1
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Lin YC, Lu M, Cai W, Hu WS. Comparative transcriptomic and proteomic kinetic analysis of adeno-associated virus production systems. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:385. [PMID: 38896252 PMCID: PMC11186941 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a major gene delivery vehicle. We have constructed a stable rAAV producer cell line by integrating essential rAAV genome, viral and helper genes into the genome of HEK293 cell under the control of inducible promoters. Upon induction, the cell line produces transducing rAAV. To gain insight into enhancing rAAV productivity and vector quality, we performed a comparative transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of our synthetic cell line GX2 and two wild-type AAV (wtAAV) production systems, one by virus co-infection and the other by multi-plasmid transfection. The three systems had different kinetics in viral component synthesis but generated comparable copies of AAV genomes; however, the capsid titer of GX2 was an order of magnitude lower compared to those two wtAAV systems, indicating that its capsid production may be insufficient. The genome packaging efficiency was also lower in GX2 despite it produced higher levels of Rep52 proteins than either wtAAV systems, suggesting that Rep52 protein expression may not limit genome packaging. In the two wtAAV systems, VP were the most abundant AAV proteins and their levels continued to increase, while GX2 had high level of wasteful cargo gene expression. Furthermore, upregulated inflammation, innate immune responses, and MAPK signaling, as well as downregulated mitochondrial functions, were commonly observed in either rAAV or wtAAV systems. Overall, this comparative multi-omics study provided rich insights into host cell and viral factors that are potential targets for genetic and process intervention to enhance the productivity of synthetic rAAV producer cell lines. KEY POINTS: • wtAAV infection was more efficient in producing full viral particles than the synthetic cell GX2. • Capsid protein synthesis, genome replication, and packaging may limit rAAV production in GX2. • wtAAV infection and rAAV production in GX2 elicited similar host cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chieh Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA
| | - Wen Cai
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0132, USA.
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2
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Liu H, Zhang Y, Yip M, Ren L, Liang J, Chen X, Liu N, Du A, Wang J, Chang H, Oh H, Zhou C, Xing R, Xu M, Guo P, Gessler D, Xie J, Tai PW, Gao G, Wang D. Producing high-quantity and high-quality recombinant adeno-associated virus by low-cis triple transfection. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2024; 32:101230. [PMID: 38558570 PMCID: PMC10979107 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2024.101230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-based gene therapy is entering clinical and commercial stages at an unprecedented pace. Triple transfection of HEK293 cells is currently the most widely used platform for rAAV manufacturing. Here, we develop low-cis triple transfection that decreases transgene plasmid use by 10- to 100-fold and overcomes several major limitations associated with standard triple transfection. This new method improves packaging of yield-inhibiting transgenes by up to 10-fold, and generates rAAV batches with reduced plasmid backbone contamination that otherwise cannot be eliminated in downstream processing. When tested in mice and compared with rAAV produced by standard triple transfection, low-cis rAAV shows comparable or superior potency and results in diminished plasmid backbone DNA and RNA persistence in tissue. Mechanistically, low-cis triple transfection relies on the extensive replication of transgene cassette (i.e., inverted terminal repeat-flanked vector DNA) in HEK293 cells during production phase. This cost-effective method can be easily implemented and is widely applicable to producing rAAV of high quantity, purity, and potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Yue Zhang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mitchell Yip
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Lingzhi Ren
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jialing Liang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Xiupeng Chen
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nan Liu
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ailing Du
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jiaming Wang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hao Chang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Hyejin Oh
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Chen Zhou
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ruxiao Xing
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mengyao Xu
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Peiyi Guo
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Dominic Gessler
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Phillip W.L. Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- RNA Therapeutics Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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3
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Krause F, Schmidtke K, de Vasconcelos MF, Schmidt D, Cansiz B, Theisen F, Mark MD, Rybarski MO. A shedding analysis after AAV8 CNS injection revealed fragmented viral DNA without evidence of functional AAV particles in mice. Gene Ther 2024; 31:345-351. [PMID: 38467879 PMCID: PMC11090812 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-024-00447-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are commonly used in the scientific field due to their diverse application range. However, AAV shedding, the release of virions from the host organism, can impact the safety of AAV-based approaches. An increasing number of authorities require the characterization of vector shedding in clinical trials. Recently, shedding of transduced laboratory animals has also gained attention regarding the necessary disposal measures of their waste products. However, no explicit international regulations for AAV-shedding waste exist. Generating insights into shedding dynamics becomes increasingly relevant to help authorities develop adequate regulations. To date, knowledge of AAV vector shedding in mice is very limited. Moreover, confirmation of functional shed AAV particles in mice is missing. Therefore, we examined feces, urine, and saliva of mice after CNS injection with AAV2/8. It revealed the presence of viral DNA fragments via qPCR for up to 4 days after injection. To examine AAV functionality we performed nested PCR and could not detect full-length viral genomes in any but two collected feces samples. Furthermore, a functional infection assay did not reveal evidence of intact AAV particles. Our findings are supposed to contribute murine shedding data as a foundation to help establish still lacking adequate biosafety regulations in the context of AAV shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Krause
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Katja Schmidtke
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mailton Franca de Vasconcelos
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - David Schmidt
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Beyza Cansiz
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Franziska Theisen
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Melanie D Mark
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Max O Rybarski
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, ND7/31, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, D-44780, Bochum, Germany
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4
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Xie Y, Butler M. N-glycomic profiling of capsid proteins from Adeno-Associated Virus serotypes. Glycobiology 2024; 34:cwad074. [PMID: 37774344 PMCID: PMC10950483 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwad074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector has become the leading platform for gene delivery. Each serotype exhibits a different tissue tropism, immunogenicity, and in vivo transduction performance. Therefore, selecting the most suitable AAV serotype is critical for efficient gene delivery to target cells or tissues. Genome divergence among different serotypes is due mainly to the hypervariable regions of the AAV capsid proteins. However, the heterogeneity of capsid glycosylation is largely unexplored. In the present study, the N-glycosylation profiles of capsid proteins of AAV serotypes 1 to 9 have been systemically characterized and compared using a previously developed high-throughput and high-sensitivity N-glycan profiling platform. The results showed that all 9 investigated AAV serotypes were glycosylated, with comparable profiles. The most conspicuous feature was the high abundance mannosylated N-glycans, including FM3, M5, M6, M7, M8, and M9, that dominated the chromatograms within a range of 74 to 83%. Another feature was the relatively lower abundance of fucosylated and sialylated N-glycan structures, in the range of 23%-40% and 10%-17%, respectively. However, the exact N-glycan composition differed. These differences may be utilized to identify potential structural relationships between the 9 AAV serotypes. The current research lays the foundation for gaining better understanding of the importance of N-glycans on the AAV capsid surface that may play a significant role in tissue tropism, interaction with cell surface receptors, cellular uptake, and intracellular processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Xie
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Michael Butler
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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5
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Chen K, Kim S, Yang S, Varadkar T, Zhou ZZ, Zhang J, Zhou L, Liu XM. Advanced biomanufacturing and evaluation of adeno-associated virus. J Biol Eng 2024; 18:15. [PMID: 38360753 PMCID: PMC10868095 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-024-00409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) has been developed as a safe and effective gene delivery vehicle to treat rare genetic diseases. This study aimed to establish a novel biomanufacturing process to achieve high production and purification of various AAV serotypes (AAV2, 5, DJ, DJ8). First, a robust suspensive production process was developed and optimized using Gibco Viral Production Cell 2.0 in 30-60 mL shaker flask cultures by evaluating host cells, cell density at the time of transfection and plasmid amount, adapted to 60-100 mL spinner flask production, and scaled up to 1.2-2.0-L stirred-tank bioreactor production at 37 °C, pH 7.0, 210 rpm and DO 40%. The optimal process generated AAV titer of 7.52-8.14 × 1010 vg/mL. Second, a new AAV purification using liquid chromatography was developed and optimized to reach recovery rate of 85-95% of all four serotypes. Post-purification desalting and concentration procedures were also investigated. Then the generated AAVs were evaluated in vitro using Western blotting, transmission electron microscope, confocal microscope and bioluminescence detection. Finally, the in vivo infection and functional gene expression of AAV were confirmed in tumor xenografted mouse model. In conclusion, this study reported a robust, scalable, and universal biomanufacturing platform of AAV production, clarification and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University (OSU), 151 W Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Seulhee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Siying Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University (OSU), 151 W Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Tanvi Varadkar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University (OSU), 151 W Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Zhuoxin Zora Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University (OSU), 151 W Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jiashuai Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Lufang Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, 140 W 19th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Margaret Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University (OSU), 151 W Woodruff Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center (CCC), The Ohio State University, 650 Ackerman Rd, Columbus, OH, 43202, USA.
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6
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Singh M, Brooks A, Toofan P, McLuckie K. Selection of appropriate non-clinical animal models to ensure translatability of novel AAV-gene therapies to the clinic. Gene Ther 2024; 31:56-63. [PMID: 37612361 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-023-00417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Gene Therapy Medicinal Products consist of a recombinant nucleic acid intended for the modulation or manipulation of a genetic sequence. A single administration of a novel gene therapy has the potential to be curative, with a durable long-term benefit to patients. Adeno-associated viral vectors have become the viral vector of choice for in vivo delivery of therapeutic transgenes as they are mildly immunogenic, can effectively transduce a variety of human tissues and cells, and have low levels of genomic integration. Central to the effective translation of data generated in discovery studies to the clinic is the selection of appropriate animal species for pivotal non-clinical studies. This review aims to support the selection of appropriate animal models for non-clinical studies to advance the development of novel adeno-associated virus gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Singh
- Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK.
| | - Andrew Brooks
- Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Parto Toofan
- Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
| | - Keith McLuckie
- Cell and Gene Therapy Catapult, 12th Floor Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London, UK
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7
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Yu DL, van Lieshout LP, Stevens BAY, Near KJ(J, Stodola JK, Stinson KJ, Slavic D, Wootton SK. AAV Vectors Pseudotyped with Capsids from Porcine and Bovine Species Mediate In Vitro and In Vivo Gene Delivery. Viruses 2023; 16:57. [PMID: 38257756 PMCID: PMC10820940 DOI: 10.3390/v16010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are among the most widely used delivery vehicles for in vivo gene therapy as they mediate robust and sustained transgene expression with limited toxicity. However, a significant impediment to the broad clinical success of AAV-based therapies is the widespread presence of pre-existing humoral immunity to AAVs in the human population. This immunity arises from the circulation of non-pathogenic endemic human AAV serotypes. One possible solution is to use non-human AAV capsids to pseudotype transgene-containing AAV vector genomes of interest. Due to the low probability of human exposure to animal AAVs, pre-existing immunity to animal-derived AAV capsids should be low. Here, we characterize two novel AAV capsid sequences: one derived from porcine colon tissue and the other from a caprine adenovirus stock. Both AAV capsids proved to be effective transducers of HeLa and HEK293T cells in vitro. In vivo, both capsids were able to transduce the murine nose, lung, and liver after either intranasal or intraperitoneal administration. In addition, we demonstrate that the porcine AAV capsid likely arose from multiple recombination events involving human- and animal-derived AAV sequences. We hypothesize that recurrent recombination events with similar and distantly related AAV sequences represent an effective mechanism for enhancing the fitness of wildtype AAV populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrick L. Yu
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | | | | | | | - Jenny K. Stodola
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kevin J. Stinson
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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8
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Su W, Seymour LW, Cawood R. AAV production in stable packaging cells requires expression of adenovirus 22/33K protein to allow episomal amplification of integrated rep/cap genes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21670. [PMID: 38066084 PMCID: PMC10709602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48901-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient manufacture of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors for gene therapy remains challenging. Packaging cell lines containing stable integration of the AAV rep/cap genes have been explored, however rAAV production needs to be induced using wild-type adenoviruses to promote episomal amplification of the integrated rep/cap genes by mobilizing a cis-acting replication element (CARE). The adenovirus proteins responsible are not fully defined, and using adenovirus during rAAV manufacture leads to contamination of the rAAV preparation. 'TESSA' is a helper adenovirus with a self-repressing Major Late Promoter (MLP). Its helper functions enable efficient rAAV manufacture when the rep and cap genes are provided in trans but is unable to support rAAV production from stable packaging cells. Using rAAV-packaging cell line HeLaRC32, we show that expression of the adenovirus L4 22/33K unit is essential for rep/cap amplification but the proteins are titrated away by binding to replicating adenovirus genomes. siRNA-knockdown of the adenovirus DNA polymerase or the use of a thermosensitive TESSA mutant decreased adenovirus genome replication whilst maintaining MLP repression, thereby recovering rep/cap amplification and efficient rAAV manufacture. Our findings have direct implications for engineering more efficient adenovirus helpers and superior rAAV packaging/producer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiheng Su
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
- OXGENE Ltd, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GA, UK.
| | - Leonard W Seymour
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ryan Cawood
- OXGENE Ltd, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GA, UK
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9
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Notarte KI, Catahay JA, Macasaet R, Liu J, Velasco JV, Peligro PJ, Vallo J, Goldrich N, Lahoti L, Zhou J, Henry BM. Infusion reactions to adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy: Mechanisms, diagnostics, treatment and review of the literature. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29305. [PMID: 38116715 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors in gene therapy has demonstrated great potential in treating genetic disorders. However, infusion-associated reactions (IARs) pose a significant challenge to the safety and efficacy of AAV-based gene therapy. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of IARs to AAV therapy, including their underlying mechanisms, clinical presentation, and treatment options. Toll-like receptor activation and subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with IARs, stimulating neutralizing antibodies (Nabs) and T-cell responses that interfere with gene therapy. Risk factors for IARs include high titers of pre-existing Nabs, previous exposure to AAV, and specific comorbidities. Clinical presentation ranges from mild flu-like symptoms to severe anaphylaxis and can occur during or after AAV administration. There are no established guidelines for pre- and postadministration tests for AAV therapies, and routine laboratory requests are not standardized. Treatment options include corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, and supportive medications such as antihistamines and acetaminophen, but there is no consensus on the route of administration, dosage, and duration. This review highlights the inadequacy of current treatment regimens for IARs and the need for further research to improve the safety and efficacy of AAV-based gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kin Israel Notarte
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jesus Alfonso Catahay
- Department of Medicine, Saint Peter's University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Raymart Macasaet
- Department of Medicine, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Jolaine Vallo
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | | | - Lokesh Lahoti
- Department of Medicine, Saint Peter's University Hospital, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jiayan Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Brandon Michael Henry
- Clinical Laboratory, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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10
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Xie Y, Butler M. Multi-attribute analysis of adeno-associated virus by size exclusion chromatography with fluorescence and triple-wavelength UV detection. Anal Biochem 2023; 680:115311. [PMID: 37666384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is the leading platform for in vivo gene therapy to treat numerous genetic diseases. Comprehensive analysis of the AAV particles is essential to ensure desired safety and efficacy. An array of techniques is required to evaluate their critical quality attributes. However, many of these techniques are expensive, time-consuming, labour-intensive, and varying in accuracy. Size exclusion chromatography coupled with fluorescence and triple-wavelength ultraviolet detection (SEC-FLD-TWUV) and incorporating an aromatic amino acid of tryptophan as an internal standard offers a simple, rapid, and reliable approach for simultaneous multi-attribute analysis of AAVs. In the current study, we demonstrate its capability for AAV characterization and quantification, that includes capsid concentration, empty to full capsid ratio, vector genome concentration, and the presence of aggregates or fragments. All were performed in 20-min chromatographic runs with minimal sample handling. Data analysis involves the assessment of intrinsic fluorescence and UV absorbance of samples at three wavelengths that can be utilised to determine the content of the capsid protein and genome copy number. The separation efficiency using SEC columns with different pore sizes, and elution buffers of varying compositions, ionic strength, and pH values was also evaluated. This SEC-FLD-TWUV method may serve as a powerful yet cost-effective tool for responsive quality evaluation of AAVs. This may enhance performance, robustness, and safety of bioprocessing for AAV vectors to be used in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Xie
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland
| | - Michael Butler
- National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, Foster Avenue, Mount Merrion, Blackrock, Co. Dublin, A94 X099, Ireland; School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland.
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11
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Choules MP, Bonate PL, Heo N, Weddell J. Prospective approaches to gene therapy computational modeling - spotlight on viral gene therapy. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2023:10.1007/s10928-023-09889-1. [PMID: 37848637 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-023-09889-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Clinical studies have found there still exists a lack of gene therapy dose-toxicity and dose-efficacy data that causes gene therapy dose selection to remain elusive. Model informed drug development (MIDD) has become a standard tool implemented throughout the discovery, development, and approval of pharmaceutical therapies, and has the potential to inform dose-toxicity and dose-efficacy relationships to support gene therapy dose selection. Despite this potential, MIDD approaches for gene therapy remain immature and require standardization to be useful for gene therapy clinical programs. With the goal to advance MIDD approaches for gene therapy, in this review we first provide an overview of gene therapy types and how they differ from a bioanalytical, formulation, route of administration, and regulatory standpoint. With this biological and regulatory background, we propose how MIDD can be advanced for AAV-based gene therapies by utilizing physiological based pharmacokinetic modeling and quantitative systems pharmacology to holistically inform AAV and target protein dynamics following dosing. We discuss how this proposed model, allowing for in-depth exploration of AAV pharmacology, could be the key the field needs to treat these unmet disease populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary P Choules
- Early Development, New Technologies Group, Astellas, Northbrook, IL, USA
| | - Peter L Bonate
- Early Development, New Technologies Group, Astellas, Northbrook, IL, USA.
| | - Nakyo Heo
- Early Development, New Technologies Group, Astellas, Northbrook, IL, USA
| | - Jared Weddell
- Early Development, New Technologies Group, Astellas, Northbrook, IL, USA
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12
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Hutanu A, Ferreiro ML, van Haasteren J, Höcker O, Montealegre C, Mäser M, Keresztfalvi A, Monti J, Schwarz MA. Electrophoretic characterization of LNP/AAV-encapsulated nucleic acids: Strengths and weaknesses. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:1595-1606. [PMID: 37625008 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of nucleic acids (NAs) has revolutionized medical approaches and ushered in a new era of combating various diseases. Accordingly, there is an increasing demand for accurate identification, localization, quantification, and characterization of NAs encapsulated in nonviral or viral vectors. The vast spectrum of molecular dimensions and intra- and intermolecular interactions presents a formidable obstacle for NA analytical development. Typically, the comprehensive analysis of encapsulated NAs, free NAs, and their spatial distribution poses a challenge that is seldom tackled in its complete complexity. The identification of appropriate physicochemical methodologies for large nonencapsulated or encapsulated NAs is particularly intricate and necessitates an evaluation of the analytical outcomes and their appropriateness in addressing critical quality attributes. In this work, we examine the analytics of non-encapsulated or encapsulated large NAs (>500 nucleotides) utilizing capillary electrophoresis (CE) and liquid chromatography (LC) methodologies such as free zone CE, gel CE, affinity CE, and ion pair high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These methodologies create a complete picture of the NA's critical quality attributes, including quantity, identity, purity, and content ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Hutanu
- Pharma Technical Development, Cell and Gene Therapy Unit, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miriam López Ferreiro
- Pharma Technical Development, Cell and Gene Therapy Unit, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joost van Haasteren
- Pharma Technical Development, Cell and Gene Therapy Unit, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria Anna Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Solvias AG, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
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13
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Troxell B, Jaslow SL, Tsai IW, Sullivan C, Draper BE, Jarrold MF, Lindsey K, Blue L. Partial genome content within rAAVs impacts performance in a cell assay-dependent manner. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 30:288-302. [PMID: 37583716 PMCID: PMC10423999 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) deliver DNA to numerous cell types. However, packaging of partial genomes into the rAAV capsid is of concern. Although empty rAAV capsids are studied, there is little information regarding the impact of partial DNA content on rAAV performance in controlled studies. To address this, we tested vectors containing varying levels of partial, self-complementary EGFP genomes. Density gradient cesium chloride ultracentrifugation was used to isolate three distinct rAAV populations: (1) a lighter fraction, (2) a moderate fraction, and (3) a heavy fraction. Alkaline gels, Illumina Mi-Seq, size exclusion chromatography with multi-angle light scattering (SEC-MALS), and charge detection mass spectrometry (CD-MS) were used to characterize the genome of each population and ddPCR to quantify residual DNA molecules. Live-cell imaging and EGFP ELISA assays demonstrated reduced expression following transduction with the light fraction compared with the moderate and heavy fractions. However, PCR-based assays showed that the light density delivered EGFP DNA to cells as efficiently as the moderate and heavy fractions. Mi-Seq data revealed an underrepresentation of the promoter region for EGFP, suggesting that expression of EGFP was reduced because of lack of regulatory control. This work demonstrates that rAAVs containing partial genomes contribute to the DNA signal but have reduced vector performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Troxell
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- AjaxBio, LLC, Holly Springs, NC 27540, USA
| | - Sarah L. Jaslow
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - I-Wei Tsai
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Chelsea Sullivan
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Draper
- Megadalton Solutions, Inc., 3750 E. Bluebird Ln., Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
| | - Martin F. Jarrold
- Chemistry Department, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kate Lindsey
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Levi Blue
- StrideBio Analytical Development and Quality Control, 5 Laboratory Drive, Suite 1200, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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14
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Sainova I, Kolyovska V, Ilieva I, Markova T, Dimitrova-Dikanarova D, Hadjiolova R. The Development of Methods for the Production of New Molecular Vaccines and Appropriate RNA Fragments to Counteract Unwanted Genes: A Pilot Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1226. [PMID: 37515042 PMCID: PMC10386085 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of viruses as appropriate vectors for the development of new therapeutic strategies, as well as for the design of molecular (DNA, RNA, and/or protein) vaccines via substitution of nucleotide sequences, has been proven. Among the most appropriate DNA and/or RNA fragments, members belonging to families Parvoviridae (particularly adeno-associated virus, AAV) and Poxviridae have frequently been suggested for this purpose. In previous studies, the vaccine avipoxvirus strains FK (fowl) and Dessau (pigeon) have been proven able to infect mammalian cells (as well as avian cells), and to replicate productively in a small number of them; thus, we may be able to adapt them using incubation, and in these conditions. Additionally, we have previously proved, based on AAV recombinant DNA vectors, that it is possible to transfer appropriate genes of interest via mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). In the current study, we develop methods for the application of the same vaccine avipoxviral strains, based on the AAV DNA genome recombinant constructs, to be used for gene transfer in cells, for the transfer of DNA and/or RNA fragments (for the suppression of unwanted viral and/or cellular genes), and for the production of molecular (DNA, RNA, and/or protein) anti-cancer and anti-viral vaccines. To this end, sub-populations of embryonic mammalian cells infected with the two forms of both vaccine avipoxviral strains were frozen in the presence of cryo-protector dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), subsequently thawed, and re-incubated. In most cases, the titers of the intra-cellular forms of the two strains were higher than those of their extra-cellular forms. These data were explained by the probable existence of the intra-cellular forms as different sub-forms, including those integrated in the cellular genome proviruses at a given stage of the cellular infection, and suggest the possibility of transferring nucleotide (DNA and/or RNA) fragments between cellular and viral genomes; this is due to the influence of activated fusion processes on DMSO, as well as drastic temperature variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskra Sainova
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum (IEMPAM) to Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vera Kolyovska
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum (IEMPAM) to Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iliana Ilieva
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum (IEMPAM) to Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS), 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tzvetanka Markova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Radka Hadjiolova
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria
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15
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Kesseli SJ, Krischak MK, Gao Q, Gonzalez T, Zhang M, Halpern SE, Kahan R, Song M, Huffman N, Xu H, Abraham N, Asokan A, Barbas AS, Hartwig MG. Adeno-associated virus mediates gene transduction after static cold storage treatment in rodent lung transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023; 166:e38-e49. [PMID: 38501313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2022.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adeno-associated virus is a clinically used gene therapy vector but has not been studied in lung transplantation. We sought to determine the efficacy of adeno-associated virus delivery during static cold storage via the airway versus the pulmonary artery before lung transplantation in a rodent model. METHODS Lewis rat lung grafts were treated with a dose of 8e8 or 4e9 viral genome/μL recombinant adeno-associated virus subtype-9 vectors containing firefly luciferase genomes administered via the pulmonary artery or airway during cold storage. A control group did not receive adeno-associated virus. Recipient syngeneic rats then underwent single left lung transplantation. Animals underwent bioluminescence imaging on postoperative days 7, 14, 28, and 56. Explanted tissues were prepared as lysates to quantify luciferase activity. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate cellular transgene expression patterns. RESULTS Control animals with no luminescent signal produced a background radiance of 6.1e4 p/s/cm2/sr. In the airway delivery group, mean radiance was greater than the control at 4e9 viral genome/μL postoperative day 7 radiance 6.9e4 p/s/cm2/sr (P = .04). In the pulmonary artery delivery group, we observed greater in vivo luminescence in animals receiving 4e9 viral genome/μL compared with all other groups. However, analysis of tissue lysate revealed greater luminescence in the airway delivery group and suggested off-target expression in heart and liver tissue in the pulmonary artery delivery group. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated transgene staining in distal airway epithelium and alveoli but sparing of the vasculature in the airway delivery group. CONCLUSIONS Adeno-associated virus mediates gene transduction during static cold storage in rat lung isografts when administered via the airway and pulmonary artery. Airway administration leads to robust transgene expression in respiratory epithelial cells, whereas pulmonary artery administration targets alternative cell types and increases extrapulmonary transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Kesseli
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC.
| | | | - Qimeng Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Trevor Gonzalez
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Riley Kahan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Mingqing Song
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Niki Huffman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Hongzhi Xu
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Nader Abraham
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Aravind Asokan
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Andrew S Barbas
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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16
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Gonzalez-Sandoval A, Pekrun K, Tsuji S, Zhang F, Hung KL, Chang HY, Kay MA. The AAV capsid can influence the epigenetic marking of rAAV delivered episomal genomes in a species dependent manner. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2448. [PMID: 37117181 PMCID: PMC10147666 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAVs) are among the most commonly used vehicles for in vivo based gene therapies. However, it is hard to predict which AAV capsid will provide the most robust expression in human subjects due to the observed discordance in vector-mediated transduction between species. In our study, we use a primate specific capsid, AAV-LK03, to demonstrate that the limitation of this capsid towards transduction of mouse cells is unrelated to cell entry and nuclear transport but rather due to depleted histone H3 chemical modifications related to active transcription, namely H3K4me3 and H3K27ac, on the vector DNA itself. A single-amino acid insertion into the AAV-LK03 capsid enables efficient transduction and the accumulation of active-related epigenetic marks on the vector chromatin in mouse without compromising transduction efficiency in human cells. Our study suggests that the capsid protein itself is involved in driving the epigenetic status of the vector genome, most likely during the process of uncoating. Programming viral chromatin states by capsid design may enable facile DNA transduction between vector and host species and ultimately lead to rational selection of AAV capsids for use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gonzalez-Sandoval
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Encoded Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Katja Pekrun
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shinnosuke Tsuji
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Specialty Medicine Research Laboratories I, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Feijie Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - King L Hung
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Kay
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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17
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Hutanu A, Signori C, Moritz B, Gregoritza M, Rohde A, Schwarz MA. Using Peptide Nucleic Acid Hybridization Probes for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Nucleic Acid Therapeutics by Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4914-4922. [PMID: 36888566 PMCID: PMC10034743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The space of advanced therapeutic modalities is currently evolving in rapid pace necessitating continuous improvement of analytical quality control methods. In order to evaluate the identity of nucleic acid species in gene therapy products, we propose a capillary electrophoresis-based gel free hybridization assay in which fluorescently labeled peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are applied as affinity probes. PNAs are engineered organic polymers that share the base pairing properties with DNA and RNA but have an uncharged peptide backbone. In the present study, we conduct various proof-of-concept studies to identify the potential of PNA probes for advanced analytical characterization of novel therapeutic modalities like oligonucleotides, plasmids, mRNA, and DNA released by recombinant adeno-associated virus. For single-stranded nucleic acids up to 1000 nucleotides, the method is an excellent choice that proved to be highly specific by detecting DNA traces in complex samples, while having a limit of quantification in the picomolar range when multiple probes are used. For double-stranded samples, only fragments that are similar in size to the probe could be quantified. This limitation can be circumvented when target DNA is digested and multiple probes are used opening an alternative to quantitative PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Hutanu
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Pharma Technical Development Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel 4070, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Chiara Signori
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Pharma Technical Development Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Bernd Moritz
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Pharma Technical Development Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Gregoritza
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Pharma Technical Development Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Adelheid Rohde
- Analytical Development and Quality Control, Pharma Technical Development Europe, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Maria A Schwarz
- University of Basel, Basel 4056, Switzerland
- Solvias AG, Kaiseraugst 4303, Switzerland
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18
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Tasca F, Brescia M, Liu J, Janssen JM, Mamchaoui K, Gonçalves MA. High-capacity adenovector delivery of forced CRISPR-Cas9 heterodimers fosters precise chromosomal deletions in human cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 31:746-762. [PMID: 36937620 PMCID: PMC10020486 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Genome editing based on dual CRISPR-Cas9 complexes (multiplexes) permits removing specific genomic sequences in living cells leveraging research on functional genomics and genetic therapies. Delivering the required large and multicomponent reagents in a synchronous and stoichiometric manner remains, however, challenging. Moreover, uncoordinated activity of independently acting CRISPR-Cas9 multiplexes increases the complexity of genome editing outcomes. Here, we investigate the potential of fostering precise multiplexing genome editing using high-capacity adenovector particles (AdVPs) for the delivery of Cas9 ortholog fusion constructs alone (forced Cas9 heterodimers) or together with their cognate guide RNAs (forced CRISPR-Cas9 heterodimers). We demonstrate that the efficiency and accuracy of targeted chromosomal DNA deletions achieved by single AdVPs encoding forced CRISPR-Cas9 heterodimers is superior to that obtained when the various components are delivered separately. Finally, all-in-one AdVP delivery of forced CRISPR-Cas9 heterodimers triggers robust DMD exon 51 splice site excision resulting in reading frame restoration and selection-free detection of dystrophin in muscle cells derived from Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients. In conclusion, AdVPs promote precise multiplexing genome editing through the integrated delivery of forced CRISPR-Cas9 heterodimer components, which, in comparison with split conventional CRISPR-Cas9 multiplexes, engage target sequences in a more coordinated fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tasca
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Marcella Brescia
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Josephine M. Janssen
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Kamel Mamchaoui
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut de Myologie, Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Paris, France
| | - Manuel A.F.V. Gonçalves
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
- Corresponding author: Manuel A.F.V. Gonçalves, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands.
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19
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Issa SS, Shaimardanova AA, Solovyeva VV, Rizvanov AA. Various AAV Serotypes and Their Applications in Gene Therapy: An Overview. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050785. [PMID: 36899921 PMCID: PMC10000783 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite scientific discoveries in the field of gene and cell therapy, some diseases still have no effective treatment. Advances in genetic engineering methods have enabled the development of effective gene therapy methods for various diseases based on adeno-associated viruses (AAVs). Today, many AAV-based gene therapy medications are being investigated in preclinical and clinical trials, and new ones are appearing on the market. In this article, we present a review of AAV discovery, properties, different serotypes, and tropism, and a following detailed explanation of their uses in gene therapy for disease of different organs and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaza S. Issa
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alisa A. Shaimardanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Valeriya V. Solovyeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert A. Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(905)-3167599
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20
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Matsushita N, Kato S, Nishizawa K, Sugawara M, Takeuchi K, Miyasaka Y, Mashimo T, Kobayashi K. Highly selective transgene expression through the flip-excision switch system by using a unilateral spacer sequence. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100393. [PMID: 36936079 PMCID: PMC10014282 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The flip-excision switch (FLEX) system with an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector allows expression of transgenes in specific cell populations having Cre recombinase. A significant issue with this system is non-specific expression of transgenes in tissues after vector injection. We show here that Cre-independent recombination events in the AAV genome carrying the FLEX sequence occur mainly during the production of viral vectors in packaging cells, which results in transgene expression in off-target populations. Introduction of a relatively longer nucleotide sequence between two recognition sites at the unilateral side of the transgene cassette, termed a unilateral spacer sequence (USS), is useful to suppress the recombination in the viral genome, leading to the protection of non-specific transgene expression with enhanced gene expression selectivity. Our FLEX/USS system offers a powerful strategy for highly specific Cre-dependent transgene expression, aiming at various applications for structural and functional analyses of target cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Matsushita
- Division of Laboratory Animal Research, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kayo Nishizawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Masateru Sugawara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Kosei Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Miyasaka
- Laboratory of Reproductive Engineering, Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoji Mashimo
- Division of Animal Genetics, Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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21
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A novel technique for large-fragment knock-in animal production without ex vivo handling of zygotes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2245. [PMID: 36755180 PMCID: PMC9908863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing has dramatically improved genetic modification technology. In situ electroporation called genome editing via oviductal nucleic acid delivery (GONAD), which eliminates the need for ex vivo embryo handling, is technically the simplest method for gene transfer and can be performed in laboratories without developmental engineering expertise including micromanipulation techniques. However, the use of this method remains challenging in the case of large-fragment knock-in, such as gene expression cassettes. Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) act as donor DNA for homologous recombination in infected cells, including rodent embryos. In this study, we demonstrated simultaneous electroporation of AAV donors and CRISPR/Cas9 components into embryos to create knock-in animals, and successfully generated knock-in rats carrying a gene cassette with a length of 3.0 kb using a small number of animals and in situ electroporation. These findings indicate that this technique is an efficient high-throughput strategy for producing genetically modified rodents and may be applicable to other animal species.
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22
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Shitik EM, Shalik IK, Yudkin DV. AAV- based vector improvements unrelated to capsid protein modification. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1106085. [PMID: 36817775 PMCID: PMC9935841 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1106085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is the leading platform for delivering genetic constructs in vivo. To date, three AAV-based gene therapeutic agents have been approved by the FDA and are used in clinical practice. Despite the distinct advantages of gene therapy development, it is clear that AAV vectors need to be improved. Enhancements in viral vectors are mainly associated with capsid protein modifications. However, there are other structures that significantly affect the AAV life cycle and transduction. The Rep proteins, in combination with inverted terminal repeats (ITRs), determine viral genome replication, encapsidation, etc. Moreover, transgene cassette expression in recombinant variants is directly related to AAV production and transduction efficiency. This review discusses the ways to improve AAV vectors by modifying ITRs, a transgene cassette, and the Rep proteins.
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23
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Full-Length Model of SaCas9-sgRNA-DNA Complex in Cleavage State. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021204. [PMID: 36674715 PMCID: PMC9867433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus Cas9 (SaCas9) is a widely used genome editing tool. Understanding its molecular mechanisms of DNA cleavage could effectively guide the engineering optimization of this system. Here, we determined the first cryo-electron microscopy structure of the SaCas9-sgRNA-DNA ternary complex. This structure reveals that the HNH nuclease domain is tightly bound to the cleavage site of the target DNA strand, and is in close contact with the WED and REC domains. Moreover, it captures the complete structure of the sgRNA, including the previously unresolved stem-loop 2. Based on this structure, we build a full-length model for the ternary complex in cleavage state. This model enables identification of the residues for the interactions between the HNH domain and the WED and REC domains. Moreover, we found that the stem-loop 2 of the sgRNA tightly binds to the PI and RuvC domains and may also regulate the position shift of the RuvC domain. Further mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations supported the idea that the interactions of the HNH domain with the WED and REC domains play an important role in the DNA cleavage. Thus, this study provides new mechanistic insights into the DNA cleavage of SaCas9 and is also useful for guiding the future engineering of SaCas9-mediated gene editing systems.
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24
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Myers KA. SCN1A as a therapeutic target for Dravet syndrome. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:459-467. [PMID: 37364240 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2230364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dravet syndrome is a severe early infancy-onset developmental and epileptic encephalopathy. Patients have drug-resistant seizures, as well as significant co-morbidities, including developmental impairment, crouch gait, sleep disturbance, and early mortality. The underlying cause is mutations in SCN1A, encoding the sodium channel subunit NaV1.1, in >90% of patients. At present, approved Dravet syndrome treatments are symptomatic, primarily aimed at reducing seizure frequency, but having little to no effect on co-morbidities. AREAS COVERED We discuss the potential to treat Dravet syndrome by targeting NaV1.1 directly. Anti-seizure medications that act as sodium channel inhibitors are generally minimally effective and can actually exacerbate seizures. However, other interventions are currently under investigation, including gene therapies that increase the amount of functional NaV1.1. Some of these interventions have encouraging pre-clinical data from in vitro and animal models. EXPERT OPINION Increasing functional NaV1.1 via antisense oligonucleotides or virus-borne vectors is the most promising avenue for meaningful improvement in Dravet syndrome treatment, with the potential to not only reduce seizures but also address the multiple co-morbidities associated with this disease. However, human clinical trial data are necessary to determine safety and to clarify if, and to what extent, these interventions modify the natural history of Dravet syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Myers
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Medical Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Lee Z, Lu M, Irfanullah E, Soukup M, Hu WS. Construction of an rAAV Producer Cell Line through Synthetic Biology. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3285-3295. [PMID: 36219557 PMCID: PMC9595119 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) are important gene delivery vehicles for gene therapy applications. Their production relies on plasmid transfection or virus infection of producer cells, which pose a challenge in process scale-up. Here, we describe a template for a transfection-free, helper virus-free rAAV producer cell line using a synthetic biology approach. Three modules were integrated into HEK293 cells including an rAAV genome and multiple inducible promoters controlling the expression of AAV Rep, Cap, and helper coding sequences. The synthetic cell line generated infectious rAAV vectors upon induction. Independent control over replication and packaging activities allowed for manipulation of the fraction of capsid particles containing viral genomes, affirming the feasibility of tuning gene expression profiles in a synthetic cell line for enhancing the quality of the viral vector produced. The synthetic biology approach for rAAV production presented in this study can be exploited for scalable biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eesha Irfanullah
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Morgan Soukup
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Wei-Shou Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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26
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Ramamurthy RM, Atala A, Porada CD, Almeida-Porada G. Organoids and microphysiological systems: Promising models for accelerating AAV gene therapy studies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011143. [PMID: 36225917 PMCID: PMC9549755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The FDA has predicted that at least 10-20 gene therapy products will be approved by 2025. The surge in the development of such therapies can be attributed to the advent of safe and effective gene delivery vectors such as adeno-associated virus (AAV). The enormous potential of AAV has been demonstrated by its use in over 100 clinical trials and the FDA’s approval of two AAV-based gene therapy products. Despite its demonstrated success in some clinical settings, AAV-based gene therapy is still plagued by issues related to host immunity, and recent studies have suggested that AAV vectors may actually integrate into the host cell genome, raising concerns over the potential for genotoxicity. To better understand these issues and develop means to overcome them, preclinical model systems that accurately recapitulate human physiology are needed. The objective of this review is to provide a brief overview of AAV gene therapy and its current hurdles, to discuss how 3D organoids, microphysiological systems, and body-on-a-chip platforms could serve as powerful models that could be adopted in the preclinical stage, and to provide some examples of the successful application of these models to answer critical questions regarding AAV biology and toxicity that could not have been answered using current animal models. Finally, technical considerations while adopting these models to study AAV gene therapy are also discussed.
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O'Sullivan J, Muñoz-Muñoz J, Turnbull G, Sim N, Penny S, Moschos S. Beyond GalNAc! Drug delivery systems comprising complex oligosaccharides for targeted use of nucleic acid therapeutics. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20432-20446. [PMID: 35919168 PMCID: PMC9281799 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01999j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic Acid Therapeutics (NATs) are establishing a leading role for the management and treatment of genetic diseases following FDA approval of nusinersen, patisiran, and givosiran in the last 5 years, the breakthrough of milasen, with more approvals undoubtedly on the way. Givosiran takes advantage of the known interaction between the hepatocyte specific asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) and N-acetyl galactosamine (GalNAc) ligands to deliver a therapeutic effect, underscoring the value of targeting moieties. In this review, we explore the history of GalNAc as a ligand, and the paradigm it has set for the delivery of NATs through precise targeting to the liver, overcoming common hindrances faced with this type of therapy. We describe various complex oligosaccharides (OSs) and ask what others could be used to target receptors for NAT delivery and the opportunities awaiting exploration of this chemical space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O'Sullivan
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne UK NE1 8ST
| | - Jose Muñoz-Muñoz
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne UK NE1 8ST
| | - Graeme Turnbull
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne UK NE1 8ST
| | - Neil Sim
- High Force Research Ltd, Bowburn North Industrial Estate Durham UK DH6 5PF
| | - Stuart Penny
- High Force Research Ltd, Bowburn North Industrial Estate Durham UK DH6 5PF
| | - Sterghios Moschos
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne UK NE1 8ST
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28
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Chupradit K, Thongsin N, Tayapiwatana C, Wattanapanitch M. A precise gene delivery approach for human induced pluripotent stem cells using Cas9 RNP complex and recombinant AAV6 donor vectors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270963. [PMID: 35797389 PMCID: PMC9262223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome editing in human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) offers a potential tool for studying gene functions in disease models and correcting genetic mutations for cell-based therapy. Precise transgene insertion in hiPSCs represents a significant challenge. In the past decade, viral transduction has been widely used due to its high transduction efficiency; however, it can result in random transgene integration and variable transgene copy numbers. Non-viral-based strategies are generally safer but limited by their low transfection efficiency in hiPSCs. Recently, genome engineering using adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors has emerged as a promising gene delivery approach due to AAVs’ low immunogenicity, toxicity, and ability to infect a broad range of cells. The following protocol describes the workflow for genome editing in hiPSCs using the CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex combined with the recombinant AAV serotype 6 (AAV6) donor vectors to introduce a gene of interest (GOI) fused with mCherry fluorescent reporter gene into the AAVS1 safe harbor site. This approach leads to efficient transgene insertion and is applicable to precise genome editing of hiPSCs or other types of stem cells for research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koollawat Chupradit
- Research Department, Siriraj Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nontaphat Thongsin
- Research Department, Siriraj Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chatchai Tayapiwatana
- Center of Biomolecular Therapy and Diagnostic, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Innovative Immunodiagnostic Development, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Methichit Wattanapanitch
- Research Department, Siriraj Center for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Tasca F, Brescia M, Wang Q, Liu J, Janssen JM, Szuhai K, Gonçalves MAFV. Large-scale genome editing based on high-capacity adenovectors and CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases rescues full-length dystrophin synthesis in DMD muscle cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:7761-7782. [PMID: 35776127 PMCID: PMC9303392 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted chromosomal insertion of large genetic payloads in human cells leverages and broadens synthetic biology and genetic therapy efforts. Yet, obtaining large-scale gene knock-ins remains particularly challenging especially in hard-to-transfect stem and progenitor cells. Here, fully viral gene-deleted adenovector particles (AdVPs) are investigated as sources of optimized high-specificity CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases and donor DNA constructs tailored for targeted insertion of full-length dystrophin expression units (up to 14.8-kb) through homologous recombination (HR) or homology-mediated end joining (HMEJ). In muscle progenitor cells, donors prone to HMEJ yielded higher CRISPR-Cas9-dependent genome editing frequencies than HR donors, with values ranging between 6% and 34%. In contrast, AdVP transduction of HR and HMEJ substrates in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) resulted in similar CRISPR-Cas9-dependent genome editing levels. Notably, when compared to regular iPSCs, in p53 knockdown iPSCs, CRISPR-Cas9-dependent genome editing frequencies increased up to 6.7-fold specifically when transducing HMEJ donor constructs. Finally, single DNA molecule analysis by molecular combing confirmed that AdVP-based genome editing achieves long-term complementation of DMD-causing mutations through the site-specific insertion of full-length dystrophin expression units. In conclusion, AdVPs are a robust and flexible platform for installing large genomic edits in human cells and p53 inhibition fosters HMEJ-based genome editing in iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tasca
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcella Brescia
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Josephine M Janssen
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Karoly Szuhai
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel A F V Gonçalves
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Chiang PC, Chen JC, Chen LC, Kuo ML. Adeno-associated virus-mediated IL-12 gene expression alleviates lung inflammation and Th2-responses in OVA-sensitized asthmatic mice. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:1052-1061. [PMID: 35686463 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of allergen exposure increase the prevalence of asthma in development countries. The asthmatic Th2 response is characterized with high eosinophil infiltration, elevated Th2 cytokines and IgE secretion resulting in local or systemic inflammation. However, the treatment with palliative Th2 inhibitor drugs can't completely control asthma and that is why the development of novel approaches is still important. Based on Th1 and Th2 immune homeostasis, the enhanced Th1 immune response has high potential to alleviate Th2 immune response. Thus, we aimed to overexpress single chain IL-12 (scIL-12) via recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector (as rAAV-IL-12) and test the efficacy in an ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic murine model. We firstly demonstrated the bioactivity of exogenous scIL-12. The expression of exogenous scIL-12 was also detected in the lungs of rAAV-IL-12 transduced mice. The data demonstrated that overexpression of exogenous scIL-12 significantly suppressed total cell numbers and eosinophil infiltration, as well as the mucus secretion in rAAV-IL-12-treated mice. The decreased OVA-specific IgE in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and gene expression of Th2-cytokines or CCL11 in lung were observed. In addition, the production of cytokines in the supernatants of OVA-stimulated splenocytes was suppressed with rAAV-IL-12 treatment. Thus, scIL-12 expression by rAAV vector was able to modulate Th2 activity and has the potential to be developed as a feasible strategy in modulating allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chuan Chiang
- Chang Gung University Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 210836, Microbiology and Immunology, Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan;
| | - Jeng-Chang Chen
- Chang Gung Children's Hospital, 38015, Surgery, Taoyuan, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Chen Chen
- New Taipei City Municipal Tucheng Hospital, 557812, Pediatrics, New Taipei City, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Ling Kuo
- Chang Gung University Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, 210836, Microbiology and Immunology, Taoyuan, Taoyuan, Taiwan;
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Dialogue among Lymphocytes and Microglia in Glioblastoma Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112632. [PMID: 35681612 PMCID: PMC9179556 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this review, we summarize in vitro and in vivo studies related to glioblastoma models and human patients to outline the symbiotic bidirectional interaction between microglia, lymphocytes, and tumor cells that develops during tumor progression. Particularly, we highlight the current experimental therapeutic approaches that aim to shape these interplays, such as adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery and CAR-T and -NK cell infusion, and to modulate the tumor microenvironment in an anti-tumoral way, thus counteracting glioblastoma growth. Abstract Microglia and lymphocytes are fundamental constituents of the glioblastoma microenvironment. In this review, we summarize the current state-of-the-art knowledge of the microglial role played in promoting the development and aggressive hallmarks of this deadly brain tumor. Particularly, we report in vitro and in vivo studies related to glioblastoma models and human patients to outline the symbiotic bidirectional interaction between microglia, lymphocytes, and tumor cells that develops during tumor progression. Furthermore, we highlight the current experimental therapeutic approaches that aim to shape these interplays, such as adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery and CAR-T and -NK cell infusion, and to modulate the tumor microenvironment in an anti-tumoral way, thus counteracting glioblastoma growth.
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Extracellular Vesicles as Novel Drug-Delivery Systems through Intracellular Communications. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12060550. [PMID: 35736256 PMCID: PMC9230693 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since it has been reported that extracellular vesicles (EVs) carry cargo using cell-to-cell comminication according to various in vivo situations, they are exprected to be applied as new drug-delivery systems (DDSs). In addition, non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), have attracted much attention as potential biomarkers in the encapsulated extracellular-vesicle (EV) form. EVs are bilayer-based lipids with heterogeneous populations of varying sizes and compositions. The EV-mediated transport of contents, which includes proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, has attracted attention as a DDS through intracellular communication. Many reports have been made on the development of methods for introducing molecules into EVs and efficient methods for introducing them into target vesicles. In this review, we outline the possible molecular mechanisms by which miRNAs in exosomes participate in the post-transcriptional regulation of signaling pathways via cell–cell communication as novel DDSs, especially small EVs.
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Beloukhova MI, Lukashev AN, Volchkov PY, Zamyatnin AA, Deviatkin AA. Robust AAV Genotyping Based on Genetic Distances in Rep Gene That Are Maintained by Ubiquitous Recombination. Viruses 2022; 14:1038. [PMID: 35632781 PMCID: PMC9143360 DOI: 10.3390/v14051038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are a convenient tool for gene therapy delivery. According to the current classification, they are divided into the species AAV A and AAV B within the genus Dependoparvovirus. Historically AAVs were also subdivided on the intraspecies level into 13 serotypes, which differ in tissue tropism and targeted gene delivery capacity. Serotype, however, is not a universal taxonomic category, and their assignment is not always robust. Cross-reactivity has been shown, indicating that classification could not rely on the results of serological tests alone. Moreover, since the isolation of AAV4, all subsequent AAVs were subdivided into serotypes based primarily on genetic differences and phylogenetic reconstructions. An increased interest in the use of AAV as a gene delivery tool justifies the need to improve the existing classification. Here, we suggest genotype-based AAV classification below the species level based on the rep gene. A robust threshold was established as 10% nt differences within the 1248 nt genome fragment, with 4 distinct AAV genotypes identified. This distinct sub-species structure is maintained by ubiquitous recombination within, but not between, rep genes of the suggested genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina I. Beloukhova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Lukashev
- Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Pavel Y. Volchkov
- Genome Engineering Lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia;
- The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 117036 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A. Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Andrei A. Deviatkin
- Genome Engineering Lab, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia;
- The National Medical Research Center for Endocrinology, 117036 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Postgenomic Technologies, Izmerov Research Institute of Occupational Health, 105275 Moscow, Russia
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Lee S, Lee YJ, Kong J, Ryu HW, Shim YK, Han JY, Woo H, Kim SY, Cho A, Lim BC, Chae JH. Short-term clinical outcomes of onasemnogene abeparvovec treatment for spinal muscular atrophy. Brain Dev 2022; 44:287-293. [PMID: 35033405 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a degenerative neuromuscular disorder long recognized as the most common genetic cause of infantile mortality described so far. However, the emergence of some innovative therapies, such as nusinersen and onasemnogene abeparvovec (AVXS-101), have made it possible to change the disease course of SMA. METHODS In this study, five SMA type 1 and one SMA type 2 patients who received AVXS-101 were enrolled (7-24 months of age when administered). They were all previously treated with nusinersen, 4-5 times including loading doses, but stopped nusinersen maintenance after injection of AVXS-101. Patients were regularly followed up with laboratory tests and functional assessments after administration. RESULTS Liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase) and monocyte count tended to be elevated but normalized after several weeks. Platelets and white blood cells were transiently decreased for a few weeks after injection. Prolonged elevation of liver enzymes was associated with steroid tapering earlier than 1 month post treatment. During the follow-up period (ranging from 5 to 17 months after injection), all patients showed improved motor function and there was no case of mortality or requirement for permanent ventilatory support. For one patient, use of bilevel positive airway pressure could be reduced from 16 h to 8 h a day during sleep at 6 months post treatment. CONCLUSION Our experience of AVXS-101 treatment has shown that a single intravenous dose could be safe and effective for SMA patients without the need for any maintenance treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungbok Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, and Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Ryu
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyu Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Woo
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Rare Disease Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Anna Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chan Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Children's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Rare Disease Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Chai S, Kim Y, Galivo F, Dorrell C, Wakefield L, Posey J, Ackermann AM, Kaestner KH, Hebrok M, Grompe M. Development of a beta cell-specific expression control element for rAAV. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:789-800. [PMID: 35297680 PMCID: PMC9419973 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, caused by loss or dysfunction of the insulin producing beta cells of the pancreas, is a promising target for rAAV-mediated gene therapy. To target potential therapeutic payloads specifically to beta cells, a cell-type specific expression control element is needed. Here, we tested a series of rAAV vectors designed to express transgenes specifically in human beta cells using the islet-tropic rAAV-KP1 capsid. A small promoter, consisting of only 84 bp of the insulin core promoter was not beta cell-specific in AAV, but highly active in multiple cell types, including tissues outside the pancreas. A larger 363 bp fragment of the insulin promoter (INS) also lacked beta cell specificity. However, beta cell-specific expression was achieved by combining two regulatory elements, a promoter consisting of two copies of INS (INSx2) and microRNA (miRNA) regulatory elements (MREs). The INSx2 promoter alone showed some beta cell preference, but not tight specificity. To reduce unspecific transgene expression in alpha cells, negative regulation by miRNAs was applied. MREs that are recognized by miRNAs abundant in alpha cells effectively downregulated the transgene expression in these cells. The INS2x-MRE expression vector was highly specific to human beta cells and stem cell derived beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghee Chai
- Oregon Health & Science University, 6684, Oregon Stem cell center, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, LBRB Rm 753, Portland, Oregon, United States, 97239-3098;
| | - Youngjin Kim
- UCSF, 8785, UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, California, United States;
| | - Feorillo Galivo
- Oregon Health & Science University, 6684, Oregon Stem cell center, Portland, Oregon, United States;
| | - Craig Dorrell
- OHSU, 6684, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Portland, Oregon, United States;
| | - Leslie Wakefield
- OHSU, 6684, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Portland, Oregon, United States;
| | - Jeffrey Posey
- OHSU, 6684, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Portland, Oregon, United States;
| | - Amanda M Ackermann
- Upenn, 6572, Department of Genetics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Upenn, 6572, Department of Genetics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States;
| | - Matthias Hebrok
- UCSF, 8785, UCSF Diabetes Center, San Francisco, California, United States;
| | - Markus Grompe
- OHSU, 6684, Oregon Stem Cell Center, Portland, Oregon, United States;
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Trivedi PD, Yu C, Chaudhuri P, Johnson EJ, Caton T, Adamson L, Byrne BJ, Paulk NK, Clément N. Comparison of highly pure rAAV9 vector stocks produced in suspension by PEI transfection or HSV infection reveals striking quantitative and qualitative differences. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 24:154-170. [PMID: 35071688 PMCID: PMC8760416 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical successes have propelled recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors (rAAV) to the center stage for human gene therapy applications. However, the exploding demand for high titers of highly pure rAAV vectors for clinical applications and market needs remains hindered by challenges met at the manufacturing stage. The production of rAAV by transfection in suspension cells remains one of the most commonly used production platforms. In this study, we describe our optimized protocol to produce rAAV by polyethyleneimine (PEI)-mediated transfection in suspension HEK293 cells, along with a side-by-side comparison to our high-performing system using the herpes simplex virus (HSV). Further, we detail a new, robust, and highly efficient downstream purification protocol compatible with both transfection and infection-based harvests that generated rAAV9 stocks of high purity. Our in-depth comparison revealed quantitative, qualitative, and biological differences between PEI-mediated transfection and HSV infection. The HSV production system yielded to higher rAAV vector titers, higher specific yields, and a higher percentage of full capsids than transfection. Furthermore, HSV-produced stocks had a significantly lower concentration of residual host cell proteins and helper DNA impurities, but contained detectable levels of HSV DNA. Importantly, the potency of PEI-produced and HSV-produced rAAV stocks were identical. Analyses of AAV Rep and Cap expression levels and replication showed that HSV-mediated production led to a lower expression of Rep and Cap, but increased levels of AAV genome replication. Our methodology enables high-yield, high purity rAAV production and a biological framework to improve transfection quality and yields by mimicking HSV-induced biological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad D Trivedi
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Chenghui Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Payel Chaudhuri
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Evan J Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Tina Caton
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Laura Adamson
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Barry J Byrne
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Nicole K Paulk
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nathalie Clément
- Department of Pediatrics, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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37
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Ashby F, Heldermon C. The significance of triple-capsid-mutant AAV8 for treatment of Sanfilippo Syndrome Type B. ARCHIVES OF STEM CELL AND THERAPY 2022; 3:11-17. [PMID: 38596745 PMCID: PMC11003760 DOI: 10.46439/stemcell.3.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Sanfilippo Syndrome Type-B remains an untreatable childhood neurodegenerative disease with great burden for both patient and caregiver. Very few clinical trials have been undertaken to treat the disease, and none of these have yet yielded clinically obtainable products for patients. Caused by a simple enzyme function deficiency, Sanfilippo Syndrome Type-B has been considered a great prospect for gene-therapy interventions. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) remains a major choice for therapeutic gene delivery due to its relatively low-immunogenicity, versatility and tissue tropism. However, many clinical trials with AAV continue to use wild-type capsids, which in many cases are not able to reach stable transgene expression for long enough to be clinically effective in most cases. Previous research in AAV gene-therapy has created a litany of novel AAV capsids that can improve overall transduction efficiency far above that of wild-type AAV capsids. One such example is the triple-capsid mutant AAV8 (TCM8), which has been shown to exhibit transgene expression far superior to other capsids in Sanfilippo mouse models, specifically. Originally designed to bypass capsid ubiquitination intracellularly, mouse studies suggest this TCM8 vector outperforms both AAV5 and AAV9 when delivered to the central nervous system. This implies it as an ideal contender for an effective gene-therapy clinical trial candidate and has the potential to advance the progress of Sanfilippo Syndrome treatment. Here we provide commentary on the TCM8 vector and its context in the field of Sanfilippo Syndrome Type-B research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Ashby
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0278, USA
| | - Coy Heldermon
- University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610-0278, USA
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Wang Q, Nambiar K, Wilson JM. Isolating Natural Adeno-Associated Viruses from Primate Tissues with a High-Fidelity Polymerase. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:1439-1449. [PMID: 34448594 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are advantageous as gene-transfer vectors due to their favorable biological and safety characteristics, with discovering novel AAV variants being key to improving this treatment platform. To date, researchers have isolated over 200 AAVs from natural sources using PCR-based methods. We compared two modern DNA polymerases and their utility for isolating and amplifying the AAV genome. Compared to the HotStar polymerase, the higher-fidelity Q5 Hot Start High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase provided more precise and accurate amplification of the input AAV sequences. The lower-fidelity HotStar DNA polymerase introduced mutations during the isolation and amplification processes, thus generating multiple mutant capsids with variable bioactivity compared to the input AAV gene. The Q5 polymerase enabled the successful discovery of novel AAV capsid sequences from human and nonhuman primate tissue sources. Novel AAV sequences from these sources showed evidence of positive evolutionary selection. This study highlights the importance of using the highest fidelity DNA polymerases available to accurately isolate and characterize AAV genomes from natural sources to ultimately develop more effective gene therapy vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kalyani Nambiar
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James M Wilson
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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39
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Tustian AD, Bak H. Assessment of quality attributes for adeno-associated viral vectors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4186-4203. [PMID: 34309017 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong and growing interest in the development and production of gene therapy products, including those utilizing adeno-associated virus (AAV) particles. This is evident with the increase in the number of clinical trials and agency approvals for AAV therapeutics. As bioproduction of AAV viral vectors matures, a quality by design (QbD) approach to process development can aid in process robustness and product quality. Furthermore, it may become a regulatory expectation. The first step in any QbD approach is to determine what physical, chemical, biological, or microbiological property or characteristic product attributes should be controlled within an appropriate limit, range, or distribution to ensure the desired product quality. Then predefined goals are set to allow proactive process development to design in quality. This review lists typical quality attributes used for release testing of AAV viral vectors and discusses these and selected attributes important to extended characterization studies in terms of safety, efficacy, and impact upon the patient immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanne Bak
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, NY, USA
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40
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Kot S, Karumuthil-Melethil S, Woodley E, Zaric V, Thompson P, Chen Z, Lykken E, Keimel JG, Kaemmerer WF, Gray SJ, Walia JS. Investigating Immune Responses to the scAAV9- HEXM Gene Therapy Treatment in Tay-Sachs Disease and Sandhoff Disease Mouse Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136751. [PMID: 34201771 PMCID: PMC8268035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
GM2 gangliosidosis disorders are a group of neurodegenerative diseases that result from a functional deficiency of the enzyme β-hexosaminidase A (HexA). HexA consists of an α- and β-subunit; a deficiency in either subunit results in Tay–Sachs Disease (TSD) or Sandhoff Disease (SD), respectively. Viral vector gene transfer is viewed as a potential method of treating these diseases. A recently constructed isoenzyme to HexA, called HexM, has the ability to effectively catabolize GM2 gangliosides in vivo. Previous gene transfer studies have revealed that the scAAV9-HEXM treatment can improve survival in the murine SD model. However, it is speculated that this treatment could elicit an immune response to the carrier capsid and “non-self”-expressed transgene. This study was designed to assess the immunocompetence of TSD and SD mice, and test the immune response to the scAAV9-HEXM gene transfer. HexM vector-treated mice developed a significant anti-HexM T cell response and antibody response. This study confirms that TSD and SD mouse models are immunocompetent, and that gene transfer expression can create an immune response in these mice. These mouse models could be utilized for investigating methods of mitigating immune responses to gene transfer-expressed “non-self” proteins, and potentially improve treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Kot
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (S.K.); (E.W.)
| | - Subha Karumuthil-Melethil
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.K.-M.); (V.Z.); (E.L.); (S.J.G.)
| | - Evan Woodley
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (S.K.); (E.W.)
| | - Violeta Zaric
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.K.-M.); (V.Z.); (E.L.); (S.J.G.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Patrick Thompson
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada; (P.T.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zhilin Chen
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada; (P.T.); (Z.C.)
| | - Erik Lykken
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.K.-M.); (V.Z.); (E.L.); (S.J.G.)
| | - John G. Keimel
- New Hope Research Foundation, North Oaks, MN 55127, USA; (J.G.K.); (W.F.K.)
| | | | - Steven J. Gray
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (S.K.-M.); (V.Z.); (E.L.); (S.J.G.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jagdeep S. Walia
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada; (S.K.); (E.W.)
- Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON K7L 2V7, Canada; (P.T.); (Z.C.)
- Correspondence:
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41
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Péneau C, Zucman-Rossi J, Nault JC. Genomics of Viral Hepatitis-Associated Liver Tumors. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1827. [PMID: 33922394 PMCID: PMC8122827 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus-related liver carcinogenesis is one of the main contributors of cancer-related death worldwide mainly due to the impact of chronic hepatitis B and C infections. Three mechanisms have been proposed to explain the oncogenic properties of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection: induction of chronic inflammation and cirrhosis, expression of HBV oncogenic proteins, and insertional mutagenesis into the genome of infected hepatocytes. Hepatitis B insertional mutagenesis modifies the function of cancer driver genes and could promote chromosomal instability. In contrast, hepatitis C virus promotes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) occurrence mainly through cirrhosis development whereas the direct oncogenic role of the virus in human remains debated. Finally, adeno associated virus type 2 (AAV2), a defective DNA virus, has been associated with occurrence of HCC harboring insertional mutagenesis of the virus. Since these tumors developed in a non-cirrhotic context and in the absence of a known etiological factor, AAV2 appears to be the direct cause of tumor development in these patients via a mechanism of insertional mutagenesis altering similar oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes targeted by HBV. A better understanding of virus-related oncogenesis will be helpful to develop new preventive strategies and therapies directed against specific alterations observed in virus-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Péneau
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (C.P.); (J.Z.-R.)
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Labex OncoImmunology, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (C.P.); (J.Z.-R.)
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Labex OncoImmunology, F-75006 Paris, France
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Charles Nault
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (C.P.); (J.Z.-R.)
- Functional Genomics of Solid Tumors Laboratory, Équipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, Labex OncoImmunology, F-75006 Paris, France
- Service d’hépatologie, Hôpital Avicenne, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Seine-Saint-Denis, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, F-93000 Bobigny, France
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Santé Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris Nord, F-93000 Bobigny, France
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42
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Gregg JR, Thompson TC. Considering the potential for gene-based therapy in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2021; 18:170-184. [PMID: 33637962 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-021-00431-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic gene manipulation has been at the forefront of popular scientific discussion and basic and clinical research for decades. Basic and clinical research applications of CRISPR-Cas9-based technologies and ongoing clinical trials in this area have demonstrated the potential of genome editing to cure human disease. Evaluation of research and clinical trials in gene therapy reveals a concentration of activity in prostate cancer research and practice. Multiple aspects of prostate cancer care - including anatomical considerations that enable direct tumour injections and sampling, the availability of preclinical immune-competent models and the delineation of tumour-related antigens that might provide targets for an induced immune system - make gene therapy an appealing treatment option for this common malignancy. Vaccine-based therapies that induce an immune response and new technologies exploiting CRISPR-Cas9-assisted approaches, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies, are very promising and are currently under investigation both in the laboratory and in the clinic. Although laboratory and preclinical advances have, thus far, not led to oncologically relevant outcomes in the clinic, future studies offer great promise for gene therapy to become established in prostate cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R Gregg
- Department of Urology and Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Timothy C Thompson
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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43
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Gene delivery to neurons in the auditory brainstem of barn owls using standard recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors. CURRENT RESEARCH IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 1:100001. [PMID: 36249276 PMCID: PMC9559881 DOI: 10.1016/j.crneur.2020.100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are a commonly used tool for gene delivery. There is a large choice of different serotypes whose transduction efficiency varies for different animal species. In this study, three rAAV vectors were tested for transduction efficiency in the auditory brainstem of adult barn owls (Tyto alba) which are not standard laboratory animals. Injections with rAAV serotypes 2/1 and 2/5 resulted in reliable expression in various nuclei of the auditory brainstem of barn owls. Both vectors showed evidence of being spread by axonal transport. However, only rAAV2/5 also showed expression in regions far distant from the injection site, suggesting long-range axonal transport in connections along the auditory pathway. In contrast, injections with rAAV2/9 resulted in no expression. Our results demonstrate for the first time that commercially available rAAV vectors can be used for reliable gene expression in the barn owl auditory brainstem and pave the way toward optogenetic manipulation of neural activity in this important animal species in neuroethology and auditory physiology. Standard rAAV vectors effectively mediate gene expression in the barn-owl brain. rAAV2/1 was best suited for confined expression around the targeted injection site. Due to more axonal transport, rAAV2/5 resulted in wider spread of expressed genes. rAAV-mediated expression is expected to remain stable for an extended period of time. rAAV expression and stability are excellent prerequisites for optogenetic experiments.
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44
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JSRV Intragenic Enhancer Element Increases Expression from a Heterologous Promoter and Promotes High Level AAV-mediated Transgene Expression in the Lung and Liver of Mice. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111266. [PMID: 33172105 PMCID: PMC7694761 DOI: 10.3390/v12111266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) induces tumors in the distal airways of sheep and goats. A putative intragenic enhancer, termed JE, localized to the 3' end of the JSRV env gene, has been previously described. Herein we provide further evidence that the JE functions as a transcriptional enhancer, as it was able to enhance gene expression when placed in either forward or reverse orientation when combined with a heterologous chicken beta actin promoter. We then generated novel composite promoters designed to improve transgene expression from adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy vectors. A hybrid promoter consisting of the shortest JE sequence examined (JE71), the U3 region of the JSRV long terminal repeat (LTR), and the chicken beta actin promoter, demonstrated robust expression in vitro and in vivo, when in the context of AAV vectors. AAV-mediated transgene expression in vivo from the hybrid promoter was marginally lower than that observed for AAV vectors encoding the strong CAG promoter, but greatly reduced in the heart, making this promoter/enhancer combination attractive for non-cardiac applications, particularly respiratory tract or liver directed therapies. Replacement of the murine leukemia virus intron present in the original vector construct with a modified SV40 intron reduced the promoter/enhancer/intron cassette size to 719 bp, leaving an additional ~4 kb of coding capacity when packaged within an AAV vector. Taken together, we have developed a novel, compact promoter that is capable of directing high level transgene expression from AAV vectors in both the liver and lung with diminished transgene expression in the heart.
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45
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Del Rosario JMM, Smith M, Zaki K, Risley P, Temperton N, Engelhardt OG, Collins M, Takeuchi Y, Hufton SE. Protection From Influenza by Intramuscular Gene Vector Delivery of a Broadly Neutralizing Nanobody Does Not Depend on Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:627. [PMID: 32547534 PMCID: PMC7273724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-subtype neutralizing single domain antibodies against influenza present new opportunities for immunoprophylaxis and pandemic preparedness. Their simple modular structure and single open reading frame format are highly amenable to gene therapy-mediated delivery. We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. To evaluate the potential of R1a-B6 for immunoprophylaxis, we have reformatted it as an Fc fusion for adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector delivery. Our findings demonstrate that a single intramuscular injection in mice of AAV encoding R1a-B6 fused to Fc fragments of different isotypes equipped either, with or without antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, was able to drive sustained high-level expression (0.5-1.1 mg/mL) in sera with no evidence of reduction for up to 6 months. R1a-B6-Fc fusions of both isotypes gave complete protection against lethal challenge with both pandemic A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 and avian influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1). This data suggests that R1a-B6 is capable of cross-subtype protection and ADCC was not essential for R1a-B6 efficacy. Our findings demonstrate AAV delivery of cross-subtype neutralizing nanobodies may be an effective strategy to prevent influenza infection and provide long-term protection independent of a host induced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Marie M Del Rosario
- Division of Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom.,Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Matthew Smith
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Kam Zaki
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Risley
- Division of Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Othmar G Engelhardt
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Collins
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon E Hufton
- Division of Biotherapeutics, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
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46
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Khan N, Cheemadan S, Saxena H, Bammidi S, Jayandharan GR. MicroRNA-based recombinant AAV vector assembly improves efficiency of suicide gene transfer in a murine model of lymphoma. Cancer Med 2020; 9:3188-3201. [PMID: 32108448 PMCID: PMC7196056 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent success in clinical trials with recombinant Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based gene therapy has redirected efforts in optimizing AAV assembly and production, to improve its potency. We reasoned that inclusion of a small RNA during vector assembly, which specifically alters the phosphorylation status of the packaging cells may be beneficial. We thus employed microRNAs (miR-431, miR-636) identified by their ability to bind AAV genome and also dysregulate Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling during vector production, by a global transcriptome study in producer cells. A modified vector assembly protocol incorporating a plasmid encoding these microRNAs was developed. AAV2 vectors packaged in the presence of microRNA demonstrated an improved gene transfer potency by 3.7-fold, in vitro. Furthermore, AAV6 serotype vectors encoding an inducible caspase 9 suicide gene, packaged in the presence of miR-636, showed a significant tumor regression (~2.2-fold, P < .01) in a syngeneic murine model of T-cell lymphoma. Taken together, we have demonstrated a simple but effective microRNA-based approach to improve the assembly and potency of suicide gene therapy with AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of TechnologyKanpurUPIndia
| | - Sabna Cheemadan
- Centre for Stem Cell ResearchChristian Medical CollegeVelloreTNIndia
| | - Himanshi Saxena
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of TechnologyKanpurUPIndia
| | - Sridhar Bammidi
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of TechnologyKanpurUPIndia
| | - Giridhara R. Jayandharan
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioengineeringIndian Institute of TechnologyKanpurUPIndia
- Centre for Stem Cell ResearchChristian Medical CollegeVelloreTNIndia
- Department of HematologyChristian Medical CollegeVelloreTNIndia
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47
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Lavenniah A, Luu TDA, Li YP, Lim TB, Jiang J, Ackers-Johnson M, Foo RSY. Engineered Circular RNA Sponges Act as miRNA Inhibitors to Attenuate Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy. Mol Ther 2020; 28:1506-1517. [PMID: 32304667 PMCID: PMC7264434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) sequester microRNAs (miRNAs) and repress their endogenous activity. We hypothesized that artificial circRNA sponges (circmiRs) can be constructed to target miRNAs therapeutically, with a low dosage requirement and extended half-lives compared to current alternatives. This could present a new treatment approach for critical global pathologies, including cardiovascular disease. Here, we constructed a circmiR sponge to target known cardiac pro-hypertrophic miR-132 and -212. Expressed circmiRs competitively inhibited miR-132 and -212 activity in luciferase rescue assays and showed greater stability than linear sponges. A design containing 12 bulged binding sites with 12 nucleotides spacing was determined to be optimal. Adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) were used to deliver circmiRs to cardiomyocytes in vivo in a transverse aortic constriction (TAC) mouse model of cardiac disease. Hypertrophic disease characteristics were attenuated, and cardiac function was preserved in treated mice, demonstrating the potential of circmiRs as novel therapeutic tools. Subsequently, group I permutated intron-exon sequences were used to directly synthesize exogenous circmiRs, which showed greater in vitro efficacy than the current gold standard antagomiRs in inhibiting miRNA function. Engineered circRNAs thus offer exciting potential as future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annadoray Lavenniah
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Tuan Danh Anh Luu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Yiqing Peter Li
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Tingsen Benson Lim
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Jianming Jiang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Matthew Ackers-Johnson
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Roger S-Y Foo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, Singapore 138672, Singapore; Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
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Brescia M, Janssen JM, Liu J, Gonçalves MAFV. High-Capacity Adenoviral Vectors Permit Robust and Versatile Testing of DMD Gene Repair Tools and Strategies in Human Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040869. [PMID: 32252479 PMCID: PMC7226760 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal X-linked muscle wasting disorder arising from mutations in the ~2.4 Mb dystrophin-encoding DMD gene. RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases (RGNs) are opening new DMD therapeutic routes whose bottlenecks include delivering sizable RGN complexes for assessing their effects on human genomes and testing ex vivo and in vivo DMD-correcting strategies. Here, high-capacity adenoviral vectors (HC-AdVs) encoding single or dual high-specificity RGNs with optimized components were investigated for permanently repairing defective DMD alleles either through exon 51-targeted indel formation or major mutational hotspot excision (>500 kb), respectively. Firstly, we establish that, at high doses, third-generation HC-AdVs lacking all viral genes are significantly less cytotoxic than second-generation adenoviral vectors deleted in E1 and E2A. Secondly, we demonstrate that genetically retargeted HC-AdVs can correct up to 42% ± 13% of defective DMD alleles in muscle cell populations through targeted removal of the major mutational hotspot, in which over 60% of frame-shifting large deletions locate. Both DMD gene repair strategies tested readily led to the detection of Becker-like dystrophins in unselected muscle cell populations, leading to the restoration of β-dystroglycan at the plasmalemma of differentiated muscle cells. Hence, HC-AdVs permit the effective assessment of DMD gene-editing tools and strategies in dystrophin-defective human cells while broadening the gamut of DMD-correcting agents.
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Kanao-Kanda M, Kanda H, Liu S, Roy S, Toborek M, Hao S. Viral Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer of Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase for Chronic Pain Treatment: A Literature Review. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:405-414. [PMID: 32041431 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is long-lasting nociceptive state, impairing the patient's quality of life. Existing analgesics are generally not effective in the treatment of chronic pain, some of which such as opioids have the risk of tolerance/dependence and overdose death with higher daily opioid doses for increasing analgesic effect. Opioid use disorders have already reached an epidemic level in the United States; therefore, nonopioid analgesic approach and/or use of nonpharmacologic interventions will be employed with increasing frequency. Viral vector-mediated gene therapy is promising in clinical trials in the nervous system diseases. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) enzyme, a key enzyme in biosynthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), plays an important role in analgesic mechanism. In the literature review, we used PubMed and bioRxiv to search the studies, and the eligible criteria include (1) article written in English, (2) use of viral vectors expressing GAD67 or GAD65, and (3) preclinical pain models. We identified 13 eligible original research articles, in which the pain models include nerve injury, HIV-related pain, painful diabetic neuropathy, and formalin test. GAD expressed by the viral vectors from all the reports produced antinociceptive effects. Restoring GABA systems is a promising therapeutic strategy for chronic pain, which provides evidence for the clinical trial of gene therapy for pain in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Kanao-Kanda
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Hirotsugu Kanda
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.,Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Shue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Shuanglin Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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50
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Martinez-Navio JM, Fuchs SP, Mendes DE, Rakasz EG, Gao G, Lifson JD, Desrosiers RC. Long-Term Delivery of an Anti-SIV Monoclonal Antibody With AAV. Front Immunol 2020; 11:449. [PMID: 32256496 PMCID: PMC7089924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term delivery of anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies using adeno-associated virus (AAV) holds promise for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. We previously reported that after receiving a single administration of AAV vector coding for anti-SIV antibody 5L7, monkey 84-05 achieved high levels of AAV-delivered 5L7 IgG1 in vivo which conferred sterile protection against six successive, escalating dose, intravenous challenges with highly infectious, highly pathogenic SIVmac239, including a final challenge with 10 animal infectious doses (1). Here we report that monkey 84-05 has successfully maintained 240-350 μg/ml of anti-SIV antibody 5L7 for over 6 years. Approximately 2% of the circulating IgG in this monkey is this one monoclonal antibody. This monkey generated little or no anti-drug antibodies (ADA) to the AAV-delivered antibody for the duration of the study. Due to the nature of the high-dose challenge used and in order to rule out a potential low-level infection not detected by regular viral loads, we have used ultrasensitive techniques to detect cell-associated viral DNA and RNA in PBMCs from this animal. In addition, we have tested serum from 84-05 by ELISA against overlapping peptides spanning the whole envelope sequence for SIVmac239 (PepScan) and against recombinant p27 and gp41 proteins. No reactivity has been detected in the ELISAs indicating the absence of naturally arising anti-SIV antibodies; moreover, the ultrasensitive cell-associated viral tests yielded no positive reaction. We conclude that macaque 84-05 was effectively protected and remained uninfected. Our data show that durable, continuous antibody expression can be achieved after one single administration of AAV and support the potential for lifelong protection against HIV from a single vector administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Martinez-Navio
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sebastian P. Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Desiree E. Mendes
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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