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Barone LJ, Cardoso NP, Mansilla FC, Castillo M, Capozzo AV. Enhanced infectivity of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) in arginase-producing bovine monocyte-derived macrophages. Virulence 2023:2283899. [PMID: 37966797 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2283899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important cells of the innate immunity that play a major role in Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) pathogenesis. Macrophages are not a homogenous population; they exist in different phenotypes, typically divided into two main categories: classically (pro-inflammatory) and alternatively activated (anti-inflammatory) or M1 and M2, respectively. The role of bovine macrophage phenotypes on BVDV infection is still unclear. This study characterized the interaction between BVDV, and monocyte-derived macrophages (Mo-Mφ) collected from healthy cattle and polarized to an M1 or M2 state by using LPS, INF-γ, IL-4 or azithromycin. Arginase activity quantitation was utilized as a marker of the M2 Mo-Mφ spectrum. There was a significant association between arginase activity and the replication rate of BVDV strains of different genotypes and biotypes. Inhibition of arginase activity also reduced BVDV infectivity. Calves treated with azithromycin induced Mo-Mφ of the M2 state produced high levels of arginase. Interestingly, azithromycin administered in vivo increased the susceptibility of macrophages to BVDV infection ex vivo. Mo-Mφ from pregnant dams and calves produced higher arginase levels than those from non-pregnant adult animals. The increased infection of arginase-producing alternatively activated bovine macrophages with BVDV supports the need to delve into a possible leading role of M2 macrophages in establishing the immune-suppressive state during BVDV convalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas José Barone
- Institute of Virology and Technical Innovations, INTA- CONICET. National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nancy Patricia Cardoso
- Institute of Virology and Technical Innovations, INTA- CONICET. National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Florencia Celeste Mansilla
- Institute of Virology and Technical Innovations, INTA- CONICET. National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariángeles Castillo
- Institute of Virology and Technical Innovations, INTA- CONICET. National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Victoria Capozzo
- Institute of Virology and Technical Innovations, INTA- CONICET. National Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Walz PH, Chamorro MF, M Falkenberg S, Passler T, van der Meer F, R Woolums A. Bovine viral diarrhea virus: An updated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement with focus on virus biology, hosts, immunosuppression, and vaccination. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1690-1706. [PMID: 32633084 PMCID: PMC7517858 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in cattle populations across most of the world has remained elusive in spite of advances in knowledge about this viral pathogen. A central feature of virus perseverance in cattle herds is the unique mechanism of persistent infection. Managing BVDV infection in herds involves controlling persistently infected carrier animals using a multidimensional approach of vaccination, biosecurity, and identification of BVDV reservoirs. A decade has passed since the original American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement on BVDV. While much has remained the same with respect to clinical signs of disease, pathogenesis of infection including persistent infection, and diagnosis, scientific articles published since 2010 have led to a greater understanding of difficulties associated with control of BVDV. This consensus statement update on BVDV presents greater focus on topics currently relevant to the biology and control of this viral pathogen of cattle, including changes in virus subpopulations, infection in heterologous hosts, immunosuppression, and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul H Walz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Manuel F Chamorro
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Shollie M Falkenberg
- USDA Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Thomas Passler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Amelia R Woolums
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, USA
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3
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Kuca T, Passler T, Newcomer BW, Neill JD, Galik PK, Riddell KP, Zhang Y, Bayles DO, Walz PH. Changes Introduced in the Open Reading Frame of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus During Serial Infection of Pregnant Swine. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1138. [PMID: 32587582 PMCID: PMC7298064 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most economically important viruses of cattle, but this pathogen is also able to infect pigs, camelids, and a wide range of domestic and wild ruminants. BVDV isolates circulating in animal populations are genetically and antigenically highly diverse. Acute BVDV infections in cattle cause the introduction of many substitutions in the viral genome. Serial infection of pregnant sheep with a BVDV-1b isolate of bovine origin was also associated with great numbers of substitutions. To our knowledge, genomic changes arising during BVDV infections in swine have not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes occurring in the open reading frame (ORF) of BVDV during serial infection of pregnant swine with a BVDV isolate of bovine origin. The BVDV-1b isolate AU526 was serially passaged in six pregnant gilts, two of which gave birth to live piglets congenitally infected with BVDV. The complete ORF sequences of 14 BVDV isolates obtained from pregnant gilts and their piglets were determined. Their analysis revealed that serial transmission of AU526 in pregnant swine resulted in many genomic changes. All isolates of porcine origin shared 32 nucleotide and 12 amino acid differences with the virus inoculum AU526. These changes were detected after a single passage in pregnant swine and were conserved during the subsequent five passages. Amino acid changes occurred primarily in genomic regions encoding the BVDV structural proteins E2 and E rns . These results suggest that BVDV infections in pregnant swine may contribute significantly to the genetic variability of BVDV and lead to the appearance of adaptive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Kuca
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Thomas Passler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Benjamin W Newcomer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - John D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Patricia K Galik
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kay P Riddell
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Yijing Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paul H Walz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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Russell GC, Zadoks RN, Willoughby K, Bachofen C. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus loses quasispecies diversity rapidly in culture. Microb Genom 2020; 6:e000343. [PMID: 32160141 PMCID: PMC7276709 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) is an important disease of cattle, with significant impacts on animal health and welfare. The wide host range of the causative pestiviruses may lead to formation of virus reservoirs in other ruminant or wildlife species, presenting a concern for the long-term success of BVD eradication campaigns. It is likely that the quasispecies nature of these RNA viruses contributes to their interspecies transmission by providing genetic plasticity. Understanding the spectrum of sequence variants present in persistently infected (PI) animals is, therefore, essential for studies of virus transmission. To analyse quasispecies diversity without amplification bias, we extracted viral RNA from the serum of a PI cow, and from cell culture fluid after three passages of the same virus in culture, to produce cDNA without amplification. Sequencing of this material using Illumina 250 bp paired-read technology produced full-length virus consensus sequences from both sources and demonstrated the quasispecies diversity of this pestivirus A genotype 1a field strain within serum and after culture. We report the distribution and diversity of over 800 SNPs and provide evidence for a loss of diversity after only three passages in cell culture, implying that cultured viruses cannot be used to understand quasispecies diversity and may not provide reliable molecular markers for source tracing or transmission studies. Additionally, both serum and cultured viruses could be sequenced as a set of 25 overlapping PCR amplicons that demonstrated the same consensus sequences and the presence of many of the same quasispecies variants. The observation that aspects of the quasispecies structure revealed by massively parallel sequencing are also detected after PCR and Sanger sequencing suggests that this approach may be useful for small or difficult to analyse samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C. Russell
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Ruth N. Zadoks
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
- Present address: Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Kim Willoughby
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Claudia Bachofen
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
- Present address: Institute of Virology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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Colitti B, Nogarol C, Giacobini M, Capucchio MT, Biasato I, Rosati S, Bertolotti L. Compartmentalized evolution of Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus type 2 in an immunotolerant persistently infected cow. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15460. [PMID: 31664116 PMCID: PMC6827220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52023-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the most important pathogens of cattle worldwide. BVDV-1 is widely distributed in Italy, while BVDV-2 has been detected occasionally. BVDV can be classified in two biotypes, cytopathic (CP) or noncytopathic (NCP). The characteristic of the virus is linked with the infection of a pregnant dam with a NCP strain: due to viral establishment before maturation of the fetal immune system the calf remains persistently infected (PI) and immunotolerant to the infecting BVDV strain. Thanks to their immunotolerance, PI animals represent a unique model to study the viral distribution and compartmentalization in absence of immunoresponse in vivo. In the present study, NGS sequencing was used to characterize the BVDV2 viral strain infecting a PI calf and to describe the viral quasispecies in tissues. Even if the consensus sequences obtained by all the samples were highly similar, quasispecies was described evaluating the presence and the frequency of variants among all the sequencing reads in each tissue. The results suggest a high heterogeneity of the infecting viral strain suggesting viral compartmentalization. The quasispecies analysis highlights the complex dynamics of viral population structure and can increase the knowledge about viral evolution in BVDV-2 persistently infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Nogarol
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Giacobini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi Bertolotti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy.
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Kuca T, Passler T, Newcomer BW, Neill JD, Galik PK, Riddell KP, Zhang Y, Walz PH. Identification of Conserved Amino Acid Substitutions During Serial Infection of Pregnant Cattle and Sheep With Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1109. [PMID: 29928264 PMCID: PMC5998738 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an economically important pathogen of cattle that can also infect a wide range of domestic and wild species including sheep, goats, deer, camelids, and pigs. BVDV isolates are genetically highly diverse and previous work demonstrated that many substitutions were introduced in the viral genome during acute infections in cattle. In contrast, only limited information exists regarding changes occurring during BVDV infections in species other than cattle. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes introduced in the open reading frame (ORF) of the BVDV genome during serial infection of pregnant cattle and sheep with an isolate of bovine origin. Serial experimental inoculations were performed in six pregnant heifers and six pregnant ewes using BVDV-1b isolate AU526 in the first heifer and ewe, and serum from the preceding acutely infected dam thereafter. Complete ORF sequences were determined for 23 BVDV-1b isolates including AU526, one isolate from each pregnant dam, and one isolate from each BVDV-positive offspring born to these dams. Sequence comparison revealed that greater numbers of substitutions occurred during serial infection of pregnant sheep than of pregnant cattle. Furthermore, multiple host-specific amino acid changes were gradually introduced and conserved. These changes were more abundant in ovine isolates and occurred primarily in the E2 coding region. These results suggest that BVDV infections in heterologous species may serve as a significant source of viral genetic diversity and may be associated with adaptive changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Kuca
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Thomas Passler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Benjamin W. Newcomer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - John D. Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Patricia K. Galik
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Kay P. Riddell
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Yijing Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Paul H. Walz
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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7
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Lokhandwala S, Fang X, Waghela SD, Bray J, Njongmeta LM, Herring A, Abdelsalam KW, Chase C, Mwangi W. Priming Cross-Protective Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus-Specific Immunity Using Live-Vectored Mosaic Antigens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170425. [PMID: 28099492 PMCID: PMC5242483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) plays a key role in bovine respiratory disease complex, which can lead to pneumonia, diarrhea and death of calves. Current vaccines are not very effective due, in part, to immunosuppressive traits and failure to induce broad protection. There are diverse BVDV strains and thus, current vaccines contain representative genotype 1 and 2 viruses (BVDV-1 & 2) to broaden coverage. BVDV modified live virus (MLV) vaccines are superior to killed virus vaccines, but they are susceptible to neutralization and complement-mediated destruction triggered by passively acquired antibodies, thus limiting their efficacy. We generated three novel mosaic polypeptide chimeras, designated NproE2123; NS231; and NS232, which incorporate protective determinants that are highly conserved among BVDV-1a, 1b, and BVDV-2 genotypes. In addition, strain-specific protective antigens from disparate BVDV strains were included to broaden coverage. We confirmed that adenovirus constructs expressing these antigens were strongly recognized by monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal sera, and IFN-γ-secreting T cells generated against diverse BVDV strains. In a proof-of-concept efficacy study, the multi-antigen proto-type vaccine induced higher, but not significantly different, IFN-γ spot forming cells and T-cell proliferation compared to a commercial MLV vaccine. In regards to the humoral response, the prototype vaccine induced higher BVDV-1 specific neutralizing antibody titers, whereas the MLV vaccine induced higher BVDV-2 specific neutralizing antibody titers. Following BVDV type 2a (1373) challenge, calves immunized with the proto-type or the MLV vaccine had lower clinical scores compared to naïve controls. These results support the hypothesis that a broadly protective subunit vaccine can be generated using mosaic polypeptides that incorporate rationally selected and validated protective determinants from diverse BVDV strains. Furthermore, regarding biosafety of using a live vector in cattle, we showed that recombinant human adenovirus-5 was cleared within one week following intradermal inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehnaz Lokhandwala
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xin Fang
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Suryakant D. Waghela
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jocelyn Bray
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Leo M. Njongmeta
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andy Herring
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Karim W. Abdelsalam
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Christopher Chase
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Darweesh MF, Rajput MKS, Braun LJ, Ridpath JF, Neill JD, Chase CCL. Characterization of the cytopathic BVDV strains isolated from 13 mucosal disease cases arising in a cattle herd. Virus Res 2014; 195:141-7. [PMID: 25300803 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a positive single stranded RNA virus belonging to the Pestivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family. BVDV has a wide host range that includes most ruminants. Noncytopathic (ncp) BVDV may establish lifelong persistent infections in calves following infection of the fetus between 40 and 120 days of gestation. Cytopathic (cp) BVDV strains arise from ncp strains via mutations. The most common cp mutations are insertions of RNA derived from either host or a duplication of viral sequences into the region of the genome coding for the NS2/3 protein. Superinfection of a persistently infected animal with a cp virus can give rise to mucosal disease, a condition that is invariably fatal. A herd of 136 bred 3-year old cows was studied. These cows gave birth to 41 PI animals of which 23 succumbed to mucosal disease. In this study, we characterized the ncp and cp viruses isolated from 13 of these animals. All viruses belonged to the BVDV type 2a genotype and were highly similar. All the cp viruses contained an insertion in the NS2/3 coding region consisting of the sequences derived from the transcript encoding a DnaJ protein named Jiv90. Comparison of the inserted DnaJ regions along with the flanking viral sequences in the insertion 3' end of the 13 cp isolates revealed sequence identities ranging from 96% to 99% with common borders. This suggested that one animal likely developed a cp virus that then progressively spread to the other 12 animals. Interestingly, when the inserted mammalian gene replicated within viral genome, it showed conservation of the same conserved motifs between the different species, which may indicate a role for these motifs in the insertion function within the virus genome. This is the first characterization of multiple cp bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates that spread in a herd under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud F Darweesh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, SDSU, Brookings, SD 570076, USA.
| | - Mrigendra K S Rajput
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, SDSU, Brookings, SD 570076, USA.
| | - Lyle J Braun
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, SDSU, Brookings, SD 570076, USA.
| | - Julia F Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - John D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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9
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Weber MN, Mósena ACS, Simões SVD, Almeida LL, Pessoa CRM, Budaszewski RF, Silva TR, Ridpath JF, Riet-Correa F, Driemeier D, Canal CW. Clinical Presentation Resembling Mucosal Disease Associated with ‘HoBi’-like Pestivirus in a Field Outbreak. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 63:92-100. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. N. Weber
- Laboratório de Virologia; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - A. C. S. Mósena
- Laboratório de Virologia; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - S. V. D. Simões
- Hospital Veterinário; Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural; Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG); Patos Paraíba Brazil
| | - L. L. Almeida
- FEPAGRO - Saúde Animal; Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF); Eldorado do Sul Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - C. R. M. Pessoa
- Hospital Veterinário; Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural; Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG); Patos Paraíba Brazil
| | - R. F. Budaszewski
- Laboratório de Virologia; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - T. R. Silva
- Hospital Veterinário; Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural; Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG); Patos Paraíba Brazil
| | - J. F. Ridpath
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit; National Animal Disease Center; United States Department of Agriculture (USDA); Agricultural Research Service; Ames Iowa USA
| | - F. Riet-Correa
- Hospital Veterinário; Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural; Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG); Patos Paraíba Brazil
| | - D. Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - C. W. Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia; Faculdade de Veterinária; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
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10
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Passler T, Riddell KP, Edmondson MA, Chamorro MF, Neill JD, Brodersen BW, Walz HL, Galik PK, Zhang Y, Walz PH. Experimental infection of pregnant goats with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 1 or 2. Vet Res 2014; 45:38. [PMID: 24708266 PMCID: PMC3994200 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) of the genus pestivirus, family Flaviviridae, are not limited to cattle but occur in various artiodactyls. Persistently infected (PI) cattle are the main source of BVDV. Persistent infections also occur in heterologous hosts such as sheep and deer. BVDV infections of goats commonly result in reproductive disease, but viable PI goats are rare. Using 2 BVDV isolates, previously demonstrated to cause PI cattle and white-tailed deer, this study evaluated the outcome of experimental infection of pregnant goats. Pregnant goats (5 goats/group) were intranasally inoculated with BVDV 1b AU526 (group 1) or BVDV 2 PA131 (group 2) at approximately 25-35 days of gestation. The outcome of infection varied considerably between groups. In group 1, only 3 does became viremic, and 1 doe gave birth to a stillborn fetus and a viable PI kid, which appeared healthy and shed BVDV continuously. In group 2, all does became viremic, 4/5 does aborted, and 1 doe gave birth to a non-viable PI kid. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated BVDV antigen in tissues of evaluated fetuses, with similar distribution but reduced intensity as compared to cattle. The genetic sequence of inoculated viruses was compared to those from PI kids and their dam. Most nucleotide changes in group 1 were present during the dam's acute infection. In group 2, a similar number of mutations resulted from fetal infection as from maternal acute infection. Results demonstrated that BVDV may cause reproductive disease but may also be maintained in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Passler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Departments of Clinical Sciences and Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Abstract
Pestiviruses cause economically important diseases among domestic ruminants and pigs, but they may also infect a wide spectrum of wild species of even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla). Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Border disease virus of sheep infect their hosts either transiently or persistently. Cellular and humoral immunotolerance to the infecting strain is a unique feature of persistent infection (PI) by ruminant pestiviruses. Persistence, caused by transplacental infection early in fetal development, depends on virally encoded interferon antagonists that inactivate the host's innate immune response to the virus without globally interfering with its function against other viruses. At epidemiological equilibrium, approximately 1-2% of animals are PI. Successful BVDV control programs show that removal of PI animals results in viral extinction in the host population. The nucleotide sequences of ruminant pestiviruses change little during persistent infection. Nevertheless, they display large heterogeneity, pointing to a long history of virus-host coevolution in which avirulent strains are more successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schweizer
- Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; ,
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