1
|
Frank JC, Song BH, Lee YM. Mice as an Animal Model for Japanese Encephalitis Virus Research: Mouse Susceptibility, Infection Route, and Viral Pathogenesis. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050715. [PMID: 37242385 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a zoonotic flavivirus, is principally transmitted by hematophagous mosquitoes, continually between susceptible animals and incidentally from those animals to humans. For almost a century since its discovery, JEV was geographically confined to the Asia-Pacific region with recurrent sizable outbreaks involving wildlife, livestock, and people. However, over the past decade, it has been detected for the first time in Europe (Italy) and Africa (Angola) but has yet to cause any recognizable outbreaks in humans. JEV infection leads to a broad spectrum of clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic conditions to self-limiting febrile illnesses to life-threatening neurological complications, particularly Japanese encephalitis (JE). No clinically proven antiviral drugs are available to treat the development and progression of JE. There are, however, several live and killed vaccines that have been commercialized to prevent the infection and transmission of JEV, yet this virus remains the main cause of acute encephalitis syndrome with high morbidity and mortality among children in the endemic regions. Therefore, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the neuropathogenesis of JE to facilitate the development of effective treatments for the disease. Thus far, multiple laboratory animal models have been established for the study of JEV infection. In this review, we focus on mice, the most extensively used animal model for JEV research, and summarize the major findings on mouse susceptibility, infection route, and viral pathogenesis reported in the past and present, and discuss some unanswered key questions for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Frank
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Byung-Hak Song
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li ZC, Lu LF, Zhang C, Wang XL, Tong JF, Han KJ, Chen DD, Li XY, Zhou L, Gui JF, Li S. GCRV NS38 counteracts SVCV proliferation by intracellular antagonization during co-infection. Virol Sin 2023; 38:142-156. [PMID: 36526167 PMCID: PMC10006313 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral co-infection has been found in animals; however, the mechanisms of co-infection are unclear. The abundance and diversity of viruses in water make fish highly susceptible to co-infection. Here, we reported a co-infection in fish, which resulted in reduced host lethality and illustrated the intracellular molecular mechanism of viral co-infection. The spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is a highly lethal virus that infects Cyprinidae, such as zebrafish. The mortality of SVCV infection was significantly reduced when co-infected with the grass carp reovirus (GCRV). The severity of tissue damage and viral proliferation of SVCV was also reduced in co-infection with GCRV. The transcriptome bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that the effect on the host transcripts in response to SVCV infection was significantly reduced in co-infection. After excluding the extracellular interactions of these two viruses, the intracellular mechanisms were studied. We found that the GCRV NS38 remarkably decreased SVCV infection and viral proliferation. The interaction between GCRV NS38 and SVCV nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) proteins was identified, and NS38 downregulated both N and P proteins. Further analysis demonstrated that the N protein was degraded by NS38 indispensable of the autophagy receptor, sequestosome 1 (p62). Meanwhile, K63-linked ubiquitination of the P protein was reduced by NS38, leading to ubiquitinated degradation of the P protein. These results reveal that the intracellular viral protein interactions are a crucial mechanism of co-infection and influence the host pathology and expand our understanding in intracellular viral interactions co-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Cong Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Long-Feng Lu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xue-Li Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jin-Feng Tong
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ke-Jia Han
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xi-Yin Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, The Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shun Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang N, Gao X, Zhang W, Xiong J, Cao X, Fu ZF, Cui M. JEV Infection Induces M-MDSC Differentiation Into CD3 + Macrophages in the Brain. Front Immunol 2022; 13:838990. [PMID: 35529855 PMCID: PMC9068957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.838990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is one of the most important members of the flavivirus family. It is a typical zoonotic pathogen that has caused substantial social and economic losses worldwide. The relation between JEV-induced immunosuppression and inflammatory responses has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, cells infiltrating the brain tissue of JEV-infected mice were mainly identified as monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs), which subsequently differentiated into CD3+ macrophages. Co-culture with T cells showed that both splenic M-MDSCs and brain infiltrated M-MDSCs isolated from JEV-infected mice inhibited T cell proliferation through ARG1 and iNOS. The splenectomy model revealed that JEV-induced M-MDSCs were mainly derived from bone marrow and migrated to the spleen and central nervous system (CNS). The results of the transcriptome analysis and IRF7-deficient mice indicated that the ZBP1-IRF7 signaling pathway stimulated by JEV RNA played a central role in the induction of M-MDSCs. M-MDSCs migrated into the CNS through the chemokine CCL2/N-CCL2 derived from astrocytes and brain infiltrated M-MDSCs differentiated into CD3+ macrophages through a mechanism mediated by M-CSF, IL-6 and IFN-γ in the brain microenvironment. These findings provide evidence for the mechanism that JEV regulates the differentiation of M-MDSCs and thereby exacerbates pathogenicity, which represents a potential therapeutic target for Japanese encephalitis (JE).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaochen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Junyao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaojian Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen F. Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China,Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China,International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Min Cui,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Winter C, Camarão AAR, Steffen I, Jung K. Network meta-analysis of transcriptome expression changes in different manifestations of dengue virus infection. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:165. [PMID: 35220956 PMCID: PMC8882220 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08390-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Several studies have been performed to study transcriptome profiles after dengue virus infections with partly different results. Due to slightly different settings of the individual studies, different genes and enriched gene sets are reported in these studies. The main aim of this network meta-analysis was to aggregate a selection of these studies to identify genes and gene sets that are more generally associated with dengue virus infection, i.e. with less dependence on the individual study settings.
Methods
We performed network meta-analysis by different approaches using publicly available gene expression data of five selected studies from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The study network includes dengue fever (DF), hemorrhagic fever (DHF), shock syndrome (DSS) patients as well as convalescent and healthy control individuals. After data merging and missing value imputation, study-specific batch effects were removed. Pairwise differential expression analysis and subsequent gene-set enrichment analysis were performed between the five study groups. Furthermore, mutual information networks were derived from the top genes of each group comparison, and the separability between the three patient groups was studied by machine learning models.
Results
From the 10 possible pairwise group comparisons in the study network, six genes (IFI27, TPX2, CDT1, DTL, KCTD14 and CDCA3) occur with a noticeable frequency among the top listed genes of each comparison. Thus, there is an increased evidence that these genes play a general role in dengue virus infections. IFI27 and TPX2 have also been highlighted in the context of dengue virus infection by other studies. A few of the identified gene sets from the network meta-analysis overlap with findings from the original studies. Mutual information networks yield additional genes for which the observed pairwise correlation is different between the patient groups. Machine learning analysis shows a moderate separability of samples from the DF, DHF and DSS groups (accuracy about 80%).
Conclusions
Due to an increased sample size, the network meta-analysis could reveal additional genes which are called differentially expressed between the studied groups and that may help to better understand the molecular basis of this disease.
Collapse
|
5
|
Review of -omics studies on mosquito-borne viruses of the Flavivirus genus. Virus Res 2022; 307:198610. [PMID: 34718046 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2021.198610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arboviruses are transmitted by arthropods (arthropod-borne virus) which can be mosquitoes or other hematophagous arthropods, in which their life cycle occurs before transmission to other hosts. Arboviruses such as Dengue, Zika, Saint Louis Encephalitis, West Nile, Yellow Fever, Japanese Encephalitis, Rocio and Murray Valley Encephalitis viruses are some of the arboviruses transmitted biologically among vertebrate hosts by blood-taking vectors, mainly Aedes and Culex sp., and are associated with neurological, viscerotropic, and hemorrhagic reemerging diseases, posing as significant health and socioeconomic concern, as they become more and more adaptive to new environments, to arthropods vectors and human hosts. One of the main families that include mosquito-borne viruses is Flaviviridae, and here, we review the case of the Flavivirus genus, which comprises the viruses cited above, using a variety of research approaches published in literature, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, etc., to better understand their structures as well as virus-host interactions, which are essential for development of future antiviral therapies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pathak RR, Jangam AP, Malik A, Sharma N, Jaiswal DK, Raghuram N. Transcriptomic and network analyses reveal distinct nitrate responses in light and dark in rice leaves (Oryza sativa Indica var. Panvel1). Sci Rep 2020; 10:12228. [PMID: 32699267 PMCID: PMC7376017 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68917-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrate (N) response is modulated by light, but not understood from a genome-wide perspective. Comparative transcriptomic analyses of nitrate response in light-grown and etiolated rice leaves revealed 303 and 249 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) respectively. A majority of them were exclusive to light (270) or dark (216) condition, whereas 33 DEGs were common. The latter may constitute response to N signaling regardless of light. Functional annotation and pathway enrichment analyses of the DEGs showed that nitrate primarily modulates conserved N signaling and metabolism in light, whereas oxidation–reduction processes, pentose-phosphate shunt, starch-, sucrose- and glycerolipid-metabolisms in the dark. Differential N-regulation of these pathways by light could be attributed to the involvement of distinctive sets of transporters, transcription factors, enriched cis-acting motifs in the promoters of DEGs as well as differential modulation of N-responsive transcriptional regulatory networks in light and dark. Sub-clustering of DEGs-associated protein–protein interaction network constructed using experimentally validated interactors revealed that nitrate regulates a molecular complex consisting of nitrite reductase, ferredoxin-NADP reductase and ferredoxin. This complex is associated with flowering time, revealing a meeting point for N-regulation of N-response and N-use efficiency. Together, our results provide novel insights into distinct pathways of N-signaling in light and dark conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Ramesh Pathak
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Annie Prasanna Jangam
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Aakansha Malik
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Narendra Sharma
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Jaiswal
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India.
| | - Nandula Raghuram
- University School of Biotechnology, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kyaw PP, Shewade HD, Kyaw NTT, Hnin Phyo K, Lin HH, Kyaw AMM, Mya MM, Thaung S, Maung Maung YN. High vaccination coverage, inadequate knowledge and high vector density: Findings from a community-based cross-sectional study on Japanese Encephalitis in Yangon, Myanmar. F1000Res 2020; 9:6. [PMID: 33014343 PMCID: PMC7525339 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21702.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne disease with high case fatality and no specific treatment. Little is known about the community's (especially parents/guardians of children) awareness regarding JE and its vaccine in Yangon region, which bears the highest JE burden in Myanmar. Methods: We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study in Yangon region (2019) to explore the knowledge and perception of parents/guardians of 1-15 year-old children about JE disease, its vaccination and to describe JE vaccine coverage among 1-15 year-old children. We followed multi-stage random sampling (three stages) to select the 600 households with 1-15 year-old children from 30 clusters in nine townships. Analyses were weighted (inverse probability sampling) for the multi-stage sampling design. Results: Of 600 parents/guardians, 38% exhibited good knowledge of JE , 55% perceived JE as serious in children younger than 15 years and 59% perceived the vaccine to be effective . Among all the children in the 600 households, the vaccination coverage was 97% (831/855). Conclusion: In order to reduce JE incidence in the community, focus on an intensified education program is necessary to sustain the high vaccine coverage in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pyae Phyo Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar
| | - Hemant Deepak Shewade
- International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Paris, 75006, France
- The Union South East Asia Office, New Delhi, 110016, India
- Karuna Trust, Bengaluru, 560041, India
| | - Nang Thu Thu Kyaw
- International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Paris, 75006, France
- The Union Myanmar Country Office, Mandalay, 05021, Myanmar
| | - Khaing Hnin Phyo
- International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Paris, 75006, France
- The Union Myanmar Country Office, Mandalay, 05021, Myanmar
| | - Htar Htar Lin
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Aye Mon Mon Kyaw
- Vector Borne Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11211, Myanmar
| | - Mg Mg Mya
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar
| | - Sein Thaung
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar
| | - Yan Naung Maung Maung
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ellwanger JH, Kulmann-Leal B, Kaminski VDL, Rodrigues AG, Bragatte MADS, Chies JAB. Beyond HIV infection: Neglected and varied impacts of CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 on viral diseases. Virus Res 2020; 286:198040. [PMID: 32479976 PMCID: PMC7260533 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CCR5 regulates multiple cell types (e.g., T regulatory and Natural Killer cells) and immune responses. The effects of CCR5, CCR5Δ32 (variant associated with reduced CCR5 expression) and CCR5 antagonists vary between infections. CCR5 affects the pathogenesis of flaviviruses, especially in the brain. The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 increases the risk of symptomatic West Nile virus infection. The triad “CCR5, extracellular vesicles and infections” is an emerging topic.
The interactions between chemokine receptors and their ligands may affect susceptibility to infectious diseases as well as their clinical manifestations. These interactions mediate both the traffic of inflammatory cells and virus-associated immune responses. In the context of viral infections, the human C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) receives great attention from the scientific community due to its role as an HIV-1 co-receptor. The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 (32 base-pair deletion in CCR5 gene) impairs CCR5 expression on the cell surface and is associated with protection against HIV infection in homozygous individuals. Also, the genetic variant CCR5Δ32 modifies the CCR5-mediated inflammatory responses in various conditions, such as inflammatory and infectious diseases. CCR5 antagonists mimic, at least in part, the natural effects of the CCR5Δ32 in humans, which explains the growing interest in the potential benefits of using CCR5 modulators for the treatment of different diseases. Nevertheless, beyond HIV infection, understanding the effects of the CCR5Δ32 variant in multiple viral infections is essential to shed light on the potential effects of the CCR5 modulators from a broader perspective. In this context, this review discusses the involvement of CCR5 and the effects of the CCR5Δ32 in human infections caused by the following pathogens: West Nile virus, Influenza virus, Human papillomavirus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Poliovirus, Dengue virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Enterovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Hantavirus. Subsequently, this review addresses the impacts of CCR5 gene editing and CCR5 modulation on health and viral diseases. Also, this article connects recent findings regarding extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes), viruses, and CCR5. Neglected and emerging topics in “CCR5 research” are briefly described, with focus on Rocio virus, Zika virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Rhinovirus. Finally, the potential influence of CCR5 on the immune responses to coronaviruses is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Kulmann-Leal
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia - ICT, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Gonçalves Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves de Souza Bragatte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Núcleo de Bioinformática do Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kyaw PP, Shewade HD, Kyaw NTT, Hnin Phyo K, Lin HH, Kyaw AMM, Mya MM, Thaung S, Maung Maung YN. High vaccination coverage and inadequate knowledge: Findings from a community-based cross-sectional study on Japanese Encephalitis in Yangon, Myanmar. F1000Res 2020; 9:6. [PMID: 33014342 PMCID: PMC7525338 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21702.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne disease with high case fatality and no specific treatment. Little is known about the community's (especially parents/guardians of children) awareness regarding JE and its vaccine in Yangon region, which bears the highest JE burden in Myanmar. Methods: We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study in Yangon region (2019) to explore the knowledge and perception of parents/guardians of 1-15 year-old children about JE disease, its vaccination and to describe JE vaccine coverage among 1-15 year-old children. We followed multi-stage random sampling (three stages) to select the 600 households with 1-15 year-old children from 30 clusters in nine townships. Analyses were weighted (inverse probability sampling) for the multi-stage sampling design. Results: Of 600 parents/guardians, 38% exhibited good knowledge of JE , 55% perceived JE as serious in children younger than 15 years and 59% perceived the vaccine to be effective . Among all the children in the 600 households, the vaccination coverage was 97% (831/855). Conclusion: In order to reduce JE incidence in the community, focus on an intensified education program is necessary to sustain the high vaccine coverage in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pyae Phyo Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar
| | - Hemant Deepak Shewade
- International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Paris, 75006, France
- The Union South East Asia Office, New Delhi, 110016, India
- Karuna Trust, Bengaluru, 560041, India
| | - Nang Thu Thu Kyaw
- International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Paris, 75006, France
- The Union Myanmar Country Office, Mandalay, 05021, Myanmar
| | - Khaing Hnin Phyo
- International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Paris, 75006, France
- The Union Myanmar Country Office, Mandalay, 05021, Myanmar
| | - Htar Htar Lin
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Aye Mon Mon Kyaw
- Vector Borne Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11211, Myanmar
| | - Mg Mg Mya
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar
| | - Sein Thaung
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar
| | - Yan Naung Maung Maung
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kyaw PP, Shewade HD, Kyaw NTT, Hnin Phyo K, Lin HH, Kyaw AMM, Mya MM, Thaung S, Maung Maung YN. High vaccination coverage, inadequate knowledge and high vector density: Findings from a community-based cross-sectional study on Japanese Encephalitis in Yangon, Myanmar. F1000Res 2020; 9:6. [PMID: 33014342 PMCID: PMC7525338 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21702.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 03/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito-borne disease with high case fatality and no specific treatment. Little is known about the community's (especially parents/guardians of children) awareness regarding JE and its vaccine in Yangon region, which bears the highest JE burden in Myanmar. Methods: We conducted a community-based cross-sectional study in Yangon region (2019) to explore the knowledge and perception of parents/guardians of 1-15 year-old children about JE disease, its vaccination and to describe JE vaccine coverage among 1-15 year-old children. We followed multi-stage random sampling (three stages) to select the 600 households with 1-15 year-old children from 30 clusters in nine townships. Analyses were weighted (inverse probability sampling) for the multi-stage sampling design. Results: Of 600 parents/guardians, 38% exhibited good knowledge of JE , 55% perceived JE as serious in children younger than 15 years and 59% perceived the vaccine to be effective . Among all the children in the 600 households, the vaccination coverage was 97% (831/855). Conclusion: In order to reduce JE incidence in the community, focus on an intensified education program is necessary to sustain the high vaccine coverage in the community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pyae Phyo Kyaw
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar
| | - Hemant Deepak Shewade
- International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Paris, 75006, France
- The Union South East Asia Office, New Delhi, 110016, India
- Karuna Trust, Bengaluru, 560041, India
| | - Nang Thu Thu Kyaw
- International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Paris, 75006, France
- The Union Myanmar Country Office, Mandalay, 05021, Myanmar
| | - Khaing Hnin Phyo
- International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), Paris, 75006, France
- The Union Myanmar Country Office, Mandalay, 05021, Myanmar
| | - Htar Htar Lin
- Expanded Programme on Immunization, Ministry of Health and Sports, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
| | - Aye Mon Mon Kyaw
- Vector Borne Disease Control Program, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11211, Myanmar
| | - Mg Mg Mya
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar
| | - Sein Thaung
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar
| | - Yan Naung Maung Maung
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, 11191, Myanmar
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zarei Ghobadi M, Mozhgani SH, Farzanehpour M, Behzadian F. Identifying novel biomarkers of the pediatric influenza infection by weighted co-expression network analysis. Virol J 2019; 16:124. [PMID: 31665046 PMCID: PMC6819563 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the high yearly prevalence of Influenza, the pathogenesis mechanism and involved genes have not been fully known. Finding the patterns and mapping the complex interactions between different genes help us to find the possible biomarkers and treatment targets. Methods Herein, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was employed to construct a co-expression network among genes identified by microarray analysis of the pediatric influenza-infected samples. Results Three of the 38 modules were found as the most related modules to influenza infection. At a functional level, we found that the genes in these modules regulate the immune responses, protein targeting, and defense to virus. Moreover, the analysis of differentially expressed genes disclosed 719 DEGs between the normal and infected subjects. The comprehensive investigation of genes in the module involved in immune system and viral defense (yellow module) revealed that SP110, HERC5, SAMD9L, RTP4, C19orf66, HELZ2, EPSTI1, and PHF11 which were also identified as DEGs (except C19orf66) have the potential to be as the biomarkers and also drug targeting for the treatment of pediatric influenza. Conclusions The WGCN analysis revealed co-expressed genes which were involved in the innate immune system and defense to virus. The differentially expressed genes in the identified modules can be considered for designing drug targets. Moreover, modules can help to find pathogenesis routes in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Zarei Ghobadi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Farzanehpour
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farida Behzadian
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
PD1 +CCR2 +CD8 + T Cells Infiltrate the Central Nervous System during Acute Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection. Virol Sin 2019; 34:538-548. [PMID: 31215000 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral encephalitis disease caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. Uncontrolled inflammatory responses in the central nervous system (CNS) are a hallmark of severe JE. Although the CCR2-CCL2 axis is important for monocytes trafficking during JEV infection, little is known about its role in CNS trafficking of CD8+ T cells. Here, we characterized a mouse model of JEV infection, induced via intravenous injection (i.v.) and delineated the chemokines and infiltrating peripheral immune cells in the brains of infected mice. The CNS expression of chemokines, Ccl2, Ccl3, and Ccl5, and their receptors, Ccr2 or Ccr5, was significantly up-regulated after JEV infection and was associated with the degree of JE pathogenesis. Moreover, JEV infection resulted in the migration of a large number of CD8+ T cells into the CNS. In the brains of JEV-infected mice, infiltrating CD8+ T cells expressed CCR2 and CCR5 and were found to comprise mainly effector T cells (CD44+CD62L-). JEV infection dramatically enhanced the expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) on infiltrating CD8+ T cells in the brain, as compared to that on peripheral CD8+ T cells in the spleen. This effect was more pronounced on infiltrating CCR2+CD8+ T cells than on CCR2-CD8+ T cells. In conclusion, we identified a new subset of CD8+ T cells (PD1+CCR2+CD8+ T cells) present in the CNS of mice during acute JEV infection. These CD8+ T cells might play a role in JE pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
13
|
Mitoma H, Manto M. Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier During Neuroinflammatory and Neuroinfectious Diseases. NEUROIMMUNE DISEASES 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121618 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19515-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the organ of highest metabolic demand, utilizing over 25% of total body glucose utilization via an enormous vasculature with one capillary every 73 μm, the brain evolves a barrier at the capillary and postcapillary venules to prevent toxicity during serum fluctuations in metabolites and hormones, to limit brain swelling during inflammation, and to prevent pathogen invasion. Understanding of neuroprotective barriers has since evolved to incorporate the neurovascular unit (NVU), the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, and the presence of CNS lymphatics that allow leukocyte egress. Identification of the cellular and molecular participants in BBB function at the NVU has allowed detailed analyses of mechanisms that contribute to BBB dysfunction in various disease states, which include both autoimmune and infectious etiologies. This chapter will introduce some of the cellular and molecular components that promote barrier function but may be manipulated by inflammatory mediators or pathogens during neuroinflammation or neuroinfectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mitoma
- Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium, Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
ITRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Proteome Profiles of Primary Duck Embryo Fibroblast Cells Infected with Duck Tembusu Virus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1582709. [PMID: 30809531 PMCID: PMC6369498 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1582709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) have caused substantial economic losses in the major duck-producing regions of China since 2010. To improve our understanding of the host cellular responses to virus infection and the pathogenesis of DTMUV infection, we applied isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labeling coupled with multidimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to detect the protein changes in duck embryo fibroblast cells (DEFs) infected and mock-infected with DTMUV. In total, 434 cellular proteins were differentially expressed, among which 116, 76, and 339 proteins were differentially expressed in the DTMUV-infected DEFs at 12, 24, and 42 hours postinfection, respectively. The Gene Ontology analysis indicated that the biological processes of the differentially expressed proteins were primarily related to cellular processes, metabolic processes, biological regulation, response to stimulus, and cellular organismal processes and that the molecular functions in which the differentially expressed proteins were mainly involved were binding and catalytic activity. Some selected proteins that were found to be differentially expressed in DTMUV-infected DEFs were further confirmed by real-time PCR. The results of this study provide valuable insight into DTMUV-host interactions. This could lead to a better understanding of DTMUV infection mechanisms.
Collapse
|
15
|
Yu SP, Ong KC, Perera D, Wong KT. Neuronal transcriptomic responses to Japanese encephalitis virus infection with a special focus on chemokine CXCL11 and pattern recognition receptors RIG-1 and MDA5. Virology 2019; 527:107-115. [PMID: 30481615 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes central nervous system neuronal injury and inflammation. A clear understanding of neuronal responses to JEV infection remains elusive. Using the Affymetrix array to investigate the transcriptome of infected SK-N-MC cells, 1316 and 2737 dysregulated genes (≥ 2/-2 fold change, P < 0.05) were found at 48 hours post-infection (hpi) and 60 hpi, respectively. The genes were mainly involved in anti-microbial responses, cell signalling, cellular function and maintenance, and cell death and survival. Among the most highly upregulated genes (≥ 10 folds, P < 0.05) were chemokines CCL5, CXCL11, IL8 and CXCL10. The upregulation and expression of CXCL11 were confirmed by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence. Pathogen recognition receptors retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 (RIG-1) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) were also upregulated. Our results strongly suggest that neuronal cells play a significant role in immunity against JEV. CXCL11, RIG-1 and MDA5 and other cytokines may be important in neuropathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Pin Yu
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kien Chai Ong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - David Perera
- Institute of Health and Community Medicine, University Malaysia Sarawak, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chowdhury P, Khan SA. Differential Expression Levels of Inflammatory Chemokines and TLRs in Patients Suffering from Mild and Severe Japanese Encephalitis. Viral Immunol 2018; 32:68-74. [PMID: 30585774 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a vector-borne viral disease with clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic to severe neurological symptoms and even leading to death. The exact pathophysiology for diverse clinical spectrum of the disease is complex and has not yet been defined. Studies have postulated that during JE infection, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are produced after the initial recognition of viral antigens through the engagement of toll-like receptors (TLR) pathways. However, there is paucity of knowledge on the expression levels of chemokines and TLRs among mild and severely affected JE patients. Hence, to better understand disease pathogenesis, we examined the mRNA expression of chemokines, CCL2 and CCL5, and their respective receptors CCR2 and CCR5 along with TLRs viz. TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9 in context of mild and severely Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-infected (n = 19) and healthy (n = 19) individuals. Our study showed significant downregulation of CCL2, CCL5, CCR2, CCR5, and TLR3 by log 0.87, 1.02, 0.82, 0.68, and 0.37-fold respectively, among mild cases compared with controls. Significant difference of gene expression among mild and severe JE cases for CCL2 (p < 0.001), CCL5 (p < 0.01), and TLR7 (p < 0.05) was observed. In conclusion, our results proposes that chemokines viz. CCL2 and CCL5 along with TLR7 may be associated with degree of pathogenesis of JE and could be putative therapeutic targets for preventing severe inflammation during viral encephalitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Purvita Chowdhury
- Arbovirology and Rickettsiology Group, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre , Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Siraj Ahmed Khan
- Arbovirology and Rickettsiology Group, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre , Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Japanese encephalitis virus induces apoptosis by inhibiting Foxo signaling pathway. Vet Microbiol 2018; 220:73-82. [PMID: 29885805 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection induces brain tissue disease characterized by neuron death. however, little is known about the underlying mechanism. Using RNA sequencing, we profiled global mRNA expression changes in response to in vitro and in vivo JEV infection. Integration analysis of in vitro and in vivo mRNA transcriptome revealed that JEV infection regulated apoptosis-related Foxo signaling pathway. Foxo expression was reduced by JEV infection in vitro and in vivo. Knockdown of Foxo promoted apoptosis, while its overexpression reduced apoptosis in JEV-infected Neuro-2a cells. JEV infection in Neuro-2a cells decreased the expression of Foxo downstream genes including pro-apoptotic protein Bim, anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-6 and p21. Overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-6 and p21 repressed JEV-induced apoptosis. These findings suggest that Foxo primarily exerts an anti-apoptotic function via Bcl-6 and p21 in JEV-infected Neuro-2a cells. A STAT3 binding site was identified in the promoter region of Foxo by TFBIND software and confirmed by ChIP and reporter assays. JEV infection reduced STAT3 expression as well as its binding at the Foxo promoter compared to mock infection in Neuro-2a cells. Moreover, STAT3 knockdown reduced Foxo promoter activity and Foxo expression. Therefore, JEV reduced Foxo expression, at least in part, by downregulating STAT3. Taken together, we found that JEV induced cell apoptosis by inhibiting STAT3-Foxo-Bcl-6/p21 pathway, which provides a novel insight into JEV-caused encephalitis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu K, Xiao C, Wang F, Xiang X, Ou A, Wei J, Li B, Shao D, Miao D, Zhao F, Long G, Qiu Y, Zhu H, Ma Z. Chemokine receptor antagonist block inflammation and therapy Japanese encephalitis virus infection in mouse model. Cytokine 2018; 110:70-77. [PMID: 29704821 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a viral encephalitis disease caused by infection with the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The virus can cross the blood-brain barrier and cause death or long-term sequela in infected humans or animals. In this study, we first investigated the distribution of JEV infection in brain and further analyzed the dynamic change in inflammation related genes, chemokines, as well as pathological characteristics. Results demonstrated that CCR2 and CCR5 antagonist could significantly inhibit the inflammation. The mice treated with CCR2 and CCR5 antagonists had a higher survival rate between 60% and 70%, respectively. In summary, our study thoroughly illustrated the characteristics of the dynamic change in inflammation related genes and chemokines induced by JEV infection. We further indicated that CCR5 and CCR2 are potential targets for treatment of JE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Changguang Xiao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Molecular Virology and Comparative Medicine, Teaching Building Room 420&422, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, PR China
| | - Xiao Xiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Anni Ou
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Denian Miao
- Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201106, PR China
| | - Fanfan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Gang Long
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Huaimin Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chang CY, Li JR, Ou YC, Lin SY, Wang YY, Chen WY, Hu YH, Lai CY, Chang CJ, Chen CJ. Interplay of inflammatory gene expression in pericytes following Japanese encephalitis virus infection. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 66:230-243. [PMID: 28690034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a pathological hallmark and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis. Although brain pericytes show regulatory effects on neuroinflammation, their involvement in Japanese encephalitis-associated neuroinflammation is not understood. Here, we demonstrated that brain microvascular pericytes could be an alternative cellular source for the induction and/or amplification of neuroinflammation caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. Infection of cultured pericytes with JEV caused profound production of IL-6, RANTES, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Mechanistic studies revealed that JEV infection elicited an elevation of the toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)/MyD88 signaling axis, leading to the activation of NF-κB through IKK signaling and p65 phosphorylation as well as cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) via phosphorylation. We further demonstrated that extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) could be an alternative regulator in transducing signals to NF-κB, CREB, and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) through the phosphorylation mechanism. Released IL-6 and RANTES played an active role in the disruption of endothelial barrier integrity and leukocyte chemotaxis, respectively. cPLA2/PGE2 had a role in activating NF-κB and CREB DNA-binding activities and inflammatory cytokine transcription via the EP2/cAMP/PKA mechanism in an autocrine loop. These inflammatory responses and biochemical events were also detected in the brain of JEV-infected mice. The current findings suggest that pericytes might have pathological relevance in Japanese encephalitis-associated neuroinflammation through a TLR7-related mechanism. The consequences of pericyte activation are their ability to initiate and/or amplify inflammatory cytokine expression by which cellular function of endothelial cells and leukocytes are regulated in favor of CNS infiltration by leukocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery, Feng Yuan Hospital, Taichung City 420, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chuan Ou
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yi Lin
- Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Yu Wang
- Division of Family Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Hu
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Lai
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jung Chang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 406, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung City 407, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City 404, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Interferon regulated gene (IRG) expression-signature in a mouse model of chikungunya virus neurovirulence. J Neurovirol 2017; 23:886-902. [PMID: 29067635 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0583-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulated genes (IRGs) are critical in controlling virus infections. Here, we analyzed the expression profile of IRGs in the brain tissue in a mouse model of chikungunya virus (CHIKV) neurovirulence. Neurovirulence is one of the newer complications identified in disease caused by re-emerging strains of CHIKV, an alphavirus with positive-strand RNA in the Togaviridae family. In microarray analysis, we identified significant upregulation of 269 genes, out of which a predominant percentage (76%) was IRGs. The highly modulated IRGs included Ifit1, Ifi44, Ddx60, Usp18, Stat1, Rtp4, Mnda, Gbp3, Gbp4, Gbp7, Oasl2, Oas1g, Ly6a, Igtp, and Gbp10, along with many others exhibiting lesser changes in expression levels. We found that these IRG mRNA transcripts are modulated in parallel across CHIKV-infected mouse brain tissues, human neuronal cell line IMR-32 and hepatic cell line Huh-7. The genes identified to be highly modulated both in mouse brain and human neuronal cells were Ifit1, Ifi44, Ddx60, Usp18, and Mnda. In Huh-7 cells, however, only two IRGs (Gbp4 and Gbp7) showed a similar level of upregulation. Concordant modulation of IRGs in both mice and human cells indicates that they might play important roles in regulating CHIKV replication in the central nervous system (CNS). The induction of several IRGs in CNS during infection underscores the robustness of IRG-mediated innate immune response in CHIKV restriction. Further studies on these IRGs would help in evolving possibilities for their targeting in host-directed therapeutic interventions against CHIKV.
Collapse
|
21
|
Identification of host genes leading to West Nile virus encephalitis in mice brain using RNA-seq analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26350. [PMID: 27211830 PMCID: PMC4876452 DOI: 10.1038/srep26350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Differential host responses may be critical determinants of distinct pathologies of West Nile virus (WNV) NY99 (pathogenic) and WNV Eg101 (non-pathogenic) strains. We employed RNA-seq technology to analyze global differential gene expression in WNV-infected mice brain and to identify the host cellular factors leading to lethal encephalitis. We identified 1,400 and 278 transcripts, which were differentially expressed after WNV NY99 and WNV Eg101 infections, respectively, and 147 genes were common to infection with both the viruses. Genes that were up-regulated in infection with both the viruses were mainly associated with interferon signaling. Genes associated with inflammation and cell death/apoptosis were only expressed after WNV NY99 infection. We demonstrate that differences in the activation of key pattern recognition receptors resulted in the induction of unique innate immune profiles, which corresponded with the induction of interferon and inflammatory responses. Pathway analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated that after WNV NY99 infection, TREM-1 mediated activation of toll-like receptors leads to the high inflammatory response. In conclusion, we have identified both common and specific responses to WNV NY99 and WNV Eg101 infections as well as genes linked to potential resistance to infection that may be targets for therapeutics.
Collapse
|
22
|
Dynamic changes in global microRNAome and transcriptome reveal complex miRNA-mRNA regulated host response to Japanese Encephalitis Virus in microglial cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20263. [PMID: 26838068 PMCID: PMC4738309 DOI: 10.1038/srep20263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia cells in the brain play essential role during Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) infection and may lead to change in microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA profile. These changes may together control disease outcome. Using Affymetrix microarray platform, we profiled cellular miRNA and mRNA expression at multiple time points during viral infection in human microglial (CHME3) cells. In silico analysis of microarray data revealed a phased pattern of miRNAs expression, associated with JEV replication and provided unique signatures of infection. Target prediction and pathway enrichment analysis identified anti correlation between differentially expressed miRNA and the gene expression at multiple time point which ultimately affected diverse signaling pathways including Notch signaling pathways in microglia. Activation of Notch pathway during JEV infection was demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. The expression of a subset of miRNAs that target multiple genes in Notch signaling pathways were suppressed and their overexpression could affect JEV induced immune response. Further analysis provided evidence for the possible presence of cellular competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) associated with innate immune response. Collectively, our data provide a uniquely comprehensive view of the changes in the host miRNAs induced by JEV during cellular infection and identify Notch pathway in modulating microglia mediated inflammation.
Collapse
|
23
|
MicroRNA transcriptome profiling of mice brains infected with Japanese encephalitis virus by RNA sequencing. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:249-257. [PMID: 26845346 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a mosquito borne viral disease, caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection producing severe neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) with the associated disruption of the blood brain barrier. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of 21-24 nt small non-coding RNAs that play important post-transcriptional regulatory roles in gene expression and have critical roles in virus pathogenesis. We examined the potential roles of miRNAs in JEV-infected suckling mice brains and found that JEV infection changed miRNA expression profiles when the suckling mice began showing nervous symptoms. A total of 1062 known and 71 novel miRNAs were detected in JEV-infected group, accompanied with 1088 known and 75 novel miRNAs in mock controls. Among these miRNAs, one novel and 25 known miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed, including 18 up-regulated and 8 down-regulated miRNAs which were further confirmed by real-time PCR. Gene ontology (GO) and signaling pathway analysis of the predicted target mRNAs of the modulated miRNAs showed that they are correlated with the regulation of apoptosis, neuron differentiation, antiviral immunity and infiltration of mouse brain, and the validated targets of 12 differentially expressed miRNAs were enriched for the regulation of cell programmed death, proliferation, transcription, muscle organ development, erythrocyte differentiation, gene expression, plasma membrane and protein domain specific binding. KEGG analysis further reveals that the validated target genes were involved in the Pathways in cancer, Neurotrophin signaling pathway, Toll like receptor signaling pathway, Endometrial cancer and Jak-STAT signaling pathway. We constructed the interaction networks of miRNAs and their target genes according to GO terms and KEGG pathways and the expression levels of several target genes were examined. Our data provides a valuable basis for further studies on the regulatory roles of miRNAs in JE pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
24
|
Muscat P, Mercado K, Payne K, Chahal H, Jones G. PHF11 expression and cellular distribution is regulated by the Toll-Like Receptor 3 Ligand Polyinosinic:Polycytidylic Acid in HaCaT keratinocytes. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:69. [PMID: 26573531 PMCID: PMC4647448 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammatory skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis represent a complex interaction between the skin and infiltrating immune cells, resulting in damage to the skin barrier and increased inflammation. Polymorphisms in PHF11 have been associated with dermatitis and allergy and PHF11 regulates the transcription of T-cell cytokines as well as class switching to IgE in activated B-cells. The importance of skin barrier homeostasis in the context of inflammatory skin diseases, together with reports identifying PHF11 as an interferon-induced gene, have led us to examine its role in the innate immune response of keratinocytes. Results We developed a cell culture model that allowed us to analyze the effects of the double-stranded RNA analogue poly(I:C) on a confluent cell monolayer immediately after a 24-h treatment, as well as three days after withdrawal of treatment. Immediately after treatment with poly(I:C), PHF11, IL8, and interferon-dependent ISG15 RNA expression was increased. This was accompanied by nuclear localization of PHF11 as well the tight junction protein claudin-1. Knock-down of PHF11 resulted in increased interleukin-8 expression and secretion immediately following treatment with poly(I:C), as well as changes in the cellular distribution of membrane-bound and increased nuclear claudin-1 that was observed up to 3 days after the withdrawal of poly(I:C). This was associated with lower cell density and a decrease in the number of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Conclusions In addition to a role for PHF11 in lymphocyte gene expression, we have now shown that PHF11 was part of the keratinocyte innate immune response by poly(I:C). As knock-down of PHF11 was associated with increased expression of the pro-inflammatory chemokine IL-8 and changes in the cellular distribution of claudin-1, a change normally associated with increased proliferation and migration, we suggest that PHF11 may contribute to epidermal recovery following infection or other damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Muscat
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, 2751, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
| | - Karessa Mercado
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, 2751, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kathryn Payne
- Present address: Garvan Institute for Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
| | - Hardip Chahal
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, 2751, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
| | - Graham Jones
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, 2751, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gupta N, de Wispelaere M, Lecerf M, Kalia M, Scheel T, Vrati S, Berek C, Kaveri SV, Desprès P, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Dimitrov JD. Neutralization of Japanese Encephalitis Virus by heme-induced broadly reactive human monoclonal antibody. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16248. [PMID: 26542535 PMCID: PMC4635365 DOI: 10.1038/srep16248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographical expansion and re-emerging new genotypes of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) require the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we studied a non-conventional approach for antibody therapy and show that, upon exposure to heme, a fraction of natural human immunoglobulins acquires high-affinity reactivity with the antigenic domain-III of JEV E glycoprotein. These JEV-reactive antibodies exhibited neutralizing activity against recently dominant JEV genotypes. This study opens new therapeutic options for Japanese encephalitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nimesh Gupta
- INSERM, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR S 1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, Paris, France
| | - Mélissanne de Wispelaere
- Flavivirus-Host Molecular Interactions laboratory, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Lecerf
- INSERM, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR S 1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, Paris, France
| | - Manjula Kalia
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Tobias Scheel
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Claudia Berek
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Institut der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Srinivas V Kaveri
- INSERM, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR S 1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Flavivirus-Host Molecular Interactions laboratory, Virology Department, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Infection and Epidemiology Department, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris &UMR PIMIT (I2T), University of Reunion Island, INSERM U1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, GIP-CYROI, la Reunion, France
| | - Sébastien Lacroix-Desmazes
- INSERM, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR S 1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, Paris, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- INSERM, UMR S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR S 1138, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wei Chiam C, Fun Chan Y, Chai Ong K, Thong Wong K, Sam IC. Neurovirulence comparison of chikungunya virus isolates of the Asian and East/Central/South African genotypes from Malaysia. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:3243-3254. [PMID: 26276497 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alphavirus of the family Togaviridae, causes fever, polyarthritis and rash. There are three genotypes: West African, Asian and East/Central/South African (ECSA). The latter two genotypes have caused global outbreaks in recent years. Recent ECSA CHIKV outbreaks have been associated with severe neurological disease, but it is not known if different CHIKV genotypes are associated with different neurovirulence. In this study, the neurovirulence of Asian (MY/06/37348) and ECSA (MY/08/065) strains of CHIKV isolated in Malaysia were compared. Intracerebral inoculation of either virus into suckling mice was followed by virus titration, histopathology and gene expression analysis of the harvested brains. Both strains of CHIKV replicated similarly, yet mice infected with MY/06/37348 showed higher mortality. Histopathology findings showed that both CHIKV strains spread within the brain (where CHIKV antigen was localized to astrocytes and neurons) and beyond to skeletal muscle. In MY/06/37348-infected mice, apoptosis, which is associated with neurovirulence in alphaviruses, was observed earlier in brains. Comparison of gene expression showed that a pro-apoptotic gene (eIF2αK2) was upregulated at higher levels in MY/06/37348-infected mice, while genes involved in anti-apoptosis (BIRC3), antiviral responses and central nervous system protection (including CD40, IL-10RA, MyD88 and PYCARD) were upregulated more highly in MY/08/065-infected mice. In conclusion, the higher mortality observed following MY/06/37348 infection in mice is due not to higher viral replication in the brain, but to differentially expressed genes involved in host immune responses. These findings may help to identify therapeutic strategies and biomarkers for neurological CHIKV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wei Chiam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kien Chai Ong
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Application of “Omics” Technologies for Diagnosis and Pathogenesis of Neurological Infections. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11910-015-0580-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
28
|
Chang CY, Li JR, Chen WY, Ou YC, Lai CY, Hu YH, Wu CC, Chang CJ, Chen CJ. Disruption of in vitro endothelial barrier integrity by Japanese encephalitis virus-Infected astrocytes. Glia 2015; 63:1915-1932. [PMID: 25959931 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) characteristics are induced and maintained by crosstalk between brain microvascular endothelial cells and neighboring cells. Using in vitro cell models, we previously found that a bystander effect was a cause for Japanese encephalitis-associated endothelial barrier disruption. Brain astrocytes, which neighbor BBB endothelial cells, play roles in the maintenance of BBB integrity. By extending the scope of relevant studies, a potential mechanism has been shown that the activation of neighboring astrocytes could be a cause of disruption of endothelial barrier integrity during the course of Japanese encephalitis viral (JEV) infection. JEV-infected astrocytes were found to release biologically active molecules that activated ubiquitin proteasome, degraded zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-5, and disrupted endothelial barrier integrity in cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells. JEV infection caused astrocytes to release vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2/MMP-9). Our data demonstrated that VEGF and IL-6 released by JEV-infected astrocytes were critical for the proteasomal degradation of ZO-1 and the accompanying disruption of endothelial barrier integrity through the activation of Janus kinase-2 (Jak2)/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) signaling as well as the induction of ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 component, n-recognin-1 (Ubr 1) in endothelial cells. MMP-induced endothelial barrier disruption was accompanied by MMP-mediated proteolytic degradation of claudin-5 and ubiquitin proteasome-mediated degradation of ZO-1 via extracellular VEGF release. Collectively, these data suggest that JEV infection could activate astrocytes and cause release of VEGF, IL-6, and MMP-2/MMP-9, thereby contributing, in a concerted action, to the induction of Japanese encephalitis-associated BBB breakdown. GLIA 2015;63:1915-1932.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yi Chang
- Department of Surgery, Fong-Yuan Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ri Li
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chuan Ou
- Division of Urology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Lai
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Hu
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Financial and Computational Mathematics, Providence University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Jung Chang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Central Taiwan University of Sciences and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for General Education, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, HungKuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Transcriptome and histopathological changes in mouse brain infected with Neospora caninum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7936. [PMID: 25604996 PMCID: PMC4300462 DOI: 10.1038/srep07936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is a protozoan parasite that causes neurological disorders in dogs and cattle. It can cause nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis and a variety of neuronal symptoms are observed, particularly in dogs. However, the pathogenic mechanism, including the relationship between the parasite distribution and the clinical signs, is unclear. In this study, to understand the pathogenic mechanism of neosporosis, parasite distribution and lesions were assessed in the brain of mice infected with N. caninum (strain Nc-1). Host gene expression was also analyzed with RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). The histopathological lesions in the frontal lobe and the medulla oblongata were significantly more severe in symptomatic mice than in asymptomatic mice, although no association between the severity of the lesions and parasite numbers was found. In infected mice, the expression of 772 mouse brain genes was upregulated. A GOstat analysis predicted that the upregulated genes were involved in the host immune response. Genes whose expression correlated positively and negatively with parasite numbers were involved in the host immune response, and neuronal morphogenesis and lipid metabolic processes, respectively. These results suggest that changes in the gene expression profile associated with neuronal functions as well as immune responses can contribute to the pathogenesis in N. caninum-infected animals.
Collapse
|
30
|
Michlmayr D, Lim JK. Chemokine receptors as important regulators of pathogenesis during arboviral encephalitis. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:264. [PMID: 25324719 PMCID: PMC4179766 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a highly complex network comprising long-lived neurons and glial cells. Accordingly, numerous mechanisms have evolved to tightly regulate the initiation of inflammatory responses within the brain. Under neuroinflammatory conditions, as in the case of viral encephalitides, the infiltration of leukocytes is often required for efficient viral clearance and recovery. The orchestration of leukocyte migration into the inflamed CNS is largely coordinated by a large family of chemotactic cytokines and their receptors. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of how chemokines promote protection or pathogenesis during arbovirus induced encephalitis, focusing on neurotropic flaviviruses and alphaviruses. Furthermore, we will highlight the latest developments in chemokine and chemokine receptor based drugs that could have potential as therapeutics and have been shown to play a pivotal role in shaping the outcome of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Michlmayr
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| | - Jean K Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Spatola M, Du Pasquier RA. Immune system's role in viral encephalitis. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 170:577-83. [PMID: 25189678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections can be a major thread for the central nervous system (CNS), therefore, the immune system must be able to mount a highly proportionate immune response, not too weak, which would allow the virus to proliferate, but not too strong either, to avoid collateral damages. Here, we aim at reviewing the immunological mechanisms involved in the host defense in viral CNS infections. First, we review the specificities of the innate as well as the adaptive immune responses in the CNS, using several examples of various viral encephalitis. Then, we focus on three different modes of interactions between viruses and immune responses, namely human Herpes virus-1 encephalitis with the defect in innate immune response which favors this disease; JC virus-caused progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and the crucial role of adaptive immune response in this example; and finally, HIV infection with the accompanying low grade chronic inflammation in the CNS in some patients, which may be an explanation for the presence of cognitive disorders, even in some well-treated HIV-infected patients. We also emphasize that, although the immune response is generally associated with viral replication control and limited cellular death, an exaggerated inflammatory reaction can lead to tissue damage and can be detrimental for the host, a feature of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). We will briefly address the indication of steroids in this situation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Spatola
- Service of Neurology, BH.10.131, Bugnon 44, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R A Du Pasquier
- Service of Neurology, BH.10.131, Bugnon 44, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland; Laboratory of neuro-immunology, Centre of clinical neurosciences, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Steelman AJ, Li J. Astrocyte galectin-9 potentiates microglial TNF secretion. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:144. [PMID: 25158758 PMCID: PMC4158089 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0144-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant neuroinflammation is suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of myriad neurological diseases. As such, determining the pathways that promote or inhibit glial activation is of interest. Activation of the surface glycoprotein T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing protein 3 (Tim-3) by the lectin galectin-9 has been implicated in promoting innate immune cell activation by potentiating or synergizing toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. In the present study we examined the role of the Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway in glial activation in vitro. Method Primary monocultures of microglia or astrocytes, co-cultures containing microglia and astrocytes, and mixed glial cultures consisting of microglia, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were stimulated with poly(I:C) or LPS, and galectin-9 up-regulation was determined. The effect of endogenous galectin-9 production on microglial activation was examined using cultures from wild-type and Lgals9 null mice. The ability for recombinant galectin-9 to promote microglia activation was also assessed. Tim-3 expression on microglia and BV2 cells was examined by qPCR and flow cytometry and its necessity in transducing the galectin-9 signal was determined using a Tim-3 specific neutralizing antibody or recombinant soluble Tim-3. Result Astrocytes potentiated TNF production from microglia following TLR stimulation. Poly(I:C) stimulation increased galectin-9 expression in microglia and microglial-derived factors promoted galectin-9 up-regulation in astrocytes. Astrocyte-derived galectin-9 in turn enhanced microglial TNF production. Similarly, recombinant galectin-9 enhanced poly(I:C)-induced microglial TNF and IL-6 production. Inhibition of Tim-3 did not alter TNF production in mixed glial cultures stimulated with poly(I:C). Conclusion Galectin-9 functions as an astrocyte-microglia communication signal and promotes cytokine production from microglia in a Tim-3 independent manner. Activation of CNS galectin-9 likely modulates neuroinflammatory processes in which TNF and IL-6 contribute to either pathology or reparation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-014-0144-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianrong Li
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences and Institute for Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, Mail Stop 4458, College Station 77843, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rajasekharan S, Rana J, Gulati S, Gupta V, Gupta S. Neuroinvasion by Chandipura virus. Acta Trop 2014; 135:122-6. [PMID: 24713200 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chandipura virus (CHPV) is an arthropod borne rhabdovirus associated with acute encephalitis in children below the age of 15 years in the tropical states of India. Although the entry of the virus into the nervous system is among the crucial events in the pathogenesis of CHPV, the exact mechanism allowing CHPV to invade the central nervous system (CNS) is currently poorly understood. In the present review, based on the knowledge of host interactors previously predicted for CHPV, along with the support from experimental data available for other encephalitic viruses, the authors have speculated the various plausible modes by which CHPV could surpass the blood-brain barrier and invade the CNS to cause encephalitis whilst evading the host immune surveillance. Collectively, this review provides a conservative set of potential interactions that can be employed for future experimental validation with a view to better understand the neuropathogenesis of CHPV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreejith Rajasekharan
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 307, India
| | - Jyoti Rana
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 307, India
| | - Sahil Gulati
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 307, India
| | - Vandana Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi South Campus (UDSC), Benito Juarez Marg, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Sanjay Gupta
- Centre for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector 62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201 307, India.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gupta N, Hegde P, Lecerf M, Nain M, Kaur M, Kalia M, Vrati S, Bayry J, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Kaveri SV. Japanese encephalitis virus expands regulatory T cells by increasing the expression of PD-L1 on dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:1363-74. [PMID: 24643627 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) pathogenesis need to be thoroughly explored to delineate therapeutic approaches. It is believed that JEV manipulates the innate and adaptive compartments of the host's immune system to evade immune response and cross the blood-brain barrier. The present study was thus designed to investigate the functional modulation of DCs after exposure to JEV and to assess the consequences on CD4(+) T-lymphocyte functions. Human monocyte-derived DCs were either infected with 1 MOI of live virus, UV-inactivated virus, or were mock-infected. Replication-competent JEV induced a significant increase in the expression of maturation markers 48 h postinfection, along with that of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1; also called B7-H1 and CD274). JEV-infected DCs expanded the Treg cells in allogenic mixed lymphocyte reactions. The expansion of Treg cells by JEV-infected DCs was significantly reduced upon blocking PD-L1 using an antagonist. In addition, JEV-infected DCs significantly altered the proliferation and reduced the polarization of Th cells toward the Th1-cell phenotype. The results, for the first time, suggest that JEV evades the host's immune system by modulating the crosstalk between DCs and T lymphocytes via the PD-L1 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nimesh Gupta
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, UMR S 1138, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, UMR S 1138, Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 1138, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Clarke P, Leser JS, Bowen RA, Tyler KL. Virus-induced transcriptional changes in the brain include the differential expression of genes associated with interferon, apoptosis, interleukin 17 receptor A, and glutamate signaling as well as flavivirus-specific upregulation of tRNA synthetases. mBio 2014; 5:e00902-14. [PMID: 24618253 PMCID: PMC3952157 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00902-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses, particularly Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and West Nile virus (WNV), are important causes of virus-induced central nervous system (CNS) disease in humans. We used microarray analysis to identify cellular genes that are differentially regulated following infection of the brain with JEV (P3) or WNV (New York 99). Gene expression data for these flaviviruses were compared to those obtained following infection of the brain with reovirus (type 3 Dearing), an unrelated neurotropic virus. We found that a large number of genes were up-regulated by all three viruses (using the criteria of a change of >2-fold and a P value of <0.001), including genes associated with interferon signaling, the immune system, inflammation, and cell death/survival signaling. In addition, genes associated with glutamate signaling were down-regulated in infections with all three viruses (criteria, a >2-fold change and a P value of <0.001). These genes may serve as broad-spectrum therapeutic targets for virus-induced CNS disease. A distinct set of genes were up-regulated following flavivirus infection but not following infection with reovirus. These genes were associated with tRNA charging and may serve as therapeutic targets for flavivirus-induced CNS disease. IMPORTANCE Viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Treatment options for virus-induced CNS disease are limited, and for many clinically important neurotropic viruses, no specific therapy of proven benefit is currently available. We performed microarray analysis to identify genes that are differentially regulated in the brain following virus infection in order to identify pathways that might provide novel therapeutic targets for virus-induced CNS disease. Although several studies have described gene expression changes following virus infection of the brain, this report is the first to directly compare large-scale gene expression data from different viruses. We identified genes that are differentially regulated in infection of the brain with viruses from different families and those which appear to be specific to flavivirus infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Penny Clarke
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - J. Smith Leser
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Richard A. Bowen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhao P, Yang Y, Feng H, Zhao L, Qin J, Zhang T, Wang H, Yang S, Xia X. Global gene expression changes in BV2 microglial cell line during rabies virus infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:257-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
37
|
Fadnis PR, Ravi V, Desai A, Turtle L, Solomon T. Innate immune mechanisms in Japanese encephalitis virus infection: effect on transcription of pattern recognition receptors in mouse neuronal cells and brain tissue. Viral Immunol 2013; 26:366-77. [PMID: 24236856 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2013.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Very little information is available on the role of innate immune mechanisms in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection. This study was designed to investigate the role of all Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) in JEV infection in a mouse neuronal cell line in comparison to events that occur in vivo, using JEV infected suckling and adult mice. Analysis of mRNA expression was carried out using RT-PCR for detection of PRR genes and their downstream pathway genes, while a PCR array technique was used to examine the complete transcription analysis. Amongst the various innate immune receptors, TLR3 gene exhibited differential expression in JEV-infected Neuro2a, in suckling mice and adult mouse brain cells but not in uninfected control cells. The downstream events of TLR3 were confirmed by increased mRNA expression of IRF3 and interferon-β in JEV-infected Neuro2a cells and suckling mice brain tissue. To confirm the functional significance of this observation, TLR3 gene silencing experiments were carried using specific siRNA in Neuro2a cells. The results revealed a significant enhancement of JEV replication in TLR3 gene silenced JEV-infected Neuro2a cells, thereby suggesting that TLR3 serves a protective role against JEV. The expression levels of other PRRs varied. JEV-infected adult mice showed significant upregulation of TLR2 and MDA5 as compared to JEV-infected suckling mice and Neuro2a cells. In addition, upregulation of Myd88 and IRF7 was also noted in adult mice. These observations, coupled with the fact that adult mice infected with JEV exhibited longer survival rates, suggests that the host antiviral TLR2 response seen in adult mice was eventually countered by the virus by using MDA5 receptor. Our findings suggest that different PRRs appear to be involved in JEV infection in Neuro2a cells and brains of suckling and adult mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Rahul Fadnis
- 1 Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) , Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kyan Y, Ueda Y, Yoshida M, Sasahara K, Shinya K. Transcriptome profiling of brain edemas caused by influenza infection and lipopolysaccharide treatment. J Med Virol 2013; 86:905-11. [PMID: 24306925 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus-associated encephalopathy triggered by influenza virus infection often occurs in children aged five and younger in Japan. However, the mechanisms behind Influenza A virus-associated encephalopathy are not yet well understood. This study developed an Influenza A virus-associated encephalopathy-like model using mice infected with Influenza A virus and given lipopolysaccharide treatment. The results showed that the mice used in the model suffered from brain edemas nearly three times more severe, as well as having higher cytokine levels in sera compared to those of the control groups. Using gene expression profiling, cytokine-related genes were found not to be up-regulated in the brain in situ, while protein coding genes, which are known to be involved in blood-brain barrier disruption, were up-regulated. Categorizing the functional groups using gene ontology revealed the terms "ion channels," "calcium oscillation," and "membrane transporter activities." The blood-brain barrier disruption found in this Influenza A virus-associated encephalopathy model can therefore be assumed to be due to a cellular electrolyte imbalance of the neuronal tissue, in addition to a cytokine storm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Kyan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Infection of pericytes in vitro by Japanese encephalitis virus disrupts the integrity of the endothelial barrier. J Virol 2013; 88:1150-61. [PMID: 24198423 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02738-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Though the compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a pathological hallmark of Japanese encephalitis-associated neurological sequelae, the underlying mechanisms and the specific cell types involved are not understood. BBB characteristics are induced and maintained by cross talk between brain microvascular endothelial cells and neighboring elements of the neurovascular unit. In this study, we show a potential mechanism of disruption of endothelial barrier integrity during the course of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection through the activation of neighboring pericytes. We found that cultured brain pericytes were susceptible to JEV infection but were without signs of remarkable cytotoxicity. JEV-infected pericytes were found to release biologically active molecules which activated ubiquitin proteasome, degraded zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), and disrupted endothelial barrier integrity in cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells. Infection of pericytes with JEV was found to elicit elevated production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which contributed to the aforementioned endothelial changes. We further demonstrated that ubiquitin-protein ligase E3 component n-recognin-1 (Ubr 1) was a key upstream regulator which caused proteasomal degradation of ZO-1 downstream of IL-6 signaling. During JEV central nervous system trafficking, endothelial cells rather than pericytes are directly exposed to cell-free viruses in the peripheral bloodstream. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that subsequent to primary infection of endothelial cells, JEV infection of pericytes might contribute to the initiation and/or augmentation of Japanese encephalitis-associated BBB breakdown in concerted action with other unidentified barrier disrupting factors.
Collapse
|
40
|
Larena M, Regner M, Lobigs M. Cytolytic effector pathways and IFN-γ help protect against Japanese encephalitis. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1789-98. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201243152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Larena
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Vaccines; John Curtin School of Medical Research; The Australian National University; Canberra; Australia
| | - Matthias Regner
- Department of Emerging Pathogens and Vaccines; John Curtin School of Medical Research; The Australian National University; Canberra; Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Neurotropic flaviviruses are important emerging and reemerging arthropod-borne pathogens that cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans and other vertebrates worldwide. Upon entry and infection of the CNS, these viruses can induce a rapid inflammatory response characterized by the infiltration of leukocytes into the brain parenchyma. Chemokines and their receptors are involved in coordinating complex leukocyte trafficking patterns that regulate viral pathogenesis in vivo. In this review, we will summarize the current literature on the role of chemokines in regulating the pathogenesis of West Nile, Japanese encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis virus infections in mouse models and humans. Understanding how viral infections trigger chemokines, the key cellular events that occur during the infection process, as well as the immunopathogenic role of these cells, are critical areas of research that may ultimately guide a much needed effort toward developing specific immunomodulators and/or antiviral therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana V Bardina
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1124, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hu W, Yen YT, Singh S, Kao CL, Wu-Hsieh BA. SARS-CoV regulates immune function-related gene expression in human monocytic cells. Viral Immunol 2012; 25:277-88. [PMID: 22876772 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2011.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary fibrosis, and monocytes/macrophages are the key players in the pathogenesis of SARS. In this study, we compared the transcriptional profiles of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-infected monocytic cells against that infected by coronavirus 229E (CoV-229E). Total RNA was extracted from infected DC-SIGN-transfected monocytes (THP-1-DC-SIGN) at 6 and 24 h after infection, and the gene expression was profiled in oligonucleotide-based microarrays. Analysis of immune-related gene expression profiles showed that at 24 h after SARS-CoV infection: (1) IFN-α/β-inducible and cathepsin/proteasome genes were downregulated; (2) hypoxia/hyperoxia-related genes were upregulated; and (3) TLR/TLR-signaling, cytokine/cytokine receptor-related, chemokine/chemokine receptor-related, lysosome-related, MHC/chaperon-related, and fibrosis-related genes were differentially regulated. These results elucidate that SARS-CoV infection regulates immune-related genes in monocytes/macrophages, which may be important to the pathogenesis of SARS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanchung Hu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bhaskar AB, Gupta N, Rao PL. Transcriptomic profile of host response in mouse brain after exposure to plant toxin abrin. Toxicology 2012; 299:33-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
44
|
Kaushik DK, Gupta M, Kumawat KL, Basu A. NLRP3 inflammasome: key mediator of neuroinflammation in murine Japanese encephalitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32270. [PMID: 22393394 PMCID: PMC3290554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) is a common cause of acute and epidemic viral encephalitis. JEV infection is associated with microglial activation resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including Interleukin-1 β (IL-1β) and Interleukin-18 (IL-18). The Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) and the underlying mechanism by which microglia identify the viral particle leading to the production of these cytokines is unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings For our studies, we have used murine model of JEV infection as well as BV-2 mouse microglia cell line. In this study, we have identified a signalling pathway which leads to the activation of caspase-1 as the key enzyme responsible for the maturation of both IL-1β and IL-18 in NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein-3 (NLRP3) dependent manner. Depletion of NLRP3 results in the reduction of caspase-1 activity and subsequent production of these cytokines. Conclusion/Significance Our results identify a mechanism mediated by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production and potassium efflux as the two danger signals that link JEV infection to caspase-1 activation resulting in subsequent IL-1β and IL-18 maturation.
Collapse
|
45
|
Balasubramaniam VRMT, Wai TH, Omar AR, Othman I, Hassan SS. Cellular transcripts of chicken brain tissues in response to H5N1 and Newcastle disease virus infection. Virol J 2012; 9:53. [PMID: 22361110 PMCID: PMC3297529 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Highly-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 and Newcastle disease (ND) viruses are the two most important poultry viruses in the world, with the ability to cause classic central nervous system dysfunction in poultry and migratory birds. To elucidate the mechanisms of neurovirulence caused by these viruses, a preliminary study was design to analyze host's cellular responses during infections of these viruses. Methods An improved mRNA differential display technique (Gene Fishing™) was undertaken to analyze differentially expressed transcripts regulated during HPAI H5N1 and velogenic neurotropic NDV infections of whole brain of chickens. The identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was made possible as this technique uses annealing control primers that generate reproducible, authentic and long PCR products that are detectable on agarose gels. Results Twenty-three genes were identified to be significantly regulated during infections with both viruses, where ten of the genes have been selected for validation using a TaqMan® based real time quantitative PCR assay. Some of the identified genes demonstrated to be key factors involving the cytoskeletal system, neural signal transduction and protein folding during stress. Interestingly, Septin 5, one of the genes isolated from HPAI H5N1-infected brain tissues has been reported to participate in the pathogenic process of Parkinson's disease. Conclusions In this limited study, the differentially expressed genes of infected brain tissues regulated by the viruses were found not to be identical, thus suggesting that their neurovirulence and neuropathogenesis may not share similar mechanisms and pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod R M T Balasubramaniam
- Virus-Host Interaction Group, Infectious Disease Laboratory (MR3), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Sunway Campus, 46150 Sunway, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhao P, Zhao L, Zhang T, Qi Y, Wang T, Liu K, Wang H, Feng H, Jin H, Qin C, Yang S, Xia X. Innate immune response gene expression profiles in central nervous system of mice infected with rabies virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2011; 34:503-12. [PMID: 22005334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was focused on the modulation of innate immune response genes in CNS of mouse in response to rabies virus (RABV) infection. The global gene expression changes in brains of RABV- or mock-infected mice were investigated using DNA microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR. Then functional enrichment of the differentially expressed mRNAs was performed. Microarray analysis showed that 390 genes in brain were significantly (P<0.01) regulated in response to RABV infection, with obviously up-regulated genes like interferon (IFN) stimulated genes (ISGs), IFN inducible transcription factors, cytokines and complement, etc. The significant pathways of differentially expressed genes are mainly involved in JAK-STAT signaling pathway, antigen processing and presentation, ubiquitin mediated proteolysis and complement cascades. The results suggest that the modulated genes in infected CNS were possibly involved in pathogenesis of rabies. Conversely, they may have protective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pingsen Zhao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|