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Obadi M, Xu B. Effect of processing methods and storage on the bioactive compounds of black rice ( Oryza sativa L.): a review. Food Funct 2023; 14:9100-9122. [PMID: 37766517 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02977h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Compared to brown and white rice, black rice contains more nutrients and numerous unique bioactive substances, such as essential amino acids, dietary fiber, γ-oryzanols, γ-aminobutyric acid, phenolic compounds, and anthocyanins, which makes it highly valuable for development and use. Whole-grain black rice typically requires a certain amount of processing prior to consumption, with the primary goal of enhancing the taste and texture of whole grains and their products. However, various new processing technologies have been effectively applied to the processing of black rice and the enhancement of its qualitative characteristics, but they also have both positive and negative effects on its nutritional quality. Therefore, evaluation of changes in concentrations of the bioactive substances as natural antioxidants due to processing and storage conditions is critical for establishing dietary guidelines for rice. This review highlights the primary bioactive components of black rice and provides a discussion of the impact of processing methods and storage on the bioactive components of black rice. Furthermore, we summarized the issues that currently exist in the processing and storage of black rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Obadi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
| | - Bin Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212013, China.
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Munawar N, Nader J, Khadadah NH, Al Madhoun A, Al-Ali W, Varghese LA, Masocha W, Al-Mulla F, Bitar MS. Guanfacine Normalizes the Overexpression of Presynaptic α-2A Adrenoceptor Signaling and Ameliorates Neuropathic Pain in a Chronic Animal Model of Type 1 Diabetes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102146. [PMID: 36297581 PMCID: PMC9609777 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes is associated with several complications, including neuropathic pain, which is difficult to manage with currently available drugs. Descending noradrenergic neurons possess antinociceptive activity; however, their involvement in diabetic neuropathic pain remains to be explored. Methods: To infer the regulatory role of this system, we examined as a function of diabetes, the expression and localization of alpha-2A adrenoceptors (α2-AR) in the dorsal root ganglia and key regions of the central nervous system, including pons and lumbar segment of the spinal cord using qRT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence-based techniques. Results: The data revealed that presynaptic synaptosomal-associated protein-25 labeled α2-AR in the central and peripheral nervous system of streptozotocin diabetic rats was upregulated both at the mRNA and protein levels. Interestingly, the levels of postsynaptic density protein-95 labeled postsynaptic neuronal α2-AR remained unaltered as a function of diabetes. These biochemical abnormalities in the noradrenergic system of diabetic animals were associated with increased pain sensitivity as typified by the presence of thermal hyperalgesia and cold/mechanical allodynia. The pain-related behaviors were assessed using Hargreaves apparatus, cold-plate and dynamic plantar aesthesiometer. Chronically administered guanfacine, a selective α2-AR agonist, to diabetic animals downregulated the upregulation of neuronal presynaptic α2-AR and ameliorated the hyperalgesia and the cold/mechanical allodynia in these animals. Conclusion: Together, these findings demonstrate that guanfacine may function as a potent analgesic and highlight α2-AR, a key component of the descending neuronal autoinhibitory pathway, as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of diabetic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Munawar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Al-Jabriya 046302, Kuwait
| | - Joelle Nader
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, American University of Kuwait, Salmiya 20002, Kuwait
| | - Najat H. Khadadah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Al-Jabriya 046302, Kuwait
| | - Ashraf Al Madhoun
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15400, Kuwait
- Department of Animal and Imaging Core Facilities, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15400, Kuwait
| | - Waleed Al-Ali
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Al-Jabriya 046302, Kuwait
| | - Linu A. Varghese
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Al-Jabriya 046302, Kuwait
| | - Willias Masocha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Al-Jabriya 046302, Kuwait
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman 15400, Kuwait
| | - Milad S. Bitar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Al-Jabriya 046302, Kuwait
- Correspondence:
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Baş A, Albeniz I. Investigation of the effects of eugenol and quercetin on bone loss in STZ-NA induced diabetic rats utilizing micro CT. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2022; 21:637-646. [PMID: 35673437 PMCID: PMC9167394 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-01026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a systemic disease that can effect tissues and their physiological functions at molecular and biochemical levels. Diabetic osteoporosis is one of the chronic diseases of bone metabolism effected by and characterized by augmented risk of osteoporotic fractures and destroying of bone microarchitecture. It was aimed to investigate the alterations in femoral bone structure that may take place as a complication of DM by using the antioxidant properties of eugenol and quercetin, which are phenolic compounds, in streptozotocin nicotinamide (STZ-NA) induced rats as an experimental type 2 DM (T2 DM) model. Methods The antioxidant effect of eugenol and quercetin in case of DM development was determined by GSH ELISA kit. The effect of DM on alterations in bone structure was analyzed by micro CT. BMD, Tb.Bv/Tb.Tv, Tb.N, Tb.Th, Ct.Th, Tb.Sp and SMI data were calculated with the software CTAn. Results Serum GSH levels, Tb.Th and Tb.Bv/Tb.Tv values statistically decreased, and SMI values statistically increased in diabetic group compared with controls. Serum GSH levels in eugenol group were higher than diabetic group, and Tb.Bv/Tb.Tv values in eugenol group were lower than controls. Quercetin group had higher serum GSH levels and Tb.Th values compared with diabetic group, while SMI values were lower in quercetin group compared with diabetic group. Conclusion Eugenol and quercetin were revealed to have antioxidant, antidiabetic and osteoprotective effects on the repair of bone structure in experimental STZ-NA T2 DM model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aycan Baş
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.,Department of Biophysics, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, Çapa, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Işıl Albeniz
- Department of Biophysics, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul University, Çapa, İstanbul, Turkey
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New perspectives on physiological, biochemical and bioactive components during germination of edible seeds: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Demeekul K, Sukumolanan P, Bootcha R, Panprom C, Petchdee S. A Cardiac Protection of Germinated Brown Rice During Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery and Simulated Myocardial Ischemia. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:3307-3319. [PMID: 34290516 PMCID: PMC8289443 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s321241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The potential cardio-protective property of germinated brown rice (GBR) has been revealed by ameliorating risk factors related to cardiovascular diseases. This study hypothesized that the combination of GBR and cardioplegic solution could protect the cardiomyocytes exposed to simulated ischemic reperfusion injury in vitro study and preserve cardiac function during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in animal models. Methods Primary porcine cardiomyocytes were isolated and experimented cell viability against simulated ischemic reperfusion injury. In a cardiac surgical animal model, six pigs were randomly assigned to receive the two types of cardioplegic solution: i) St. Thomas cardioplegic solution (20 cc/kg); and ii) St. Thomas cardioplegic solution plus GBR (1 mg/kg). During open-heart surgery, the aorta was cross-clamped for 20 minutes, followed by reperfusion for 1 hour. Cardiopulmonary bypass parameters were recorded until the end of the procedure. Furthermore, hemodynamic parameters and arterial blood gas characteristics of animals among groups were monitored at different time points, including baseline before cardiopulmonary bypass (T1), during cardiopulmonary bypass (T2), during aortic clamp on (T3), and aortic clamp off (T4). Results Primarily, GBR cotreatment with cardioplegic solution essentially resulted in the improvement of cell viability in primary porcine cardiomyocytes against simulated ischemic reperfusion induction. The findings from cardiac surgery demonstrated that mean arterial pressure and heart rate are constantly stable in cardioplegic solution combined with the GBR group, while the trend of potassium and lactase concentration was decreased in the animals receiving GBR group. Consistently, all parameters from arterial blood gas showed better outcomes in animals receiving GBR; however, there were no statistically significant differences between groups, except hepatic enzymes. Conclusion Therefore, GBR might exert cardio-protective effects against ischemic reperfusion injury in the porcine cardiac surgery model due to anti-inflammatory response. These protective actions of GBR may explain the benefits gained from applying GBR products as a possible therapeutic supplement on cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokwan Demeekul
- Graduate School, Program of Bio-Veterinary Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Pratch Sukumolanan
- Veterinary Clinical Study Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ratikorn Bootcha
- Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chattida Panprom
- Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kamphaeng Saen, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Soontaree Petchdee
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, KamphaengSaen Campus, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
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Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ) is an antibiotic that causes pancreatic islet β-cell destruction and is widely used experimentally to produce a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Detailed in this article are protocols for producing STZ-induced insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia in mice and rats. Also described are protocols for creating animal models for type 2 diabetes using STZ. These animals are employed for assessing the pathological consequences of diabetes and for screening potential therapies for the treatment of this condition. © 2021 The Authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Furman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Petchdee S, Laosripaiboon W, Jarussophon N. Cardiac protection of germinated brown rice extract in rabbit model of chronic myocardial infarction. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa067. [PMID: 32705062 PMCID: PMC7288738 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause of mortality in the world. This study aimed to investigate the cardioprotective effects of germinated brown rice (GBR) on a rabbit model of chronic myocardial infarction. Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups receiving: 1) regular rabbit food; 2) regular rabbit food plus vehicle; and 3) regular rabbit food plus GBR for 120 d. The left circumflex coronary artery was ligated to induce myocardial ischemia 60 d after starting the experiment (baseline). Heart functions were monitored by electrocardiography and echocardiography at 0, 30, and 60 d after coronary artery ligation. The incidences of heart rate (HR) and ventricular arrhythmias have been compared between groups. GBR showed the effects to prevent life-threatening ventricular tachycardia and electrocardiographic signs of myocardial ischemia in a model of arrhythmias. GBR consumption group exhibited significantly improved cardiac function and reduced the HR, along with reduced mean arterial pressure and plasma glucose level. The results demonstrated that GBR exerts cardioprotective effects against chronic myocardial injury in rabbits. These biological actions of GBR may explain the benefits gained from the use of GBR products as a possible prophylactic lifestyle intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soontaree Petchdee
- Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Laosripaiboon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
| | - Nongpanga Jarussophon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand
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Polyphenols of marine red macroalga Symphyocladia latiuscula ameliorate diabetic peripheral neuropathy in experimental animals. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01781. [PMID: 31193485 PMCID: PMC6529741 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Chronic hyperglycaemia activates the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism thereby stimulating the activation aldose reductase enzyme that in turn initiates a cascade of deleterious events, eventually, leading to nerve damage or neuropathy. Marine macroalgae and their isolated chemical constituents have been found to possess potential antidiabetic activity and have proved beneficial in the treatment of diabetes. In this study the neuroprotective effect of polyphenols isolated from the red macroalga Symphyocladia latiuscula was evaluated in experimental diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Main methods The polyphenolic fraction from Symphyocladia latiuscula was isolated. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) was induced in animals by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg, b. w) and maintained for 6 weeks followed by treatment with SLPP or epalrestat. Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) and Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP) were measured using a non-invasive method followed by muscular grip strength test. Sciatic nerve aldose reductase activity, sorbitol accumulation, Na+K+-ATPase activity, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and expression of AR and PKC were assessed. Key findings The Symphyocladia latiuscula polyphenols (SLPP) were found to inhibit aldose reductase activity as well as their expression in diabetic animals thereby improving the NCV, CMAP and muscle grip strength. Improvements in the sciatic nerve Na+K+-ATPase activity and intraneural accumulation of sorbitol, an index of aldose reductase overactivity, were evident with SLPP treatment. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α) and expression of protein kinase C (PKC) were also diminished. Significance The data suggest that the polyphenols of Symphyocladia latiuscula have neuroprotective potential against experimental DPN.
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Samaddar S, Koneri R. Neuroprotective efficacy of polyphenols of marine brown macroalga Ecklonia cava in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pharmacogn Mag 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_212_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Ravichanthiran K, Ma ZF, Zhang H, Cao Y, Wang CW, Muhammad S, Aglago EK, Zhang Y, Jin Y, Pan B. Phytochemical Profile of Brown Rice and Its Nutrigenomic Implications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:E71. [PMID: 29789516 PMCID: PMC6025443 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7060071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Whole grain foods have been promoted to be included as one of the important components of a healthy diet because of the relationship between the regular consumption of whole-grain foods and reduced risk of chronic diseases. Rice is a staple food, which has been widely consumed for centuries by many Asian countries. Studies have suggested that brown rice is associated with a wide spectrum of nutrigenomic implications such as anti-diabetic, anti-cholesterol, cardioprotective and antioxidant. This is because of the presence of various phytochemicals that are mainly located in bran layers of brown rice. Therefore, this paper is a review of publications that focuses on the bioactive compounds and nutrigenomic implications of brown rice. Although current evidence supports the fact that the consumption of brown rice is beneficial for health, these studies are heterogeneous in terms of their brown rice samples used and population groups, which cause the evaluation to be difficult. Future clinical studies should focus on the screening of individual bioactive compounds in brown rice with reference to their nutrigenomic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keneswary Ravichanthiran
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 2073, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Zheng Feei Ma
- Department of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China.
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu 15200, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Health Promotion, Pudong Maternal and Child Health Care Institution, Shanghai 201399, China.
| | - Chee Woon Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Bandar Saujana Putra 42610, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Shahzad Muhammad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan.
| | - Elom K Aglago
- Joint Unit of Research in Nutrition and Food Science, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14000, Morocco.
| | - Yihe Zhang
- Division of Medicine, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University College London, London WC1E6BT, UK.
| | - Yifan Jin
- Department of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Binyu Pan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, The First People's Hospital of Wujiang District, Suzhou 215200, China.
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Chaiyasut C, Sivamaruthi BS, Pengkumsri N, Keapai W, Kesika P, Saelee M, Tojing P, Sirilun S, Chaiyasut K, Peerajan S, Lailerd N. Germinated Thai Black Rice Extract Protects Experimental Diabetic Rats from Oxidative Stress and Other Diabetes-Related Consequences. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 10:ph10010003. [PMID: 28036014 PMCID: PMC5374407 DOI: 10.3390/ph10010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM), particularly type 2 DM (T2DM), is one of the most common metabolic disorder worldwide. The prevention measures and treatment strategies for DM are improving steadily. The current study explains the impact of germination on phytochemical content of Thai black rice (BR), and the influence of germinated BR extract (GBRE) supplementation on diabetic conditions in rats. Methods: BR was germinated and the phenolic, anthocyanin, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content of the extract were analyzed using HPLC and spectrophotometric methods. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were supplemented with high and low doses of GBRE. The plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol, triglyceride levels, antioxidant status, and antioxidant enzyme levels of treated animals were assessed using ELISA and spectrophotometric methods. Results: Germination enhanced the GABA content of BR, and GBRE intervention improved the total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymes levels in diabetic rats. The plasma glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride levels, insulin resistance and glucose tolerance were reduced, and the degree of insulin secretion in rat plasma was significantly increased upon GBRE treatment. Both pre and post-treatment approaches showed the anti-diabetic ability of GBRE. In most of the analyzed parameters, GBRE was quite equal to the performance of drug-metformin. Conclusions: GBRE supplementation helps prevent and manage the consequences of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | | | - Noppawat Pengkumsri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Waranya Keapai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Periyanaina Kesika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Manee Saelee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Parichart Tojing
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Sasithorn Sirilun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Khontaros Chaiyasut
- Institute of Research and Development, Chiang Mai Rajabhat University, Chiang Mai 50300, Thailand.
- Health Innovation Institute, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | | | - Narissara Lailerd
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
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Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ) is an antibiotic that produces pancreatic islet β-cell destruction and is widely used experimentally to produce a model of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Detailed in this unit are protocols for producing STZ-induced insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia in mice and rats. Also described are protocols for creating animal models for type 2 diabetes using STZ. These animals are employed for assessing the pathological consequences of diabetes and for screening potential therapies for the treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Furman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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13
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Shao Y, Bao J. Polyphenols in whole rice grain: Genetic diversity and health benefits. Food Chem 2015; 180:86-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bui TN, Le TH, Nguyen DH, Tran QB, Nguyen TL, Le DT, Nguyen DVA, Vu AL, Aoto H, Okuhara Y, Ito Y, Yamamoto S, Kise M. Pre-germinated brown rice reduced both blood glucose concentration and body weight in Vietnamese women with impaired glucose tolerance. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2015; 60:183-7. [PMID: 25078374 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.60.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients in Vietnam have a low body mass index (BMI) of around 23 and that the major factor for this is high white rice (WR) intake. Brown rice (BR) is known to be beneficial in the control of blood glucose levels; however, it has the property of unpleasant palatability. Pre-germinated brown rice (PGBR) is slightly germinated by soaking BR in water as this reduces the hardness of BR and makes it easier to eat. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of a 4-mo PGBR administration on various parameters in Vietnamese women aged 45-65 y with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Sixty subjects were divided into a WR or PGBR group. For the first 2 wk, WR was replaced by 50% PGBR, then for 2 wk by 75% PGBR and from the second month 100%. Before the beginning of the study and at the end of the study, 1) anthropometric measurements, 2) a nutrition survey for 3 nonconsecutive days by the 24 h recall method and 3) blood biochemical examinations were conducted. Fasting plasma concentrations of glucose and lipids and the obesity-related measurements and blood pressure were favorably improved only in the PGBR diet group. The present results suggest that replacing WR with PGBR for 4 mo may be useful in controlling body weight as well as blood glucose and lipid levels in Vietnamese women with IGT.
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Ito Y, Nakashima Y, Matsuoka S. Rice bran extract containing acylated steryl glucoside fraction decreases elevated blood LDL cholesterol level in obese Japanese men. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2015; 62:80-4. [DOI: 10.2152/jmi.62.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Muhammad SI, Maznah I, Mahmud R, Zuki ABZ, Imam MU. Upregulation of genes related to bone formation by γ-amino butyric acid and γ-oryzanol in germinated brown rice is via the activation of GABAB-receptors and reduction of serum IL-6 in rats. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8:1259-71. [PMID: 24098073 PMCID: PMC3789840 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s45943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoporosis and other bone degenerative diseases are among the most challenging non-communicable diseases to treat. Previous works relate bone loss due to osteoporosis with oxidative stress generated by free radicals and inflammatory cytokines. Alternative therapy to hormone replacement has been an area of interest to researchers for almost three decades due to hormone therapy-associated side effects. Methods In this study, we investigated the effects of gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), gamma-oryzanol (ORZ), acylated steryl glucosides (ASG), and phenolic extracts from germinated brown rice (GBR) on the expression of genes related to bone metabolism, such as bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2), secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2), osteoblast-specific transcription factor osterix (Osx), periostin, osteoblast specific factor (Postn), collagen 1&2 (Col1&2), calcitonin receptor gene (CGRP); body weight measurement and also serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and osteocalcin, in serum and bone. Rats were treated with GBR, ORZ, GABA, and ASG at (100 and 200 mg/kg); estrogen (0.2 mg/kg), or remifemin (10 and 20 mg/kg), compared to ovariectomized non-treated group as well as non-ovariectomized non-treated (sham) group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the IL-6 and osteocalcin levels at week 2, 4, and 8, while the gene expression in the bone tissue was determined using the Genetic Analysis System (Beckman Coulter Inc., Brea, CA, USA). Results The results indicate that groups treated with GABA (100 and 200 mg/kg) showed significant upregulation of SPARC, calcitonin receptor, and BMP-2 genes (P < 0.05), while the ORZ-treated group (100 and 200 mg/kg) revealed significant (P < 0.05) upregulation of Osx, Postn, RUNX-2, and Col1&2. Similarly, IL-6 concentration decreased, while osteocalcin levels increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the treated groups as compared to ovariectomized non-treated groups. Conclusion GABA and ORZ from GBR stimulates osteoblastogenesis by upregulation of bone formation genes, possibly via the activation of GABAB receptors and by inhibiting the activity of inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Therefore, it could be used effectively in the management of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sani Ismaila Muhammad
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria ; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
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Muhammad SI, Ismail M, Mahmud RB, Salisu AM, Zakaria ZA. Germinated brown rice and its bioactives modulate the activity of uterine cells in oophorectomised rats as evidenced by gross cytohistological and immunohistochemical changes. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2013; 13:198. [PMID: 23899096 PMCID: PMC3750460 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Germinated brown rice (GBR) is gaining momentum in the area of biomedical research due to its increased use as a nutraceutical for the management of diseases. The effect of GBR on the reproductive organs of oophorectomised rats was studied using the gross, cytological, histological and immunohistochemical changes, with the aim of reducing atrophy and dryness of the genital organs in menopause. Methods Experimental rats were divided into eight groups of six rats per group. Groups 1, 2 and 3 (sham-operated (SH), oophorectomised without treatment (OVX) and oophorectomised treated with 0.2 mg/kg oestrogen, respectively) served as the controls. The groups 4,5,6,7 and 8 were treated with 20 mg/kg Remifemin, 200 mg/kg of GBR, ASG, oryzanol and GABA, respectively. All treatments were administered orally, once daily for 8 weeks. Vaginal smear cytology was done at the 7th week on all the rats. The weight and dimensions of the uterus and vagina were determined after sacrifice of the rats. Uterine and vaginal tissues were taken for histology and Immunohistochemical examinations. Results GBR and its bioactives treated groups significantly increased the weight and length of both the uterus and the vagina when compared to Oophorectomised non-treated group (OVX-non-treated) (p < 0.05). Significant changes were observed in the ratio of cornified epithelial cells and number of leucocytes in the vaginal cytology between the oophorectomised non-treated and treated groups. There was also an increase in the luminal and glandular epithelial cells activity in the treated compared with the untreated groups histologically. Immunohistochemical staining showed specific proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the luminal and glandular epithelium of the treated groups, which was absent in the OVX-non-treated group. GBR improved the length and weight of the uterus and also increased the number of glandular and luminal cells epithelia of the vagina. Conclusion GBR and its bioactives could be a potential alternative in improving reproductive system atrophy, dryness and discomfort during menopause.
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Imam MU, Ismail M. Nutrigenomic effects of germinated brown rice and its bioactives on hepatic gluconeogenic genes in type 2 diabetic rats and HEPG2 cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:401-11. [PMID: 23307605 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Chronic sustained hyperglycemia underlies the symptomatology and complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and dietary components contribute to it. Germinated brown rice (GBR) improves glycemic control but the mechanisms involved are still the subject of debate. We now show one mechanism by which GBR lowers blood glucose. METHODS AND RESULTS Effects of GBR, brown rice, and white rice (WR) on fasting plasma glucose and selected genes were studied in type 2 diabetic rats. GBR reduced plasma glucose and weight more than metformin, while WR worsened glycemia over 4 weeks of intervention. Through nutrigenomic suppression, GBR downregulated gluconeogenic genes (Fbp1 and Pck1) in a manner similar to, but more potently than, metformin, while WR upregulated the same genes. Bioactives (gamma-amino butyric acid, acylated steryl glycoside, oryzanol, and phenolics) were involved in GBR's downregulation of both genes. Plasma glucose, Fbp1 and Pck1 changes significantly affected the weight of rats (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION The fact that GBR downregulates gluconeogenic genes similar to metformin, but produces better glycemic control in type 2 diabetic rats, suggests other mechanisms are involved in GBR's antihyperglycemic properties. GBR as a staple could potentially provide enhanced glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus better than metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Umar Imam
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Shabani M, Zangiabadi N, Asadi-Shekaari M. Evidence for Positive Effects of Date Extract That Attenuates Thermal Hyperalgesia in a Diabetic Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/nm.2013.41003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Antidiabetic properties of germinated brown rice: a systematic review. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:816501. [PMID: 23304216 PMCID: PMC3529503 DOI: 10.1155/2012/816501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diet is an important variable in the course of type 2 diabetes, which has generated interest in dietary options like germinated brown rice (GBR) for effective management of the disease among rice-consuming populations. In vitro data and animal experiments show that GBR has potentials as a functional diet for managing this disease, and short-term clinical studies indicate encouraging results. Mechanisms for antidiabetic effects of GBR due to bioactive compounds like γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), γ-oryzanol, dietary fibre, phenolics, vitamins, acylated steryl β-glucoside, and minerals include antihyperglycemia, low insulin index, antioxidative effect, antithrombosis, antihypertensive effect, hypocholesterolemia, and neuroprotective effects. The evidence so far suggests that there may be enormous benefits for diabetics in rice-consuming populations if white rice is replaced with GBR. However, long-term clinical studies are still needed to verify these findings on antidiabetic effects of GBR. Thus, we present a review on the antidiabetic properties of GBR from relevant preclinical and clinical studies, in order to provide detailed information on this subject for researchers to review the potential of GBR in combating this disease.
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Imam MU, Musa SNA, Azmi NH, Ismail M. Effects of white rice, brown rice and germinated brown rice on antioxidant status of type 2 diabetic rats. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23202932 PMCID: PMC3497306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131012952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, and can be increased by diet like white rice (WR). Though brown rice (BR) and germinated brown rice (GBR) have high antioxidant potentials as a result of their bioactive compounds, reports of their effects on oxidative stress-related conditions such as type 2 diabetes are lacking. We hypothesized therefore that if BR and GBR were to improve antioxidant status, they would be better for rice consuming populations instead of the commonly consumed WR that is known to promote oxidative stress. This will then provide further reasons why less consumption of WR should be encouraged. We studied the effects of GBR on antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic rats, induced using a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection, and also evaluated the effects of WR, BR and GBR on catalase and superoxide dismutase genes. As dietary components, BR and GBR improved glycemia and kidney hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, and prevented the deterioration of total antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic rats. Similarly, GBR preserved liver enzymes, as well as serum creatinine. There seem to be evidence that upregulation of superoxide dismutase gene may likely be an underlying mechanism for antioxidant effects of BR and GBR. Our results provide insight into the effects of different rice types on antioxidant status in type 2 diabetes. The results also suggest that WR consumption, contrary to BR and GBR, may worsen antioxidant status that may lead to more damage by free radicals. From the data so far, the antioxidant effects of BR and GBR are worth studying further especially on a long term to determine their effects on development of oxidative stress-related problems, which WR consumption predisposes to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Umar Imam
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mails: (M.U.I.); (N.H.A.)
| | - Siti Nor Asma Musa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail:
| | - Nur Hanisah Azmi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mails: (M.U.I.); (N.H.A.)
| | - Maznah Ismail
- Laboratory of Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Bioscience, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mails: (M.U.I.); (N.H.A.)
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; E-Mail:
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +603-8947-2115; Fax: +603-8947-2116
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Neuroprotective effects of germinated brown rice against hydrogen peroxide induced cell death in human SH-SY5Y cells. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:9692-9708. [PMID: 22949825 PMCID: PMC3431823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13089692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective and antioxidative effects of germinated brown rice (GBR), brown rice (BR) and commercially available γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) against cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells have been investigated. Results show that GBR suppressed H(2)O(2)-mediated cytotoxicity and induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, GBR reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and prevented phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation in SH-SY5Y cells, key features of apoptosis, and subsequent cell death. GBR exhibited better neuroprotective and antioxidative activities as compared to BR and GABA. These results indicate that GBR possesses high antioxidative activities and suppressed cell death in SH-SY5Y cells by blocking the cell cycle re-entry and apoptotic mechanisms. Therefore, GBR could be developed as a value added functional food to prevent neurodegenerative diseases caused by oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Dipti SS, Bergman C, Indrasari SD, Herath T, Hall R, Lee H, Habibi F, Bassinello PZ, Graterol E, Ferraz JP, Fitzgerald M. The potential of rice to offer solutions for malnutrition and chronic diseases. RICE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 5:16. [PMID: 24279770 PMCID: PMC4883736 DOI: 10.1186/1939-8433-5-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It is internationally accepted that malnutrition and chronic diseases in developing countries are key limitations to achieving the Millennium Development Goals. In many developing countries, rice is the primary source of nutrition. In those countries, the major forms of malnutrition are Fe-induced anaemia, Zn deficiency and Vitamin A deficiency, whereas the major chronic disease challenges are Type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease and some cancers. There is a growing corpus of evidence regarding both limitations and opportunities as to how rice could be an effective vehicle by which to tackle key nutrition and health related problems in countries with limited resources. Rice breeding programs are able to focus on developing new varieties carrying enhanced amounts of either Fe, Zn or beta-carotene because of large public investment, and the intuitive link between providing a mineral/vitamin to cure a deficiency in that mineral/vitamin. By contrast, there has been little investment in progressing the development of particular varieties for potential impact on chronic diseases. In this review article we focus on the broad battery of evidence linking rice-related nutritional limitations to their impact on a variety of human health issues. We discuss how rice might offer sometimes even simple solutions to rectifying key problems through targeted biofortification strategies and finally, we draw attention to how recent technological (-omics) developments may facilitate untold new opportunities for more rapidly generating improved rice varieties specifically designed to meet the current and future nutritional needs of a rapidly expanding global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifa Sultana Dipti
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO, 7777 Metro Manila, Philippines
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Christine Bergman
- Department of Food and Beverage, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Siti Dewi Indrasari
- Indonesian Center for Rice Research (ICRR), BB Padi, Jl. Raya 9, Sukamandi, Subang, 41256 Jawa Barat Indonesia
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Theja Herath
- Industrial Technology Institute, Colombo 7, Bauddhaloka Mawatha, 363 Sri Lanka
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Robert Hall
- Plant Research International, PO Box 98, 6700AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, P.O. Box 98, 6700AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Hueihong Lee
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Nyabau Road, 97000 Bintulu Sarawak, Malaysia
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Fatemeh Habibi
- Rice Research Institute of Iran (RRII), Km5 Tehran Rd, 41996-13475 Rasht, I.R Iran
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Priscila Zaczuk Bassinello
- Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, Rodovia GO-462, Km 12, Zona Rural C.P. 179, Santo Antônio de Goiás, GO 75375-000 Brazil
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Eduardo Graterol
- Fundación para la Investigación Agrícola DANAC, Apartado Postal 182, San Felipe, Estado Yaracuy Venezuela
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Julie P Ferraz
- Institute of Science, Diabetes Foundation Marikina, Philippines, Healthserve Hospital, and Calamba Doctors Hospital, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Melissa Fitzgerald
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO, 7777 Metro Manila, Philippines
- International Network for Quality Rice, Metro Manila, Philippines
- Grain Quality and Nutrition Centre, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), DAPO 7777 Metro Manila, Philippines
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Australia
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Wu KK, Huan Y. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic models in mice and rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; Chapter 5:Unit 5.47. [PMID: 22294227 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0547s40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Streptozotocin (STZ) is an antibiotic that can cause pancreatic β-cell destruction, so it is widely used experimentally as an agent capable of inducing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), also known as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This unit describes protocols for the production of insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia in mice and rats, using STZ. These models for diabetes can be employed for assessing the mechanisms of T1DM, screening potential therapies for the treatment of this condition, and evaluation of therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K Wu
- Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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IGF-1 induction by acylated steryl β-glucosides found in a pre-germinated brown rice diet reduces oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28693. [PMID: 22194889 PMCID: PMC3237479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathology of diabetic neuropathy involves oxidative stress on pancreatic β-cells, and is related to decreased levels of Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Acylated steryl β-glucoside (PR-ASG) found in pre-germiated brown rice is a bioactive substance exhibiting properties that enhance activity of homocysteine-thiolactonase (HTase), reducing oxidative stress in diabetic neuropathy. The biological importance of PR-ASG in pancreatic β-cells remains unknown. Here we examined the effects of PR-ASG on IGF-1 and glucose metabolism in β-cells exposed to oxidative stress. Methodology/Principal Findings In the present study, a pre-germinated brown rice (PR)-diet was tested in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Compared with diabetic rats fed control diets, the PR-diet fed rats showed an improvement of serum metabolic and neurophysiological parameters. In addition, IGF-1 levels were found to be increased in the serum, liver, and pancreas of diabetic rats fed the PR-diet. The increased IGF-1 level in the pancreas led us to hypothesize that PR-ASG is protective for islet β-cells against the extensive injury of advanced or severe diabetes. Thus we examined PR-ASG to determine whether it showed anti-apoptotic, pro-proliferative effects on the insulin-secreting β-cells line, INS-1; and additionally, whether PR-ASG stimulated IGF-1 autocrine secretion/IGF-1-dependent glucose metabolism. We have demonstrated for the first time that PR-ASG increases IGF-1 production and secretion from pancreatic β-cells. Conclusion/Significance These findings suggest that PR-ASG may affect pancreatic β-cells through the activation of an IGF-1-dependent mechanism in the diabetic condition. Thus, intake of pre-germinated brown rice may have a beneficial effect in the treatment of diabetes, in particular diabetic neuropathy.
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Date fruit extract is a neuroprotective agent in diabetic peripheral neuropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: a multimodal analysis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2011:976948. [PMID: 22191015 PMCID: PMC3236446 DOI: 10.1155/2011/976948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background. To study the effects of an aqueous extract of date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L. Arecaceae) diet on diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) in streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetic rats.
Methods. The effects of a date fruit extract (DFE) diet on diabetic neuropathy in STZ-induced diabetic rats were evaluated and compared with a nondiabetic control group, diabetic control group (sham), and vehicle group with respect to the following parameters: open field behavioral test, motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), and morphological observations.
Results. In the model of STZ-induced of diabetic neuropathy, chronic treatment for 6 weeks with DFE counteracted the impairment of the explorative activity of the rats in an open field behavioral test and of the conduction velocity of the sciatic nerve (MNCV). In addition, pretreatment with DFE significantly reversed each nerve diameter reduction in diabetic rats.
Conclusion. DFE treatment shows efficacy for preventing diabetic deterioration and for improving pathological parameters of diabetic neuropathy in rats, as compared with control groups.
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Mohd Esa N, Abdul Kadir KK, Amom Z, Azlan A. Improving the lipid profile in hypercholesterolemia-induced rabbit by supplementation of germinated brown rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:7985-7991. [PMID: 21682316 DOI: 10.1021/jf201323x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
It is imperative that there be a diet designed specifically to improve lipid profile in order to impede the progress of atherosclerosis. Because rice is a staple food in Asia, it will be chosen as the diet of interest. This study sets out to discover whether consumption of different processed rice diets may result in a change of the lipid profile. The experiment was done on male New Zealand white rabbits after 10 weeks of treatment with diet containing 0.5% cholesterol. The experimental diets include white rice (WR), brown rice (BR), and germinated brown rice (GBR). Among them, rabbits fed a GBR diet demonstrated significantly lower levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), LDL/HDL, and atherogenic index (AI) and a higher level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Results from atherosclerotic plaque assessment further support the findings. The level of malondialdehyde (MDA), which acts as an indicator for oxidative stress, was also reduced by GBR diet. The positive change in lipid profile in the rabbits fed GBR appeared to correspond with the higher amounts of γ-oryzanol, tocopherol, and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhaizan Mohd Esa
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Processing conditions, rice properties, health and environment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:1957-76. [PMID: 21776212 PMCID: PMC3138007 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8061957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Rice is the staple food for nearly two-thirds of the world’s population. Food components and environmental load of rice depends on the rice form that is resulted by different processing conditions. Brown rice (BR), germinated brown rice (GBR) and partially-milled rice (PMR) contains more health beneficial food components compared to the well milled rice (WMR). Although the arsenic concentration in cooked rice depends on the cooking methods, parboiled rice (PBR) seems to be relatively prone to arsenic contamination compared to that of untreated rice, if contaminated water is used for parboiling and cooking. A change in consumption patterns from PBR to untreated rice (non-parboiled), and WMR to PMR or BR may conserve about 43–54 million tons of rice and reduce the risk from arsenic contamination in the arsenic prone area. This study also reveals that a change in rice consumption patterns not only supply more food components but also reduces environmental loads. A switch in production and consumption patterns would improve food security where food grains are scarce, and provide more health beneficial food components, may prevent some diseases and ease the burden on the Earth. However, motivation and awareness of the environment and health, and even a nominal incentive may require for a method switching which may help in building a sustainable society.
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Protective effects of pre-germinated brown rice diet on low levels of Pb-induced learning and memory deficits in developing rat. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 184:484-91. [PMID: 20138853 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2009] [Revised: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a known neurotoxicant in humans and experimental animals. Numerous studies have provided evidence that humans, especially young children, and animals chronically intoxicated with low levels of Pb show learning and memory impairments. Unfortunately, Pb-poisoning cases continue to occur in many countries. Because the current treatment options are very limited, there is a need for alternative methods to attenuate Pb toxicity. In this study, the weaning (postnatal day 21, PND21) rats were randomly divided into five groups: the control group (AIN-93G diet, de-ionized water), the lead acetate (PbAC) group (AIN-93G diet, 2g/L PbAC in de-ionized water), the lead acetate+WR group (white rice diet, 2g/L PbAC in de-ionized water; PbAC+WR), the lead acetate+BR group (brown rice diet, 2g/L PbAC in de-ionized water; PbAC+BR) and the lead acetate+PR group (pre-germinated brown rice diet, 2g/L PbAC in de-ionized water; PbAC+PR). The animals received the different diets until PND60, and then the experiments were terminated. The protective effects of pre-germinated brown rice (PR) on Pb-induced learning and memory impairment in weaning rats were assessed by the Morris water maze and one-trial-learning passive avoidance test. The anti-oxidative effects of feeding a PR diet to Pb-exposed rats were evaluated. The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined by flow cytometry. The levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate were determined by HPLC. Our data showed that feeding a PR diet decreased the accumulation of lead and decreased Pb-induced learning and memory deficits in developing rats. The mechanisms might be related to the anti-oxidative effects and large amount of GABA in PR. Our study provides a regimen to reduce Pb-induced toxicity, especially future learning and memory deficits in the developing brain.
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Usuki S, Ariga T, Dasgupta S, Kasama T, Morikawa K, Nonaka S, Okuhara Y, Kise M, Yu RK. Structural analysis of novel bioactive acylated steryl glucosides in pre-germinated brown rice bran. J Lipid Res 2008; 49:2188-96. [PMID: 18587070 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800257-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies from our laboratory indicated that pre-germinated brown rice (PR) contained certain unknown bioactive lipids that activated two enzymes related to diabetes: Na+/K+ATPase and homocysteine-thiolactonase. In this paper, we report on the isolation and structural characterization of the activator lipids from PR bran as acylated steryl glucosides (ASGs). The activator lipid was isolated by silica gel column chromatography, and its chemical structure was determined by NMR, GC-MS, and tandem mass spectrometry. We demonstrated that the bioactive component consists of a mixture of acylated steryl beta-glucosides. Delta8-cholesterol and 2-hydroxyl stearic acid were identified as constituents of ASGs. The steryl glucosides (SGs) subsequent to alkaline hydrolysis lost this enzyme activator activity. Soybean-derived ASGs were not active. This activity may be quite peculiar to PR-derived ASGs. Our findings suggest that the molecular species of ASG may play an important contributing role in the anti-diabetic properties of a PR diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seigo Usuki
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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