, Burke Schinkel SC, Côté SC, Angel JB. The Oncolytic Virus MG1 Targets and Eliminates Cells Latently Infected With HIV-1: Implications for an HIV Cure. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:721-730. [PMID: 29228368 PMCID: PMC5853232 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells latently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) evade immune- and drug-mediated clearance. These cells harbor intracellular signaling defects, including impairment of the antiviral type I interferon response. Such defects have also been observed in several cancers and have been exploited for the development of therapeutic oncolytic viruses, including the recombinant Maraba virus (MG1). We therefore hypothesized that MG1 would infect and eliminate cells latently infected with HIV-1, while sparing healthy uninfected cells. Preferential infection and elimination by MG1 was first demonstrated in cell lines latently infected with HIV-1. Following this, a reduction in HIV-1 DNA and inducible HIV-1 replication was observed following MG1 infection of latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells generated using an in vitro model of latency. Last, MG1 infection resulted in a reduction in HIV-1 DNA and inducible HIV-1 replication in memory CD4+ T cells isolated from effectively treated, HIV-1–infected individuals. Our results therefore highlight a novel approach to eliminate the latent HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nischal Ranganath
- Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Teslin S Sandstrom
- Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | | | - Jonathan B Angel
- Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.,Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
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21
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Giuliani E, Desimio MG, Doria M. Hexamethylene bisacetamide impairs NK cell-mediated clearance of acute T lymphoblastic leukemia cells and HIV-1-infected T cells that exit viral latency. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4373. [PMID: 30867508 PMCID: PMC6416400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) anticancer drug was dismissed due to limited efficacy in leukemic patients but it may re-enter into the clinics in HIV-1 eradication strategies because of its recently disclosed capacity to reactivate latent virus. Here, we investigated the impact of HMBA on the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells against acute T lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells or HIV-1-infected T cells that exit from latency. We show that in T-ALL cells HMBA upmodulated MICB and ULBP2 ligands for the NKG2D activating receptor. In a primary CD4+ T cell-based latency model, HMBA did not reactivate HIV-1, yet enhanced ULBP2 expression on cells harboring virus reactivated by prostratin (PRO). However, HMBA reduced the expression of NKG2D and its DAP10 adaptor in NK cells, hence impairing NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity and DAP10-dependent response to IL-15 stimulation. Alongside, HMBA dampened killing of T-ALL targets by IL-15-activated NK cells and impaired NK cell-mediated clearance of PRO-reactivated HIV-1+ cells. Overall, our results demonstrate a dominant detrimental effect of HMBA on the NKG2D pathway that crucially controls NK cell-mediated killing of tumors and virus-infected cells, providing one possible explanation for poor clinical outcome in HMBA-treated cancer patients and raising concerns for future therapeutic application of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Giuliani
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Desimio
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.
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22
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HIV latency can be established in proliferating and nonproliferating resting CD4+ T cells in vitro: implications for latency reversal. AIDS 2019; 33:199-209. [PMID: 30562171 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether latency can be established and reversed in both proliferating and nonproliferating CD4+ T cells in the same model in vitro. METHODS Activated CD4+ T cells were infected with either a nonreplication competent, luciferase reporter virus or wild-type full-length enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter virus and cultured for 12 days. The cells were then sorted by flow cytometry to obtain two distinct T-cell populations that did not express the T-cell activation markers, CD69, CD25 and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR: CD69CD25HLA-DR small cells (nonblasts) that had not proliferated in vitro following mitogen stimulation and CD69CD25HLA-DR large cells (which we here call transitional blasts) that had proliferated. The cells were then reactivated with latency-reversing agents and either luciferase or EGFP quantified. RESULTS Inducible luciferase expression, consistent with latent infection, was observed in nonblasts and transitional blasts following stimulation with either phorbol-myristate-acetate/phytohemagglutinin (3.8 ± 1 and 2.9 ± 0.5 fold above dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively) or romidepsin (2.1 ± 0.6 and 1.8 ± 0.2 fold above dimethyl sulfoxide, respectively). Constitutive expression of luciferase was higher in transitional blasts compared with nonblasts. Using wild-type full-length EGFP reporter virus, inducible virus was observed in nonblasts but not in transitional blasts. No significant difference was observed in the response to latency-reversing agents in either nonblasts or transitional blasts. CONCLUSION HIV latency can be established in vitro in resting T cells that have not proliferated (nonblasts) and blasts that have proliferated (transitional blasts). This model could potentially be used to assess new strategies to eliminate latency.
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23
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Campbell GR, Bruckman RS, Chu YL, Trout RN, Spector SA. SMAC Mimetics Induce Autophagy-Dependent Apoptosis of HIV-1-Infected Resting Memory CD4+ T Cells. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:689-702.e7. [PMID: 30344003 PMCID: PMC6250054 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-lived resting memory CD4+ T cells (TCM) are a major reservoir of latent HIV infection. We hypothesized that latent HIV-TCM cells are maintained by aberrant expression of cell survival factors, including XIAP, BIRC2/cIAP1, and beclin-1. DIABLO/SMAC mimetics are therapeutic agents that compromise cell survival by hijacking host apoptotic machinery. We found that DIABLO/SMAC mimetics (birinapant, GDC-0152, and embelin) selectively kill HIV-TCM without increasing virus production or targeting uninfected TCM. Treatment of HIV-TCM with DIABLO/SMAC mimetics promoted XIAP and BIRC2 degradation, which triggered autophagy and the formation of a cell death complex consisting of pro-apoptotic (FADD, RIPK1, RIPK3, and caspase 8) and autophagy (ATG5, ATG7, and SQSTM1) proteins. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of autophagy induction, but not autophagy-mediated degradation, abrogated this interaction and subsequent cell death. Our findings identify a mechanism whereby DIABLO/SMAC mimetics exploit autophagy and apoptotic machinery to selectively induce killing of HIV-TCM without viral reactivation while sparing uninfected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant R Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rachel S Bruckman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yen-Lin Chu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rodney N Trout
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen A Spector
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
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24
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Piekna-Przybylska D, Nagumotu K, Reid DM, Maggirwar SB. HIV-1 infection renders brain vascular pericytes susceptible to the extracellular glutamate. J Neurovirol 2018; 25:114-126. [PMID: 30402824 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reduced pericytes' coverage of endothelium in the brain is one of the structural changes leading to breach of the blood-brain barrier during HIV infection. We previously showed in central memory T (TCM) cells that HIV latency increases cellular susceptibility to DNA damage. In this study, we investigated susceptibility of primary brain pericytes infected with HIV-1 to DNA damage in response to glutamate and TNF-α, both known to induce neuronal death during chronic inflammatory conditions. To infect pericytes, we used a single-cycle HIV-1 pseudotyped with VSV-G envelope glycoprotein and maintained the cultures until latency was established. Our data indicate that pericytes silence HIV-1 expression at similar rate compared to primary TCM cells. TNF-α and IL-1β caused partial reactivation of the virus suggesting that progression of disease and neuroinflammation might facilitate virus reactivation from latency. Significant increases in the level of γH2AX, which reflect DNA damage, were observed in infected cultures exposed to TNF-α and glutamate at day 2 post-infection. Glutamate, an excitatory neurologic stimuli, also caused increases in the γH2AX level in latently infected pericytes, whereas PARP and DNA-PK inhibitors caused reductions in cell population suggesting that HIV-1 latency affects repairs of single- and double-strand DNA breaks. For comparison, we also analyzed latently infected astrocytes and determined that DNA damage response in astrocytes is less affected by HIV-1. In conclusion, our results indicate that productive infection and HIV-1 latency in pericytes interfere with DNA damage response, rendering them vulnerable to the agents that are characteristic of chronic neuroinflammatory disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Piekna-Przybylska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Kavyasri Nagumotu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Danielle M Reid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Sanjay B Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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25
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Sevilya Z, Chorin E, Gal-Garber O, Zelinger E, Turner D, Avidor B, Berke G, Hassin D. Killing of Latently HIV-Infected CD4 T Cells by Autologous CD8 T Cells Is Modulated by Nef. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2068. [PMID: 30254642 PMCID: PMC6141733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of HIV-specific CD8 T cell activity in the course of HIV infection and the way it affects the virus that resides in the latent reservoir resting memory cells is debated. The PBMC of HIV-infected patients contain HIV-specific CD8 T cells and their potential targets, CD4 T cells latently infected by HIV. CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells procured from PBMC of HIV-infected patients were co-incubated and analyzed: Formation of CD8 T cells and HIV-infected CD4 T cell conjugates and apoptosis of these CD4 T cells were observed by fluorescence microscopy with in situ PCR of HIV LTR DNA. Furthermore, conjugation of CD8 T cells with CD4 T cells and apoptosis of CD4 T cells was observed and quantified by imaging flow cytometry using anti-human activated caspase 3 antibody and TUNEL assay. The conjugation activity and apoptosis were found to be much higher in patients with acute HIV infection or AIDS compared to patients in chronic infection on antiretroviral therapy (ART) or not. Patients on ART had low grade conjugation and apoptosis of isolated CD69, CD25, and HLA-DR-negative CD4 T cells (latent reservoir cells) by CD8 T cells. Using in situ PCR The latent reservoir CD4 T cells were shown to contain most of the HIV DNA. We demonstrate in HIV-infected patients, that CD8 T cells conjugate with and kill HIV-infected CD4 T cells, including HIV-infected resting memory CD4 T cells, throughout the course of HIV infection. We propose that in HIV-infected patients CD4 T cell annihilation is caused in part by ongoing activity of HIV-specific CD8 T cells. HIV Nef protein interacts with ASK 1 and inhibits its pro-apoptotic death signaling by Fas/FasL, thus protecting HIV-infected cells from CD8 T cells killing. A peptide that interrupts Nef-ASK1 interaction that had been delivered into CD4 T cells procured from patients on ART resulted in the increase of their apoptosis inflicted by autologous CD8 T cells. We suggest that elimination of the HIV-infected latent reservoir CD4 T cells can be achieved by Nef inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziv Sevilya
- Internal Medicine Department A, Assuta Ashdod Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel.,Crusaid Kobler AIDS center, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ehud Chorin
- Crusaid Kobler AIDS center, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Orit Gal-Garber
- Interdepartmental Equipment Facility, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Einat Zelinger
- Interdepartmental Equipment Facility, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dan Turner
- Crusaid Kobler AIDS center, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Boaz Avidor
- Crusaid Kobler AIDS center, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gideon Berke
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David Hassin
- Internal Medicine Department A, Assuta Ashdod Medical Center, Ashdod, Israel.,Crusaid Kobler AIDS center, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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26
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Agosto LM, Henderson AJ. CD4 + T Cell Subsets and Pathways to HIV Latency. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2018; 34:780-789. [PMID: 29869531 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2018.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent infection of CD4+ T cells is the main barrier to eradicating HIV-1 infection from infected patients. The cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of latent infection are directly linked to the transcriptional program of the different CD4+ T cell subsets targeted by the virus. In this review, we provide an overview of how T cell activation, T cell differentiation into functional subsets, and the mode of initial viral infection influence HIV proviral transcription and entry into latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Agosto
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew J. Henderson
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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27
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Desimio MG, Giuliani E, Ferraro AS, Adorno G, Doria M. In Vitro Exposure to Prostratin but Not Bryostatin-1 Improves Natural Killer Cell Functions Including Killing of CD4 + T Cells Harboring Reactivated Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1514. [PMID: 30008723 PMCID: PMC6033996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the attempt of purging the HIV-1 reservoir through the “shock-and-kill” strategy, it is important to select latency-reversing agents (LRAs) devoid of deleterious effects on the antiviral function of immune effector cells. Here, we investigated two LRAs with PKC agonist activity, prostratin (PRO) and bryostatin-1 (BRY), for their impact on the function of natural killer (NK) cells, the major effectors of innate immunity whose potential in HIV-1 eradication has emerged in recent clinical trials. Using NK cells of healthy donors, we found that exposure to either PRO or BRY potently activated NK cells, resulting in upmodulation of NKG2D and NKp44 activating receptors and matrix metalloprotease-mediated shedding of CD16 receptor. Despite PRO and BRY affected NK cell phenotype in the same manner, their impact on NK cell function was diverse and showed considerable donor-to-donor variation. Altogether, in most tested donors, the natural cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) of NK cells were either improved or maintained by PRO, while both activities were impaired by BRY. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of these drugs on the capacity of treated NK cells to kill autologous latently infected CD4+ T cells reactivated via the same treatment. First, we found that PRO but not BRY increased upmodulation of the ULBP2 ligand for NKG2D on reactivated p24+ cells. Importantly, we showed that clearance of reactivated p24+ cells by NK cells was enhanced when both targets and effectors were exposed to PRO but not to BRY. Overall, PRO had a superior potential compared with BRY as to the impact on key NK cell functions and on NK-cell-mediated clearance of the HIV-1 reservoir. Our results emphasize the importance of considering the effects on NK cells of candidate “shock-and-kill” interventions. With respect to combinative approaches, the impact on NK cells of each LRA should be re-evaluated upon combination with a second LRA, which may have analogous or opposite effects, or with immunotherapy targeting NK cells. In addition, avoiding co-administration of LRAs that negatively impact ADCC activity by NK cells might be essential for successful application of antibodies or vaccination to “shock-and-kill” strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Desimio
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Giuliani
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gaspare Adorno
- SIMT, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Immune and Infectious Diseases Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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28
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Rao S, Amorim R, Niu M, Temzi A, Mouland AJ. The RNA surveillance proteins UPF1, UPF2 and SMG6 affect HIV-1 reactivation at a post-transcriptional level. Retrovirology 2018; 15:42. [PMID: 29954456 PMCID: PMC6022449 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0425-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) to form a stable viral reservoir is the major obstacle to an HIV-1 cure and post-transcriptional events contribute to the maintenance of viral latency. RNA surveillance proteins such as UPF1, UPF2 and SMG6 affect RNA stability and metabolism. In our previous work, we demonstrated that UPF1 stabilises HIV-1 genomic RNA (vRNA) and enhances its translatability in the cytoplasm. Thus, in this work we evaluated the influence of RNA surveillance proteins on vRNA expression and, as a consequence, viral reactivation in cells of the lymphoid lineage. Methods Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridisation—flow cytometry (FISH-flow), si/shRNA-mediated depletions and Western blotting were used to characterise the roles of RNA surveillance proteins on HIV-1 reactivation in a latently infected model T cell line and primary CD4+ T cells. Results UPF1 was found to be a positive regulator of viral reactivation, with a depletion of UPF1 resulting in impaired vRNA expression and viral reactivation. UPF1 overexpression also modestly enhanced vRNA expression and its ATPase activity and N-terminal domain were necessary for this effect. UPF2 and SMG6 were found to negatively influence viral reactivation, both via an interaction with UPF1. UPF1 knockdown also resulted in reduced vRNA levels and viral gene expression in HIV-1-infected primary CD4+ T cells. Conclusion Overall, these data suggest that RNA surveillance proteins affect HIV-1 gene expression at a post-transcriptional level. An elucidation of the role of vRNA metabolism on the maintenance of HIV-1 persistence can lead to the development of novel curative strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12977-018-0425-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shringar Rao
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Raquel Amorim
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Meijuan Niu
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Abdelkrim Temzi
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Andrew J Mouland
- HIV-1 RNA Trafficking Laboratory, Lady Davis Institute at the Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada.
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29
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Murakami T, Kim J, Li Y, Green GE, Shikanov A, Ono A. Secondary lymphoid organ fibroblastic reticular cells mediate trans-infection of HIV-1 via CD44-hyaluronan interactions. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2436. [PMID: 29934525 PMCID: PMC6015004 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04846-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are stromal cells in secondary lymphoid organs, the major sites for HIV-1 infection of CD4+ T cells. Although FRCs regulate T cell survival, proliferation, and migration, whether they play any role in HIV-1 spread has not been studied. Here, we show that FRCs enhance HIV-1 spread via trans-infection in which FRCs capture HIV-1 and facilitate infection of T cells that come into contact with FRCs. FRCs mediate trans-infection in both two- and three-dimensional culture systems and in a manner dependent on the virus producer cells. This producer cell dependence, which was also observed for virus spread in secondary lymphoid tissues ex vivo, is accounted for by CD44 incorporated into virus particles and hyaluronan bound to such CD44 molecules. This virus-associated hyaluronan interacts with CD44 expressed on FRCs, thereby promoting virus capture by FRCs. Overall, our results reveal a novel role for FRCs in promoting HIV-1 spread. Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) are important regulators of T cell survival, proliferation, and migration in secondary lymphoid organs, but their role in HIV infection isn’t studied. Here, Murakami et al. show that FRCs enhance HIV spread via CD44- and hyaluronan-mediated trans-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Murakami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Glenn Edward Green
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ariella Shikanov
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Akira Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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30
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The Pathway To Establishing HIV Latency Is Critical to How Latency Is Maintained and Reversed. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.02225-17. [PMID: 29643247 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02225-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy because of the persistence of latently infected CD4+ T cells. The induction of virus expression from latently infected cells occurs following T cell receptor (TCR) activation, but not all latently infected cells respond to TCR stimulation. We compared two models of latently infected cells using an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter virus to infect CCL19-treated resting CD4+ (rCD4+) T cells (preactivation latency) or activated CD4+ T cells that returned to a resting state (postactivation latency). We isolated latently infected cells by sorting for EGFP-negative (EGFP-) cells after infection. These cells were cultured with antivirals and stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28, mitogens, and latency-reversing agents (LRAs) and cocultured with monocytes and anti-CD3. Spontaneous EGFP expression was more frequent in postactivation than in preactivation latency. Stimulation of latently infected cells with monocytes/anti-CD3 resulted in an increase in EGFP expression compared to that for unstimulated controls using the preactivation latency model but led to a reduction in EGFP expression in the postactivation latency model. The reduced EGFP expression was not associated with reductions in the levels of viral DNA or T cell proliferation but depended on direct contact between monocytes and T cells. Monocytes added to the postactivation latency model during the establishment of latency reduced spontaneous virus expression, suggesting that monocyte-T cell interactions at an early time point postinfection can maintain HIV latency. This direct comparison of pre- and postactivation latency suggests that effective strategies needed to reverse latency will depend on how latency is established.IMPORTANCE One strategy being evaluated to eliminate latently infected cells that persist in HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is to activate HIV expression or production with the goal of inducing virus-mediated cytolysis or immune-mediated clearance of infected cells. The gold standard for the activation of latent virus is T cell receptor stimulation with anti-CD3/anti-CD28. However, this stimulus activates only a small proportion of latently infected cells. We show clear differences in the responses of latently infected cells to activating stimuli based on how latent infection is established, an observation that may potentially explain the persistence of noninduced intact proviruses in HIV-infected individuals on ART.
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31
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Stevenson M. CROI 2018: Advances in Basic Science Understanding of HIV. TOPICS IN ANTIVIRAL MEDICINE 2018; 26:17-21. [PMID: 29727293 PMCID: PMC5963933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections represents the most important venue for the dissemination of research advances in HIV and AIDS. The 25th conference, held in Boston, featured presentations that provided insight into the mechanisms of HIV-1 spread in tissues as well as new information on mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence in individuals on effective antiretroviral treatment. The ability of the conference to convey research findings for a general audience is enhanced, to a large part, by preconference workshops. These workshops feature leading researchers who aim to present cutting edge research to a general audience. These sessions rank highly in terms of education and professional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Stevenson
- University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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32
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Pasternak AO, Berkhout B. What do we measure when we measure cell-associated HIV RNA. Retrovirology 2018; 15:13. [PMID: 29378657 PMCID: PMC5789533 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-associated (CA) HIV RNA has received much attention in recent years as a surrogate measure of the efficiency of HIV latency reversion and because it may provide an estimate of the viral reservoir size. This review provides an update on some recent insights in the biology and clinical utility of this biomarker. We discuss a number of important considerations to be taken into account when interpreting CA HIV RNA measurements, as well as different methods to measure this biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Pasternak
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Huang SH, Ren Y, Thomas AS, Chan D, Mueller S, Ward AR, Patel S, Bollard CM, Cruz CR, Karandish S, Truong R, Macedo AB, Bosque A, Kovacs C, Benko E, Piechocka-Trocha A, Wong H, Jeng E, Nixon DF, Ho YC, Siliciano RF, Walker BD, Jones RB. Latent HIV reservoirs exhibit inherent resistance to elimination by CD8+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:876-889. [PMID: 29355843 DOI: 10.1172/jci97555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of persistent, latent HIV reservoirs in CD4+ T cells obstructs current efforts to cure infection. The so-called kick-and-kill paradigm proposes to purge these reservoirs by combining latency-reversing agents with immune effectors such as cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Support for this approach is largely based on success in latency models, which do not fully reflect the makeup of latent reservoirs in individuals on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART). Recent studies have shown that CD8+ T cells have the potential to recognize defective proviruses, which comprise the vast majority of all infected cells, and that the proviral landscape can be shaped over time due to in vivo clonal expansion of infected CD4+ T cells. Here, we have shown that treating CD4+ T cells from ART-treated individuals with combinations of potent latency-reversing agents and autologous CD8+ T cells consistently reduced cell-associated HIV DNA, but failed to deplete replication-competent virus. These CD8+ T cells recognized and potently eliminated CD4+ T cells that were newly infected with autologous reservoir virus, ruling out a role for both immune escape and CD8+ T cell dysfunction. Thus, our results suggest that cells harboring replication-competent HIV possess an inherent resistance to CD8+ T cells that may need to be addressed to cure infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szu-Han Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Yanqin Ren
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Allison S Thomas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Dora Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Stefanie Mueller
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adam R Ward
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Shabnum Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.,Children's National Health System, Washington DC, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.,Children's National Health System, Washington DC, USA
| | - Conrad Russell Cruz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.,Children's National Health System, Washington DC, USA
| | - Sara Karandish
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ronald Truong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Amanda B Macedo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alicja Piechocka-Trocha
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hing Wong
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, USA
| | - Emily Jeng
- Altor Bioscience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, USA
| | - Douglas F Nixon
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ya-Chi Ho
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA.,Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R Brad Jones
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington DC, USA.,Ragon Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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34
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Zhang Z, Nikolai BC, Gates LA, Jung SY, Siwak EB, He B, Rice AP, O'Malley BW, Feng Q. Crosstalk between histone modifications indicates that inhibition of arginine methyltransferase CARM1 activity reverses HIV latency. Nucleic Acids Res 2017. [PMID: 28637181 PMCID: PMC5766202 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the gene expression status is strictly controlled by epigenetic modifications on chromatin. The repressive status of chromatin largely contributes to HIV latency. Studies have shown that modification of histone H3K27 acts as a key molecular switch for activation or suppression of many cellular genes. In this study, we found that K27-acetylated histone H3 specifically recruited Super Elongation Complex (SEC), the transcriptional elongation complex essential for HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-mediated and general cellular transcription. Interestingly, H3K27 acetylation further stimulates H3R26 methylation, which subsequently abrogates the recruitment of SEC, forming a negative feedback regulatory loop. Importantly, by inhibiting methyltransferase activity of CARM1, the enzyme responsible for H3R26 methylation, HIV-1 transcription is reactivated in several HIV latency cell models, including a primary resting CD4+ T cell model. When combined with other latency disrupting compounds such as JQ1 or vorinostat/SAHA, the CARM1 inhibitor achieved synergistic effects on HIV-1 activation. This study suggests that coordinated and dynamic modifications at histone H3K27 and H3R26 orchestrate HIV-1 LTR-mediated transcription, and potentially opens a new avenue to disrupt latent HIV-1 infection by targeting specific epigenetic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bryan C Nikolai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leah A Gates
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sung Yun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Edward B Siwak
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bin He
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Medicine-Hematology & Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew P Rice
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qin Feng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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35
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Perreau M, Banga R, Pantaleo G. Targeted Immune Interventions for an HIV-1 Cure. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:945-961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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36
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Mujib S, Saiyed A, Fadel S, Bozorgzad A, Aidarus N, Yue FY, Benko E, Kovacs C, Emert-Sedlak LA, Smithgall TE, Ostrowski MA. Pharmacologic HIV-1 Nef blockade promotes CD8 T cell-mediated elimination of latently HIV-1-infected cells in vitro. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93684. [PMID: 28878119 PMCID: PMC5621880 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eradication of the HIV-1 latent reservoir represents the current paradigm to developing a cure for AIDS. HIV-1 has evolved multiple mechanisms to evade CD8 T cell responses, including HIV-1 Nef-mediated downregulation of MHC-I from the surface of infected cells. Nef transcripts and protein are detectable in samples from aviremic donors, suggesting that Nef expression in latently HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells protects them from immune-mediated clearance. Here, we tested 4 small molecule inhibitors of HIV-1 Nef in an in vitro primary CD4 T cell latency model and measured the ability of autologous ex vivo or HIV-1 peptide-expanded CD8 T cells to recognize and kill latently infected cells as a function of inhibitor treatment. Nef inhibition enhanced cytokine secretion by autologous CD8 T cells against latently HIV-1-infected targets in an IFN-γ release assay. Additionally, CD8 T cell-mediated elimination of latently HIV-1-infected cells was significantly enhanced following Nef blockade, measured as a reduction in the frequency of infected cells and Gag protein in cultures following viral outgrowth assays. We demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge that Nef blockade, in combination with HIV-specific CD8 T cell expansion, might be a feasible strategy to target the HIV-1 latent reservoir that should be tested further in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shariq Mujib
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS), Department of Medicine, and
| | - Aamir Saiyed
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saleh Fadel
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ardalan Bozorgzad
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nasra Aidarus
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Feng Yun Yue
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lori A. Emert-Sedlak
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas E. Smithgall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mario A. Ostrowski
- Institute of Medical Science (IMS), Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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37
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López-Huertas MR, Jiménez-Tormo L, Madrid-Elena N, Gutiérrez C, Rodríguez-Mora S, Coiras M, Alcamí J, Moreno S. The CCR5-antagonist Maraviroc reverses HIV-1 latency in vitro alone or in combination with the PKC-agonist Bryostatin-1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2385. [PMID: 28539614 PMCID: PMC5443841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A potential strategy to cure HIV-1 infection is to use latency reversing agents (LRAs) to eliminate latent reservoirs established in resting CD4+ T (rCD4+) cells. As no drug has been shown to be completely effective, finding new drugs and combinations are of increasing importance. We studied the effect of Maraviroc (MVC), a CCR5 antagonist that activates NF-κB, on HIV-1 replication from latency. HIV-1-latency models based on CCL19 or IL7 treatment, before HIV-1 infection were used. Latently infected primary rCD4+ or central memory T cells were stimulated with MVC alone or in combination with Bryostatin-1, a PKC agonist known to reverse HIV-1 latency. MVC 5 μM and 0.31 μM were chosen for further studies although other concentrations of MVC also increased HIV-1 replication. MVC was as efficient as Bryostatin-1 in reactivating X4 and R5-tropic HIV-1. However, the combination of MVC and Bryostatin-1 was antagonistic, probably because Bryostatin-1 reduced CCR5 expression levels. Although HIV-1 reactivation had the same tendency in both latency models, statistical significance was only achieved in IL7-treated cells. These data suggest that MVC should be regarded as a new LRA with potency similar as Bryostatin-1. Further studies are required to describe the synergistic effect of MVC with other LRAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rosa López-Huertas
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcalá de Henares University, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Laura Jiménez-Tormo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcalá de Henares University, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Madrid-Elena
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcalá de Henares University, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Gutiérrez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcalá de Henares University, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mora
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mayte Coiras
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- AIDS Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Alcalá de Henares University, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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38
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Raposo RAS, de Mulder Rougvie M, Paquin-Proulx D, Brailey PM, Cabido VD, Zdinak PM, Thomas AS, Huang SH, Beckerle GA, Jones RB, Nixon DF. IFITM1 targets HIV-1 latently infected cells for antibody-dependent cytolysis. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e85811. [PMID: 28097226 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 persistence in latent reservoirs during antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the main obstacle to virus eradication. To date, there is no marker that adequately identifies latently infected CD4+ T cells in vivo. Using a well-established ex vivo model, we generated latently infected CD4+ T cells and identified interferon-induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1), a transmembrane antiviral factor, as being overexpressed in latently infected cells. By targeting IFITM1, we showed the efficient and specific killing of a latently infected cell line and CD4+ T cells from ART-suppressed patients through antibody-dependent cytolysis. We hypothesize that IFITM1 could mark natural reservoirs, identifying an immune target for killing of latently infected cells. These novel insights could be explored to develop clinical therapeutic approaches to effectively eradicate HIV-1.
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39
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Kinetics of HIV-1 Latency Reversal Quantified on the Single-Cell Level Using a Novel Flow-Based Technique. J Virol 2016; 90:9018-28. [PMID: 27466424 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01448-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED HIV-1 establishes a pool of latently infected cells early following infection. New therapeutic approaches aiming at diminishing this persisting reservoir by reactivation of latently infected cells are currently being developed and tested. However, the reactivation kinetics of viral mRNA and viral protein production, and their respective consequences for phenotypical changes in infected cells that might enable immune recognition, remain poorly understood. We adapted a novel approach to assess the dynamics of HIV-1 mRNA and protein expression in latently and newly infected cells on the single-cell level by flow cytometry. This technique allowed the simultaneous detection of gagpol mRNA, intracellular p24 Gag protein, and cell surface markers. Following stimulation of latently HIV-1-infected J89 cells with human tumor necrosis factor alpha (hTNF-α)/romidepsin (RMD) or HIV-1 infection of primary CD4(+) T cells, four cell populations were detected according to their expression levels of viral mRNA and protein. gagpol mRNA in J89 cells was quantifiable for the first time 3 h after stimulation with hTNF-α and 12 h after stimulation with RMD, while p24 Gag protein was detected for the first time after 18 h poststimulation. HIV-1-infected primary CD4(+) T cells downregulated CD4, BST-2, and HLA class I expression at early stages of infection, proceeding Gag protein detection. In conclusion, here we describe a novel approach allowing quantification of the kinetics of HIV-1 mRNA and protein synthesis on the single-cell level and phenotypic characterization of HIV-1-infected cells at different stages of the viral life cycle. IMPORTANCE Early after infection, HIV-1 establishes a pool of latently infected cells, which hide from the immune system. Latency reversal and immune-mediated elimination of these latently infected cells are some of the goals of current HIV-1 cure approaches; however, little is known about the HIV-1 reactivation kinetics following stimulation with latency-reversing agents. Here we describe a novel approach allowing for the first time quantification of the kinetics of HIV-1 mRNA and protein synthesis after latency reactivation or de novo infection on the single-cell level using flow cytometry. This new technique furthermore enabled the phenotypic characterization of latently infected and de novo-infected cells dependent on the presence of viral RNA or protein.
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40
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Establishment and Reversal of HIV-1 Latency in Naive and Central Memory CD4+ T Cells In Vitro. J Virol 2016; 90:8059-73. [PMID: 27356901 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00553-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The latent HIV-1 reservoir primarily resides in resting CD4(+) T cells which are a heterogeneous population composed of both naive (TN) and memory cells. In HIV-1-infected individuals, viral DNA has been detected in both naive and memory CD4(+) T cell subsets although the frequency of HIV-1 DNA is typically higher in memory cells, particularly in the central memory (TCM) cell subset. TN and TCM cells are distinct cell populations distinguished by many phenotypic and physiological differences. In this study, we used a primary cell model of HIV-1 latency that utilizes direct infection of highly purified TN and TCM cells to address differences in the establishment and reversal of HIV-1 latency. Consistent with what is seen in vivo, we found that HIV-1 infected TN cells less efficiently than TCM cells. However, when the infected TN cells were treated with latency-reversing agents, including anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies, phorbol myristate acetate/phytohemagglutinin, and prostratin, as much (if not more) extracellular virion-associated HIV-1 RNA was produced per infected TN cell as per infected TCM cell. There were no major differences in the genomic distribution of HIV-1 integration sites between TN and TCM cells that accounted for these observed differences. We observed decay of the latent HIV-1 cells in both T cell subsets after exposure to each of the latency-reversing agents. Collectively, these data highlight significant differences in the establishment and reversal of HIV-1 latency in TN and TCM CD4(+) T cells and suggest that each subset should be independently studied in preclinical and clinical studies. IMPORTANCE The latent HIV-1 reservoir is frequently described as residing within resting memory CD4(+) T cells. This is largely due to the consistent finding that memory CD4(+) T cells, specifically the central (TCM) and transitional memory compartments, harbor the highest levels of HIV-1 DNA in individuals on suppressive therapy. This has yielded little research into the contribution of CD4(+) naive T (TN) cells to the latent reservoir. In this study, we show that although TN cells harbor significantly lower levels of HIV-1 DNA, following latency reversal, they produced as many virions as did the TCM cells (if not more virions). This suggests that latently infected TN cells may be a major source of virus following treatment interruption or failure. These findings highlight the need for a better understanding of the establishment and reversal of HIV-1 latency in TN cells in evaluating therapeutic approaches to eliminate the latent reservoir.
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41
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Clutton G, Xu Y, Baldoni PL, Mollan KR, Kirchherr J, Newhard W, Cox K, Kuruc JD, Kashuba A, Barnard R, Archin N, Gay CL, Hudgens MG, Margolis DM, Goonetilleke N. The differential short- and long-term effects of HIV-1 latency-reversing agents on T cell function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30749. [PMID: 27480951 PMCID: PMC4969750 DOI: 10.1038/srep30749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the extraordinary success of HIV-1 antiretroviral therapy in prolonging life, infected individuals face lifelong therapy because of a reservoir of latently-infected cells that harbor replication competent virus. Recently, compounds have been identified that can reverse HIV-1 latency in vivo. These latency- reversing agents (LRAs) could make latently-infected cells vulnerable to clearance by immune cells, including cytolytic CD8+ T cells. We investigated the effects of two leading LRA classes on CD8+ T cell phenotype and function: the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) and protein kinase C modulators (PKCms). We observed that relative to HDACis, the PKCms induced much stronger T cell activation coupled with non-specific cytokine production and T cell proliferation. When examining antigen-specific CD8+ T cell function, all the LRAs except the HDACi Vorinostat reduced, but did not abolish, one or more measurements of CD8+ T cell function. Importantly, the extent and timing of these effects differed between LRAs. Panobinostat had detrimental effects within 10 hours of drug treatment, whereas the effects of the other LRAs were observed between 48 hours and 5 days. These observations suggest that scheduling of LRA and CD8+ T cell immunotherapy regimens may be critical for optimal clearance of the HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Clutton
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - P L Baldoni
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - K R Mollan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Kirchherr
- Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - W Newhard
- Merck Research Laboratories, White Horse Junction, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kara Cox
- Merck Research Laboratories, White Horse Junction, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J D Kuruc
- Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - A Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - R Barnard
- Merck Research Laboratories, White Horse Junction, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - N Archin
- Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - C L Gay
- Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - M G Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - D M Margolis
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - N Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Anderson JL, Mota TM, Evans VA, Kumar N, Rezaei SD, Cheong K, Solomon A, Wightman F, Cameron PU, Lewin SR. Understanding Factors That Modulate the Establishment of HIV Latency in Resting CD4+ T-Cells In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158778. [PMID: 27383184 PMCID: PMC4934909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing robust in vitro models of HIV latency is needed to better understand how latency is established, maintained and reversed. In this study, we examined the effects of donor variability, HIV titre and co-receptor usage on establishing HIV latency in vitro using two models of HIV latency. Using the CCL19 model of HIV latency, we found that in up to 50% of donors, CCL19 enhanced latent infection of resting CD4+ T-cells by CXCR4-tropic HIV in the presence of low dose IL-2. Increasing the infectious titre of CXCR4-tropic HIV increased both productive and latent infection of resting CD4+ T-cells. In a different model where myeloid dendritic cells (mDC) were co-cultured with resting CD4+ T-cells, we observed a higher frequency of latently infected cells in vitro than CCL19-treated or unstimulated CD4+ T-cells in the presence of low dose IL-2. In the DC-T-cell model, latency was established with both CCR5- and CXCR4-tropic virus but higher titres of CCR5-tropic virus was required in most donors. The establishment of latency in vitro through direct infection of resting CD4+ T-cells is significantly enhanced by CCL19 and mDC, but the efficiency is dependent on virus titre, co-receptor usage and there is significant donor variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Anderson
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Talia M Mota
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa A Evans
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nitasha Kumar
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simin D Rezaei
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karey Cheong
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ajantha Solomon
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona Wightman
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul U Cameron
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon R Lewin
- Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Barmore AJ, Castex SM, Gouletas BA, Griffith AJ, Metz SW, Muelder NG, Populin MJ, Sackett DM, Schuster AM, Veldkamp CT. Transferring the C-terminus of the chemokine CCL21 to CCL19 confers enhanced heparin binding. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:602-606. [PMID: 27338641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines direct the migration of cells during various immune processes and are involved in many disease states. For example, CCL19 and CCL21, through activation of the CCR7 receptor, recruit dendritic cells and naïve T-cells to the secondary lymphoid organs aiding in balancing immune response and tolerance. However, CCL19 and CCL21 can also direct the metastasis of CCR7 expressing cancers. Chemokine binding to glycosaminoglycans, such as heparin, is as important to chemokine function as receptor activation. CCL21 is unique in that it contains an extended C-terminus not found in other chemokines like CCL19. Deletion of this extended C-terminus reduces CCL21's affinity for heparin and transferring the CCL21 C-terminus to CCL19 enhances heparin binding mainly through non-specific, electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J Barmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Sally M Castex
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Brittany A Gouletas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Alex J Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Slater W Metz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Nicolas G Muelder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Michael J Populin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - David M Sackett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Abigail M Schuster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA
| | - Christopher T Veldkamp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, 800 West Main Street, Whitewater, WI 53190, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Vranckx LS, Demeulemeester J, Saleh S, Boll A, Vansant G, Schrijvers R, Weydert C, Battivelli E, Verdin E, Cereseto A, Christ F, Gijsbers R, Debyser Z. LEDGIN-mediated Inhibition of Integrase-LEDGF/p75 Interaction Reduces Reactivation of Residual Latent HIV. EBioMedicine 2016; 8:248-264. [PMID: 27428435 PMCID: PMC4919729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistence of latent, replication-competent Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) provirus is the main impediment towards a cure for HIV/AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome). Therefore, different therapeutic strategies to eliminate the viral reservoirs are currently being explored. We here propose a novel strategy to reduce the replicating HIV reservoir during primary HIV infection by means of drug-induced retargeting of HIV integration. A novel class of integration inhibitors, referred to as LEDGINs, inhibit the interaction between HIV integrase and the LEDGF/p75 host cofactor, the main determinant of lentiviral integration site selection. We show for the first time that LEDGF/p75 depletion hampers HIV-1 reactivation in cell culture. Next we demonstrate that LEDGINs relocate and retarget HIV integration resulting in a HIV reservoir that is refractory to reactivation by different latency-reversing agents. Taken together, these results support the potential of integrase inhibitors that modulate integration site targeting to reduce the likeliness of viral rebound. LEDGF/p75 depletion hampers HIV reactivation in cell culture. LEDGINs relocate and retarget authentic HIV integration. LEDGIN treatment results in quiescent residual HIV provirus which is less susceptible to reactivation. LEDGIN treatment during primary HIV infection may lead to an HIV remission.
Different strategies to cure HIV infection are being explored. Although complete eradication of the HIV provirus is the ultimate goal, disease remission allowing treatment interruption without viral rebound would constitute a significant leap forward. HIV integration site selection is orchestrated by LEDGF/p75. The advent of LEDGINs, that block the interaction between integrase and LEDGF/p75, allowed us to examine the hypothesis that interference with HIV integration site selection would yield integration sites that are less optimal for productive infection. Here we provide evidence in cell culture that LEDGIN treatment during acute HIV infection yields an HIV reservoir refractory to reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenard S Vranckx
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33 VTCB +5, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Jonas Demeulemeester
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33 VTCB +5, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Suha Saleh
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33 VTCB +5, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Annegret Boll
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Gerlinde Vansant
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33 VTCB +5, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Rik Schrijvers
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33 VTCB +5, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium; Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Caroline Weydert
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33 VTCB +5, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Emilie Battivelli
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, 1650 Owens St., 94158 San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Eric Verdin
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, 1650 Owens St., 94158 San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Anna Cereseto
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Centre for Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33 VTCB +5, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33 VTCB +5, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33 VTCB +5, 3000 Leuven, Flanders, Belgium.
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Jones RB, Mueller S, O’Connor R, Rimpel K, Sloan DD, Karel D, Wong HC, Jeng EK, Thomas AS, Whitney JB, Lim SY, Kovacs C, Benko E, Karandish S, Huang SH, Buzon MJ, Lichterfeld M, Irrinki A, Murry JP, Tsai A, Yu H, Geleziunas R, Trocha A, Ostrowski MA, Irvine DJ, Walker BD. A Subset of Latency-Reversing Agents Expose HIV-Infected Resting CD4+ T-Cells to Recognition by Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005545. [PMID: 27082643 PMCID: PMC4833318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting CD4+ T-cells harboring inducible HIV proviruses are a critical reservoir in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated subjects. These cells express little to no viral protein, and thus neither die by viral cytopathic effects, nor are efficiently cleared by immune effectors. Elimination of this reservoir is theoretically possible by combining latency-reversing agents (LRAs) with immune effectors, such as CD8+ T-cells. However, the relative efficacy of different LRAs in sensitizing latently-infected cells for recognition by HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells has not been determined. To address this, we developed an assay that utilizes HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell clones as biosensors for HIV antigen expression. By testing multiple CD8+ T-cell clones against a primary cell model of HIV latency, we identified several single agents that primed latently-infected cells for CD8+ T-cell recognition, including IL-2, IL-15, two IL-15 superagonists (IL-15SA and ALT-803), prostratin, and the TLR-2 ligand Pam3CSK4. In contrast, we did not observe CD8+ T-cell recognition of target cells following treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors or with hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA). In further experiments we demonstrate that a clinically achievable concentration of the IL-15 superagonist ‘ALT-803’, an agent presently in clinical trials for solid and hematological tumors, primes the natural ex vivo reservoir for CD8+ T-cell recognition. Thus, our results establish a novel experimental approach for comparative evaluation of LRAs, and highlight ALT-803 as an LRA with the potential to synergize with CD8+ T-cells in HIV eradication strategies. Although modern therapies have greatly improved the lives of HIV-positive people with access to care, a cure remains elusive. This leaves these individuals burdened by a lifelong commitment to medication, and fails to fully restore health. Curing infection would likely require therapies that combine the ability to force the virus out the ‘latent state’ in which it hides, with immune responses able to kill unmasked infected cells, the so called “shock and kill” strategy. A critical aspect of this strategy is identifying drugs that are effective at shocking virus out of latency, known as latency reversing agents. In this study, we took the novel approach of using CD8+ T-cells, immune cells responsible for killing infected cells, as biosensors able to detect the unmasking of latently-infected cells. Using this method, we screened a panel of potential latency reversing agents. We found that while a subset of these agents exposed infected cells to the immune system, others did not. Our results establish a new method for screening potential latency reversing agents, and support the prioritization of the agents that were shown to be effective for combination with CD8+ T-cells in shock and kill strategies aimed at curing HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Brad Jones
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Stefanie Mueller
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rachel O’Connor
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Katherine Rimpel
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Derek D. Sloan
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Dan Karel
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hing C. Wong
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, United States of America
| | - Emily K. Jeng
- Altor BioScience Corporation, Miramar, Florida, United States of America
| | - Allison S. Thomas
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - James B. Whitney
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - So-Yon Lim
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Colin Kovacs
- The Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- The Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara Karandish
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Szu-Han Huang
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Maria J. Buzon
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alivelu Irrinki
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey P. Murry
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Angela Tsai
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Helen Yu
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Romas Geleziunas
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, California, United States of America
| | - Alicja Trocha
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mario A. Ostrowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Medical Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canad
| | - Darrell J. Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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HIV-1 transcriptional activity during frequent longitudinal sampling in aviremic patients on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2016; 30:713-21. [PMID: 26595541 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 transcription during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not well understood. This is problematic as latency-reactivating agent-based HIV-1 eradication trials utilize changes in viral transcription as an efficacy biomarker. METHODS We conducted an observational cohort study enrolling aviremic, HIV-1-infected adults on long-term ART. Cell-associated unspliced (CA-US) HIV-1 RNA and total HIV-1 DNA were quantified in unfractionated CD4 T cells monthly for a total of six consecutive visits. Random-effects models were used to determine the following: (i) proportion of variation attributable to intra-individual versus inter-individual changes; (ii) range estimate for random samples from any participant or cohort-matched individual (95% prediction interval); and (iii) range estimate for random samples from the same person (95% variation intervals expressed as fold change). RESULTS Among our cohort of 26 HIV-1 patients, 10.4% of variation in CA-US HIV-1 RNA was attributable to intra-individual fluctuations. Similarly, intra-individual changes also accounted for minor proportions of the variation in total HIV-1 DNA (5.1%) and RNA/DNA (28.3%). The 95% prediction interval (per 10 CD4 T cells) for CA-US HIV-1 RNA and HIV-1 DNA were each approximately 2 log10. Finally, model-derived 95% variation intervals indicate that spontaneous changes above 2.11-fold in CA-US HIV-1 RNA would occur in less than 5% of repeated measurements in an individual on long-term ART. CONCLUSION The individual CA-US HIV-1 RNA levels are remarkably stable during ART. Importantly, the observed variations were less than the reported changes for latency-reactivating agent trials. These data will serve as a foundation for planning and interpreting future eradication trials.
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Peripheral T Follicular Helper Cells Are the Major HIV Reservoir within Central Memory CD4 T Cells in Peripheral Blood from Chronically HIV-Infected Individuals on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy. J Virol 2015; 90:2718-28. [PMID: 26676775 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02883-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In this study, we examined the peripheral blood (PB) central memory (TCM) CD4(+) T cell subsets designated peripheral T follicular helper cells (pTfh cells) and non-pTfh cells to assess HIV permissiveness and persistence. Purified pTfh and non-pTfh cells from healthy HIV-negative donors were tested for HIV permissiveness using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing HIV-1NL4-3/Ba-L, followed by viral reactivation using beads coated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies. The role of pTfh cells in HIV persistence was analyzed in 12 chronically HIV-1 infected patients before and 48 weeks after initiation of raltegravir-containing combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Total cellular HIV-1 DNA and episomes containing two copies of the viral long terminal repeat (2LTR circles) were analyzed in using droplet digital PCR in the purified pTfh and non-pTfh cells. Activation-inducible HIV p24 expression was determined by flow cytometry. Results indicate that pTfh cells, in particular PD1(+) pTfh cells, showed greater permissiveness for HIV infection than non-pTfh cells. At week 48 on cART, HIV DNA levels were unchanged from pre-cART levels, although a significant decrease in 2LTR circles was observed in both cell subsets. Inducible HIV p24 expression was higher in pTfh cells than in non-pTfh cells, with the highest frequencies in the PD1(+) CXCR3(-) pTfh cell subset. Frequencies of HLADR(+) CD38(+) activated CD4 T cells correlated with 2LTR circles in pTfh and non-pTfh cells at both time points and with p24(+) cells at entry. In conclusion, among CD4 TCM cells in PB of aviremic patients on cART, pTfh cells, in particular the PD1(+) CXCR3(-) subset, constitute a major HIV reservoir that is sustained by ongoing residual immune activation. The inducible HIV p24 assay is useful for monitoring HIV reservoirs in defined CD4 T cell subsets. IMPORTANCE Identification of the type and nature of the cellular compartments of circulating HIV reservoirs is important for targeting of HIV cure strategies. In lymph nodes (LN), a subset of CD4 T cells called T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are preferentially infected by HIV. Central memory (TCM) CD4 T cells are the major cellular reservoir for HIV in peripheral blood and contain a subset of CD4 TCM cells expressing chemokine receptor CXCR5 similar in function to LN Tfh cells termed peripheral Tfh (pTfh) cells. We found that the circulating pTfh cells are highly susceptible to HIV infection and that in HIV-infected patients, HIV persists in these cells following plasma virus suppression with potent cART. These pTfh cells, which constitute a subset of TCM CD4 T cells, can be readily monitored in peripheral blood to assess HIV persistence.
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In Vitro Reactivation of Replication-Competent and Infectious HIV-1 by Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. J Virol 2015; 90:1858-71. [PMID: 26656693 PMCID: PMC4733986 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02359-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of long-lived HIV-1-infected resting memory CD4 T cells is thought to be the primary obstacle to HIV-1 eradication. In the search for novel therapeutic approaches that may reverse HIV-1 latency, inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACis) have been tested to reactivate HIV-1 replication with the objective of rendering HIV-1-infected cells susceptible to elimination either by HIV-specific CD8 T cells or through virus-mediated cytopathicity. In the present study, we evaluated the efficiency of HDACis to reactivate HIV-1 replication from resting memory CD4 T cells isolated from aviremic long-term-treated HIV-1-infected subjects. We demonstrate that following prolonged/repeated treatment of resting memory CD4 T cells with HDACis, HIV-1 replication may be induced from primary resting memory CD4 T cells isolated from aviremic long-term-treated HIV-1-infected subjects. More importantly, we demonstrate that HIV-1 reactivated in the cell cultures was not only replication competent but also infectious. Interestingly, givinostat, an HDACi that has not been investigated in clinical trials, was more efficient than vorinostat, panobinostat, and romidepsin in reversing HIV-1 latency in vitro. Taken together, these results support further evaluation of givinostat as a latency-reversing agent (LRA) in aviremic long-term-treated HIV-1-infected subjects. IMPORTANCE The major barrier to HIV cure is the existence of long-lived latently HIV-1-infected resting memory CD4 T cells. Latently HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells are transcriptionally silent and are therefore not targeted by conventional antiretroviral therapy (ART) or the immune system. In this context, one strategy to target latently infected cells is based on pharmacological molecules that may force the virus to replicate and would therefore render HIV-1-infected cells susceptible to elimination either by HIV-specific CD8 T cells or through virus-mediated cytopathicity. In this context, we developed an experimental strategy that would allow the evaluation of latency-reversing agent (LRA) efficiency in vitro using primary CD4 T cells. In the present study, we demonstrate that HDACis are potent inducers of replication-competent and infectious HIV-1 in resting memory CD4 T cells of long-term ART-treated patients and identify givinostat as the most efficient LRA tested.
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A Subset of CD4/CD8 Double-Negative T Cells Expresses HIV Proteins in Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy. J Virol 2015; 90:2165-79. [PMID: 26537682 PMCID: PMC4810694 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01913-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal in HIV eradication research is characterizing the reservoir cells that harbor HIV in the presence of antiretroviral therapy (ART), which reseed viremia after treatment is stopped. In general, it is assumed that the reservoir consists of CD4+ T cells that express no viral proteins. However, recent findings suggest that this may be an overly simplistic view and that the cells that contribute to the reservoir may be a diverse population that includes both CD4+ and CD4− cells. In this study, we directly infected resting CD4+ T cells and used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and fiber-optic array scanning technology (FAST) to identify and image cells expressing HIV Gag. We found that Gag expression from integrated proviruses occurred in resting cells that lacked surface CD4, likely resulting from Nef- and Env-mediated receptor internalization. We also extended our approach to detect cells expressing HIV proteins in patients suppressed on ART. We found evidence that rare Gag+ cells persist during ART and that these cells are often negative for CD4. We propose that these double-negative α/β T cells that express HIV protein may be a component of the long-lived reservoir.
IMPORTANCE A reservoir of infected cells persists in HIV-infected patients during antiretroviral therapy (ART) that leads to rebound of virus if treatment is stopped. In this study, we used flow cytometry and cell imaging to characterize protein expression in HIV-infected resting cells. HIV Gag protein can be directly detected in infected resting cells and occurs with simultaneous loss of CD4, consistent with the expression of additional viral proteins, such as Env and Nef. Gag+ CD4− cells can also be detected in suppressed patients, suggesting that a subset of infected cells express proteins during ART. Understanding the regulation of viral protein expression during ART will be key to designing effective strategies to eradicate HIV reservoirs.
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Hurst J, Hoffmann M, Pace M, Williams JP, Thornhill J, Hamlyn E, Meyerowitz J, Willberg C, Koelsch KK, Robinson N, Brown H, Fisher M, Kinloch S, Cooper DA, Schechter M, Tambussi G, Fidler S, Babiker A, Weber J, Kelleher AD, Phillips RE, Frater J. Immunological biomarkers predict HIV-1 viral rebound after treatment interruption. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8495. [PMID: 26449164 PMCID: PMC4633715 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of HIV-1 infection with antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the weeks following transmission may induce a state of 'post-treatment control' (PTC) in some patients, in whom viraemia remains undetectable when ART is stopped. Explaining PTC could help our understanding of the processes that maintain viral persistence. Here we show that immunological biomarkers can predict time to viral rebound after stopping ART by analysing data from a randomized study of primary HIV-1 infection incorporating a treatment interruption (TI) after 48 weeks of ART (the SPARTAC trial). T-cell exhaustion markers PD-1, Tim-3 and Lag-3 measured prior to ART strongly predict time to the return of viraemia. These data indicate that T-cell exhaustion markers may identify those latently infected cells with a higher proclivity to viral transcription. Our results may open new avenues for understanding the mechanisms underlying PTC, and eventually HIV-1 eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Hurst
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - Matthias Hoffmann
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Matthew Pace
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
| | - James P. Williams
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - John Thornhill
- Division of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Elizabeth Hamlyn
- Caldecot Centre, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Jodi Meyerowitz
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
| | - Chris Willberg
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Kersten K. Koelsch
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Nicola Robinson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Martin Fisher
- Department of HIV and Sexual Health, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, Brighton BN2 5BE, UK
| | - Sabine Kinloch
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David A. Cooper
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mauro Schechter
- Projeto Praça Onze, Hospital Escola São Francisco de Assis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro RJ 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Tambussi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Division of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Abdel Babiker
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL Institute of Clinical Trials & Methodology, London WC2B 6NH, UK
| | - Jonathan Weber
- Division of Medicine, Wright Fleming Institute, Imperial College, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - Anthony D. Kelleher
- St Vincent's Centre for Applied Medical Research and The Kirby Institute, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Rodney E. Phillips
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK
- Institute for Emerging Infections, The Oxford Martin School, Oxford OX1 3BD, UK
- Oxford National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
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