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Khalil AM, Nogales A, Martínez-Sobrido L, Mostafa A. Antiviral responses versus virus-induced cellular shutoff: a game of thrones between influenza A virus NS1 and SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1357866. [PMID: 38375361 PMCID: PMC10875036 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1357866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Following virus recognition of host cell receptors and viral particle/genome internalization, viruses replicate in the host via hijacking essential host cell machinery components to evade the provoked antiviral innate immunity against the invading pathogen. Respiratory viral infections are usually acute with the ability to activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in/on host cells, resulting in the production and release of interferons (IFNs), proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) to reduce virus fitness and mitigate infection. Nevertheless, the game between viruses and the host is a complicated and dynamic process, in which they restrict each other via specific factors to maintain their own advantages and win this game. The primary role of the non-structural protein 1 (NS1 and Nsp1) of influenza A viruses (IAV) and the pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), respectively, is to control antiviral host-induced innate immune responses. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the genesis, spatial structure, viral and cellular interactors, and the mechanisms underlying the unique biological functions of IAV NS1 and SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 in infected host cells. We also highlight the role of both non-structural proteins in modulating viral replication and pathogenicity. Eventually, and because of their important role during viral infection, we also describe their promising potential as targets for antiviral therapy and the development of live attenuated vaccines (LAV). Conclusively, both IAV NS1 and SARS-CoV-2 Nsp1 play an important role in virus-host interactions, viral replication, and pathogenesis, and pave the way to develop novel prophylactic and/or therapeutic interventions for the treatment of these important human respiratory viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Magdy Khalil
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Department of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Center for Animal Health Research, CISA-INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Host Pathogen Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
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2
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Blake ME, Kleinpeter AB, Jureka AS, Petit CM. Structural Investigations of Interactions between the Influenza a Virus NS1 and Host Cellular Proteins. Viruses 2023; 15:2063. [PMID: 37896840 PMCID: PMC10612106 DOI: 10.3390/v15102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Influenza A virus is a continuous threat to public health that causes yearly epidemics with the ever-present threat of the virus becoming the next pandemic. Due to increasing levels of resistance, several of our previously used antivirals have been rendered useless. There is a strong need for new antivirals that are less likely to be susceptible to mutations. One strategy to achieve this goal is structure-based drug development. By understanding the minute details of protein structure, we can develop antivirals that target the most conserved, crucial regions to yield the highest chances of long-lasting success. One promising IAV target is the virulence protein non-structural protein 1 (NS1). NS1 contributes to pathogenicity through interactions with numerous host proteins, and many of the resulting complexes have been shown to be crucial for virulence. In this review, we cover the NS1-host protein complexes that have been structurally characterized to date. By bringing these structures together in one place, we aim to highlight the strength of this field for drug discovery along with the gaps that remain to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chad M. Petit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; (M.E.B.)
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3
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Javorsky A, Humbert PO, Kvansakul M. Viral manipulation of cell polarity signalling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119536. [PMID: 37437846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the asymmetric distribution of biomacromolecules that enable the correct orientation of a cell in a particular direction. It is thus an essential component for appropriate tissue development and function. Viral infections can lead to dysregulation of polarity. This is associated with a poor prognosis due to viral interference with core cell polarity regulatory scaffolding proteins that often feature PDZ (PSD-95, DLG, and ZO-1) domains including Scrib, Dlg, Pals1, PatJ, Par3 and Par6. PDZ domains are also promiscuous, binding to several different partners through their C-terminal region which contain PDZ-binding motifs (PBM). Numerous viruses encode viral effector proteins that target cell polarity regulators for their benefit and include papillomaviruses, flaviviruses and coronaviruses. A better understanding of the mechanisms of action utilised by viral effector proteins to subvert host cell polarity sigalling will provide avenues for future therapeutic intervention, while at the same time enhance our understanding of cell polarity regulation and its role tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airah Javorsky
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Patrick O Humbert
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; Department of Biochemistry & Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry & Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; Research Centre for Molecular Cancer Prevention, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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Tahti EF, Blount JM, Jackson SN, Gao M, Gill NP, Smith SN, Pederson NJ, Rumph SN, Struyvenberg SA, Mackley IGP, Madden DR, Amacher JF. Additive energetic contributions of multiple peptide positions determine the relative promiscuity of viral and human sequences for PDZ domain targets. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4611. [PMID: 36851847 PMCID: PMC10022582 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions that involve recognition of short peptides are critical in cellular processes. Protein-peptide interaction surface areas are relatively small and shallow, and there are often overlapping specificities in families of peptide-binding domains. Therefore, dissecting selectivity determinants can be challenging. PDZ domains are a family of peptide-binding domains located in several intracellular signaling and trafficking pathways. These domains are also directly targeted by pathogens, and a hallmark of many oncogenic viral proteins is a PDZ-binding motif. However, amidst sequences that target PDZ domains, there is a wide spectrum in relative promiscuity. For example, the viral HPV16 E6 oncoprotein recognizes over double the number of PDZ domain-containing proteins as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in the cell, despite similar PDZ targeting-sequences and identical motif residues. Here, we determine binding affinities for PDZ domains known to bind either HPV16 E6 alone or both CFTR and HPV16 E6, using peptides matching WT and hybrid sequences. We also use energy minimization to model PDZ-peptide complexes and use sequence analyses to investigate this difference. We find that while the majority of single mutations had marginal effects on overall affinity, the additive effect on the free energy of binding accurately describes the selectivity observed. Taken together, our results describe how complex and differing PDZ interactomes can be programmed in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise F. Tahti
- Department of ChemistryWestern Washington UniversityBellinghamWashingtonUSA
| | - Jadon M. Blount
- Department of ChemistryWestern Washington UniversityBellinghamWashingtonUSA
| | - Sophie N. Jackson
- Department of ChemistryWestern Washington UniversityBellinghamWashingtonUSA
| | - Melody Gao
- Department of ChemistryWestern Washington UniversityBellinghamWashingtonUSA
| | - Nicholas P. Gill
- Department of BiochemistryGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverNew HampshireUSA
| | - Sarah N. Smith
- Department of ChemistryWestern Washington UniversityBellinghamWashingtonUSA
| | - Nick J. Pederson
- Department of ChemistryWestern Washington UniversityBellinghamWashingtonUSA
| | | | | | - Iain G. P. Mackley
- Department of ChemistryWestern Washington UniversityBellinghamWashingtonUSA
| | - Dean R. Madden
- Department of BiochemistryGeisel School of Medicine at DartmouthHanoverNew HampshireUSA
| | - Jeanine F. Amacher
- Department of ChemistryWestern Washington UniversityBellinghamWashingtonUSA
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5
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Tahti EF, Blount JM, Jackson SN, Gao M, Gill NP, Smith SN, Pederson NJ, Rumph SN, Struyvenberg SA, Mackley IGP, Madden DR, Amacher JF. Additive energetic contributions of multiple peptide positions determine the relative promiscuity of viral and human sequences for PDZ domain targets. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2022.12.31.522388. [PMID: 36711692 PMCID: PMC9881875 DOI: 10.1101/2022.12.31.522388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions that include recognition of short sequences of amino acids, or peptides, are critical in cellular processes. Protein-peptide interaction surface areas are relatively small and shallow, and there are often overlapping specificities in families of peptide-binding domains. Therefore, dissecting selectivity determinants can be challenging. PDZ domains are an example of a peptide-binding domain located in several intracellular signaling and trafficking pathways, which form interactions critical for the regulation of receptor endocytic trafficking, tight junction formation, organization of supramolecular complexes in neurons, and other biological systems. These domains are also directly targeted by pathogens, and a hallmark of many oncogenic viral proteins is a PDZ-binding motif. However, amidst sequences that target PDZ domains, there is a wide spectrum in relative promiscuity. For example, the viral HPV16 E6 oncoprotein recognizes over double the number of PDZ domain-containing proteins as the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in the cell, despite similar PDZ targeting-sequences and identical motif residues. Here, we determine binding affinities for PDZ domains known to bind either HPV16 E6 alone or both CFTR and HPV16 E6, using peptides matching WT and hybrid sequences. We also use energy minimization to model PDZ-peptide complexes and use sequence analyses to investigate this difference. We find that while the majority of single mutations had a marginal effect on overall affinity, the additive effect on the free energy of binding accurately describes the selectivity observed. Taken together, our results describe how complex and differing PDZ interactomes can be programmed in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise F. Tahti
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Jadon M. Blount
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Sophie N. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Melody Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Gill
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Sarah N. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Nick J. Pederson
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Simone N. Rumph
- Department of Biochemistry, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, USA
| | | | - Iain G. P. Mackley
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
| | - Dean R. Madden
- Department of Biochemistry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jeanine F. Amacher
- Department of Chemistry, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA, USA
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Avian Influenza NS1 Proteins Inhibit Human, but Not Duck, RIG-I Ubiquitination and Interferon Signaling. J Virol 2022; 96:e0077622. [PMID: 36069546 PMCID: PMC9517716 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00776-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A viruses is an important virulence factor that controls host cell immune responses. In human cells, NS1 proteins inhibit the induction of type I interferon by several mechanisms, including potentially, by preventing the activation of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) receptor by the ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif-containing protein 25 (TRIM25). It is unclear whether the inhibition of human TRIM25 is a universal function of all influenza A NS1 proteins or is strain dependent. It is also unclear if NS1 proteins similarly target the TRIM25 of mallard ducks, a natural reservoir host of avian influenza viruses with a long coevolutionary history and unique disease dynamics. To answer these questions, we compared the ability of five different NS1 proteins to interact with human and duck TRIM25 using coimmunoprecipitation and microscopy and assessed the consequence of this on RIG-I ubiquitination and signaling in both species. We show that NS1 proteins from low-pathogenic and highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses potently inhibit RIG-I ubiquitination and reduce interferon promoter activity and interferon-beta protein secretion in transfected human cells, while the NS1 of the mouse-adapted PR8 strain does not. However, all the NS1 proteins, when cloned into recombinant viruses, suppress interferon in infected alveolar cells. In contrast, avian NS1 proteins do not suppress duck RIG-I ubiquitination and interferon promoter activity, despite interacting with duck TRIM25. IMPORTANCE Influenza A viruses are a major cause of human and animal disease. Periodically, avian influenza viruses from wild waterfowl, such as ducks, pass through intermediate agricultural hosts and emerge into the human population as zoonotic diseases with high mortality rates and epidemic potential. Because of their coevolution with influenza A viruses, ducks are uniquely resistant to influenza disease compared to other birds, animals, and humans. Here, we investigate a mechanism of influenza A virus interference in an important antiviral signaling pathway that is orthologous in humans and ducks. We show that NS1 proteins from four avian influenza strains can block the coactivation and signaling of the human RIG-I antiviral receptor, while none block the coactivation and signaling of duck RIG-I. Understanding host-pathogen dynamics in the natural reservoir will contribute to our understanding of viral disease mechanisms, viral evolution, and the pressures that drive it, which benefits global surveillance and outbreak prevention.
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Evseev D, Magor KE. Molecular Evolution of the Influenza A Virus Non-structural Protein 1 in Interspecies Transmission and Adaptation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693204. [PMID: 34671321 PMCID: PMC8521145 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of influenza A viruses plays important roles in viral fitness and in the process of interspecies adaptation. It is one of the most polymorphic and mutation-tolerant proteins of the influenza A genome, but its evolutionary patterns in different host species and the selective pressures that underlie them are hard to define. In this review, we highlight some of the species-specific molecular signatures apparent in different NS1 proteins and discuss two functions of NS1 in the process of viral adaptation to new host species. First, we consider the ability of NS1 proteins to broadly suppress host protein expression through interaction with CPSF4. This NS1 function can be spontaneously lost and regained through mutation and must be balanced against the need for host co-factors to aid efficient viral replication. Evidence suggests that this function of NS1 may be selectively lost in the initial stages of viral adaptation to some new host species. Second, we explore the ability of NS1 proteins to inhibit antiviral interferon signaling, an essential function for viral replication without which the virus is severely attenuated in any host. Innate immune suppression by NS1 not only enables viral replication in tissues, but also dampens the adaptive immune response and immunological memory. NS1 proteins suppress interferon signaling and effector functions through a variety of protein-protein interactions that may differ from host to host but must achieve similar goals. The multifunctional influenza A virus NS1 protein is highly plastic, highly versatile, and demonstrates a diversity of context-dependent solutions to the problem of interspecies adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharine E. Magor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Yeo SJ, Hoang VT, Duong TB, Nguyen NM, Tuong HT, Azam M, Sung HW, Park H. Emergence of a Novel Reassortant H5N3 Avian Influenza Virus in Korean Mallard Ducks in 2018. Intervirology 2021; 65:1-16. [PMID: 34438407 DOI: 10.1159/000517057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The avian influenza (AI) virus causes a highly contagious disease which is common in wild and domestic birds and sporadic in humans. Mutations and genetic reassortments among the 8 negative-sense RNA segments of the viral genome alter its pathogenic potential, demanding well-targeted, active surveillance for infection control. METHODS Wild duck fecal samples were collected during the 2018 bird health annual surveillance in South Korea for tracking variations of the AI virus. One low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N3 reassortment virus (A/mallard duck/South Korea/KNU18-91/2018 [H5N3]) was isolated and genomically characterized by phylogenetic and molecular analyses in this study. RESULTS It was devoid of polybasic amino acids at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site and exhibited a stalk region without deletion in the neuraminidase (NA) gene and NA inhibitor resistance-linked E/D627K/N and D701N marker mutations in the PB2 gene, suggesting its low-pathogenic AI. It showed a potential of a reassortment where only HA originated from the H5N3 poultry virus of China and other genes were derived from Mongolia. In phylogenetic analysis, HA was different from that of the isolate of H5N3 in Korea, 2015. In addition, this novel virus showed adaptation in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, with 8.05 ± 0.14 log10 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) /mL at 36 h postinfection. However, it could not replicate in mice well, showing positive growth at 3 days postinfection (dpi) (2.1 ± 0.13 log10 TCID50/mL) but not at 6 dpi. CONCLUSIONS The HA antigenic relationship of A/mallard duck/South Korea/KNU18-91/2018 (H5N3) showed differences toward one of the old low-pathogenic H5N3 viruses in Korea. These results indicated that a novel reassortment low-pathogenic avian influenza H5N3 subtype virus emerged in South Korea in 2018 via novel multiple reassortments with Eurasian viruses, rather than one of old Korean H5N3 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Ju Yeo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea,
| | - Vui Thi Hoang
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tuan Bao Duong
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngoc Minh Nguyen
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hien Thi Tuong
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Mudsser Azam
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Department of Infection Biology, Zoonosis Research Center, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Rice AP, Kimata JT. SARS-CoV-2 likely targets cellular PDZ proteins: a common tactic of pathogenic viruses. Future Virol 2021. [PMID: 34035830 PMCID: PMC8132619 DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Rice
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77096, USA
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77096, USA
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Roles of the Non-Structural Proteins of Influenza A Virus. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100812. [PMID: 33023047 PMCID: PMC7600879 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a segmented, negative single-stranded RNA virus that causes seasonal epidemics and has a potential for pandemics. Several viral proteins are not packed in the IAV viral particle and only expressed in the infected host cells. These proteins are named non-structural proteins (NSPs), including NS1, PB1-F2 and PA-X. They play a versatile role in the viral life cycle by modulating viral replication and transcription. More importantly, they also play a critical role in the evasion of the surveillance of host defense and viral pathogenicity by inducing apoptosis, perturbing innate immunity, and exacerbating inflammation. Here, we review the recent advances of these NSPs and how the new findings deepen our understanding of IAV–host interactions and viral pathogenesis.
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11
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Wang WC, Kuan CY, Tseng YJ, Chang CH, Liu YC, Chang YC, Hsu YC, Hsieh MK, Ou SC, Hsu WL. The Impacts of Reassortant Avian Influenza H5N2 Virus NS1 Proteins on Viral Compatibility and Regulation of Immune Responses. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:280. [PMID: 32226416 PMCID: PMC7080822 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) can cause severe diseases in poultry worldwide. H6N1 AIV was the dominant enzootic subtype in 1985 in the chicken farms of Taiwan until the initial outbreak of a low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N2 virus in 2003; thereafter, this and other LPAIs have been sporadically detected. In 2015, the outbreak of three novel H5Nx viruses of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) emerged and devastated Taiwanese chicken and waterfowl industries. The mechanism of variation in pathogenicity among these viruses is unclear; but, in light of the many biological functions of viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1), including interferon (IFN) antagonist and host range determinant, we hypothesized that NS genetic diversity contributes to AIV pathogenesis. To determine the impact of NS1 variants on viral infection dynamics, we established a reverse genetics system with the genetic backbone of the enzootic Taiwanese H6N1 for generation of reassortant AIVs carrying exogenous NS segments of three different Taiwanese H5N2 strains. We observed distinct cellular distributions of NS1 among the reassortant viruses. Moreover, exchange of the NS segment significantly influenced growth kinetics and induction of cytokines [IFN-α, IFN-β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)] in an NS1- and host-specific manner. The impact of NS1 variants on viral replication appears related to their synergic effects on viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity and IFN response. With these approaches, we revealed that NS1 is a key factor responsible for the diverse characteristics of AIVs in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Wang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Kuan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jing Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsuan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yee-Chen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Chang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kun Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chia Ou
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Li Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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12
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Innate Immune Responses to Avian Influenza Viruses in Ducks and Chickens. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6010005. [PMID: 30634569 PMCID: PMC6466002 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mallard ducks are important natural hosts of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses and many strains circulate in this reservoir and cause little harm. Some strains can be transmitted to other hosts, including chickens, and cause respiratory and systemic disease. Rarely, these highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses cause disease in mallards, while chickens are highly susceptible. The long co-evolution of mallard ducks with influenza viruses has undoubtedly fine-tuned many immunological host–pathogen interactions to confer resistance to disease, which are poorly understood. Here, we compare innate responses to different avian influenza viruses in ducks and chickens to reveal differences that point to potential mechanisms of disease resistance. Mallard ducks are permissive to LPAI replication in their intestinal tissues without overtly compromising their fitness. In contrast, the mallard response to HPAI infection reflects an immediate and robust induction of type I interferon and antiviral interferon stimulated genes, highlighting the importance of the RIG-I pathway. Ducks also appear to limit the duration of the response, particularly of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Chickens lack RIG-I, and some modulators of the signaling pathway and may be compromised in initiating an early interferon response, allowing more viral replication and consequent damage. We review current knowledge about innate response mediators to influenza infection in mallard ducks compared to chickens to gain insight into protective immune responses, and open questions for future research.
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13
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Thomas M, Banks L. Upsetting the Balance: When Viruses Manipulate Cell Polarity Control. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3481-3503. [PMID: 29680664 PMCID: PMC7094317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The central importance of cell polarity control is emphasized by the frequency with which it is targeted by many diverse viruses. It is clear that in targeting key polarity control proteins, viruses affect not only host cell polarity, but also influence many cellular processes, including transcription, replication, and innate and acquired immunity. Examination of the interactions of different virus proteins with the cell and its polarity controls during the virus life cycles, and in virally-induced cell transformation shows ever more clearly how intimately all cellular processes are linked to the control of cell polarity.
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Tarakhovsky A, Prinjha RK. Drawing on disorder: How viruses use histone mimicry to their advantage. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1777-1787. [PMID: 29934321 PMCID: PMC6028506 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20180099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans carry trillions of viruses that thrive because of their ability to exploit the host. In this exploitation, viruses promote their own replication by suppressing the host antiviral response and by inducing changes in host biosynthetic processes, often with extremely small genomes of their own. In the review, we discuss the phenomenon of histone mimicry by viral proteins and how this mimicry allows the virus to dial in to the cell's transcriptional processes and establish a cell state that promotes infection. We suggest that histone mimicry is part of a broader viral strategy to use intrinsic protein disorder as a means to overcome the size limitations of its own genome and to maximize its impact on host protein networks. In particular, we discuss how intrinsic protein disorder may enable viral proteins to interfere with phase-separated host protein condensates, including those that contribute to chromatin-mediated control of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tarakhovsky
- Laboratory of the Immune Cell Epigenetics and Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- Epigenetics DPU, Oncology and Immuno-inflammation TA Units, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, England, UK
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15
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Structure-Guided Functional Annotation of the Influenza A Virus NS1 Protein Reveals Dynamic Evolution of the p85β-Binding Site during Circulation in Humans. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01081-17. [PMID: 28814525 PMCID: PMC5640874 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01081-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rational characterization of virulence and host-adaptive markers in the multifunctional influenza A virus NS1 protein is hindered by a lack of comprehensive knowledge about NS1-host protein protein interfaces. Here, we surveyed the impact of amino acid variation in NS1 at its structurally defined binding site for host p85β, a regulator of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. Structure-guided alanine scanning of all viral residues at this interface defined 10 positions contributing to the interaction, with residues 89, 95, 98, 133, 145, and 162 being the most important. A bioinformatic study of >24,000 publicly available NS1 sequences derived from viruses infecting different hosts highlighted several prevalent amino acid variants at the p85β interface that either enhanced (I95) or weakened (N135, T145, L161, Y161, S164) p85β binding. Interestingly, analysis of viruses circulating in humans since the 1918 pandemic revealed the temporal acquisition of functionally relevant variants at this interface. I95 (which enhanced p85β binding) quickly became prevalent in the 1940s and experimentally conferred a fitness advantage to a recombinant 1930s-based H1N1 virus in human lung epithelial cells. Surprisingly, H1N1 and H3N2 viruses recently acquired T145 or N135, respectively, which diminished p85β binding but apparently not the overall fitness in the human population. Evolutionary analyses revealed covariation of the NS1-p85β binding phenotype in humans with functional changes at multiple residues in other viral proteins, suggesting an unexplored compensatory or synergistic interplay between phenotypes in vivo. Overall, our data provide a resource to understand the consequences of the NS1-p85β binding spectrum of different influenza viruses and highlight the dynamic evolution of this property in viruses circulating in humans. IMPORTANCE In humans, influenza A viruses are responsible for causing seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics. These viruses also circulate and evolve in other animal species, creating a reservoir from which novel viruses with distinct properties can emerge. The viral nonstructural protein NS1 is an important host range determinant and virulence factor that exhibits strain-specific interactions with several host factors, although few have been characterized extensively. In the study described here, we comprehensively surveyed the impact of natural and unnatural NS1 variations on the binding of NS1 to host p85β, a subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase that regulates intracellular metabolism and contributes to virus replication and virulence. We define the p85β-binding site on NS1 and provide a predictive resource to assess this ability of NS1 in viruses from different hosts. Strikingly, we uncover a spectrum of p85β binding by different NS1 proteins and reveal that viruses evolving in humans have undergone dynamic changes in this NS1 function over the last century.
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Zhao M, Wang L, Li S. Influenza A Virus-Host Protein Interactions Control Viral Pathogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081673. [PMID: 28763020 PMCID: PMC5578063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV), a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family, is a highly transmissible respiratory pathogen and represents a continued threat to global health with considerable economic and social impact. IAV is a zoonotic virus that comprises a plethora of strains with different pathogenic profiles. The different outcomes of viral pathogenesis are dependent on the engagement between the virus and the host cellular protein interaction network. The interactions may facilitate virus hijacking of host molecular machinery to fulfill the viral life cycle or trigger host immune defense to eliminate the virus. In recent years, much effort has been made to discover the virus–host protein interactions and understand the underlying mechanisms. In this paper, we review the recent advances in our understanding of IAV–host interactions and how these interactions contribute to host defense and viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Zhao
- 156 McElroy Hall, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Lingyan Wang
- 156 McElroy Hall, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Shitao Li
- 156 McElroy Hall, Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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17
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Joseph U, Su YCF, Vijaykrishna D, Smith GJD. The ecology and adaptive evolution of influenza A interspecies transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:74-84. [PMID: 27426214 PMCID: PMC5155642 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, there have been several alarming influenza-related events; the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses into North America, the detection of H10N8 and H5N6 zoonotic infections, the ongoing H7N9 infections in China and the continued zoonosis of H5N1 viruses in parts of Asia and the Middle East. The risk of a new influenza pandemic increases with the repeated interspecies transmission events that facilitate reassortment between animal influenza strains; thus, it is of utmost importance to understand the factors involved that promote or become a barrier to cross-species transmission of Influenza A viruses (IAVs). Here, we provide an overview of the ecology and evolutionary adaptations of IAVs, with a focus on a review of the molecular factors that enable interspecies transmission of the various virus gene segments.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Wild
- Asia/epidemiology
- China/epidemiology
- Disease Reservoirs/virology
- Ducks/virology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Geese/virology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza A virus/physiology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Phylogeny
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Reassortant Viruses/physiology
- Zoonoses
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Duke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingapore
- Duke Global Health InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
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18
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Involvement of Tight Junction Plaque Proteins in Cancer. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Thulasi Raman SN, Zhou Y. Networks of Host Factors that Interact with NS1 Protein of Influenza A Virus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:654. [PMID: 27199973 PMCID: PMC4855030 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are an important host of influenza A viruses due to their ability to generate reassortant viruses with pandemic potential. NS1 protein of influenza A viruses is a key virulence factor and a major antagonist of innate immune responses. It is also involved in enhancing viral mRNA translation and regulation of virus replication. Being a protein with pleiotropic functions, NS1 has a variety of cellular interaction partners. Hence, studies on swine influenza viruses (SIV) and identification of swine influenza NS1-interacting host proteins is of great interest. Here, we constructed a recombinant SIV carrying a Strep-tag in the NS1 protein and infected primary swine respiratory epithelial cells (SRECs) with this virus. The Strep-tag sequence in the NS1 protein enabled us to purify intact, the NS1 protein and its interacting protein complex specifically. We identified cellular proteins present in the purified complex by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and generated a dataset of these proteins. 445 proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS and among them 192 proteins were selected by setting up a threshold based on MS parameters. The selected proteins were analyzed by bioinformatics and were categorized as belonging to different functional groups including translation, RNA processing, cytoskeleton, innate immunity, and apoptosis. Protein interaction networks were derived using these data and the NS1 interactions with some of the specific host factors were verified by immunoprecipitation. The novel proteins and the networks revealed in our study will be the potential candidates for targeted study of the molecular interaction of NS1 with host proteins, which will provide insights into the identification of new therapeutic targets to control influenza infection and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathya N Thulasi Raman
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, SaskatoonSK, Canada; Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, SaskatoonSK, Canada
| | - Yan Zhou
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre, University of Saskatchewan, SaskatoonSK, Canada; Vaccinology and Immunotherapeutics Program, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, SaskatoonSK, Canada
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20
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James CD, Roberts S. Viral Interactions with PDZ Domain-Containing Proteins-An Oncogenic Trait? Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5010008. [PMID: 26797638 PMCID: PMC4810129 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many of the human viruses with oncogenic capabilities, either in their natural host or in experimental systems (hepatitis B and C, human T cell leukaemia virus type 1, Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, human immunodeficiency virus, high-risk human papillomaviruses and adenovirus type 9), encode in their limited genome the ability to target cellular proteins containing PSD95/ DLG/ZO-1 (PDZ) interaction modules. In many cases (but not always), the viruses have evolved to bind the PDZ domains using the same short linear peptide motifs found in host protein-PDZ interactions, and in some cases regulate the interactions in a similar fashion by phosphorylation. What is striking is that the diverse viruses target a common subset of PDZ proteins that are intimately involved in controlling cell polarity and the structure and function of intercellular junctions, including tight junctions. Cell polarity is fundamental to the control of cell proliferation and cell survival and disruption of polarity and the signal transduction pathways involved is a key event in tumourigenesis. This review focuses on the oncogenic viruses and the role of targeting PDZ proteins in the virus life cycle and the contribution of virus-PDZ protein interactions to virus-mediated oncogenesis. We highlight how many of the viral associations with PDZ proteins lead to deregulation of PI3K/AKT signalling, benefitting virus replication but as a consequence also contributing to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D James
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
- Present address; Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Dentistry, W. Baxter Perkinson Jr. Building, 521 North 11th Street, P.O. Box 980566, Richmond, VA 23298-0566, USA.
| | - Sally Roberts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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21
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González-Mariscal L, Domínguez-Calderón A, Raya-Sandino A, Ortega-Olvera JM, Vargas-Sierra O, Martínez-Revollar G. Tight junctions and the regulation of gene expression. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 36:213-23. [PMID: 25152334 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJ) regulate the paracellular passage of ions and molecules through the paracellular pathway and maintain plasma membrane polarity in epithelial and endothelial cells. Apart from these canonical functions, several proteins of the TJ have been found in recent years to regulate gene expression. This function is found in proteins that shuttle between the nucleus and TJs, and in integral TJ proteins. In this review, we will describe these proteins and their known mechanisms of gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza González-Mariscal
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico.
| | - Alaide Domínguez-Calderón
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Arturo Raya-Sandino
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - José Mario Ortega-Olvera
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Orlando Vargas-Sierra
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico
| | - Gabriela Martínez-Revollar
- Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav), Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Neuroscience, México, D.F., Mexico
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22
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Jakhesara SJ, Bhatt VD, Patel NV, Prajapati KS, Joshi CG. Isolation and characterization of H9N2 influenza virus isolates from poultry respiratory disease outbreak. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:196. [PMID: 24790833 PMCID: PMC4004788 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports isolation and characterization of H9N2 virus responsible for disease characterized by symptoms including difficulty in respiration, head swelling, nasal discharge, reduced feed intake, cyanotic comb, reduced egg production and mortality. Virus isolation from allantoic fluid inoculated with tracheal aspirates and whole genome sequencing of two isolates were performed on an Ion-Torrent sequencer. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two H9N2 isolates are reassortant viruses showing a G1-like lineage for HA, NA and NP, a Hok/49/98-like lineage for PB1 and PA, PK/UDL-01/05-like lineage for PB2, IL/90658/00-like lineage for NS and an unknown lineage for M gene. Analyses of the HA cleavage site showed a sequence of (333PARSSR↓GL340) indicating that these isolates are of low pathogenicity. Isolate 2 has leucine at amino acid position 226, a substitution which is associated with mammalian adaptation of avian influenza virus. Isolate 1 has the S31N substitution in the M2 gene that has been associated with drug resistance as well as R57Q and C241Y mutations in the NP gene which are associated with human adaptation. The result reported here gives deep insight in to H9N2 viruses circulating in domestic poultry of India and supports the policy of active efforts to control and manage H9N2 infections in Indian poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash J Jakhesara
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
| | - Vaibhav D Bhatt
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
| | - Namrata V Patel
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
| | - Kantilal S Prajapati
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
| | - Chaitanya G Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
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23
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Schaefer U, Ho JSY, Prinjha RK, Tarakhovsky A. The "histone mimicry" by pathogens. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2014; 78:81-90. [PMID: 24733380 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2013.78.020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
One of the defining characteristics of human and animal viruses is their ability to suppress host antiviral responses. Viruses express proteins that impair the detection of viral nucleic acids by host pattern-recognition receptors, block signaling pathways that lead to the synthesis of type I interferons and other cytokines, or prevent the activation of virus-induced genes. We have identified a novel mechanism of virus-mediated suppression of antiviral gene expression that relies on the presence of histone-like sequences (histone mimics) in viral proteins. We describe how viral histone mimics can interfere with key regulators of gene expression and contribute to the suppression of antiviral responses. We also describe how viral histone mimics can facilitate the identification of novel mechanisms of antiviral gene regulation and lead to the development of drugs that use histone mimicry for interference with gene expression during diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schaefer
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Epigenetics and Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
| | - Jessica S Y Ho
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Epigenetics and Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065 Laboratory of Methyltransferases in Development and Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Singapore 138673
| | - Rab K Prinjha
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Tarakhovsky
- Laboratory of Immune Cell Epigenetics and Signaling, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065
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24
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Matsuoka Y, Matsumae H, Katoh M, Eisfeld AJ, Neumann G, Hase T, Ghosh S, Shoemaker JE, Lopes TJS, Watanabe T, Watanabe S, Fukuyama S, Kitano H, Kawaoka Y. A comprehensive map of the influenza A virus replication cycle. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2013; 7:97. [PMID: 24088197 PMCID: PMC3819658 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-7-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Influenza is a common infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. Annual epidemics cause severe illnesses, deaths, and economic loss around the world. To better defend against influenza viral infection, it is essential to understand its mechanisms and associated host responses. Many studies have been conducted to elucidate these mechanisms, however, the overall picture remains incompletely understood. A systematic understanding of influenza viral infection in host cells is needed to facilitate the identification of influential host response mechanisms and potential drug targets. Description We constructed a comprehensive map of the influenza A virus (‘IAV’) life cycle (‘FluMap’) by undertaking a literature-based, manual curation approach. Based on information obtained from publicly available pathway databases, updated with literature-based information and input from expert virologists and immunologists, FluMap is currently composed of 960 factors (i.e., proteins, mRNAs etc.) and 456 reactions, and is annotated with ~500 papers and curation comments. In addition to detailing the type of molecular interactions, isolate/strain specific data are also available. The FluMap was built with the pathway editor CellDesigner in standard SBML (Systems Biology Markup Language) format and visualized as an SBGN (Systems Biology Graphical Notation) diagram. It is also available as a web service (online map) based on the iPathways+ system to enable community discussion by influenza researchers. We also demonstrate computational network analyses to identify targets using the FluMap. Conclusion The FluMap is a comprehensive pathway map that can serve as a graphically presented knowledge-base and as a platform to analyze functional interactions between IAV and host factors. Publicly available webtools will allow continuous updating to ensure the most reliable representation of the host-virus interaction network. The FluMap is available at http://www.influenza-x.org/flumap/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Matsuoka
- JST ERATO Kawaoka infection-induced host responses project, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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25
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PDZ domains and viral infection: versatile potentials of HPV-PDZ interactions in relation to malignancy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:369712. [PMID: 24093094 PMCID: PMC3777178 DOI: 10.1155/2013/369712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is caused by high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs), and a unique characteristic of these is a PDZ (P¯SD-95/D¯lg/Z¯O-1-)binding motif in their E6 proteins. Through this motif HPV E6 interacts with a variety of PDZ domain-containing proteins and targets them mainly for degradation. These E6-PDZ interactions exhibit extraordinarily different functions in relation to HPV-induced malignancy, depending upon various cellular contexts; for example, Dlg and Scrib show different distribution patterns from what is seen in normal epithelium, both in localization and in amount, and their loss may be a late-stage marker in malignant progression. Recent studies show that interactions with specific forms of the proteins may have oncogenic potential. In addition, it is interesting that PDZ proteins make a contribution to the stabilization of E6 and viral episomal maintenance during the course of HPV life cycle. Various posttranslational modifications also greatly affect their functions. Phosphorylation of hDlg and hScrib by certain kinases regulates several important signaling cascades, and E6-PDZ interactions themselves are regulated through PKA-dependent phosphorylation. Thus these interactions naturally have great potential for both predictive and therapeutic applications, and, with development of screening tools for identifying novel targets of their interactions, comprehensive spatiotemporal analysis is currently underway.
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26
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Zhang H, Hale BG, Xu K, Sun B. Viral and host factors required for avian H5N1 influenza A virus replication in mammalian cells. Viruses 2013; 5:1431-46. [PMID: 23752648 PMCID: PMC3717715 DOI: 10.3390/v5061431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the initial and sporadic emergence into humans of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A viruses in Hong Kong in 1997, we have come to realize the potential for avian influenza A viruses to be transmitted directly from birds to humans. Understanding the basic viral and cellular mechanisms that contribute to infection of mammalian species with avian influenza viruses is essential for developing prevention and control measures against possible future human pandemics. Multiple physical and functional cellular barriers can restrict influenza A virus infection in a new host species, including the cell membrane, the nuclear envelope, the nuclear environment, and innate antiviral responses. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on viral and host factors required for avian H5N1 influenza A viruses to successfully establish infections in mammalian cells. We focus on the molecular mechanisms underpinning mammalian host restrictions, as well as the adaptive mutations that are necessary for an avian influenza virus to overcome them. It is likely that many more viral and host determinants remain to be discovered, and future research in this area should provide novel and translational insights into the biology of influenza virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Molecular Virus Unit, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China; E-Mail:
| | - Benjamin G. Hale
- Medical Research Council (MRC), University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, 8 Church Street, Glasgow, G11 5JR, Scotland, UK; E-Mail:
| | - Ke Xu
- Molecular Virus Unit, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China; E-Mail:
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (K.X.); (B.S.); Tel.: +86-21-6385-1929 (K.X.); +86-21-6385-1927 (B.S.); Fax: +86-21-6384-3571 (K.X. and B.S.)
| | - Bing Sun
- Molecular Virus Unit, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China; E-Mail:
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (K.X.); (B.S.); Tel.: +86-21-6385-1929 (K.X.); +86-21-6385-1927 (B.S.); Fax: +86-21-6384-3571 (K.X. and B.S.)
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27
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Synergistic effect of the PDZ and p85β-binding domains of the NS1 protein on virulence of an avian H5N1 influenza A virus. J Virol 2013; 87:4861-71. [PMID: 23408626 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02608-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus NS1 protein affects virulence through several mechanisms, including the host's innate immune response and various signaling pathways. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype continue to evolve through reassortment and mutations. Our recent phylogenetic analysis identified a group of HPAI H5N1 viruses with two characteristic mutations in NS1: the avian virus-type PDZ domain-binding motif ESEV (which affects virulence) was replaced with ESKV, and NS1-138F (which is highly conserved among all influenza A viruses and may affect the activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase [PI3K]/Akt signaling pathway) was replaced with NS1-138Y. Here, we show that an HPAI H5N1 virus (A/duck/Hunan/69/2004) encoding NS1-ESKV and NS1-138Y was confined to the respiratory tract of infected mice, whereas a mutant encoding NS1-ESEV and NS1-138F caused systemic infection and killed mice more efficiently. Mutation of either one of these sites had small effects on virulence. In addition, we found that the amino acid at NS1-138 affected not only the induction of the PI3K/Akt pathway but also the interaction of NS1 with cellular PDZ domain proteins. Similarly, the mutation in the PDZ domain-binding motif of NS1 altered its binding to cellular PDZ domain proteins and affected Akt phosphorylation. These findings suggest a functional interplay between the mutations at NS1-138 and NS1-229 that results in a synergistic effect on influenza virulence.
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Bavagnoli L, Maga G. Identification of host cell factors involved in influenza A virus infection. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As obligatory intracellular parasites, viruses need to take control of the metabolic pathways of the infected cells in order to complete their replication. Such an extraordinary ability must rely on specific, essential protein–protein interactions with key components of the cellular machinery. Besides providing valuable information about host–virus relationships, these studies can lead to the identification of novel pharmacological targets for an antiviral chemotherapeutic approach, based on the inhibition of host factors essential for viral replication. Here, we will review the most recent studies identifying host cell proteins involved in the influenza virus lifecycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bavagnoli
- Institute of Molecular Genetics – IGM CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Institute of Molecular Genetics – IGM CNR, via Abbiategrasso 207, I-27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Mukherjee S, Majumdar S, Vipat VC, Mishra AC, Chakrabarti AK. Non structural protein of avian influenza A (H11N1) virus is a weaker suppressor of immune responses but capable of inducing apoptosis in host cells. Virol J 2012; 9:149. [PMID: 22866982 PMCID: PMC3490754 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Non-Structural (NS1) protein of Influenza A viruses is an extensively studied multifunctional protein which is commonly considered as key viral component to fight against host immune responses. Even though there has been a lot of studies on the involvement of NS1 protein in host immune responses there are still ambiguities regarding its role in apoptosis in infected cells. Interactions of NS1 protein with host factors, role of NS1 protein in regulating cellular responses and apoptosis are quite complicated and further studies are still needed to understand it completely. Results NS1 genes of influenza A/Chicken/India/WBNIV2653/2008 (H5N1) and A/Aquatic bird/India/NIV-17095/2007(H11N1) were cloned and expressed in human embryonic kidney (293T) cells. Microarray based approach to study the host cellular responses to NS1 protein of the two influenza A viruses of different pathogenicity showed significant differences in the host gene expression profile. NS1 protein of H5N1 resulted in suppression of IFN-β mediated innate immune responses, leading to down-regulation of the components of JAK-STAT pathway like STAT1 which further suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines like CXCL10 and CCL5. The degree of suppression of host immune genes was found considerable with NS1 protein of H11N1 but was not as prominent as with H5N1-NS1. TUNEL assay analyses were found to be positive in both the NS1 transfected cells indicating both H5N1 as well as H11N1 NS1 proteins were able to induce apoptosis in transfected cells. Conclusions We propose that NS1 protein of both H5N1 and H11N1 subtypes of influenza viruses are capable of influencing host immune responses and possess necessary functionality to support apoptosis in host cells. H11N1, a low pathogenic virus without any proven evidence to infect mammals, contains a highly potential NS1 gene which might contribute to greater virus virulence in different gene combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mukherjee
- Microbial Containment Complex, National Institute of Virology, Pashan, Pune, India
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Arnold R, Boonen K, Sun MG, Kim PM. Computational analysis of interactomes: current and future perspectives for bioinformatics approaches to model the host-pathogen interaction space. Methods 2012; 57:508-18. [PMID: 22750305 PMCID: PMC7128575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and viral pathogens affect their eukaryotic host partly by interacting with proteins of the host cell. Hence, to investigate infection from a systems' perspective we need to construct complete and accurate host-pathogen protein-protein interaction networks. Because of the paucity of available data and the cost associated with experimental approaches, any construction and analysis of such a network in the near future has to rely on computational predictions. Specifically, this challenge consists of a number of sub-problems: First, prediction of possible pathogen interactors (e.g. effector proteins) is necessary for bacteria and protozoa. Second, the prospective host binding partners have to be determined and finally, the impact on the host cell analyzed. This review gives an overview of current bioinformatics approaches to obtain and understand host-pathogen interactions. As an application example of the methods covered, we predict host-pathogen interactions of Salmonella and discuss the value of these predictions as a prospective for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Arnold
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Kurt Boonen
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Mark G.F. Sun
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E1
| | - Philip M. Kim
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E1
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E1
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E1
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E1
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Kumar M, Liu H, Rice AP. Regulation of interferon-β by MAGI-1 and its interaction with influenza A virus NS1 protein with ESEV PBM. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41251. [PMID: 22911767 PMCID: PMC3401146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The NS1 protein from avian influenza A viruses contains a PDZ binding motif (PBM) at its carboxyl terminus with the consensus sequence ESEV. The ESEV PBM confers binding to several cellular PDZ proteins, including Dlg1, MAGI-1 and Scribble. The interaction between NS1 and Scribble protects infected cells from apoptosis, while the interaction between NS1 and both Dlg1 and Scribble disrupts tight junctions. In this study, we examined the MAGI-1 protein. We made the unexpected observation that siRNA depletion of MAGI-1 activates IRF3 and induces the IFN-β promoter. We found that the ESEV NS1 protein sequesters MAGI-1 away from the plasma membrane in infected cells. Using plasmid vectors to express NS1 proteins, we observed that the ESEV PBM elicits an IFN-β induction signal as indicated by activation of IRF3 and a relative deficiency in NS1 inhibition of induction of the IFN-β promoter by dsRNA or RIG-I. Taken together, our data suggest that disruption of MAGI-1 by the ESEV PBM activates an IFN-β induction signal. During viral infection, however, induction of the IFN-β gene does not occur presumably because other anti-IFN functions dominate over the IFN-activation activity of the ESEV PBM. We postulate that the ESEV PBM's broad binding activity for PDZ proteins may allow NS1 to bind to some PDZ proteins such as MAGI-1 that confer no benefit or may even be detrimental to viral replication. However, the advantage of binding to key PDZ proteins such as Dlg1 and Scribble may dominate and therefore provide an overall benefit for the virus to encode the ESEV PBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hongbing Liu
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Rice
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Reperant LA, Kuiken T, Osterhaus ADME. Adaptive pathways of zoonotic influenza viruses: from exposure to establishment in humans. Vaccine 2012; 30:4419-34. [PMID: 22537992 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human influenza viruses have their ultimate origin in avian reservoirs and may adapt, either directly or after passage through another mammalian species, to circulate independently in the human population. Three sets of barriers must be crossed by a zoonotic influenza virus before it can become a human virus: animal-to-human transmission barriers; virus-cell interaction barriers; and human-to-human transmission barriers. Adaptive changes allowing zoonotic influenza viruses to cross these barriers have been studied extensively, generating key knowledge for improved pandemic preparedness. Most of these adaptive changes link acquired genetic alterations of the virus to specific adaptation mechanisms that can be screened for, both genetically and phenotypically, as part of zoonotic influenza virus surveillance programs. Human-to-human transmission barriers are only sporadically crossed by zoonotic influenza viruses, eventually triggering a worldwide influenza outbreak or pandemic. This is the most devastating consequence of influenza virus cross-species transmission. Progress has been made in identifying some of the determinants of influenza virus transmissibility. However, interdisciplinary research is needed to further characterize these ultimate barriers to the development of influenza pandemics, at both the level of the individual host and that of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Reperant
- Department of Virology, Erasmus Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Variability among the neuraminidase, non-structural 1 and PB1-F2 proteins in the influenza A virus genome. Virus Genes 2012; 44:363-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bavagnoli L, Dundon WG, Garbelli A, Zecchin B, Milani A, Parakkal G, Baldanti F, Paolucci S, Volmer R, Tu Y, Wu C, Capua I, Maga G. The PDZ-ligand and Src-homology type 3 domains of epidemic avian influenza virus NS1 protein modulate human Src kinase activity during viral infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27789. [PMID: 22110760 PMCID: PMC3215730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Non-structural 1 (NS1) protein of avian influenza (AI) viruses is important for pathogenicity. Here, we identify a previously unrecognized tandem PDZ-ligand (TPL) domain in the extreme carboxy terminus of NS1 proteins from a subset of globally circulating AI viruses. By using protein arrays we have identified several human PDZ-cellular ligands of this novel domain, one of which is the RIL protein, a known regulator of the cellular tyrosine kinase Src. We found that the AI NS1 proteins bind and stimulate human Src tyrosine kinase, through their carboxy terminal Src homology type 3-binding (SHB) domain. The physical interaction between NS1 and Src and the ability of AI viruses to modulate the phosphorylation status of Src during the infection, were found to be influenced by the TPL arrangement. These results indicate the potential for novel host-pathogen interactions mediated by the TPL and SHB domains of AI NS1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bavagnoli
- Institute of Molecular Genetics National Research Council, Pavia, Italy
| | - William G. Dundon
- World Organization for Animal Health, Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Anna Garbelli
- Institute of Molecular Genetics National Research Council, Pavia, Italy
| | - Bianca Zecchin
- World Organization for Animal Health, Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Adelaide Milani
- World Organization for Animal Health, Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Geetha Parakkal
- Institute of Molecular Genetics National Research Council, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Molecular Virology Unit, Virology and Microbiology, Fondazione Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Paolucci
- Molecular Virology Unit, Virology and Microbiology, Fondazione Istituto Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico S. Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Romain Volmer
- Université de Toulouse, Institut National Polytechnique, Ecole Nationale de Veterinaire, Unitè Mixte de Recherche 1225, Interactions Hotes-Agents Pathogènes, Toulouse, France
| | - Yizeng Tu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Chuanyue Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ilaria Capua
- World Organization for Animal Health, Food and Agriculture Organization and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Institute of Molecular Genetics National Research Council, Pavia, Italy
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The avian influenza virus NS1 ESEV PDZ binding motif associates with Dlg1 and Scribble to disrupt cellular tight junctions. J Virol 2011; 85:10639-48. [PMID: 21849460 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05070-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus NS1 protein contains a conserved 4-amino-acid-residue PDZ-ligand binding motif (PBM) at the carboxyl terminus that can function as a virulence determinant by targeting cellular PDZ proteins. The NS1 proteins from avian and human viral isolates have consensus PBM sequences ESEV and RSKV, respectively. Currently circulating highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses contain the ESEV PBM which specifically associates with the PDZ proteins Scribble, Dlg1, MAGI-1, MAGI-2, and MAGI-3. In this study, we found NS1 proteins from viral isolates that contain the PBM sequence RSKV, KSEV, or EPEV are unable to associate with these PDZ proteins. Other results showed that the ESEV PBM mediates an indirect association with PDZ protein, Lin7C, via an interaction with Dlg1. Infection with a virus that expresses a NS1 protein with the ESEV PBM results in colocalization of NS1, Scribble, and Dlg1 within perinuclear puncta and mislocalization of plasma membrane-associated Lin7C to the cytoplasm. Infection of polarized MDCK cells with the ESEV virus additionally results in functional disruption of the tight junction (TJ) as measured by altered localization of TJ markers ZO-1 and Occludin, decreased transepithelial electrical resistance, and increased fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-inulin diffusion across the polarized cell monolayer. A similar effect on the TJ was observed in MDCK cells depleted for either Scribble or Dlg1 by small interfering RNA (siRNA). These findings indicate that ESEV PBM-mediated binding of NS1 to Scribble and Dlg1 functions to disrupt the cellular TJ and that this effect likely contributes to the severe disease associated with highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A viruses.
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Abstract
More than a decade ago, three viral oncoproteins, adenovirus type 9 E4-ORF1, human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 Tax, and high-risk human papillomavirus E6, were found to encode a related carboxyl-terminal PDZ domain-binding motif (PBM) that mediates interactions with a select group of cellular PDZ proteins. Recent studies have shown that many other viruses also encode PBM-containing proteins that bind to cellular PDZ proteins. Interestingly, these recently recognized viruses include not only some with oncogenic potential (hepatitis B virus, rhesus papillomavirus, cottontail rabbit papillomavirus) but also many without this potential (influenza virus, Dengue virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, rabies virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, human immunodeficiency virus). Examination of the cellular PDZ proteins that are targets of viral PBMs reveals that the viral proteins often interact with the same or similar types of PDZ proteins, most notably Dlg1 and other members of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase protein family, as well as Scribble. In addition, cellular PDZ protein targets of viral PBMs commonly control tight junction formation, cell polarity establishment, and apoptosis. These findings reveal a new theme in virology wherein many different virus families encode proteins that bind and perturb the function of cellular PDZ proteins. The inhibition or perturbation of the function of cellular PDZ proteins appears to be a widely used strategy for viruses to enhance their replication, disseminate in the host, and transmit to new hosts.
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Chimura T, Launey T, Ito M. Evolutionarily conserved bias of amino-acid usage refines the definition of PDZ-binding motif. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:300. [PMID: 21649932 PMCID: PMC3138430 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interactions between PDZ (PSD-95, Dlg, ZO-1) domains and PDZ-binding motifs play central roles in signal transductions within cells. Proteins with PDZ domains bind to PDZ-binding motifs almost exclusively when the motifs are located at the carboxyl (C-) terminal ends of their binding partners. However, it remains little explored whether PDZ-binding motifs show any preferential location at the C-terminal ends of proteins, at genome-level. Results Here, we examined the distribution of the type-I (x-x-S/T-x-I/L/V) or type-II (x-x-V-x-I/V) PDZ-binding motifs in proteins encoded in the genomes of five different species (human, mouse, zebrafish, fruit fly and nematode). We first established that these PDZ-binding motifs are indeed preferentially present at their C-terminal ends. Moreover, we found specific amino acid (AA) bias for the 'x' positions in the motifs at the C-terminal ends. In general, hydrophilic AAs were favored. Our genomics-based findings confirm and largely extend the results of previous interaction-based studies, allowing us to propose refined consensus sequences for all of the examined PDZ-binding motifs. An ontological analysis revealed that the refined motifs are functionally relevant since a large fraction of the proteins bearing the motif appear to be involved in signal transduction. Furthermore, co-precipitation experiments confirmed two new protein interactions predicted by our genomics-based approach. Finally, we show that influenza virus pathogenicity can be correlated with PDZ-binding motif, with high-virulence viral proteins bearing a refined PDZ-binding motif. Conclusions Our refined definition of PDZ-binding motifs should provide important clues for identifying functional PDZ-binding motifs and proteins involved in signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Chimura
- Laboratory for Memory and Learning, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Nagasaka K, Nakagawa S, Yano T, Taketani Y, Banks L. The mechanisms behind human papillomavirus-associated cancer: the role of PDZ recognition in malignant progression. Future Virol 2011. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.11.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Nagasaka
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, Area Science Park, Padriciano-99, I-34012 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakagawa
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsu Yano
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Taketani
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Yu J, Li X, Wang Y, Li B, Li H, Li Y, Zhou W, Zhang C, Wang Y, Rao Z, Bartlam M, Cao Y. PDlim2 selectively interacts with the PDZ binding motif of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus NS1. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19511. [PMID: 21625420 PMCID: PMC3100292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The multi-functional NS1 protein of influenza A virus is a viral virulence determining factor. The last four residues at the C-terminus of NS1 constitute a type I PDZ domain binding motif (PBM). Avian influenza viruses currently in circulation carry an NS1 PBM with consensus sequence ESEV, whereas human influenza viruses bear an NS1 PBM with consensus sequence RSKV or RSEV. The PBM sequence of the influenza A virus NS1 is reported to contribute to high viral pathogenicity in animal studies. Here, we report the identification of PDlim2 as a novel binding target of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 strain with an NS1 PBM of ESEV (A/Chicken/Henan/12/2004/H5N1, HN12-NS1) by yeast two-hybrid screening. The interaction was confirmed by in vitro GST pull-down assays, as well as by in vivo mammalian two-hybrid assays and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. The binding was also confirmed to be mediated by the interaction of the PDlim2 PDZ domain with the NS1 PBM motif. Interestingly, our assays showed that PDlim2 bound specifically with HN12-NS1, but exhibited no binding to NS1 from a human influenza H1N1 virus bearing an RSEV PBM (A/Puerto Rico/8/34/H1N1, PR8-NS1). A crystal structure of the PDlim2 PDZ domain fused with the C-terminal hexapeptide from HN12-NS1, together with GST pull-down assays on PDlim2 mutants, reveals that residues Arg16 and Lys31 of PDlim2 are critical for the binding between PDlim2 and HN12-NS1. The identification of a selective binding target of HN12-NS1 (ESEV), but not PR8-NS1 (RSEV), enables us to propose a structural mechanism for the interaction between NS1 PBM and PDlim2 or other PDZ-containing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science,
College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science,
College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science,
College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science,
College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongyue Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science,
College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yapeng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science,
College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weihong Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science,
College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Cuizhu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science,
College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and
Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science
and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science,
College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Mark Bartlam
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science,
College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (YC); (MB)
| | - Youjia Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science,
College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- * E-mail: (YC); (MB)
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