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Nayak TK, Mamidi P, Sahoo SS, Kumar PS, Mahish C, Chatterjee S, Subudhi BB, Chattopadhyay S, Chattopadhyay S. P38 and JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Interact With Chikungunya Virus Non-structural Protein-2 and Regulate TNF Induction During Viral Infection in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2019; 10:786. [PMID: 31031770 PMCID: PMC6473476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne Alphavirus, is endemic in different parts of the globe. The host macrophages are identified as the major cellular reservoirs of CHIKV during infection and this virus triggers robust TNF production in the host macrophages, which might be a key mediator of virus induced inflammation. However, the molecular mechanism underneath TNF induction is not understood yet. Accordingly, the Raw264.7 cells, a mouse macrophage cell line, were infected with CHIKV to address the above-mentioned question. It was observed that CHIKV induces both p38 and JNK phosphorylation in macrophages in a time-dependent manner and p-p38 inhibitor, SB203580 is effective in reducing infection even at lower concentration as compared to the p-JNK inhibitor, SP600125. However, inhibition of p-p38 and p-JNK decreased CHIKV induced TNF production in the host macrophages. Moreover, CHIKV induced macrophage derived TNF was found to facilitate TCR driven T cell activation. Additionally, it was noticed that the expressions of key transcription factors involved mainly in antiviral responses (p-IRF3) and TNF production (p-c-jun) were induced significantly in the CHIKV infected macrophages as compared to the corresponding mock cells. Further, it was demonstrated that CHIKV mediated TNF production in the macrophages is dependent on p38 and JNK MAPK pathways linking p-c-jun transcription factor. Interestingly, it was found that CHIKV nsP2 interacts with both p-p38 and p-JNK MAPKs in the macrophages. This observation was supported by the in silico protein-protein docking analysis which illustrates the specific amino acids responsible for the nsP2-MAPKs interactions. A strong polar interaction was predicted between Thr-180 (within the phosphorylation lip) of p38 and Gln-273 of nsP2, whereas, no such polar interaction was predicted for the phosphorylation lip of JNK which indicates the differential roles of p-p38 and p-JNK during CHIKV infection in the host macrophages. In summary, for the first time it has been shown that CHIKV triggers robust TNF production in the host macrophages via both p-p38 and p-JNK/p-c-jun pathways and the interaction of viral protein, nsP2 with these MAPKs during infection. Hence, this information might shed light in rationale-based drug designing strategies toward a possible control measure of CHIKV infection in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Kumar Nayak
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Prabhudutta Mamidi
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Subhransu Sekhar Sahoo
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - P Sanjai Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Chandan Mahish
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Bharat Bhusan Subudhi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Soma Chattopadhyay
- Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Subhasis Chattopadhyay
- School of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research, HBNI, Bhubaneswar, India
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Maruyama H, Kimura T, Liu H, Ohtsuki S, Miyake Y, Isogai M, Arai F, Honda A. Influenza virus replication raises the temperature of cells. Virus Res 2018; 257:94-101. [PMID: 30248374 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus invades the cell by binding sialic acid on the cell membrane through haemagglutinin (HA), and then genome replication and transcription are carried out in the nucleus to produce progeny virus. Multiplication of influenza virus requires metabolites, such as nucleotides and amino acids, as well as cellular machinery to synthesize its genome and proteins, thereby producing viral particles. Influenza virus infection forces the start of several metabolic systems in the cell, which consume or generate large amounts of energy. Thus, the viral multiplication processes involved in both genome replication and transcription are considered to require large numbers of nucleotides. The high-level consumption of nucleotides generates large amounts of energy, some of which is converted into heat, and this heat may increase the temperature of cells. To address this question, we prepared a tool based on rhodamine B fluorescence, which we used to measure the temperatures of influenza virus-infected and uninfected cells. The results indicated that influenza virus multiplication increased the temperature of cells by approximately 4 °C - 5 °C, ATP levels in the cells decreased at 3 h after infection, and mitochondrial membrane potential decreased with multiplication level. Thus, the increase in cellular temperature during influenza virus infection appears to be due to the massive consumption of ATP over a short period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisataka Maruyama
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kimura
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan
| | - Hengiun Liu
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yukari Miyake
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan
| | - Masashi Isogai
- Technical section, PerkinElmer Japan Co, LTD, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-0005, Japan
| | - Fumihito Arai
- Department of Micro-Nano Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Ayae Honda
- Department of Frontier Bioscience, Hosei University, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8584, Japan; Research Center of Phamacy, Nihon University, Narashino-dai, Chiba, 274-0005, Japan.
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Mishra A, Vijayakumar P, Raut AA. Emerging avian influenza infections: Current understanding of innate immune response and molecular pathogenesis. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:89-107. [PMID: 28272907 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1291640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) cause severe disease in gallinaceous poultry species, domestic ducks, various aquatic and terrestrial wild bird species as well as humans. The outcome of the disease is determined by complex interactions of multiple components of the host, the virus, and the environment. While the host-innate immune response plays an important role for clearance of infection, excessive inflammatory immune response (cytokine storm) may contribute to morbidity and mortality of the host. Therefore, innate immunity response in avian influenza infection has two distinct roles. However, the viral pathogenic mechanism varies widely in different avian species, which are not completely understood. In this review, we summarized the current understanding and gaps in host-pathogen interaction of avian influenza infection in birds. In first part of this article, we summarized influenza viral pathogenesis of gallinaceous and non-gallinaceous avian species. Then we discussed innate immune response against influenza infection, cytokine storm, differential host immune responses against different pathotypes, and response in different avian species. Finally, we reviewed the systems biology approach to study host-pathogen interaction in avian species for better characterization of molecular pathogenesis of the disease. Wild aquatic birds act as natural reservoir of AIVs. Better understanding of host-pathogen interaction in natural reservoir is fundamental to understand the properties of AIV infection and development of improved vaccine and therapeutic strategies against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Mishra
- a Pathogenomics Laboratory , OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Periyasamy Vijayakumar
- a Pathogenomics Laboratory , OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
| | - Ashwin Ashok Raut
- a Pathogenomics Laboratory , OIE Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, ICAR-National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases , Bhopal , Madhya Pradesh , India
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Umar S, Munir MT, Kaboudi K, Rehman A, Asif S, Usman M, Ali A, Shahzad M, Subhan S, Shah MAA. Effect of route of inoculation on replication of avian influenza virus (H9N2) and interferon gene expression in guinea fowl (Numida meleagridis). Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:451-61. [PMID: 27057651 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1174979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The study was designed to investigate the replication of a re-assortant H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) and induction of the interferon (IFNγ) response after aerosol or intranasal inoculation with the virus in guinea fowl. To determine virus shedding pattern, oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs and tissue specimens of trachea, lungs, spleen and caecal tonsils were collected post-inoculation (pi). Infected guinea fowl showed mild clinical signs, while negative control guinea fowl remained healthy and active throughout the experiment irrespective of the inoculation route. However, the clinical signs were more prominent in guinea fowl infected through the aerosol route. Virus was detected in all oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs up to 7 d pi in guinea fowl from both inoculation groups. However, virus was detected more frequently and in higher titres in oropharyngeal swabs and specimens of trachea and lungs from the group exposed to aerosols than in the group given intranasal drops. In accordance with viral replication findings, expression of IFNγ was up-regulated on 1, 2 and 4 d pi to a significantly higher level in lung tissue specimens from the group exposed to virus aerosol than from controls treated with PBS intranasally. On the other hand, IFNγ was up-regulated above that of controls in lung tissue specimens from the group treated with intranasal drops of virus only on 4 d pi. These findings indicate that virus administered in aerosols was more efficient in infecting the lower respiratory tract and in inducing activity of the IFNγ gene than virus administered as intranasal drops. The results of this study suggest that virus aerosols cause more intense respiratory infection and increase the shedding of the H9N2 AIV in guinea fowl, highlighting the potential role of guinea fowl as a mixing bowl for transmission and maintenance of H9N2 AIV between poultry premises.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Umar
- a Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , University of Arid Agriculture , Rawalpindi , Pakistan
| | - M T Munir
- a Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , University of Arid Agriculture , Rawalpindi , Pakistan
| | - K Kaboudi
- b Department of Poultry Farming and Pathology, National Veterinary School , Sidi Thabet Ariana , Tunisia
| | - A Rehman
- c Department of Epidemiology and Public Health , University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Lahore , Pakistan
| | - S Asif
- d Department of Microbiology , University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Lahore , Pakistan
| | - M Usman
- e Department of Poultry Production , Poultry Research Institute (PRI) Rawalpindi , Pakistan
| | - A Ali
- f Department of Livestock & Dairy Development , Punjab , Pakistan
| | - M Shahzad
- g Department of Pathology , University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Lahore , Pakistan
| | - S Subhan
- d Department of Microbiology , University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Lahore , Pakistan
| | - M A A Shah
- a Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences , University of Arid Agriculture , Rawalpindi , Pakistan
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Abdallah F, Hassanin O. Positive regulation of humoral and innate immune responses induced by inactivated Avian Influenza Virus vaccine in broiler chickens. Vet Res Commun 2015; 39:211-6. [PMID: 26329833 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-015-9644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Avian Influenza (AI) vaccines are widely used for mammals and birds in a trial to eliminate the Avian Influenza virus (AIV) infection from the world. However and up till now the virus is still existed via modulation of its antigenic structure to evade the pressure of host immune responses. For a complete understanding of the immune responses following AI vaccination in chickens, the modulations of the chickens humoral immune responses and interferon-alpha signaling pathway, as a fundamental part of the innate immune responses, were investigated. In our study, we measured the humoral immune response using hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. In addition, chicken interferon-alpha pathway components was measured at RNA levels using Quantitative Real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) following one dose of inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccine at 14 days of age. In this study, the protective levels of humoral antibody responses were observed at 14, 21 and 28 days following immunization with inactivated (Re-1/H5N1) AI vaccine. In the chicken spleen cells, up regulation in the chicken interferon-alpha pathway components (MX1 & IRF7) was existed as early as 48 h post vaccination and remained until 28 days post vaccination at the endogenous state. However, after the recall with ex-vivo stimulation, the up regulation was more pronounced in the transcriptional factor (IRF7) compared to the antiviral gene (MX1) at 28 days post vaccination. So far, from our results it appears that the inactivated H5N1 vaccine can trigger the chicken interferon-alpha signaling pathway as well as it can elicit protective humoral antibody responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Abdallah
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 445119, Egypt.
| | - Ola Hassanin
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Guan J, Fu Q, Sharif S. Replication of an H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus and Cytokine Gene Expression in Chickens Exposed by Aerosol or Intranasal Routes. Avian Dis 2015; 59:263-8. [DOI: 10.1637/10972-110714-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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