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Bredeck G, Dos S Souza EJ, Wigmann C, Fomba KW, Herrmann H, Schins RPF. The influence of long-range transported Saharan dust on the inflammatory potency of ambient PM 2.5 and PM 10. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:119008. [PMID: 38663670 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Although desert dust promotes morbidity and mortality, it is exempt from regulations. Its health effects have been related to its inflammatory properties, which can vary between source regions. It remains unclear which constituents cause this variability. Moreover, whether long-range transported desert dust potentiates the hazardousness of local particulate matter (PM) is still unresolved. We aimed to assess the influence of long-range transported desert dust on the inflammatory potency of PM2.5 and PM10 collected in Cape Verde and to examine associated constituents. During a reference period and two Saharan dust events, 63 PM2.5 and PM10 samples were collected at four sampling stations. The content of water-soluble ions, elements, and organic and elemental carbon was measured in all samples and endotoxins in PM10 samples. The PM-induced release of inflammatory cytokines from differentiated THP-1 macrophages was evaluated. The association of interleukin (IL)-1β release with PM composition was assessed using principal component (PC) regressions. PM2.5 from both dust events and PM10 from one event caused higher IL-1β release than PM from the reference period. PC regressions indicated an inverse relation of IL-1β release with sea spray ions in both size fractions and organic and elemental carbon in PM2.5. The PC with the higher regression coefficient suggested that iron and manganese may contribute to PM2.5-induced IL-1β release. Only during the reference period, endotoxin content strongly differed between sampling stations and correlated with inflammatory potency. Our results demonstrate that long-range transported desert dust amplifies the hazardousness of local air pollution and suggest that, in PM2.5, iron and manganese may be important. Our data indicate that endotoxins are contained in local and long-range transported PM10 but only explain the variability in inflammatory potency of local PM10. The increasing inflammatory potency of respirable and inhalable PM from desert dust events warrants regulatory measures and risk mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Bredeck
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, Germany
| | - Eduardo J Dos S Souza
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318, Leipzig, Permoserstr. 15, Germany
| | - Claudia Wigmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, Germany
| | - Khanneh Wadinga Fomba
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318, Leipzig, Permoserstr. 15, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318, Leipzig, Permoserstr. 15, Germany
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225 Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, Germany.
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Bredeck G, Dobner J, Rossi A, Schins RPF. Saharan dust induces the lung disease-related cytokines granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 186:108580. [PMID: 38507932 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Desert dust exposure is associated with adverse respiratory health effects. Desert dust is a complex pollutant mixtures that includes respirable crystalline and amorphous particles, metals, and microbial constituents. Given the health effects of desert dust and its heterogeneity, as yet unidentified harmful biological pathways may be triggered. Therefore, we exposed human in vitro air-liquid interface co-cultures of alveolar epithelial A549 cells and THP-1 macrophages to Saharan dust (SD). For comparison, we used the known pulmonary toxicant DQ12 quartz dust. Via RNA sequencing, we identified that SD but not DQ12 increased the gene expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF). These findings were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. SD dose-dependently upregulated GMCSF and GCSF expression with significant 7 and 9-fold changes, respectively, at the highest tested concentration of 31 µg/cm2. Furthermore, we observed that SD significantly enhanced the secretion of GM-CSF and G-CSF by 2-fold. Both cytokines have previously been associated with lung diseases such as asthma and fibrosis. Hence, we present two molecular messengers that may contribute to the adverse health effects of desert dust and might serve as drug targets for this globally relevant non-anthropogenic air pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Bredeck
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jochen Dobner
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Andrea Rossi
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Sevinc Ozdemir N, Belyaev D, Castro MN, Balakin S, Opitz J, Wihadmadyatami H, Anggraeni R, Yucel D, Kenar H, Beshchasna N, Ana ID, Hasirci V. Advances in In Vitro Blood-Air Barrier Models and the Use of Nanoparticles in COVID-19 Research. TISSUE ENGINEERING. PART B, REVIEWS 2024; 30:82-96. [PMID: 37597193 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2023.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory infections caused by coronaviruses (CoVs) have become a major public health concern in the past two decades as revealed by the emergence of SARS-CoV in 2002, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. The most severe clinical phenotypes commonly arise from exacerbation of immune response following the infection of alveolar epithelial cells localized at the pulmonary blood-air barrier. Preclinical rodent models do not adequately represent the essential genetic properties of the barrier, thus necessitating the use of humanized transgenic models. However, existing monolayer cell culture models have so far been unable to mimic the complex lung microenvironment. In this respect, air-liquid interface models, tissue engineered models, and organ-on-a-chip systems, which aim to better imitate the infection site microenvironment and microphysiology, are being developed to replace the commonly used monolayer cell culture models, and their use is becoming more widespread every day. On the contrary, studies on the development of nanoparticles (NPs) that mimic respiratory viruses, and those NPs used in therapy are progressing rapidly. The first part of this review describes in vitro models that mimic the blood-air barrier, the tissue interface that plays a central role in COVID-19 progression. In the second part of the review, NPs mimicking the virus and/or designed to carry therapeutic agents are explained and exemplified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neval Sevinc Ozdemir
- Acibadem University (ACU) Biomaterials A&R Center, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, ACU Graduate School of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
- ACU Department of Pharmaceutical Basic Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dmitry Belyaev
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Maria-Reiche Straße 2, Dresden, Germany
| | - Manuel Nieto Castro
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Maria-Reiche Straße 2, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sascha Balakin
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Maria-Reiche Straße 2, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joerg Opitz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Maria-Reiche Straße 2, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hevi Wihadmadyatami
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Research Collaboration Center for Biomedical Scaffolds, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) and Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rahmi Anggraeni
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Research Collaboration Center for Biomedical Scaffolds, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) and Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Deniz Yucel
- Acibadem University (ACU) Biomaterials A&R Center, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
- ACU Graduate Department of Biomaterials, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, ACU School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Halime Kenar
- Acibadem University (ACU) Biomaterials A&R Center, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
- ACU Graduate Department of Biomaterials, Istanbul, Turkey
- ACU Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Natalia Beshchasna
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Maria-Reiche Straße 2, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ika Dewi Ana
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Research Collaboration Center for Biomedical Scaffolds, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN) and Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- Department of Dental Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM), Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Vasif Hasirci
- Acibadem University (ACU) Biomaterials A&R Center, Atasehir, Istanbul, Turkey
- ACU Graduate Department of Biomaterials, Istanbul, Turkey
- ACU Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
- BIOMATEN, METU Ctr. of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
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Bredeck G, Dobner J, Stahlmecke B, Fomba KW, Herrmann H, Rossi A, Schins RPF. Saharan dust induces NLRP3-dependent inflammatory cytokines in an alveolar air-liquid interface co-culture model. Part Fibre Toxicol 2023; 20:39. [PMID: 37864207 PMCID: PMC10588053 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-023-00550-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have related desert dust events to increased respiratory morbidity and mortality. Although the Sahara is the largest source of desert dust, Saharan dust (SD) has been barely examined in toxicological studies. Here, we aimed to assess the NLRP3 inflammasome-caspase-1-pathway-dependent pro-inflammatory potency of SD in comparison to crystalline silica (DQ12 quartz) in an advanced air-liquid interface (ALI) co-culture model. Therefore, we exposed ALI co-cultures of alveolar epithelial A549 cells and macrophage-like differentiated THP-1 cells to 10, 21, and 31 µg/cm² SD and DQ12 for 24 h using a Vitrocell Cloud system. Additionally, we exposed ALI co-cultures containing caspase (CASP)1-/- and NLRP3-/- THP-1 cells to SD. RESULTS Characterization of nebulized DQ12 and SD revealed that over 90% of agglomerates of both dusts were smaller than 2.5 μm. Characterization of the ALI co-culture model revealed that it produced surfactant protein C and that THP-1 cells remained viable at the ALI. Moreover, wild type, CASP1-/-, and NLRP3-/- THP-1 cells had comparable levels of the surface receptors cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and TLR4. Exposing ALI co-cultures to non-cytotoxic doses of DQ12 and SD did not induce oxidative stress marker gene expression. SD but not DQ12 upregulated gene expressions of interleukin 1 Beta (IL1B), IL6, and IL8 as well as releases of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Exposing wild type, CASP1-/-, and NLRP3-/- co-cultures to SD induced IL1B gene expression in all co-cultures whereas IL-1β release was only induced in wild type co-cultures. In CASP1-/- and NLRP3-/- co-cultures, IL-6, IL-8, and TNFα releases were also reduced. CONCLUSIONS Since surfactants can decrease the toxicity of poorly soluble particles, the higher potency of SD than DQ12 in this surfactant-producing ALI model emphasizes the importance of readily soluble SD components such as microbial compounds. The higher potency of SD than DQ12 also renders SD a potential alternative particulate positive control for studies addressing acute inflammatory effects. The high pro-inflammatory potency depending on NLRP3, CASP-1, and IL-1β suggests that SD causes acute lung injury which may explain desert dust event-related increased respiratory morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Bredeck
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Jochen Dobner
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Burkhard Stahlmecke
- Institut für Umwelt & Energie, Technik & Analytik e. V. (IUTA), 47229, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Khanneh Wadinga Fomba
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea Rossi
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Bredeck G, Busch M, Rossi A, Stahlmecke B, Fomba KW, Herrmann H, Schins RPF. Inhalable Saharan dust induces oxidative stress, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and inflammatory cytokine release. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 172:107732. [PMID: 36680803 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Desert dust is increasingly recognized as a major air pollutant affecting respiratory health. Since desert dust exposure cannot be regulated, the hazardousness of its components must be understood to enable health risk mitigation strategies. Saharan dust (SD) comprises about half of the global desert dust and contains quartz, a toxic mineral dust that is known to cause severe lung diseases via oxidative stress and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome-interleukin-1β pathway. We aimed to assess the physicochemical and microbial characteristics of SD responsible for toxic effects. Also, we studied the oxidative and pro-inflammatory potential of SD in alveolar epithelial cells and the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophage-like cells in comparison to quartz dusts and synthetic amorphous silica (SAS). Characterization revealed that SD contained Fe, Al, trace metals, sulfate, diatomaceous earth, and endotoxin and had the capacity to generate hydroxyl radicals. We exposed A549 lung epithelial cells and wild-type and NLRP3-/- THP-1 macrophage-like cells to SD, three well-investigated quartz dusts, and SAS. SD induced oxidative stress in A549 cells after 24 h more potently than the quartz dusts. The quartz dusts and SAS upregulated interleukin 8 expression after 4 h and 24 h while SD only caused a transient upregulation. SD, the quartz dusts, and SAS induced interleukin-1β release from wild-type THP-1 cells>20-fold stronger than from NLRP3-/- THP-1 cells. Interleukin-1β release was lower for SD, in which microbial components including endotoxin were heat-destructed. In conclusion, microbial components in SD are pivotal for its toxicity. In the epithelium, the effects of SD contrasted with crystalline and amorphous silica in terms of potency and persistence. In macrophages, the strong involvement of the NLRP3 inflammasome emphasizes the acute and chronic health risks associated with desert dust exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Bredeck
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mathias Busch
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Rossi
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Burkhard Stahlmecke
- Institute for Energy and Environmental Technology e.V. (IUTA), Duisburg, Germany
| | - Khanneh Wadinga Fomba
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Personal Exposure to Fine Particles (PM 2.5) in Northwest Africa: Case of the Urban City of Bamako in Mali. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19010611. [PMID: 35010869 PMCID: PMC8744751 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Personal exposure to particulate matter (PM) from anthropogenic activities is a major concern in African countries, including Mali. However, knowledge of particulates is scant. This study was undertaken to characterize personal exposure to PM2.5 microns or less in diameter (PM2.5) in the city of Bamako in Mali. The exposure to PM2.5, through daily activities was observed from September 2020 to February 2021. Participants wore palm-sized optical PM2.5 sensors on their chest during their daily activities. The exposure levels in four different groups of residents were investigated in relation to their daily activities. The variation in PM2.5 concentration was measured during different activities in different microenvironments, and the main sources of exposure were identified. The highest average 10 min concentrations were observed at home and in bedrooms, while the participants were using specific products typically used in Africa, Asia, and South America that included insecticides (IST; 999 µg/m3) and incense (ICS; 145 µg/m3), followed by traffic (216 µg/m3) and cooking (150 µg/m3). The lowest average 10 min concentrations were also observed in the same microenvironment lacking IST or ICS (≤14 µg/m3). With no use of specific products, office workers and students were the least exposed, and drivers and cooks were the most exposed. The concentrations are up to 7.5 and 3 times higher than the World Health Organization's yearly and daily recommended exposure levels, respectively, indicating the need to promptly elaborate and apply effective mitigation strategies to improve air quality and protect public health. This study highlights the importance of indoor air pollution sources related to culture and confirms previous studies on urban outdoor air pollution sources, especially in developing countries. The findings could be applied to cities other than Bamako, as similar practices and lifestyles are common in different cultures.
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Amouzouvi YM, Dzagli MM, Sagna K, Török Z, Roba CA, Mereuţă A, Ozunu A, Edjame KS. Evaluation of Pollutants Along the National Road N2 in Togo using the AERMOD Dispersion Model. J Health Pollut 2020; 10:200908. [PMID: 32874764 PMCID: PMC7453808 DOI: 10.5696/2156-9614-10.27.200908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution has become a major problem around the world and is increasingly an issue in Togo due to increased vehicular traffic. Gaseous pollutants are released by engines and are very harmful to human health and the environment. The fuels used on the major road in Togo, the N2, are adulterated with unknown contents and are of poor quality. Many of the vehicles come from neighboring countries, such as Benin, Ghana and Nigeria. OBJECTIVES The present study aims to evaluate the pollution rate in Togo through the estimation of the concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particular matter (PM) on the international road, the National Road N2, in Lomé, compared to the World Health Organization's (WHO) standard limit. METHODS The simulations of pollutant concentration were performed using the Industrial Source Complex Short Term Version 3 model, which is included in the United States Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (USEPA) AERMOD View software. The meteorological averages data were obtained from the local station near the National Road N2 in Togo in 2018. Hourly averages were calculated according to the European Monitoring Evaluation Programme/European Environmental Agency air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2016 and were processed using AERMET View and a terrain pre-processor, AERMAP. For the model, the sources of pollution were the vehicles traveling on the road segment. The source was a line volume with 20 m of width and 2 m of height. The estimation methodology covered exhaust emissions of NOx, SO2 and PM contained in the fuel. RESULTS The simulations provided average hourly, daily and annual concentrations of the different pollutants: 71.91 μg/m3, 42.41 μg/m3,11.23 μg/m3 for SO2; 16.78 μg/m3, 9.89 μg/m3, 2.46 μg/m3 for NOx and below the detection limit, 0.62 μg/m3, 0.15 μg/m3 for PM, respectively. These results indicate that on the National Road N2 in Togo, the concentrations of SO2 were high compared to those of NOx and PM. The daily average concentration of SO2 was twice the permissible limits set by the WHO. CONCLUSIONS Emissions obtained from the AERMOD for NOx and PM were less than the permissible limits set by the WHO, while the rate of SO2 was twice the permissible limit. The fuels used on this road were very rich in sulfur. The sulfur level in fuels must be monitored by stakeholders in Togo. COMPETING INTERESTS The authors declare no competing financial interests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Koffi Sagna
- Department of Physics, University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Zoltán Török
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeş - Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen Andreea Roba
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeş - Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mereuţă
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeş - Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Ozunu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeş - Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Meramo-Hurtado S, Moreno-Sader K, González-Delgado ÁD. Computer-aided simulation and exergy analysis of TiO 2 nanoparticles production via green chemistry. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8113. [PMID: 31788362 PMCID: PMC6882416 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The production of photocatalytic nanoparticles such as TiO2 has received increasing interest for biomedical and wastewater treatment applications. However, the conventional synthesis of such materials faces several environmental concerns. Methods In this work, green synthesis is addressed to prepare TiO2 nanoparticles at large scale using Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and titanium isopropoxide (TTIP). This process was designed and modeled using computer-aided process engineering (CAPE) in order to obtain the extended mass/energy balances, as well as operating parameters. Process simulation was carried out using the commercial software Aspen Plus®. In addition, energy performance of large-scale nanoparticle production was analyzed to identify alternatives for process improvement from an exergetic point of view. Results The production capacity of the plant was estimated as 1,496 t/y of TiO2 nanoparticles by the conversion of 32,675 t/y lemongrass and 5,724 t/y TTIP. Hence, the overall production yield is 0.26 kg TiO2/kg TTIP. Exergy analysis reported an overall exergy efficiency of 0.27% and an exergy loss of 159,824.80 MJ/h. These results suggest that such a process requires the implementation of process improvement strategies to reach a more sustainable design from energy and thermodynamic viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Meramo-Hurtado
- Nanomaterials and Computer Aided Process Engineering Research Group (NIPAC), Department of Chemical Engineeering, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Kariana Moreno-Sader
- Nanomaterials and Computer Aided Process Engineering Research Group (NIPAC), Department of Chemical Engineeering, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Ángel D González-Delgado
- Nanomaterials and Computer Aided Process Engineering Research Group (NIPAC), Department of Chemical Engineeering, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
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Kalisa E, Archer S, Nagato E, Bizuru E, Lee K, Tang N, Pointing S, Hayakawa K, Lacap-Bugler D. Chemical and Biological Components of Urban Aerosols in Africa: Current Status and Knowledge Gaps. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E941. [PMID: 30875989 PMCID: PMC6466367 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16060941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aerosolized particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture that has been recognized as the greatest cause of premature human mortality in low- and middle-income countries. Its toxicity arises largely from its chemical and biological components. These include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their nitro-derivatives (NPAHs) as well as microorganisms. In Africa, fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning in urban settings are the major sources of human exposure to PM, yet data on the role of aerosols in disease association in Africa remains scarce. This review is the first to examine studies conducted in Africa on both PAHs/NPAHs and airborne microorganisms associated with PM. These studies demonstrate that PM exposure in Africa exceeds World Health Organization (WHO) safety limits and carcinogenic PAHs/NPAHs and pathogenic microorganisms are the major components of PM aerosols. The health impacts of PAHs/NPAHs and airborne microbial loadings in PM are reviewed. This will be important for future epidemiological evaluations and may contribute to the development of effective management strategies to improve ambient air quality in the African continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egide Kalisa
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
- School of Sciences, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 4285, Kigali, Rwanda.
| | - Stephen Archer
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Edward Nagato
- Institute of Natural and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Elias Bizuru
- School of Sciences, College of Science and Technology, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 4285, Kigali, Rwanda.
| | - Kevin Lee
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Ning Tang
- Institute of Natural and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Stephen Pointing
- Yale NUS-College and Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 138527, Singapore.
| | - Kazuichi Hayakawa
- Institute of Natural and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Donnabella Lacap-Bugler
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Emissions from the Road Traffic of West African Cities: Assessment of Vehicle Fleet and Fuel Consumption. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11092300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traffic source emission inventories for the rapidly growing West African urban cities are necessary for better characterization of local vehicle emissions released into the atmosphere of these cities. This study is based on local field measurements in Yopougon (Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire) in 2016; a site representative of anthropogenic activities in West African cities. The measurements provided data on vehicle type and age, traveling time, fuel type, and estimated amount of fuel consumption. The data revealed high traffic flow of personal cars on highways, boulevards, and backstreets, whereas high flows of intra-communal sedan taxis were observed on main and secondary roads. In addition, the highest daily fuel consumption value of 56 L·day−1 was recorded for heavy vehicles, while the lowest value of 15 L·day−1 was recorded for personal cars using gasoline. This study is important for the improvement of uncertainties related to the different databases used to estimate emissions either in national or international reports. This work provides useful information for future studies on urban air quality, climate, and health impact assessments in African cities. It may also be useful for policy makers to support implementation of emission reduction policies in West African cities.
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11
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Naidja L, Ali-Khodja H, Khardi S. Sources and levels of particulate matter in North African and Sub-Saharan cities: a literature review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12303-12328. [PMID: 29557037 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the significance of PM in ambient air, it is necessary to evaluate their physical and chemical characteristics as well as identify their major emission sources. On a global scale, particulate matter in the atmosphere arises mainly from the combustion process of motorized vehicles, but natural sources are still considered as the major contributors. In Africa, PM emissions differ from those in developed countries; human activities such as biomass burning in households, poor household waste management, and the high number of diesel-powered vehicles are the predominant anthropogenic sources. Natural contributions are also observed. Saharan dust and savanna fires are the most common atmospheric natural sources of particulate matter. The present literature review gives an overview of the status of air quality in African cities and highlights the various sources of particulate matter emissions and local human activities specific to each African region. This could likely serve as a reference to evaluate the current air quality in this region and will be a useful tool in the future to develop pollution mitigation strategies at the source. Recommendations are proposed in the conclusion in order to reduce emissions from their sources, taking into account the low-income African countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamri Naidja
- Laboratoire de Pollution et Traitement des Eaux, Université Frères Mentouri, Route de Aïn El Bey, 25017, Constantine, Algeria.
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques, BP 384, Siège ex-Pasna Zone Industrielle, CP 42004, Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria.
| | - Hocine Ali-Khodja
- Laboratoire de Pollution et Traitement des Eaux, Université Frères Mentouri, Route de Aïn El Bey, 25017, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Salah Khardi
- Claude Bernard University- IFSTTAR LTE, 25, avenue François Mitterrand, Case 24 Cité des mobilités, F-69675, Bron Cedex, France
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12
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Le KC, Lefumeux C, Pino T. Differential Raman backscattering cross sections of black carbon nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17124. [PMID: 29215038 PMCID: PMC5719417 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17300-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the measurements of the differential Raman backscattering cross sections for several carbonaceous ultrafine particles of environmental relevances. These were obtained by dispersing the target particles in liquid water which was used as the internal standard reference. The optical collection was performed in a configuration to ensure a detection as close as possible to the backward direction. These are the first cross sections on black carbon-type particles although Raman spectroscopy is widely used in Carbon science. The high values of the cross sections, few 10-28 cm2.sr-1.atom-1, reflect resonance effects that take advantages of the disordered polyaromatic structures. Because they were measured in conditions intended to mimic the aerosol phase, these measurements provide a crucial step to move toward quantitative Raman spectroscopy and enable development of dedicated teledetection of black carbon in the atmosphere and in combustion chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Cuong Le
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Christophe Lefumeux
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Thomas Pino
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405, Orsay, France.
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13
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West JJ, Cohen A, Dentener F, Brunekreef B, Zhu T, Armstrong B, Bell ML, Brauer M, Carmichael G, Costa DL, Dockery DW, Kleeman M, Krzyzanowski M, Künzli N, Liousse C, Lung SCC, Martin RV, Pöschl U, Pope CA, Roberts JM, Russell AG, Wiedinmyer C. "What We Breathe Impacts Our Health: Improving Understanding of the Link between Air Pollution and Health". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4895-904. [PMID: 27010639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution contributes to the premature deaths of millions of people each year around the world, and air quality problems are growing in many developing nations. While past policy efforts have succeeded in reducing particulate matter and trace gases in North America and Europe, adverse health effects are found at even these lower levels of air pollution. Future policy actions will benefit from improved understanding of the interactions and health effects of different chemical species and source categories. Achieving this new understanding requires air pollution scientists and engineers to work increasingly closely with health scientists. In particular, research is needed to better understand the chemical and physical properties of complex air pollutant mixtures, and to use new observations provided by satellites, advanced in situ measurement techniques, and distributed micro monitoring networks, coupled with models, to better characterize air pollution exposure for epidemiological and toxicological research, and to better quantify the effects of specific source sectors and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jason West
- Environmental Sciences & Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Aaron Cohen
- Health Effects Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02110, United States
| | - Frank Dentener
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, I. 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Bert Brunekreef
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Universiteit Utrecht, and Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht , 3584 CJ Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tong Zhu
- State Key Lab for Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ben Armstrong
- Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine , London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle L Bell
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Michael Brauer
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Gregory Carmichael
- Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Dan L Costa
- Air, Climate & Energy Research Program, Office of Research & Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27705, United States
| | - Douglas W Dockery
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael Kleeman
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Davis , Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Michal Krzyzanowski
- Environmental Research Group, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Nino Künzli
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel , Basel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Liousse
- Laboratoire d' Aérologie, CNRS-Université de Toulouse , Toulouse 31400, France
| | | | - Randall V Martin
- Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - C Arden Pope
- Economics, Brigham Young University , Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - James M Roberts
- Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Armistead G Russell
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Christine Wiedinmyer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
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14
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Bandowe BAM, Nkansah MA. Occurrence, distribution and health risk from polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs and azaarenes) in street dust from a major West African Metropolis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 553:439-449. [PMID: 26930316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Scientific evidence suggests that the burden of disease on urban residents of sub-Saharan African Countries is increasing, partly as a result of exposure to elevated concentrations of toxic environmental chemicals. However, characterization of the levels, composition pattern and sources of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) in environmental samples from African cities is still lacking. This study measured the PAHs, oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) and azaarene (AZAs) content of street dusts collected from Kumasi, Ghana (a major metropolis located in the tropical forest zone of West Africa). The ∑Alkyl+parent-PAHs, ∑OPAHs and ∑AZAs concentration in street dust averaged 2570 ng g(-1) (range: 181-7600 ng g(-1)), 833 ng g(-1) (57-4200 ng g(-1)) and 73 ng g(-1) (3.3-240 ng g(-1)), respectively. The concentrations of ∑Alkyl+parent-PAHs were strongly correlated (n=25) with ∑OPAHs (r=0.96, p<0.01) and ∑AZAs (r=0.94, p<0.01). The ∑OPAHs concentrations were also strongly correlated with ∑AZAs (r=0.91, p<0.01). Concentrations of individual PAHs in these street dusts were enriched at between 12 and 836 compared to their average concentrations in background soils from same city, demonstrating the high influence of traffic emissions. Several individual OPAHs and AZAs had higher concentrations than their related and often monitored parent-PAHs. The estimated incremental lifetime cancer risks due to the parent-PAHs in street dusts was >10(-6) indicating high risk of contracting cancer from exposure to street dust from Kumasi. The contribution of OPAHs, AZAs, and alkyl-PAHs in street dust to cancer risk could not be quantified because of lack of toxicity equivalency factors for these compounds; however this could be significant because of their high concentration and known higher toxicity of some polar PACs and alkyl-PAHs than their related parent-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Musa Bandowe
- Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Falkenplatz 16, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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15
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Bahloul M, Chabbi I, Dammak R, Amdouni R, Medhioub K, Azri C. Geochemical behaviour of PM10 aerosol constituents under the influence of succeeding anticyclonic/cyclonic situations: case of Sfax City, southern Tunisia. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:757. [PMID: 26577217 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4980-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the geochemical behaviour of PM10 aerosol constituents (Cl, Na, Si, Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, Zn, S) at Sfax City (Tunisia) under succeeding meteorological conditions, including short-lived anticyclonic, cyclonic and prolonged anticyclonic situations. The results revealed daily total concentrations fluctuating between 4.07 and 88.51 μg/m(3). The highest level recorded was noted to occur under the effect of the short-lived anticyclonic situation characterized by low wind speeds. It was 1.5 times higher than those recorded during cyclonic and long-lived anticyclonic situations characterized by moderate to high wind speeds. During the cyclonic situation, the marked increase of (Na and Cl) concentrations is associated with relatively high sea wind speeds (6 to 9 m/s), which are in turn responsible for a slight increase of crustal elements such as Al, Ca, Si, Fe and Mg, by the entrainment in the air of dust from roads and undeveloped areas. During the two anticyclonic situations, the simultaneous increase (due to communal transport) of crustal (Ca, Si, Al, Fe, Mg) and man-made (Mn, S, Pb, Zn) elements was noted to be associated with the dominance of terrigenious wind flows with speeds varying between 1.5 and 4 m/s. However, the significant contribution rates observed for Cl under the prevalence of such winds as compared to other crustal elements such as Fe suggested the influence of the sebkhas of Southern Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moez Bahloul
- Unité de recherche, Etude et Gestion des Environnements Côtiers et Urbains, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Iness Chabbi
- Unité de recherche, Etude et Gestion des Environnements Côtiers et Urbains, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Rim Dammak
- Unité de recherche, Etude et Gestion des Environnements Côtiers et Urbains, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Ridha Amdouni
- Unité de recherche, Etude et Gestion des Environnements Côtiers et Urbains, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Khaled Medhioub
- Unité de recherche, Etude et Gestion des Environnements Côtiers et Urbains, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000, Sfax, Tunisie
| | - Chafai Azri
- Unité de recherche, Etude et Gestion des Environnements Côtiers et Urbains, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3000, Sfax, Tunisie.
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16
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Lovera-Leroux M, Crobeddu B, Kassis N, Petit PX, Janel N, Baeza-Squiban A, Andreau K. The iron component of particulate matter is antiapoptotic: A clue to the development of lung cancer after exposure to atmospheric pollutants? Biochimie 2015; 118:195-206. [PMID: 26419736 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The classification of outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic for humans strengthens the increasing concern about particulate matter (PM). We previously demonstrated that PM exposure produces an antiapoptotic effect resulting from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and water-soluble components. In this study, we investigated transition metallic compounds, particularly iron, in order to decipher their underlying molecular mechanisms that prevent apoptosis. Human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed for 4 h to different PM samples with established antiapoptotic effect (e.g. PM-AW) or not (e.g. PM-VS) or to their metallic components (Fe, Mn, Zn and Al) before apoptosis induction by the calcium ionophore A23187 or Staurosporine. PM-AW, Fe, Mn and Al significantly reduced induced apoptosis. The antiapoptotic effect of Fe was enhanced by benzo(a)pyrene, a typical PAH compound, but was totally reversed by the iron chelator, deferiprone. Furthermore, particles and iron triggered cellular ROS generation and prevented the depletion in glutathione levels observed during A23187-induced apoptosis. In contrast to benzo(a)pyrene, PM-AW and Fe rapidly activated NRF2, subsequently upregulated several target genes (HO1, NQO1 and GPX1) and modulated some genes which control cell death (BCL2, BAX and p53). The key role of the NRF2 pathway in the antiapoptotic effect mediated by Fe and PM was demonstrated using siRNA technology. Our results suggest that the iron component participates in the antiapoptotic effect of PM by activating a NRF2-dependent antioxidant process. As resisting to cell death is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells, these findings provide additional clues for understanding the development of lung cancer after atmospheric pollution exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Lovera-Leroux
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Belinda Crobeddu
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Nadim Kassis
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Patrice X Petit
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1124, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Janel
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Baeza-Squiban
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France
| | - Karine Andreau
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unit of Functional and Adaptive Biology, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France.
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17
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Garrison VH, Majewski MS, Konde L, Wolf RE, Otto RD, Tsuneoka Y. Inhalable desert dust, urban emissions, and potentially biotoxic metals in urban Saharan-Sahelian air. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 500-501:383-394. [PMID: 25243921 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Saharan dust incursions and particulates emitted from human activities degrade air quality throughout West Africa, especially in the rapidly expanding urban centers in the region. Particulate matter (PM) that can be inhaled is strongly associated with increased incidence of and mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and cancer. Air samples collected in the capital of a Saharan-Sahelian country (Bamako, Mali) between September 2012 and July 2013 were found to contain inhalable PM concentrations that exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) and US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) PM2.5 and PM10 24-h limits 58 - 98% of days and European Union (EU) PM10 24-h limit 98% of days. Mean concentrations were 1.2-to-4.5 fold greater than existing limits. Inhalable PM was enriched in transition metals, known to produce reactive oxygen species and initiate the inflammatory response, and other potentially bioactive and biotoxic metals/metalloids. Eroded mineral dust composed the bulk of inhalable PM, whereas most enriched metals/metalloids were likely emitted from oil combustion, biomass burning, refuse incineration, vehicle traffic, and mining activities. Human exposure to inhalable PM and associated metals/metalloids over 24-h was estimated. The findings indicate that inhalable PM in the Sahara-Sahel region may present a threat to human health, especially in urban areas with greater inhalable PM and transition metal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Garrison
- US Geological Survey, 600 4th Street South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| | - M S Majewski
- US Geological Survey, 6000 J St., Sacramento, CA 95819-6129, USA.
| | | | - R E Wolf
- US Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Lakewood, CO 80225-0046, USA.
| | - R D Otto
- US Department of State, Office of Medical Services, 2401 E. Street NW, Washington, DC 20522-0101, USA.
| | - Y Tsuneoka
- Embassy of Japan in Sri Lanka, No. 20 Gregory's Road, Colombo 7, Sri Lanka.
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Møller P, Danielsen PH, Karottki DG, Jantzen K, Roursgaard M, Klingberg H, Jensen DM, Christophersen DV, Hemmingsen JG, Cao Y, Loft S. Oxidative stress and inflammation generated DNA damage by exposure to air pollution particles. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 762:133-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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