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Muinde J, Zhang TH, Liang ZL, Liu SP, Kioko E, Huang ZZ, Ge SQ. Functional Anatomy of Split Compound Eyes of the Whirligig Beetles Dineutus mellyi (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae). INSECTS 2024; 15:122. [PMID: 38392541 PMCID: PMC10889679 DOI: 10.3390/insects15020122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The functional anatomy of the split compound eyes of whirligig beetles Dineutus mellyi (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) was examined by advanced microscopy and microcomputed tomography. We report the first 3D visualization and analysis of the split compound eyes. On average, the dorsal and ventral eyes contain 1913 ± 44.5 facets and 3099 ± 86.2 facets, respectively. The larger area of ventral eyes ensures a higher field of vision underwater. The ommatidium of the split compound eyes is made up of laminated cornea lenses that offer protection against mechanical injuries, bullet-shaped crystalline cones that guide light to the photoreceptive regions, and screening pigments that ensure directional light passage. The photoreceptive elements, made up of eight retinular cells, exhibit a tri-tiered rhabdom structure, including the upper distal rhabdom, a clear zone that ensures maximum light passage, and an enlarged lower distal rhabdom that ensures optimal photon capture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Muinde
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- National Museums of Kenya, Museum Hill, Nairobi P.O. Box 40658-00100, Kenya
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tian-Hao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zu-Long Liang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Si-Pei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Esther Kioko
- National Museums of Kenya, Museum Hill, Nairobi P.O. Box 40658-00100, Kenya
| | - Zheng-Zhong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Si-Qin Ge
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Lin C, Hoving HJT, Cronin TW, Osborn KJ. Strange eyes, stranger brains: exceptional diversity of optic lobe organization in midwater crustaceans. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210216. [PMID: 33823669 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems across Animalia not only share a common blueprint at the biophysical and molecular level, but even between diverse groups of animals the structure and neuronal organization of several brain regions are strikingly conserved. Despite variation in the morphology and complexity of eyes across malacostracan crustaceans, many studies have shown that the organization of malacostracan optic lobes is highly conserved. Here, we report results of divergent evolution to this 'neural ground pattern' discovered in hyperiid amphipods, a relatively small group of holopelagic malacostracan crustaceans that possess an unusually wide diversity of compound eyes. We show that the structure and organization of hyperiid optic lobes has not only diverged from the malacostracan ground pattern, but is also highly variable between closely related genera. Our findings demonstrate a variety of trade-offs between sensory systems of hyperiids and even within the visual system alone, thus providing evidence that selection has modified individual components of the central nervous system to generate distinct combinations of visual centres in the hyperiid optic lobes. Our results provide new insights into the patterns of brain evolution among animals that live under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Lin
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Henk-Jan T Hoving
- GEOMAR, Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas W Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Karen J Osborn
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013, USA.,Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
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Bouchebti S, Arganda S. Insect lifestyle and evolution of brain morphology. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 42:90-96. [PMID: 33038535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Insect lifestyles are extremely diversified and have important consequences for brain function. Lifestyle determines the resources and information that brains might access and also those that are required to produce adaptive behaviors. Most of the observed adaptations in brain morphology to variation in lifestyle are related to the first stages of sensory information processing (e.g. adaptations to diel habits). However, morphological signatures of lifestyles related to higher order processing of information are more difficult to demonstrate. Co-option of existing neural structures for new behaviors might hinder the detection of morphological changes at a large scale. Current methodological advances will make it possible to investigate finer structural changes (e.g. variation in the connectivity between neurons) and might shed light on whether or not some lifestyles (e.g. eusociality) require morphological adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Bouchebti
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Arganda
- Departamento de Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Área de Biodiversidad y Conservación, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
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Chou A, Lin C, Cronin TW. Visual metamorphoses in insects and malacostracans: Transitions between an aquatic and terrestrial life. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2020; 59:100974. [PMID: 32822960 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.100974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arthropods operate in an outrageous diversity of environments. From the deep sea to dense tropical forests, to wide open arctic tundra, they have colonized almost every possible habitat. Within these environments, the presence of light is nearly ubiquitous, varying in intensity, wavelength, and polarization. Light provides critical information about the environment, such as time of day or where food sources may be located. Animals take advantage of this prevalent and informative cue to make behavioral choices. However, the types of choices animals face depend greatly on their environments and needs at any given time. In particular, animals that undergo metamorphosis, with arthropods being the prime example, experience dramatic changes in both behavior and ecology, which in turn may require altering the structure and function of sensory systems such as vision. Amphibiotic organisms maintain aquatic lifestyles as juveniles before transitioning to terrestrial lifestyles as adults. However, light behaves differently in water than in air, resulting in distinct aquatic and terrestrial optical environments. Visual changes in response to these optical differences can occur on multiple levels, from corneal structure down to neural organization. In this review, we summarize examples of alterations in the visual systems of amphibiotic larval and adult insects and malacostracan crustaceans, specifically those attributed to environmental differences between metamorphic phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Chou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA.
| | - Chan Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA; Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC, 20560, USA
| | - Thomas W Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Havenhand JN, Filipsson HL, Niiranen S, Troell M, Crépin AS, Jagers S, Langlet D, Matti S, Turner D, Winder M, de Wit P, Anderson LG. Ecological and functional consequences of coastal ocean acidification: Perspectives from the Baltic-Skagerrak System. AMBIO 2019; 48:831-854. [PMID: 30506502 PMCID: PMC6541583 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-018-1110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ocean temperatures are rising; species are shifting poleward, and pH is falling (ocean acidification, OA). We summarise current understanding of OA in the brackish Baltic-Skagerrak System, focussing on the direct, indirect and interactive effects of OA with other anthropogenic drivers on marine biogeochemistry, organisms and ecosystems. Substantial recent advances reveal a pattern of stronger responses (positive or negative) of species than ecosystems, more positive responses at lower trophic levels and strong indirect interactions in food-webs. Common emergent themes were as follows: OA drives planktonic systems toward the microbial loop, reducing energy transfer to zooplankton and fish; and nutrient/food availability ameliorates negative impacts of OA. We identify several key areas for further research, notably the need for OA-relevant biogeochemical and ecosystem models, and understanding the ecological and evolutionary capacity of Baltic-Skagerrak ecosystems to respond to OA and other anthropogenic drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan N. Havenhand
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, 45296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Susa Niiranen
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Max Troell
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 2B, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Science, Lilla Frescativägen 4, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne-Sophie Crépin
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Science, Lilla Frescativägen 4, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sverker Jagers
- Department of Political Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 711, Sprängkullsgatan 19, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - David Langlet
- Department of Law, University of Gothenburg, Box 650, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon Matti
- Department of Political Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, 97187 Luleå, Sweden
| | - David Turner
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Monika Winder
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pierre de Wit
- Department of Marine Sciences, Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, 45296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Leif G. Anderson
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lin C, Cronin TW. Two visual systems in one eyestalk: The unusual optic lobe metamorphosis in the stomatopod Alima pacifica. Dev Neurobiol 2017; 78:3-14. [PMID: 29082670 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The compound eyes of adult stomatopod crustaceans have two to six ommatidial rows at the equator, called the midband, that are often specialized for color and polarization vision. Beneath the retina, this midband specialization is represented as enlarged optic lobe lamina cartridges and a hernia-like expansion in the medulla. We studied how the optic lobe transforms from the larvae, which possess typical crustacean larval compound eyes without a specialized midband, through metamorphosis into the adults with the midband in a two midband-row species Alima pacifica. Using histological staining, immunolabeling, and 3D reconstruction, we show that the last-stage stomatopod larvae possess double-retina eyes, in which the developing adult visual system forms adjacent to, but separate from, the larval visual system. Beneath the two retinas, the optic lobe also contains two sets of optic neuropils, comprising of a larval lamina, medulla, and lobula, as well as an adult lamina, medulla, and lobula. The larval eye and all larval optic neuropils degenerate and disappear approximately a week after metamorphosis. In stomatopods, the unique adult visual system and all optic neuropils develop alongside the larval system in the eyestalk of last-stage larvae, where two visual systems and two independent visual processing pathways coexist. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 3-14, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250
| | - Thomas W Cronin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250
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Cronin TW, Bok MJ, Lin C. Crustacean Larvae—Vision in the Plankton. Integr Comp Biol 2017; 57:1139-1150. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icx007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Kinoshita M, Homberg U. Insect Brains: Minute Structures Controlling Complex Behaviors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-56469-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Wolff GH, Strausfeld NJ. Genealogical correspondence of a forebrain centre implies an executive brain in the protostome-deuterostome bilaterian ancestor. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150055. [PMID: 26598732 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthologous genes involved in the formation of proteins associated with memory acquisition are similarly expressed in forebrain centres that exhibit similar cognitive properties. These proteins include cAMP-dependent protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA-Cα) and phosphorylated Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (pCaMKII), both required for long-term memory formation which is enriched in rodent hippocampus and insect mushroom bodies, both implicated in allocentric memory and both possessing corresponding neuronal architectures. Antibodies against these proteins resolve forebrain centres, or their equivalents, having the same ground pattern of neuronal organization in species across five phyla. The ground pattern is defined by olfactory or chemosensory afferents supplying systems of parallel fibres of intrinsic neurons intersected by orthogonal domains of afferent and efferent arborizations with local interneurons providing feedback loops. The totality of shared characters implies a deep origin in the protostome-deuterostome bilaterian ancestor of elements of a learning and memory circuit. Proxies for such an ancestral taxon are simple extant bilaterians, particularly acoels that express PKA-Cα and pCaMKII in discrete anterior domains that can be properly referred to as brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella H Wolff
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain, and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Nicholas J Strausfeld
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Mind, Brain, and Behavior, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Gustafson GT, Miller KB. The New World whirligig beetles of the genus Dineutus Macleay, 1825 (Coleoptera, Gyrinidae, Gyrininae, Dineutini). Zookeys 2015:1-135. [PMID: 25685002 PMCID: PMC4311692 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.476.8630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
All New World members of the whirligig beetle genus Dineutus Macleay, 1825 are treated. The New World Dineutus are found to be composed of 18 species and 6 subspecies: one species, Dineutusmexicanus Ochs, 1925, stat. n. is elevated from subspecies to species rank, and the subspecies Dineutuscarolinusmutchleri Ochs, 1925, syn. n. is synonymized here with the typical form. Lectotypes are designated for Dineutusdiscolor Aubé, 1838, Dineutesmetallicus Aubé, 1838, Dineutussolitarius Aubé, 1838, Dineutesanalis Régimbart, 1883, and Gyrinuslongimanus Olivier, 1795. Each taxonomic unit is provided with a taxonomic history, type locality, diagnosis, distribution, habitat information, and a discussion section. The aedeagus and male mesotarsal claws are illustrated, and dorsal and ventral habitus images of both sexes, for each species and subspecies are provided. General distribution maps are provided for all taxonimc units. A key to the genera of New World Gyrinidae, as well as all the New World Dineutus species is provided. General Dineutus anatomy as well as a clarification of homology and anatomical terms is included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grey T Gustafson
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Kelly B Miller
- Department of Biology and Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Blagodatski A, Kryuchkov M, Sergeev A, Klimov AA, Shcherbakov MR, Enin GA, Katanaev VL. Under- and over-water halves of Gyrinidae beetle eyes harbor different corneal nanocoatings providing adaptation to the water and air environments. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6004. [PMID: 25103074 PMCID: PMC5380007 DOI: 10.1038/srep06004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whirligig beetles (Gyrinidae) inhabit water surfaces and possess unique eyes which are split into the overwater and underwater parts. In this study we analyze the micro- and nanostructure of the split eyes of two Gyrinidae beetles genera, Gyrinus and Orectochilus. We find that corneae of the overwater ommatidia are covered with maze-like nanostructures, while the corneal surface of the underwater eyes is smooth. We further show that the overwater nanostructures possess no anti-wetting, but the anti-reflective properties with the spectral preference in the range of 450-600 nm. These findings illustrate the adaptation of the corneal nanocoating of the two halves of an insect's eye to two different environments. The novel natural anti-reflective nanocoating we describe may find future technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Blagodatski
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation
| | - Michail Kryuchkov
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation
| | - Anton Sergeev
- Institute of Mathematical Problems of Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey A. Klimov
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation
| | - Maxim R. Shcherbakov
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gennadiy A. Enin
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir L. Katanaev
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Tanaka G, Hou X, Ma X, Edgecombe GD, Strausfeld NJ. Chelicerate neural ground pattern in a Cambrian great appendage arthropod. Nature 2013; 502:364-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nature12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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