1
|
Dehghan Z, Mirmotalebisohi SA, Mozafar M, Sameni M, Saberi F, Derakhshanfar A, Moaedi J, Zohrevand H, Zali H. Deciphering the similarities and disparities of molecular mechanisms behind respiratory epithelium response to HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2 and drug repurposing, a systems biology approach. Daru 2024; 32:215-235. [PMID: 38652363 PMCID: PMC11087451 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-024-00507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Identifying the molecular mechanisms behind SARS-CoV-2 disparities and similarities will help find new treatments. The present study determines networks' shared and non-shared (specific) crucial elements in response to HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2 viruses to recommend candidate medications. METHODS We retrieved the omics data on respiratory cells infected with HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2, constructed PPIN and GRN, and detected clusters and motifs. Using a drug-gene interaction network, we determined the similarities and disparities of mechanisms behind their host response and drug-repurposed. RESULTS CXCL1, KLHL21, SMAD3, HIF1A, and STAT1 were the shared DEGs between both viruses' protein-protein interaction network (PPIN) and gene regulatory network (GRN). The NPM1 was a specific critical node for HCoV-229E and was a Hub-Bottleneck shared between PPI and GRN in HCoV-229E. The HLA-F, ADCY5, TRIM14, RPF1, and FGA were the seed proteins in subnetworks of the SARS-CoV-2 PPI network, and HSPA1A and RPL26 proteins were the seed in subnetworks of the PPI network of HCOV-229E. TRIM14, STAT2, and HLA-F played the same role for SARS-CoV-2. Top enriched KEGG pathways included cell cycle and proteasome in HCoV-229E and RIG-I-like receptor, Chemokine, Cytokine-cytokine, NOD-like receptor, and TNF signaling pathways in SARS-CoV-2. We suggest some candidate medications for COVID-19 patient lungs, including Noscapine, Isoetharine mesylate, Cycloserine, Ethamsylate, Cetylpyridinium, Tretinoin, Ixazomib, Vorinostat, Venetoclax, Vorinostat, Ixazomib, Venetoclax, and epoetin alfa for further in-vitro and in-vivo investigations. CONCLUSION We suggested CXCL1, KLHL21, SMAD3, HIF1A, and STAT1, ADCY5, TRIM14, RPF1, and FGA, STAT2, and HLA-F as critical genes and Cetylpyridinium, Cycloserine, Noscapine, Ethamsylate, Epoetin alfa, Isoetharine mesylate, Ribavirin, and Tretinoin drugs to study further their importance in treating COVID-19 lung complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Dehghan
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Mirmotalebisohi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mozafar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Sameni
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Saberi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Derakhshanfar
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Center of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Javad Moaedi
- Center of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Hassan Zohrevand
- Student Research Committee, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Zali
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Deshmukh R, Harwansh RK, Garg A, Mishra S, Agrawal R, Jangde R. COVID-19: Recent Insight in Genomic Feature, Pathogenesis, Immunological Biomarkers, Treatment Options and Clinical Updates on SARS-CoV-2. Curr Genomics 2024; 25:69-87. [PMID: 38751601 PMCID: PMC11092912 DOI: 10.2174/0113892029291098240129113500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a highly contagious and transmissible viral infection that first emerged in 2019 and since then has sparked an epidemic of severe respiratory problems identified as "coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19) that causes a hazard to human life and safety. The virus developed mainly from bats. The current epidemic has presented a significant warning to life across the world by showing mutation. There are different tests available for testing Coronavirus, and RT-PCR is the best, giving more accurate results, but it is also time-consuming. There are different options available for treating n-CoV-19, which include medications such as Remdesivir, corticosteroids, plasma therapy, Dexamethasone therapy, etc. The development of vaccines such as BNT126b2, ChAdOX1, mRNA-1273 and BBIBP-CorV has provided great relief in dealing with the virus as they decreased the mortality rate. BNT126b2 and ChAdOX1 are two n-CoV vaccines found to be most effective in controlling the spread of infection. In the future, nanotechnology-based vaccines and immune engineering techniques can be helpful for further research on Coronavirus and treatment of this deadly virus. The existing knowledge about the existence of SARS-CoV-2, along with its variants, is summarized in this review. This review, based on recently published findings, presents the core genetics of COVID-19, including heritable characteristics, pathogenesis, immunological biomarkers, treatment options and clinical updates on the virus, along with patents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohitas Deshmukh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjit Kumar Harwansh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Akash Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, NH-2, Mathura, Delhi Road, Chhatikara, 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sakshi Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rutvi Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, NH-2, Mathura, Delhi Road, Chhatikara, 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajendra Jangde
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bharadwaj A, Kaur R, Gupta S. Emerging Treatment Approaches for COVID-19 Infection: A Critical Review. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:435-448. [PMID: 37070448 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230417112543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
In the present scenario, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has imposed enormous damage on human survival and the global financial system. It has been estimated that around 111 million people all around the world have been infected, and about 2.47 million people died due to this pandemic. The major symptoms were sneezing, coughing, cold, difficulty breathing, pneumonia, and multi-organ failure associated 1with SARS-CoV-2. Currently, two key problems, namely insufficient attempts to develop drugs against SARSCoV-2 and the lack of any biological regulating process, are mostly responsible for the havoc caused by this virus. Henceforth, developing a few novel drugs is urgently required to cure this pandemic. It has been noticed that the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is caused by two main events: infection and immune deficiency, that occur during the pathological process. Antiviral medication can treat both the virus and the host cells. Therefore, in the present review, the major approaches for the treatment have been divided into "target virus" and "target host" groups. These two mechanisms primarily rely on drug repositioning, novel approaches, and possible targets. Initially, we discussed the traditional drugs per the physicians' recommendations. Moreover, such therapeutics have no potential to fight against COVID-19. After that, detailed investigation and analysis were conducted to find some novel vaccines and monoclonal antibodies and conduct a few clinical trials to check their effectiveness against SARSCoV- 2 and mutant strains. Additionally, this study presents the most successful methods for its treatment, including combinatorial therapy. Nanotechnology was studied to build efficient nanocarriers to overcome the traditional constraints of antiviral and biological therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Bharadwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, UP, India
| | - Rasanpreet Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, UP, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, UP, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fan S, Wang H, Wu D, Liu L. Pharmaceutical approaches for COVID-19: An update on current therapeutic opportunities. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:157-173. [PMID: 37307372 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a newly discovered coronavirus, has been linked to the COVID-19 pandemic and is currently an important public health issue. Despite all the work done to date around the world, there is still no viable treatment for COVID-19. This study examined the most recent evidence on the efficacy and safety of several therapeutic options available including natural substances, synthetic drugs and vaccines in the treatment of COVID-19. Various natural compounds such as sarsapogenin, lycorine, biscoclaurine, vitamin B12, glycyrrhizic acid, riboflavin, resveratrol and kaempferol, various vaccines and drugs such as AZD1222, mRNA-1273, BNT162b2, Sputnik V, and remdesivir, lopinavir, favipiravir, darunavir, oseltamivir, and umifenovir, resp., have been discussed comprehensively. We attempted to provide exhaustive information regarding the various prospective therapeutic approaches available in order to assist researchers and physicians in treating COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Fan
- 1Department of Intensive Care Unit, South China Hospital, Health Science Center Shenzhen University Guangdong, Shenzhen 518116, P. R. China
| | - Hongling Wang
- 2Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery 940th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730050, P. R. China
| | - Dean Wu
- 3Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Third People's Hospital of Gansu Province Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730050, P. R. China
| | - Lu Liu
- 4The First Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang Liaoning, 110032, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mahdi I, Yeasmin H, Hossain I, Badhan RM, Ali MA, Kaium MA, Islam R, Sufian MA, Halim MA. Potential antiviral peptides against the nucleoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2023; 77:813-823. [PMID: 36213321 PMCID: PMC9531640 DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoprotein is a conserved structural protein of SARS-CoV-2, which is involved in several functions, including replication, packaging, and transcription. In this research, 21 antiviral peptides that are known to have inhibitory function against nucleoprotein in several other viruses, were screened computationally against the nucleoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. The complexes of five best performing peptides (AVP1142, AVP1145, AVP1148, AVP1150, AVP1155) with nucleoprotein were selected for subsequent screening via 5 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Two peptides, namely AVP1145 and AVP1155, came out as promising candidates and hence were selected for 200 ns MD simulation for further validation, incorporating a DMPC-based membrane environment. In the long MD simulation, both AVP1155 and AVP1145 utilized multiple residues-mainly aromatic, acidic, and nonpolar residues-as interacting points to remain in contact with the nucleoprotein and formed predominantly hydrogen bonds along with hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. However, AVP1155 proved to be superior to AVP1145 when its complex with nucleoprotein was analyzed in terms of root-mean-square deviation, root-mean-square fluctuation, radius of gyration, solvent accessible surface area and free energy landscape. In a nutshell, the findings of this research may guide future studies in the development of selective peptide inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11696-022-02514-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iktedar Mahdi
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, 16 Tejkunipara, Tejgaon, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh ,Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Humyara Yeasmin
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, 16 Tejkunipara, Tejgaon, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh
| | - Imtiaz Hossain
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, 16 Tejkunipara, Tejgaon, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh
| | - Raina Masnoon Badhan
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, 16 Tejkunipara, Tejgaon, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ackas Ali
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, 16 Tejkunipara, Tejgaon, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh ,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144 USA
| | - Md. Abdul Kaium
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, 16 Tejkunipara, Tejgaon, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh
| | - Rajib Islam
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Division of Computer-Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, BICCB, 16 Tejkunipara, Tejgaon, Dhaka, 1215 Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Sufian
- School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140 USA
| | - Mohammad A. Halim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA 30144 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Integrative transcriptome analysis of SARS-CoV-2 human-infected cells combined with deep learning algorithms identifies two potential cellular targets for the treatment of coronavirus disease. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 54:53-68. [PMID: 36435956 PMCID: PMC9702651 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00875-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) quickly spread worldwide, leading coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to hit pandemic level less than 4 months after the first official cases. Hence, the search for drugs and vaccines that could prevent or treat infections by SARS-CoV-2 began, intending to reduce a possible collapse of health systems. After 2 years, efforts to find therapies to treat COVID-19 continue. However, there is still much to be understood about the virus' pathology. Tools such as transcriptomics have been used to understand the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on different cells isolated from various tissues, leaving datasets in the databases that integrate genes and differentially expressed pathways during SARS-CoV-2 infection. After retrieving transcriptome datasets from different human cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 available in the database, we performed an integrative analysis associated with deep learning algorithms to determine differentially expressed targets mainly after infection. The targets found represented a fructose transporter (GLUT5) and a component of proteasome 26s. These targets were then molecularly modeled, followed by molecular docking that identified potential inhibitors for both structures. Once the inhibition of structures that have the expression increased by the virus can represent a strategy for reducing the viral replication by selecting infected cells, associating these bioinformatics tools, therefore, can be helpful in the screening of molecules being tested for new uses, saving financial resources, time, and making a personalized screening for each infectious disease.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kumar CS, Singh B, Rizvi ZA, Parray HA, Verma JK, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay A, Awasthi A, Shrivastava T, Banerjee M. Virus-Like Particles of SARS-CoV-2 as Virus Surrogates: Morphology, Immunogenicity, and Internalization in Neuronal Cells. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:2119-2132. [PMID: 36129193 PMCID: PMC9514328 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The engineering of virus-like particles (VLPs) is a viable strategy for the development of vaccines and for the identification of therapeutic targets without using live viruses. Here, we report the generation and characterization of quadruple-antigen SARS-CoV-2 VLPs. VLPs were generated by transient transfection of two expression cassettes in adherent HEK293T cells─one cassette containing Mpro for processing of three structural proteins (M, E, and N), and the second cassette expressing the Spike protein. Further characterization revealed that the VLPs retain close morphological and antigenic similarity with the native virus and also bind strongly to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor hACE-2 in an in vitro binding assay. Interestingly, the VLPs were found to internalize into U87-MG cells through cholesterol-rich domains in a dynamin-dependent process. Finally, our results showed that mice immunized with VLPs induce robust humoral and cellular immune responses mediated by enhanced levels of IL-4, IL-17, and IFNγ. Taken together, our results demonstrate that VLPs mimic the native virus and induce a strong immune response, indicating the possible use of these particles as an alternative vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2. VLPs can also be effective in mapping the initial stages of virus entry and screening inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Shekhar Kumar
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences,
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New
Delhi110016, India
| | - Balwant Singh
- Translational Health Science and
Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster 3rd Milestone,
Faridabad - Gurgaon Rd, Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana121001,
India
| | - Zaigham Abbas Rizvi
- Translational Health Science and
Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster 3rd Milestone,
Faridabad - Gurgaon Rd, Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana121001,
India
- Immunobiology/Immunology Core Laboratory,
Translational Health Science and Technology Institute
(THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Rd,
Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana121001, India
| | - Hilal Ahmad Parray
- Translational Health Science and
Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster 3rd Milestone,
Faridabad - Gurgaon Rd, Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana121001,
India
| | - Jitender Kumar Verma
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences,
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New
Delhi110016, India
| | - Sukanya Ghosh
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences,
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New
Delhi110016, India
| | - Amitabha Mukhopadhyay
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences,
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New
Delhi110016, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Science and
Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster 3rd Milestone,
Faridabad - Gurgaon Rd, Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana121001,
India
- Immunobiology/Immunology Core Laboratory,
Translational Health Science and Technology Institute
(THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Rd,
Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana121001, India
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- Translational Health Science and
Technology Institute (THSTI), NCR Biotech Science Cluster 3rd Milestone,
Faridabad - Gurgaon Rd, Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana121001,
India
| | - Manidipa Banerjee
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences,
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New
Delhi110016, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Manan A, Pirzada RH, Haseeb M, Choi S. Toll-like Receptor Mediation in SARS-CoV-2: A Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810716. [PMID: 36142620 PMCID: PMC9502216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system facilitates defense mechanisms against pathogen invasion and cell damage. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) assist in the activation of the innate immune system by binding to pathogenic ligands. This leads to the generation of intracellular signaling cascades including the biosynthesis of molecular mediators. TLRs on cell membranes are adept at recognizing viral components. Viruses can modulate the innate immune response with the help of proteins and RNAs that downregulate or upregulate the expression of various TLRs. In the case of COVID-19, molecular modulators such as type 1 interferons interfere with signaling pathways in the host cells, leading to an inflammatory response. Coronaviruses are responsible for an enhanced immune signature of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines. TLRs have been employed as therapeutic agents in viral infections as numerous antiviral Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs are TLR agonists. This review highlights the therapeutic approaches associated with SARS-CoV-2 and the TLRs involved in COVID-19 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Manan
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
| | | | - Muhammad Haseeb
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Korea
| | - Sangdun Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea
- S&K Therapeutics, Ajou University Campus Plaza 418, 199 Worldcup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16502, Korea
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Su WL, Wu CC, Wu SFV, Lee MC, Liao MT, Lu KC, Lu CL. A Review of the Potential Effects of Melatonin in Compromised Mitochondrial Redox Activities in Elderly Patients With COVID-19. Front Nutr 2022; 9:865321. [PMID: 35795579 PMCID: PMC9251345 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.865321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, an endogenous indoleamine, is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory molecule widely distributed in the body. It efficiently regulates pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines under various pathophysiological conditions. The melatonin rhythm, which is strongly associated with oxidative lesions and mitochondrial dysfunction, is also observed during the biological process of aging. Melatonin levels decline considerably with age and are related to numerous age-related illnesses. The signs of aging, including immune aging, increased basal inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, significant telomeric abrasion, and disrupted autophagy, contribute to the increased severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. These characteristics can worsen the pathophysiological response of the elderly to SARS-CoV-2 and pose an additional risk of accelerating biological aging even after recovery. This review explains that the death rate of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) increases with chronic diseases and age, and the decline in melatonin levels, which is closely related to the mitochondrial dysfunction in the patient, affects the virus-related death rate. Further, melatonin can enhance mitochondrial function and limit virus-related diseases. Hence, melatonin supplementation in older people may be beneficial for the treatment of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Lin Su
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chao Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fang Vivienne Wu
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Chen Lee
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Tser Liao
- Department of Pediatrics, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital Hsinchu Branch, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Cheng Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Lin Lu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anand U, Jakhmola S, Indari O, Jha HC, Chen ZS, Tripathi V, Pérez de la Lastra JM. Potential Therapeutic Targets and Vaccine Development for SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 Pandemic Management: A Review on the Recent Update. Front Immunol 2021; 12:658519. [PMID: 34276652 PMCID: PMC8278575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly pathogenic novel virus that has caused a massive pandemic called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) worldwide. Wuhan, a city in China became the epicenter of the outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019. The disease was declared a pandemic globally by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020. SARS-CoV-2 is a beta CoV of the Coronaviridae family which usually causes respiratory symptoms that resemble common cold. Multiple countries have experienced multiple waves of the disease and scientific experts are consistently working to find answers to several unresolved questions, with the aim to find the most suitable ways to contain the virus. Furthermore, potential therapeutic strategies and vaccine development for COVID-19 management are also considered. Currently, substantial efforts have been made to develop successful and safe treatments and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Some vaccines, such as inactivated vaccines, nucleic acid-based, and vector-based vaccines, have entered phase 3 clinical trials. Additionally, diverse small molecule drugs, peptides and antibodies are being developed to treat COVID-19. We present here an overview of the virus interaction with the host and environment and anti-CoV therapeutic strategies; including vaccines and other methodologies, designed for prophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection with the hope that this integrative analysis could help develop novel therapeutic approaches against COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uttpal Anand
- Department of Life Sciences, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shweta Jakhmola
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Omkar Indari
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY, United States
| | - Vijay Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Engineering, Jacob Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, India
| | - José M. Pérez de la Lastra
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones científicas (CSIS), Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lyubavina N, Saltsev S, Menkov N, Tyurikova L, Plastinina S, Shonia M, Tulichev A, Milyutina M, Makarova E. Immunological Approaches to the Treatment of New Coronavirus Infection (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 13:81-99. [PMID: 34603758 PMCID: PMC8482822 DOI: 10.17691/stm2021.13.3.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread all over the world. The large amount of information that appears every day requires comprehension and systematization. The immunological aspects of the virus-host interaction are the core issues in the effective treatment and prevention of COVID-19' development. The review analyzes the known pathways of the viral invasion and evasion, the mechanisms of the cytokine storm, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clinical data from previous SARS and MERS epidemics is discussed here. We also address the therapeutic approaches based on the basic knowledge of immune response and the blood cells' immune functions, as well as the ways to reduce their hyperactivation. The use of interferon therapy, anti-inflammatory therapy, anti-cytokine therapy, neutralizing antibodies, convalescent plasma, and mesenchymal stem cells, as well as prophylactic vaccines, is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N.A. Lyubavina
- Associate Professor, Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - S.G. Saltsev
- Associate Professor, Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - N.V. Menkov
- Associate Professor, Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - L.V. Tyurikova
- Associate Professor, Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - S.S. Plastinina
- Associate Professor, Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - M.L. Shonia
- Associate Professor, Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - A.A. Tulichev
- Assistant, Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - M.Yu. Milyutina
- Assistant, Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| | - E.V. Makarova
- Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases; Privolzhsky Research Medical University, 10/1 Minin and Pozharsky Square, Nizhny Novgorod, 603005, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sohrabi F, Saeidifard S, Ghasemi M, Asadishad T, Hamidi SM, Hosseini SM. Role of plasmonics in detection of deadliest viruses: a review. EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL PLUS 2021; 136:675. [PMID: 34178567 PMCID: PMC8214556 DOI: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-021-01657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have threatened animal and human lives since a long time ago all over the world. Some of these tiny particles have caused disastrous pandemics that killed a large number of people with subsequent economic downturns. In addition, the quarantine situation itself encounters the challenges like the deficiency in the online educational system, psychiatric problems and poor international relations. Although viruses have a rather simple protein structure, they have structural heterogeneity with a high tendency to mutation that impedes their study. On top of the breadth of such worldwide worrying issues, there are profound scientific gaps, and several unanswered questions, like lack of vaccines or antivirals to combat these pathogens. Various detection techniques like the nucleic acid test, immunoassay, and microscopy have been developed; however, there is a tradeoff between their advantages and disadvantages like safety in sample collecting, invasiveness, sensitivity, response time, etc. One of the highly resolved techniques that can provide early-stage detection with fast experiment duration is plasmonics. This optical technique has the capability to detect viral proteins and genomes at the early stage via highly sensitive interaction between the biological target and the plasmonic chip. The efficiency of this technique could be proved using commercialized techniques like reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques. In this study, we aim to review the role of plasmonic technique in the detection of 11 deadliest viruses besides 2 common genital viruses for the human being. This is a rapidly moving topic of research, and a review article that encompasses the current findings may be useful for guiding strategies to deal with the pandemics. By investigating the potential aspects of this technique, we hope that this study could open new avenues toward the application of point-of-care techniques for virus detection at early stage that may inhibit the progressively hygienic threats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Foozieh Sohrabi
- Magneto-Plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshju Boulevard, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajede Saeidifard
- Magneto-Plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshju Boulevard, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Masih Ghasemi
- Magneto-Plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshju Boulevard, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Tannaz Asadishad
- Magneto-Plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshju Boulevard, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Mehri Hamidi
- Magneto-Plasmonic Lab, Laser and Plasma Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Daneshju Boulevard, 1983969411 Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Akpan IJ, Aguolu OG, Ezeume IC. Overcoming the Challenge of Communicating the Concept and Science of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 to Non-Experts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/05775132.2021.1912984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
14
|
Mehrzadi S, Karimi MY, Fatemi A, Reiter RJ, Hosseinzadeh A. SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses negatively influence mitochondrial quality control: beneficial effects of melatonin. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 224:107825. [PMID: 33662449 PMCID: PMC7919585 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a group of single stranded RNA viruses, of which some of them such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 are associated with deadly worldwide human diseases. Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), a condition caused by SARS-CoV-2, results in acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) associated with high mortality in the elderly and in people with underlying comorbidities. Results from several studies suggest that CoVs localize in mitochondria and interact with mitochondrial protein translocation machinery to target their encoded products to mitochondria. Coronaviruses encode a number of proteins; this process is essential for viral replication through inhibiting degradation of viral proteins and host misfolded proteins including those in mitochondria. These viruses seem to maintain their replication by altering mitochondrial dynamics and targeting mitochondrial-associated antiviral signaling (MAVS), allowing them to evade host innate immunity. Coronaviruses infections such as COVID-19 are more severe in aging patients. Since endogenous melatonin levels are often dramatically reduced in the aged and because it is a potent anti-inflammatory agent, melatonin has been proposed to be useful in CoVs infections by altering proteasomal and mitochondrial activities. Melatonin inhibits mitochondrial fission due to its antioxidant and inhibitory effects on cytosolic calcium overload. The collective data suggests that melatonin may mediate mitochondrial adaptations through regulating both mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis. We propose that melatonin may inhibit SARS-CoV-2-induced cell damage by regulating mitochondrial physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Mehrzadi
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Fatemi
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Azam Hosseinzadeh
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rump A, Risti R, Kristal ML, Reut J, Syritski V, Lookene A, Ruutel Boudinot S. Dual ELISA using SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein produced in E. coli and CHO cells reveals epitope masking by N-glycosylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 534:457-460. [PMID: 33276951 PMCID: PMC7678427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Spike and nucleocapsid proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2-SP, SARS-CoV-2-NP) are the main immunogenic targets for antibodies. We herein demonstrate that the glycosylation of SARS-CoV-2-NP masks some of its antibody epitopes. In many cases, this can lead to false-negative serological tests. Deglycosylation of SARS-CoV-2-NP significantly increased the number of positive tests. The glycosylation pattern analysis of this protein revealed that the putative N-linked glycosylation sites, at the amino acid positions 48 and 270, co-located with two of the main immunodominant B cell epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Airi Rump
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
| | - Robert Risti
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
| | - Mai-Ly Kristal
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
| | - Jekaterina Reut
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
| | - Vitali Syritski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
| | - Aivar Lookene
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
| | - Sirje Ruutel Boudinot
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia,Corresponding author. Tallinn University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Akadeemia Rd 15, Tallinn, 12618, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mariano G, Farthing RJ, Lale-Farjat SLM, Bergeron JRC. Structural Characterization of SARS-CoV-2: Where We Are, and Where We Need to Be. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:605236. [PMID: 33392262 PMCID: PMC7773825 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.605236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread in humans in almost every country, causing the disease COVID-19. Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, research efforts have been strongly directed towards obtaining a full understanding of the biology of the viral infection, in order to develop a vaccine and therapeutic approaches. In particular, structural studies have allowed to comprehend the molecular basis underlying the role of many of the SARS-CoV-2 proteins, and to make rapid progress towards treatment and preventive therapeutics. Despite the great advances that have been provided by these studies, many knowledge gaps on the biology and molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 infection still remain. Filling these gaps will be the key to tackle this pandemic, through development of effective treatments and specific vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Mariano
- Microbes in Health and Disease Theme, Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J. Farthing
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julien R. C. Bergeron
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Vlachakis D, Papakonstantinou E, Mitsis T, Pierouli K, Diakou I, Chrousos G, Bacopoulou F. Molecular mechanisms of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and potential anti-COVID19 pharmacological targets since the outbreak of the pandemic. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111805. [PMID: 33038452 PMCID: PMC7543766 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a severe threat against public health and global economies. COVID-19, the disease caused by this virus, is highly contagious and has led to an ongoing pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 affects, mainly, the respiratory system, with most severe cases primarily showcasing acute respiratory distress syndrome. Currently, no targeted therapy exists, and since the number of infections and death toll keeps rising, it has become a necessity to study possible therapeutic targets. Antiviral drugs can target various stages of the viral infection, and in the case of SARS-CoV-2, both structural and non-structural proteins have been proposed as potential drug targets. This review focuses on the most researched SARS-CoV-2 proteins, their structure, function, and possible therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Vlachakis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens, 11855, Greece; University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, 8 Levadias Street, Athens, 11527, Greece; Lab of Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, Athens, 11527, Greece; Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Eleni Papakonstantinou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Thanasis Mitsis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Katerina Pierouli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - Io Diakou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, Athens, 11855, Greece
| | - George Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, 8 Levadias Street, Athens, 11527, Greece; Lab of Molecular Endocrinology, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Ephessiou Street, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health & Precision Medicine, and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, 8 Levadias Street, Athens, 11527, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Maurya DK, Sharma D. Evaluation of traditional ayurvedic Kadha for prevention and management of the novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) using in silico approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:3949-3964. [PMID: 33251972 PMCID: PMC7754934 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1852119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the emergence of novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection in Wuhan, China in December 2019, it has now spread to over 205 countries. The ever-growing list of globally spread corona virus-19 disease (COVID-19) patients has demonstrated the high transmission rate among the human population. Currently, there are no FDA approved drugs or vaccines to prevent and treat the infection of the SARS-CoV-2. Considering the current state of affairs, there is an urgent unmet medical need to identify novel and effective approaches for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 by re-evaluating the knowledge of traditional medicines and repurposing of drugs. Here, we used molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation approach to explore the beneficial roles of phytochemicals and active pharmacological agents present in the Indian herbs which are widely used in the preparation of Ayurvedic medicines in the form of Kadha to control various respiratory disorders such as cough, cold and flu. Our study has identified an array of phytochemicals present in these herbs which have significant docking scores and potential to inhibit different stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as other Coronavirus target proteins. The phytochemicals present in these herbs possess significant anti-inflammatory property. Apart from this, based on their pharmaceutical characteristics, we have also performed in-silico drug-likeness and predicted pharmacokinetics of the selected phytochemicals found in the Kadha. Overall our study provides scientific justification in terms of binding of active ingredients present in different plants used in Kadha preparation with viral proteins and target proteins for prevention and treatment of the COVID-19. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Kumar Maurya
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Radiation Biology & Health Sciences Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, India
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ernst E, Wolfe P, Stahura C, Edwards KA. Technical considerations to development of serological tests for SARS-CoV-2. Talanta 2020; 224:121883. [PMID: 33379092 PMCID: PMC7654332 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating impact worldwide and has brought clinical assays both for acute diagnosis and prior exposure determination to the forefront. Serological testing intended for point-of-care or laboratory use can be used to determine more accurate individual and population assessments of prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2; improve our understanding of the degree to which immunity is conveyed to subsequent exposures; and quantify immune response to future vaccines. In response to this pandemic, initially more than 90 companies deployed serology assays to the U.S. market, many of which made overstated claims for their accuracy, regulatory approval status, and utility for intended purpose. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration subsequently instituted an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) procedure requiring that manufacturers submit validation data, but allowing newly developed serological tests to be marketed without the usual approval process during this crisis. Although this rapid deployment was intended to benefit public health, the incomplete understanding of immune response to the virus and lack of assay vetting resulted in quality issues with some of these tests, and thus many were withdrawn after submission. Common assay platforms include lateral flow assays which can serve an important niche of low cost, rapid turnaround, and increased accessibility whereas established laboratory-based platforms based on ELISAs and chemiluminescence expand existing technologies to SARS-CoV-2 and can provide throughput and quantification capabilities. While most of the currently EUA assays rely on these well-established platforms, despite their apparent technical simplicity, there are numerous practical challenges both for manufacturers in developing and for end-users in running and interpreting such assays. Within are discussed technical challenges to serology development for SARS-CoV-2, with an emphasis on lateral flow assay technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Ernst
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Binghamton University, Johnson City, NY, 13790, USA.
| | - Patricia Wolfe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Binghamton University, Johnson City, NY, 13790, USA.
| | - Corrine Stahura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Binghamton University, Johnson City, NY, 13790, USA.
| | - Katie A Edwards
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Binghamton University, Johnson City, NY, 13790, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Haji Abdolvahab M, Moradi-Kalbolandi S, Zarei M, Bose D, Majidzadeh-A K, Farahmand L. Potential role of interferons in treating COVID-19 patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 90:107171. [PMID: 33221168 PMCID: PMC7608019 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recently public health crises in the world is emerged by spreading the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) also named COVID-19. The virus is originated in bats and transported to humans via undefined intermediate animals. This virus can produce from weak to severe respiratory diseases including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), pneumonia and even death in patients. The COVID-19 disease is distributed by inhalation via contaminated droplets or contact with infected environment. The incubation time is from 2 to 14 day and the symptoms are typically fever, sore throat, cough, malaise, fatigue, breathlessness among others. It needs to be considered that many infected people are asymptomatic. Developing various immunological and virological methods to diagnose this disease is supported by several laboratories. Treatment is principally supportive; however, there are several agents that are using in treating of COVID-19 patients. Interferons (IFNs) have shown to be crucial in fighting with COVID-19 disease and can be a suitable candidate in treatment of these patients. Combination therapy can be more effective than monotherapy to cure this disease. Prevention necessitates to be performed by isolation of suspected people and home quarantine as well as taking care to infected people with mild or strict disease at hospitals. As the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has accelerated, developing effective therapy is an urgent requirement to battle the virus and prevent further pandemic. In this manuscript we reviewed available information about SARS-CoV-2 and probable therapies for COVID-19 patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Haji Abdolvahab
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Shima Moradi-Kalbolandi
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Center for Mitochondrial & Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Deepanwita Bose
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keivan Majidzadeh-A
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran
| | - Leila Farahmand
- Recombinant Proteins Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran 1517964311, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tregoning JS, Brown ES, Cheeseman HM, Flight KE, Higham SL, Lemm N, Pierce BF, Stirling DC, Wang Z, Pollock KM. Vaccines for COVID-19. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 202:162-192. [PMID: 32935331 PMCID: PMC7597597 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus at the end of 2019, there has been an explosion of vaccine development. By 24 September 2020, a staggering number of vaccines (more than 200) had started preclinical development, of which 43 had entered clinical trials, including some approaches that have not previously been licensed for human vaccines. Vaccines have been widely considered as part of the exit strategy to enable the return to previous patterns of working, schooling and socializing. Importantly, to effectively control the COVID-19 pandemic, production needs to be scaled-up from a small number of preclinical doses to enough filled vials to immunize the world's population, which requires close engagement with manufacturers and regulators. It will require a global effort to control the virus, necessitating equitable access for all countries to effective vaccines. This review explores the immune responses required to protect against SARS-CoV-2 and the potential for vaccine-induced immunopathology. We describe the profile of the different platforms and the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. The review also addresses the critical steps between promising preclinical leads and manufacturing at scale. The issues faced during this pandemic and the platforms being developed to address it will be invaluable for future outbreak control. Nine months after the outbreak began we are at a point where preclinical and early clinical data are being generated for the vaccines; an overview of this important area will help our understanding of the next phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. S. Tregoning
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - E. S. Brown
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - H. M. Cheeseman
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - K. E. Flight
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - S. L. Higham
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - N.‐M. Lemm
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - B. F. Pierce
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - D. C. Stirling
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - Z. Wang
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - K. M. Pollock
- Department of Infectious DiseaseSt Mary’s CampusImperial College LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vrettou AR, Parissis J, Ikonomidis I. The Dual Role of Echocardiography in the Diagnosis of Acute Cardiac Complications and Treatment Monitoring for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:129. [PMID: 32984405 PMCID: PMC7492803 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, being caused by an easily and rapidly spreading novel betacoronavirus, has created a state of emergency for people, the scientific community, healthcare systems and states, while the global financial consequences are still unfolding. Cardiovascular complications have been reported for COVID-19-infected patients and are associated with a worse prognosis. ECG and biomarkers may raise suspicion of cardiac involvement. However, transthoracic echocardiography is a fast and reliable bedside method to establish the diagnosis of cardiac complications, including acute coronary syndromes, pericarditis, myocarditis, and pulmonary embolism. Early detection of cardiac dysfunction by speckle tracking echocardiography during off-line analysis may be used to identify a high-risk population for development of heart failure in the acute setting. Precautionary measures are mandatory for operators and equipment to avoid viral dispersion. No specific treatment is yet available for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV 2), and a variety of antiviral, immune-modifying, and antioxidant agents are therefore under intense investigation. Echocardiography, including assessment of myocardial deformation, may provide a useful tool to monitor the effects of the various treatment regimens on cardiac function both acutely and in the midterm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agathi-Rosa Vrettou
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, COVID-19 Infection Reference Center, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - John Parissis
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, COVID-19 Infection Reference Center, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ignatios Ikonomidis
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, COVID-19 Infection Reference Center, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tundo GR, Sbardella D, Santoro AM, Coletta A, Oddone F, Grasso G, Milardi D, Lacal PM, Marini S, Purrello R, Graziani G, Coletta M. The proteasome as a druggable target with multiple therapeutic potentialities: Cutting and non-cutting edges. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 213:107579. [PMID: 32442437 PMCID: PMC7236745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) is an adaptable and finely tuned system that sustains proteostasis network under a large variety of physiopathological conditions. Its dysregulation is often associated with the onset and progression of human diseases; hence, UPS modulation has emerged as a promising new avenue for the development of treatments of several relevant pathologies, such as cancer and neurodegeneration. The clinical interest in proteasome inhibition has considerably increased after the FDA approval in 2003 of bortezomib for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, which is now used in the front-line setting. Thereafter, two other proteasome inhibitors (carfilzomib and ixazomib), designed to overcome resistance to bortezomib, have been approved for treatment-experienced patients, and a variety of novel inhibitors are currently under preclinical and clinical investigation not only for haematological malignancies but also for solid tumours. However, since UPS collapse leads to toxic misfolded proteins accumulation, proteasome is attracting even more interest as a target for the care of neurodegenerative diseases, which are sustained by UPS impairment. Thus, conceptually, proteasome activation represents an innovative and largely unexplored target for drug development. According to a multidisciplinary approach, spanning from chemistry, biochemistry, molecular biology to pharmacology, this review will summarize the most recent available literature regarding different aspects of proteasome biology, focusing on structure, function and regulation of proteasome in physiological and pathological processes, mostly cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, connecting biochemical features and clinical studies of proteasome targeting drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Tundo
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | | | - A M Santoro
- CNR, Institute of Crystallography, Catania, Italy
| | - A Coletta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - F Oddone
- IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | - G Grasso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - D Milardi
- CNR, Institute of Crystallography, Catania, Italy
| | - P M Lacal
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, IDI-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - S Marini
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - R Purrello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - G Graziani
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - M Coletta
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Satarker S, Nampoothiri M. Structural Proteins in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:482-491. [PMID: 32493627 PMCID: PMC7247499 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
What began with a sign of pneumonia-related respiratory disorders in China has now become a pandemic named by WHO as Covid-19 known to be caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 are newly emerged β coronaviruses belonging to the Coronaviridae family. SARS-CoV-2 has a positive viral RNA genome expressing open reading frames that code for structural and non-structural proteins. The structural proteins include spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M), and envelope (E) proteins. The S1 subunit of S protein facilitates ACE2 mediated virus attachment while S2 subunit promotes membrane fusion. The presence of glutamine, asparagine, leucine, phenylalanine and serine amino acids in SARS-CoV-2 enhances ACE2 binding. The N protein is composed of a serine-rich linker region sandwiched between N Terminal Domain (NTD) and C Terminal Domain (CTD). These terminals play a role in viral entry and its processing post entry. The NTD forms orthorhombic crystals and binds to the viral genome. The linker region contains phosphorylation sites that regulate its functioning. The CTD promotes nucleocapsid formation. The E protein contains a NTD, hydrophobic domain and CTD which form viroporins needed for viral assembly. The M protein possesses hydrophilic C terminal and amphipathic N terminal. Its long-form promotes spike incorporations and the interaction with E facilitates virion production. As each protein is essential in viral functioning, this review describes the insights of SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins that would help in developing therapeutic strategies by targeting each protein to curb the rapidly growing pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sairaj Satarker
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang H, Tu J, Cao C, Yang T, Gao L. Proteasome activator PA28γ-dependent degradation of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) nucleocapsid protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:251-256. [PMID: 32703419 PMCID: PMC7296323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid protein is significant in the formation of viral RNA of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), accounting for the largest proportion of viral structural proteins. Here, we report for the first time that the 11S proteasomal activator PA28γ regulates the intracellular abundance of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein (nCoV N). Furthermore, we have identified proteasome activator PA28γ as a nCoV N binding protein by co-immunoprecipitation assay. As a result of their interaction, nCoV N could be degraded by PA28γ-20S in vitro degradation assay. This was also demonstrated by blocking de novo protein synthesis with cycloheximide. The stability of nCoV N in PA28γ-knockout cells was greater than in PA28γ-wildtype cells. Notably, immunofluorescence staining revealed that knockout of the PA28γ gene in cells led to the transport of nCoV N from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Overexpression of PA28γ enhanced proteolysis of nCoV N compared to that in PA28γ-N151Y cells containing a dominant-negative PA28γ mutation, which reduced this process. These results suggest that PA28γ binding is important in regulating 20S proteasome activity, which in turn regulates levels of the critical nCoV N nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2, furthering our understanding of the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jialu Tu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chulei Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Liangcai Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics (Ministry of Education), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and the Host Innate Immune Response. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050367. [PMID: 32403318 PMCID: PMC7281546 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a swine enteropathogenic coronavirus (CoV), is the causative agent of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED). PED causes lethal watery diarrhea in piglets, which has led to substantial economic losses in many countries and is a great threat to the global swine industry. Interferons (IFNs) are major cytokines involved in host innate immune defense, which induce the expression of a broad range of antiviral effectors that help host to control and antagonize viral infections. PEDV infection does not elicit a robust IFN response, and some of the mechanisms used by the virus to counteract the host innate immune response have been unraveled. PEDV evades the host innate immune response by two main strategies including: (1) encoding IFN antagonists to disrupt innate immune pathway, and (2) hiding its viral RNA to avoid the exposure of viral RNA to immune sensors. This review highlights the immune evasion mechanisms employed by PEDV, which provides insights for the better understanding of PEDV-host interactions and developing effective vaccines and antivirals against CoVs.
Collapse
|
27
|
Boopathi S, Poma AB, Kolandaivel P. Novel 2019 coronavirus structure, mechanism of action, antiviral drug promises and rule out against its treatment. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:3409-3418. [PMID: 32306836 PMCID: PMC7196923 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1758788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In the past two decades, the world has faced several infectious disease outbreaks. Ebola, Influenza A (H1N1), SARS, MERS, and Zika virus have had a massive global impact in terms of economic disruption, the strain on local and global public health. Most recently, the global outbreak of novel coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19 is a newly discovered virus from the coronavirus family in Wuhan city, China, known to be a great threat to the public health systems. As of 15 April 2020, The Johns Hopkins University estimated that the COVID-19 affected more than two million people, resulting in a death toll above 130,000 around the world. Infected people in Europe and America correspond about 40% and 30% of the total reported cases respectively. At this moment only few Asian countries have controlled the disease, but a second wave of new infections is expected. Predicting inhibitor and target to the COVID-19 is an urgent need to protect human from the disease. Therefore, a protocol to identify anti-COVID-19 candidate based on computer-aided drug design is urgently needed. Thousands of compounds including approved drugs and drugs in the clinical trial are available in the literature. In practice, experimental techniques can measure the time and space average properties but they cannot be captured the structural variation of the COVID-19 during the interaction of inhibitor. Computer simulation is particularly suitable to complement experiments to elucidate conformational changes at the molecular level which are related to inhibition process of the COVID-19. Therefore, computational simulation is essential tool to elucidate the phenomenon. The structure-based virtual screening computational approach will be used to filter the best drugs from the literature, the investigate the structural variation of COVID-19 with the interaction of the best inhibitor is a fundamental step to design new drugs and vaccines which can combat the coronavirus. This mini-review will address novel coronavirus structure, mechanism of action, and trial test of antiviral drugs in the lab and patients with COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Boopathi
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular (CBSM), Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Adolfo B Poma
- Department of Biosystems and Soft Matter, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Inhibits Type I Interferon Production by Interfering with TRIM25-Mediated RIG-I Ubiquitination. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02143-16. [PMID: 28148787 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02143-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is a respiratory disease, caused by a coronavirus (SARS-CoV), that is characterized by atypical pneumonia. The nucleocapsid protein (N protein) of SARS-CoV plays an important role in inhibition of type I interferon (IFN) production via an unknown mechanism. In this study, the SARS-CoV N protein was found to bind to the SPRY domain of the tripartite motif protein 25 (TRIM25) E3 ubiquitin ligase, thereby interfering with the association between TRIM25 and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) and inhibiting TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination and activation. Type I IFN production induced by poly I·C or Sendai virus (SeV) was suppressed by the SARS-CoV N protein. SARS-CoV replication was increased by overexpression of the full-length N protein but not N amino acids 1 to 361, which could not interact with TRIM25. These findings provide an insightful interpretation of the SARS-CoV-mediated host innate immune suppression caused by the N protein.IMPORTANCE The SARS-CoV N protein is essential for the viral life cycle and plays a key role in the virus-host interaction. We demonstrated that the interaction between the C terminus of the N protein and the SPRY domain of TRIM25 inhibited TRIM25-mediated RIG-I ubiquitination, which resulted in the inhibition of IFN production. We also found that the Middle East respiratory syndrome CoV (MERS-CoV) N protein interacted with TRIM25 and inhibited RIG-I signaling. The outcomes of these findings indicate the function of the coronavirus N protein in modulating the host's initial innate immune response.
Collapse
|
29
|
Shi D, Shi H, Sun D, Chen J, Zhang X, Wang X, Zhang J, Ji Z, Liu J, Cao L, Zhu X, Yuan J, Dong H, Wang X, Chang T, Liu Y, Feng L. Nucleocapsid Interacts with NPM1 and Protects it from Proteolytic Cleavage, Enhancing Cell Survival, and is Involved in PEDV Growth. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39700. [PMID: 28045037 PMCID: PMC5206633 DOI: 10.1038/srep39700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cells, but its nucleocapsid (N) protein localizes specifically to the nucleolus. The mechanism of nuclear translocation, and whether N protein associates with particular nucleolar components, is unknown. In this study, we confirm that a nucleolar phosphoprotein nucleophosmin (NPM1) interacts and co-localizes with the N protein in the nucleolus. In vitro binding studies indicated that aa 148–294 of N and aa 118–188 of NPM1 were required for binding. Interestingly, N protein importation into the nucleolus is independent of the ability of NPM1 to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Furthermore, overexpression of NPM1 promoted PEDV growth, while knockdown of NPM1 suppressed PEDV growth. In addition, binding of N protein to NPM1 protects it from proteolytic degradation by caspase-3, leading to increased cell survival. Taken together, our studies demonstrate a specific interaction of the N protein with the host cell protein NPM1 in the nucleolus. The results suggest potential linkages among viral strategies for the regulation of cell survival activities, possibly through an interaction of N protein with NPM1 which prevents its proteolytic cleavage and enhances cell survival, thus ultimately promoting the replication of PEDV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Da Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Dongbo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 2 Xinyang Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, P. R. China
| | - Jianfei Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Liyan Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Xiangdong Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Jing Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Hui Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Tiecheng Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Ye Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| | - Li Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 678 Haping Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150069, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cullin E3 ligases and their rewiring by viral factors. Biomolecules 2014; 4:897-930. [PMID: 25314029 PMCID: PMC4279162 DOI: 10.3390/biom4040897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of viruses to subvert host pathways is central in disease pathogenesis. Over the past decade, a critical role for the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) in counteracting host immune factors during viral infection has emerged. This counteraction is commonly achieved by the expression of viral proteins capable of sequestering host ubiquitin E3 ligases and their regulators. In particular, many viruses hijack members of the Cullin-RING E3 Ligase (CRL) family. Viruses interact in many ways with CRLs in order to impact their ligase activity; one key recurring interaction involves re-directing CRL complexes to degrade host targets that are otherwise not degraded within host cells. Removal of host immune factors by this mechanism creates a more amenable cellular environment for viral propagation. To date, a small number of target host factors have been identified, many of which are degraded via a CRL-proteasome pathway. Substantial effort within the field is ongoing to uncover the identities of further host proteins targeted in this fashion and the underlying mechanisms driving their turnover by the UPS. Elucidation of these targets and mechanisms will provide appealing anti-viral therapeutic opportunities. This review is focused on the many methods used by viruses to perturb host CRLs, focusing on substrate sequestration and viral regulation of E3 activity.
Collapse
|
31
|
McBride R, van Zyl M, Fielding BC. The coronavirus nucleocapsid is a multifunctional protein. Viruses 2014; 6:2991-3018. [PMID: 25105276 PMCID: PMC4147684 DOI: 10.3390/v6082991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 625] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus nucleocapsid (N) is a structural protein that forms complexes with genomic RNA, interacts with the viral membrane protein during virion assembly and plays a critical role in enhancing the efficiency of virus transcription and assembly. Recent studies have confirmed that N is a multifunctional protein. The aim of this review is to highlight the properties and functions of the N protein, with specific reference to (i) the topology; (ii) the intracellular localization and (iii) the functions of the protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth McBride
- Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Modderdam Road, Bellville, Western Cape 7535, South Africa.
| | - Marjorie van Zyl
- Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Modderdam Road, Bellville, Western Cape 7535, South Africa.
| | - Burtram C Fielding
- Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Modderdam Road, Bellville, Western Cape 7535, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rusnati M, Chiodelli P, Bugatti A, Urbinati C. Bridging the past and the future of virology: surface plasmon resonance as a powerful tool to investigate virus/host interactions. Crit Rev Microbiol 2013; 41:238-60. [PMID: 24059853 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.826177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of antiviral drug research and development, viruses still remain a top global healthcare problem. Compared to eukaryotic cells, viruses are composed by a limited numbers of proteins that, nevertheless, set up multiple interactions with cellular components, allowing the virus to take control of the infected cell. Each virus/host interaction can be considered as a therapeutical target for new antiviral drugs but, unfortunately, the systematic study of a so huge number of interactions is time-consuming and expensive, calling for models overcoming these drawbacks. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a label-free optical technique to study biomolecular interactions in real time by detecting reflected light from a prism-gold film interface. Launched 20 years ago, SPR has become a nearly irreplaceable technology for the study of biomolecular interactions. Accordingly, SPR is increasingly used in the field of virology, spanning from the study of biological interactions to the identification of putative antiviral drugs. From the literature available, SPR emerges as an ideal link between conventional biological experimentation and system biology studies functional to the identification of highly connected viral or host proteins that act as nodal points in virus life cycle and thus considerable as therapeutical targets for the development of innovative antiviral strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rusnati
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sunwoo HH, Palaniyappan A, Ganguly A, Bhatnagar PK, Das D, El-Kadi AOS, Suresh MR. Quantitative and sensitive detection of the SARS-CoV spike protein using bispecific monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunoassay. J Virol Methods 2012; 187:72-8. [PMID: 22995576 PMCID: PMC7112864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike protein is known to mediate receptor interaction and immune recognition and thus it is considered as a major target for vaccine design. The spike protein plays an important role in virus entry, virus receptor interactions, and virus tropism. Sensitive diagnosis of SARS is essential for the control of the disease in humans. Recombinant SARS-CoV S1 antigen was produced and purified for the development of monoclonal and bi-specific monoclonal antibodies. The hybridomas secreting anti-S1 antibodies, F26G18 and P136.8D12, were fused respectively with the YP4 hybridoma to generate quadromas. The sandwich ELISA was formed by using F26G18 as a coating antibody and biotinylated F26G18 as a detection antibody with a detection limit of 0.037 μg/ml (p < 0.02). The same detection limit was found with P136.8D12 as a coating antibody and biotinylated F26G18 as a detection antibody. The sensitivity was improved (detection limit of 0.019 μg/ml), however, when using bi-specific monoclonal antibody (F157) as the detection antibody. In conclusion, the method described in this study allows sensitive detection of a recombinant SARS spike protein by sandwich ELISA with bi-specific monoclonal antibody and could be used for the diagnosis of patients suspected with SARS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoon H Sunwoo
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, 11361-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Xu Y, Zhou W, Zhou Y, Wu J, Zhou X. Transcriptome and comparative gene expression analysis of Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) in response to southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36238. [PMID: 22558400 PMCID: PMC3338671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The white backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth), causes great damage to many crops by direct feeding or transmitting plant viruses. Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), transmitted by WBPH, has become a great threat to rice production in East Asia. Methodology/Principal Findings By de novo transcriptome assembling and massive parallel pyrosequencing, we constructed two transcriptomes of WBPH and profiled the alternation of gene expression in response to SRBSDV infection in transcriptional level. Over 25 million reads of high-quality DNA sequences and 81388 different unigenes were generated using Illumina technology from both viruliferous and non-viruliferous WBPH. WBPH has a very similar gene ontological distribution to other two closely related rice planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens and Laodelphax striatellus. 7291 microsatellite loci were also predicted which could be useful for further evolutionary analysis. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the two transcriptomes generated from viruliferous and non-viruliferous WBPH provided a list of candidate transcripts that potentially were elicited as a response to viral infection. Pathway analyses of a subset of these transcripts indicated that SRBSDV infection may perturb primary metabolism and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathways. In addition, 5.5% (181 out of 3315) of the genes in cell cytoskeleton organization pathway showed obvious changes. Our data also demonstrated that SRBSDV infection activated the immunity regulatory systems of WBPH, such as RNA interference, autophagy and antimicrobial peptide production. Conclusions/Significance We employed massively parallel pyrosequencing to collect ESTs from viruliferous and non-viruliferous samples of WBPH. 81388 different unigenes have been obtained. We for the first time described the direct effects of a Reoviridae family plant virus on global gene expression profiles of its insect vector using high-throughput sequencing. Our study will provide a road map for future investigations of the fascinating interactions between Reoviridae viruses and their insect vectors, and provide new strategies for crop protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwu Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JW); (XZ)
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JW); (XZ)
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein interacts with cellular pyruvate kinase protein and inhibits its activity. Arch Virol 2012; 157:635-45. [PMID: 22222284 PMCID: PMC7087308 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV remains largely unknown. To study the function of the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein, we have conducted a yeast two-hybrid screening experiment to identify cellular proteins that may interact with the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein. Pyruvate kinase (liver) was found to interact with SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein in this experiment. The binding domains of these two proteins were also determined using the yeast two-hybrid system. The physical interaction between the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid and cellular pyruvate kinase (liver) proteins was further confirmed by GST pull-down assay, co-immunoprecipitation assay and confocal microscopy. Cellular pyruvate kinase activity in hepatoma cells was repressed by SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein in either transiently transfected or stably transfected cells. PK deficiency in red blood cells is known to result in human hereditary non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia. It is reasonable to assume that an inhibition of PKL activity due to interaction with SARS-CoV N protein is likely to cause the death of the hepatocytes, which results in the elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase and liver dysfunction noted in most SARS patients. Thus, our results suggest that SARS-CoV could reduce pyruvate kinase activity via its nucleocapsid protein, and this may in turn cause disease.
Collapse
|
36
|
Lan Y, Zhao K, He W, Wang G, Lu H, Song D, Gao F. Inhibition of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus replication by short hairpin RNAs targeting of the nucleocapsid gene in a porcine kidney cell line. J Virol Methods 2011; 179:414-8. [PMID: 22138683 PMCID: PMC7112858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), which causes porcine encephalomyelitis and is widespread among swine worldwide. RNA interference (RNAi) pathways have emerged as important regulators of virus–host cell interactions. In this study, two siRNA expression plasmids (shN1 and shN2) were generated to target two different coding regions of the nucleocapsid protein (N) of PHEV. The shRNAs were transiently transfected into a porcine kidney cell line, PK-15, to determine whether these constructs inhibited PHEV production. Our results revealed that both shRNAs were highly capable of inhibiting viral RNA genome replication, especially shN2. Next, stable transfection of shN2 was used to produce two siRNA stably expressing PK-15 cell clones (shN2-1 and shN2-2), and these two lines were infected with PHEV. The analysis of cytopathic effects (CPE) demonstrated that shN2-1 and shN2-2 were capable of protecting cells against PHEV infection with high specificity and efficiency. Furthermore, effective inhibition of viral replication persisted for up to 120 h by a TCID50 assay. These results indicated that RNAi targeting of the N gene could facilitate studies of the specific function of viral genes associated with PHEV replication and may have potential therapeutic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yungang Lan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|