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Salegio EA, Hancock K, Korszen S. Pre-clinical delivery of gene therapy products to the cerebrospinal fluid: challenges and considerations for clinical translation. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1248271. [PMID: 37664241 PMCID: PMC10469667 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1248271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
While the majority of gene therapy studies in neurological indications have focused on direct gene transfer to the central nervous system (CNS), there is growing interest in the delivery of therapeutics using the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as a conduit. Historically, direct CNS routes-of-administration (RoAs) have relied on tissue dynamics, displacement of interstitial fluid, and regional specificity to achieve focal delivery into regions of interest, such as the brain. While intraparenchymal delivery minimizes peripheral organ exposure, one perceived drawback is the relative invasiveness of this approach to drug delivery. In this mini review, we examine the CSF as an alternative RoA to target CNS tissue and discuss considerations associated with the safety of performing such procedures, biodistribution of therapeutics following single administration, and translation of findings given differences between small and large animals. These factors will help delineate key considerations for translating data obtained from animal studies into clinical settings that may be useful in the treatment of neurological conditions.
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2
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Huang X, Wang X, Ren Y, Gao P, Xu W, Xie X, Diao Y. Reactive oxygen species enhance rAAV transduction by promoting its escape from late endosomes. Virol J 2023; 20:2. [PMID: 36611172 PMCID: PMC9825130 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01964-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent seminal studies have revealed that endosomal reactive oxygen species (ROS) promote rather than inhibit viral infection. Some ROS generators, including shikonin and H2O2, have the potential to enhance recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) transduction. However, the impact of ROS on rAAV intracellular trafficking remains unclear. METHODS To understand the effects of ROS on the transduction of rAAV vectors, especially the rAAV subcellular distribution profiles, this study systematically explored the effect of ROS on each step of rAAV intracellular trafficking pathway using fluorescently-labeled rAAV and qPCR quantification determination. RESULTS The results showed promoted in-vivo and in-vitro rAAV transduction by ROS exposure, regardless of vector serotype or cell type. ROS treatment directed rAAV intracellular trafficking towards a more productive pathway by upregulating the expression of cathepsins B and L, accelerating the rAAV transit in late endosomes, and increasing the rAAV nucleus entry. CONCLUSIONS These data support that ROS generative drugs, such as shikonin, have the potential to promote rAAV vector transduction by promoting rAAV's escape from late endosomes, and enhancing its productive trafficking to the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Huang
- grid.449406.b0000 0004 1757 7252College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- grid.411404.40000 0000 8895 903XSchool of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Yanxuan Ren
- grid.411404.40000 0000 8895 903XSchool of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Pingzhang Gao
- grid.449406.b0000 0004 1757 7252College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Wentao Xu
- grid.449406.b0000 0004 1757 7252College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou, China.
| | - Yong Diao
- School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou, China.
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3
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Miyake N, Miyake K, Sakai A, Yamamoto M, Suzuki H, Shimada T. Treatment of adult metachromatic leukodystrophy model mice using intrathecal administration of type 9 AAV vector encoding arylsulfatase A. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20513. [PMID: 34654893 PMCID: PMC8521568 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by an arylsulfatase A (ARSA) deficiency and characterized by severe neurological symptoms resulting from demyelination within the central and peripheral nervous systems. We investigated the feasibility and efficacy of intrathecal administration of a type 9 adeno-associated viral vector encoding ARSA (AAV9/ARSA) for the treatment of 6-week-old MLD model mice, which are presymptomatic, and 1-year-old mice, which exhibit neurological abnormalities. Immunohistochemical analysis following AAV9/ARSA administration showed ARSA expression within the brain, with highest activities in the cerebellum and olfactory bulbs. In mice treated at 1 year, alcian blue staining and quantitative analysis revealed significant decreases in stored sulfatide. Behaviorally, mice treated at 1 year showed no improvement in their ability to traverse narrow balance beams as compared to untreated mice. By contrast, MLD mice treated at 6 weeks showed significant decreases in stored sulfatide throughout the entire brain and improved ability to traverse narrow balance beams. These findings suggest intrathecal administration of an AAV9/ARSA vector is a promising approach to treating genetic diseases of the central nervous system, including MLD, though it may be essential to begin therapy before the onset of neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Miyake
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
| | - Koichi Miyake
- Department of Gene Therapy, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sakai
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Motoko Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Hidenori Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan
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4
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Srivastava V, Singh A, Jain GK, Ahmad FJ, Shukla R, Kesharwani P. Viral vectors as a promising nanotherapeutic approach against neurodegenerative disorders. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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5
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Chakrabarti S, Pattison LA, Doleschall B, Rickman RH, Blake H, Callejo G, Heppenstall PA, Smith ESJ. Intraarticular Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype AAV-PHP.S-Mediated Chemogenetic Targeting of Knee-Innervating Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Alleviates Inflammatory Pain in Mice. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1749-1758. [PMID: 32418284 DOI: 10.1002/art.41314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Joint pain is the major clinical symptom of arthritis that affects millions of people. Controlling the excitability of knee-innervating dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons (knee neurons) could potentially provide pain relief. We undertook this study to evaluate whether the newly engineered adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype, AAV-PHP.S, can deliver functional artificial receptors to control knee neuron excitability following intraarticular knee injection. METHODS The AAV-PHP.S virus, packaged with dTomato fluorescent protein and either excitatory (Gq ) or inhibitory (Gi ) designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs), was injected into the knee joints of adult mice. Labeling of DRG neurons with AAV-PHP.S from the knee was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. The functionality of Gq - and Gi -DREADDs was evaluated using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology on acutely cultured DRG neurons. Pain behavior in mice was assessed using a digging assay, dynamic weight bearing, and rotarod performance, before and after intraperitoneal administration of the DREADD activator, Compound 21. RESULTS We showed that AAV-PHP.S can deliver functional genes into ~7% of lumbar DRG neurons when injected into the knee joint in a similar manner to the well-established retrograde tracer, fast blue. Short-term activation of AAV-PHP.S-delivered Gq -DREADD increased excitability of knee neurons in vitro (P = 0.02 by unpaired t-test), without inducing overt pain in mice when activated in vivo. By contrast, in vivo Gi -DREADD activation alleviated digging deficits induced by Freund's complete adjuvant-mediated knee inflammation (P = 0.0002 by repeated-measures analysis of variance [ANOVA] followed by Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons test). A concomitant decrease in knee neuron excitability was observed in vitro (P = 0.005 by ANOVA followed by Holm-Sidak multiple comparisons test). CONCLUSION We describe an AAV-mediated chemogenetic approach to specifically control joint pain, which may be utilized in translational arthritic pain research.
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6
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Gong Y, Berenson A, Laheji F, Gao G, Wang D, Ng C, Volak A, Kok R, Kreouzis V, Dijkstra IM, Kemp S, Maguire CA, Eichler F. Intrathecal Adeno-Associated Viral Vector-Mediated Gene Delivery for Adrenomyeloneuropathy. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 30:544-555. [PMID: 30358470 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the peroxisomal ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCD1) cause elevations in very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and the neurodegenerative disease adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). In most adults, this manifests as the spinal cord axonopathy adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN). A challenge in virus-based gene therapy in AMN is how to achieve functional gene correction to the entire spinal cord while minimizing leakage into the systemic circulation, which could contribute to toxicity. In the present study, we used an osmotic pump to deliver adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector into the lumbar cerebrospinal fluid space in mice. We report that slow intrathecal delivery of recombinant AAV serotype 9 (rAAV9) achieves efficient gene transfer across the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia as demonstrated with two different transgenes, GFP and ABCD1. In the Abcd1-/- mouse, gene correction after continuous rAAV9-CBA-hABCD1 delivery led to a 20% decrease in VLCFA levels in spinal cord compared with controls. The major cell types transduced were astrocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and neurons. Importantly, rAAV9 delivered intrathecally by osmotic pump, in contrast to bolus injection, reduced systemic leakage into peripheral organs, particularly liver and heart tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gong
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna Berenson
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Fiza Laheji
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Guangping Gao
- 2 Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Dan Wang
- 2 Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Carrie Ng
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Adrienn Volak
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rene Kok
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vasileios Kreouzis
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Inge M Dijkstra
- 3 Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan Kemp
- 3 Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Casey A Maguire
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Florian Eichler
- 1 Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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7
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Hunter DV, Smaila BD, Lopes DM, Takatoh J, Denk F, Ramer MS. Advillin Is Expressed in All Adult Neural Crest-Derived Neurons. eNeuro 2018; 5:ENEURO.0077-18.2018. [PMID: 30221190 PMCID: PMC6135988 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0077-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Promoter-based genetic recombination (via, e.g., Cre-lox) is most useful when all cells of interest express a particular gene. The discovery that the actin-binding protein advillin is expressed in all somatic sensory neurons has been exploited repeatedly to drive DNA recombination therein, yet specificity of expression has not been well demonstrated. Here, we characterize advillin expression amongst sensory neurons and in several other neural and non-neural tissues. We first validate an advillin antibody against advillin knock-out tissue, advillin promoter-driven EGFP, and advillin mRNA expression. In the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), advillin is enriched in non-peptidergic nociceptors. We also show that advillin expression, and advillin promotor-driven EGFP and Cre-recombinase expression, occurs in multiple tissues including the dorsal habenula of the epithalamus, endocrine cells of the gut, Merkel cells in the skin, and most strikingly, throughout the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric neurons) in mice, rats, and non-human primates. In the mouse pelvic ganglion, advillin immunoreactivity is most intense in pairs of small neurons, and concentrated in spine-like structures on the axon initial segment contacted by sympathetic preganglionic axons. In autonomic targets (iris and blood vessels), advillin is distributed along cholinergic parasympathetic axons and in sympathetic varicosities. Developmentally, advillin expression is absent from sympathetics at postnatal day 4 but begins to emerge by day 7, accounting for previous reports (based on embryonic expression) of advillin's specificity to sensory neurons. These results indicate that caution is warranted in interpreting previous studies in which advillin-driven genomic editing is either constitutive or performed after postnatal day 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V. Hunter
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1M9, Canada
| | - Brittney D. Smaila
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1M9, Canada
| | - Douglas M. Lopes
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Takatoh
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Franziska Denk
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Matt S. Ramer
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z1M9, Canada
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8
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Unger MD, Pleticha J, Heilmann LF, Newman LK, Maus TP, Beutler AS. Human interleukin-10 delivered intrathecally by self-complementary adeno-associated virus 8 induces xenogeneic transgene immunity without clinical neurotoxicity in swine. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3026. [PMID: 29800509 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intrathecal interleukin (IL)-10 delivered by plasmid or viral gene vectors has been proposed for clinical testing because it is effective for chronic pain in rodents, is a potential therapeutic for various human diseases, and was found to be nontoxic in dogs, when the human IL-10 ortholog was tested. However, recent studies in swine testing porcine IL-10 demonstrated fatal neurotoxicity. The present study aimed to deliver vector-encoded human IL-10 in swine, measure expression of the transgene in cerebrospinal fluid and monitor animals for signs of neurotoxicity. RESULTS Human IL-10 levels peaked 2 weeks after vector administration followed by a rapid decline that occurred concomitant with the emergence of anti-human IL-10 antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid and serum. Animals remained neurologically healthy throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest that swine are not idiosyncratically sensitive to intrathecal IL-10 because, recapitulating previous reports in dogs, they suffered no clinical neurotoxicity from the human ortholog. These results strongly infer that toxicity of intrathecal IL-10 in large animal models was previously overlooked because of a species mismatch between transgene and host. The present study further suggests that swine were protected from interleukin-10 by a humoral immune response against the xenogeneic cytokine. Future safety studies of IL-10 or related therapeutics may require syngeneic large animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Unger
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Translational Science Track, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Josef Pleticha
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Translational Science Track, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lukas F Heilmann
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Translational Science Track, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Laura K Newman
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Translational Science Track, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Timothy P Maus
- Department of Radiology (Section of Interventional Pain Management), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andreas S Beutler
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Translational Science Track, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, MN, USA
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9
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Abdallah K, Nadeau F, Bergeron F, Blouin S, Blais V, Bradbury KM, Lavoie CL, Parent JL, Gendron L. Adeno-associated virus 2/9 delivery of Cre recombinase in mouse primary afferents. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7321. [PMID: 29743652 PMCID: PMC5943452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically-modified animal models have significantly increased our understanding of the complex central nervous system circuits. Among these models, inducible transgenic mice whose specific gene expression can be modulated through a Cre recombinase/LoxP system are useful to study the role of specific peptides and proteins in a given population of cells. In the present study, we describe an efficient approach to selectively deliver a Cre-GFP to dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. First, mice of different ages were injected in both hindpaws with a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV2/9-CBA-Cre-GFP). Using this route of injection in mice at 5 days of age, we report that approximately 20% of all DRG neurons express GFP, 6 to 8 weeks after the infection. The level of infection was reduced by 50% when the virus was administered at 2 weeks of age. Additionally, the virus-mediated delivery of the Cre-GFP was also investigated via the intrathecal route. When injected intrathecally, the rAAV2/9-CBA-Cre-GFP virus infected a much higher proportion of DRG neurons than the intraplantar injection, with up to 51.6% of infected lumbar DRG neurons. Noteworthy, both routes of injection predominantly transduced DRG neurons over spinal and brain neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Abdallah
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Francis Nadeau
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Francis Bergeron
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Blouin
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique Blais
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Kelly M Bradbury
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine L Lavoie
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Luc Parent
- Département de médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Gendron
- Département de pharmacologie-physiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada. .,Département d'anesthésiologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada. .,Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada. .,Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada. .,Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada. .,Quebec Pain Research Network, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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10
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Zheng C, Wang S, Bai Y, Luo T, Wang J, Dai C, Guo B, Luo S, Wang D, Yang Y, Wang Y. Lentiviral Vectors and Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors: Useful Tools for Gene Transfer in Pain Research. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:825-836. [PMID: 29149775 PMCID: PMC6585677 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pain, especially chronic pain, has always been a heated point in both basic and clinical researches since it puts heavy burdens on both individuals and the whole society. A better understanding of the role of biological molecules and various ionic channels involved in pain can shed light on the mechanism under pain and advocate the development of pain management. Using viral vectors to transfer specific genes at targeted sites is a promising method for both research and clinical applications. Lentiviral vectors and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors which allow stable and long-term expression of transgene in non-dividing cells are widely applied in pain research. In this review, we thoroughly outline the structure, category, advantages and disadvantages and the delivery methods of lentiviral and AAV vectors. The methods through which lentiviral and AAV vectors are delivered to targeted sites are closely related with the sites, level and period of transgene expression. Focus is placed on the various delivery methods applied to deliver vectors to spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion both of which play important roles in primary nociception. Our goal is to provide insight into the features of these two viral vectors and which administration approach can be chosen for different pain researches. Anat Rec, 301:825-836, 2018. © 2017 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen‐Xi Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologyK.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an 710032China
| | - Sheng‐Ming Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologyK.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an 710032China
| | - Yun‐Hu Bai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi‐Jing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an 710032China
| | - Ting‐Ting Luo
- Department of Neurobiology and Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic MedicineThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an 710032China
| | - Jia‐Qi Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologyK.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an 710032China
| | - Chun‐Qiu Dai
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologyK.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an 710032China
| | - Bao‐Lin Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologyK.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an 710032China
| | - Shi‐Cheng Luo
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologyK.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an 710032China
| | - Dong‐Hui Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologyK.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an 710032China
| | - Yan‐Ling Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi‐Jing HospitalThe Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an 710032China
| | - Ya‐Yun Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and EmbryologyK.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical UniversityXi'an 710032China
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11
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Human carbonic anhydrase-8 AAV8 gene therapy inhibits nerve growth factor signaling producing prolonged analgesia and anti-hyperalgesia in mice. Gene Ther 2018; 25:297-311. [PMID: 29789638 PMCID: PMC6063772 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-018-0018-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase-8 (Car8; murine gene symbol) is an allosteric inhibitor of inositol trisphosphate receptor-1 (ITPR1), which regulates neuronal intracellular calcium release. We previously reported that wildtype Car8 overexpression corrects the baseline allodynia and hyperalgesia associated with calcium dysregulation in the waddle (wdl) mouse due to a 19 bp deletion in exon 8 of the Car8 gene. In this report, we provide preliminary evidence that overexpression of the human wildtype ortholog of Car8 (CA8WT), but not the reported CA8 S100P loss-of-function mutation (CA8MT); inhibits nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced phosphorylation of ITPR1, TrkA (NGF high affinity receptor); and ITPR1-mediated cytoplasmic free calcium release in vitro. Additionally, we show that gene-transfer using AAV8-V5-CA8WT viral particles via sciatic nerve injection demonstrates retrograde transport to dorsal root ganglia (DRG) producing prolonged V5-CA8WT expression, pITPR1 and pTrkA inhibition, and profound analgesia and anti-hyperalgesia in male C57BL/6J mice. AAV8-V5-CA8WT mediated overexpression prevented and treated allodynia and hyperalgesia associated with chronic neuropathic pain produced by the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model. These AAV8-V5-CA8 data provide a proof-of-concept for precision medicine through targeted gene therapy of NGF-responsive somatosensory neurons as a long-acting local analgesic able to prevent and treat chronic neuropathic pain through regulating TrkA signaling, ITPR1 activation, and intracellular free calcium release by ITPR1.
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12
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Wang D, Li J, Tran K, Burt DR, Zhong L, Gao G. Slow Infusion of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Viruses into the Mouse Cerebrospinal Fluid Space. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2018; 29:75-85. [PMID: 29596011 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2017.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) are the leading in vivo gene delivery platform, and have been extensively studied in gene therapy targeting various tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). A single-bolus rAAV injection to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space has been widely used to target the CNS, but it suffers from several drawbacks, such as leakage to peripheral tissues. Here, a protocol is described using an osmotic pump to infuse rAAV slowly into the mouse CSF space. Compared to the single-bolus injection technique, pump infusion can lead to higher CNS transduction and lower transduction in the peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- 1 Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,2 Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,3 Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jia Li
- 1 Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,2 Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Karen Tran
- 1 Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,2 Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel R Burt
- 1 Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,2 Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Li Zhong
- 1 Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,2 Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,3 Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Guangping Gao
- 1 Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,2 Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,3 Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,4 Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, Massachusetts.,5 West China Hospital, Sichuan University , Chengdu, China
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13
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Hardcastle N, Boulis NM, Federici T. AAV gene delivery to the spinal cord: serotypes, methods, candidate diseases, and clinical trials. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2017; 18:293-307. [PMID: 29249183 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1416089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated gene delivery to the spinal cord has finally entered the pathway towards regulatory approval. Phase 1 clinical trials using AAV gene therapy for pediatric disorders - spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) - are now underway. AREAS COVERED This review addresses the latest progress in the field of AAV gene delivery to the spinal cord, particularly focusing on the most prominent AAV serotypes and delivery methodologies to the spinal cord. Candidate diseases and scaling up experiments in large animals are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Intravenous (IV) and intrathecal (IT) deliveries seem to undoubtedly be the preferred routes of administration for diffuse spinal cord delivery of therapeutic AAV vectors that can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and correct inherited genetic disorders. Conversely, intraparenchymal delivery is still an undervalued but very viable approach for segmental therapy in afflictions such as ALS or Pompe Disease as a means to prevent respiratory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Hardcastle
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Nicholas M Boulis
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
| | - Thais Federici
- a Department of Neurosurgery , Emory University , Atlanta , GA , USA
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14
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Pleticha J, Maus TP, Beutler AS. Future Directions in Pain Management: Integrating Anatomically Selective Delivery Techniques With Novel Molecularly Selective Agents. Mayo Clin Proc 2016; 91:522-33. [PMID: 27046525 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Treatment for chronic, locoregional pain ranks among the most prevalent unmet medical needs. The failure of systemic analgesic drugs, such as opioids, is often due to their off-target toxicity, development of tolerance, and abuse potential. Interventional pain procedures provide target specificity but lack pharmacologically selective agents with long-term efficacy. Gene therapy vectors are a new tool for the development of molecularly selective pain therapies, which have already been proved to provide durable analgesia in preclinical models. Taken together, advances in image-guided delivery and gene therapy may lead to a new class of dual selective analgesic treatments integrating the molecular selectivity of analgesic genes with the anatomic selectivity of interventional delivery techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Pleticha
- Department of Anesthesiology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Andreas S Beutler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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15
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Goganau I, Blesch A. Gene Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury. Transl Neurosci 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-7654-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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16
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Kantor B, McCown T, Leone P, Gray SJ. Clinical applications involving CNS gene transfer. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2015; 87:71-124. [PMID: 25311921 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800149-3.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) have traditionally been the most difficult to treat by traditional pharmacological methods, due mostly to the blood-brain barrier and the difficulties associated with repeated drug administration targeting the CNS. Viral vector gene transfer represents a way to permanently provide a therapeutic protein within the nervous system after a single administration, whether this be a gene replacement strategy for an inherited disorder or a disease-modifying protein for a disease such as Parkinson's. Gene therapy approaches for CNS disorders has evolved considerably over the last two decades. Although a breakthrough treatment has remained elusive, current strategies are now considerably safer and potentially much more effective. This chapter will explore the past, current, and future status of CNS gene therapy, focusing on clinical trials utilizing adeno-associated virus and lentiviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Kantor
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Thomas McCown
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paola Leone
- Department of Cell Biology, Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Steven J Gray
- Gene Therapy Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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17
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A novel analgesic approach to optogenetically and specifically inhibit pain transmission using TRPV1 promoter. Brain Res 2015; 1609:12-20. [PMID: 25797803 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a pathological condition that results in significant loss of life quality, but so far no specific treatment for chronic pain has been developed. Currently available analgesia drugs are either not specific enough or have severe side effects. Therefore a non-invasive approach with high specificity to inhibit nociception becomes essential. In this study, a recombinant virus (AAV5-TRPV1-ArchT-eGFP) was constructed and injected into the mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG). The Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) channel promoter was used to selectively express inhibitory light-sensitive pump ArchT (the archaerhodopsin from Halorubrum strain TP009) in nociceptive DRG neurons. The successful transfer of ArchT gene was confirmed by a robust expression of green florescent protein in the DRG neurons. In vivo behavioral tests demonstrated that both the mechanical paw withdrawal threshold and the radiant heat evoked paw withdrawal latency were significantly increased upon illumination by a 532 nm green laser light to the paw of a viral-vector injected mice, while the same laser light did not induce any observable change in naïve mice. In conclusion, we have established a novel analgesic approach that can noninvasively and selectively inhibit pain transmission using an acute and controllable optogenetics method. This study may shed light on the application of a novel optogenetic strategy for the treatment of pain.
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18
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Hordeaux J, Dubreil L, Deniaud J, Iacobelli F, Moreau S, Ledevin M, Le Guiner C, Blouin V, Le Duff J, Mendes-Madeira A, Rolling F, Cherel Y, Moullier P, Colle MA. Efficient central nervous system AAVrh10-mediated intrathecal gene transfer in adult and neonate rats. Gene Ther 2015; 22:316-24. [PMID: 25588740 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral administration of recombinant adeno-associated vector (AAV) has been performed in several clinical trials. However, delivery into the brain requires multiple injections and is not efficient to target the spinal cord, thus limiting its applications. To assess widespread and less invasive strategies, we tested intravenous (IV) or intrathecal (that is, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)) delivery of a rAAVrh10-egfp vector in adult and neonate rats and studied the effect of the age at injection on neurotropism. IV delivery is more efficient in neonates and targets predominantly Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and sensory neurons of the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia. A single intra-CSF administration of AAVrh10, single strand or oversized self-complementary, is efficient for the targeting of neurons in the cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression is more widespread in neonates when compared with adults. More than 50% of motor neurons express GFP in the three segments of the spinal cord in neonates and in the cervical and thoracic regions in adults. Neurons are almost exclusively transduced in neonates, whereas neurons, astrocytes and rare oligodendrocytes are targeted in adults. These results expand the possible routes of delivery of AAVrh10, a serotype that has shown efficacy and safety in clinical trials concerning neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hordeaux
- 1] INRA UMR703, Animal Pathophysiology and Biotherapy for Muscle and Nervous System Diseases, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France [2] LUNAM Université, ONIRIS, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France [3] LUNAM Université, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - L Dubreil
- 1] INRA UMR703, Animal Pathophysiology and Biotherapy for Muscle and Nervous System Diseases, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France [2] LUNAM Université, ONIRIS, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - J Deniaud
- 1] INRA UMR703, Animal Pathophysiology and Biotherapy for Muscle and Nervous System Diseases, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France [2] LUNAM Université, ONIRIS, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - F Iacobelli
- 1] INRA UMR703, Animal Pathophysiology and Biotherapy for Muscle and Nervous System Diseases, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France [2] LUNAM Université, ONIRIS, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - S Moreau
- 1] INRA UMR703, Animal Pathophysiology and Biotherapy for Muscle and Nervous System Diseases, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France [2] LUNAM Université, ONIRIS, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - M Ledevin
- 1] INRA UMR703, Animal Pathophysiology and Biotherapy for Muscle and Nervous System Diseases, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France [2] LUNAM Université, ONIRIS, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - C Le Guiner
- INSERM UMR1089, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France
| | - V Blouin
- INSERM UMR1089, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France
| | - J Le Duff
- INSERM UMR1089, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France
| | | | - F Rolling
- INSERM UMR1089, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France
| | - Y Cherel
- 1] INRA UMR703, Animal Pathophysiology and Biotherapy for Muscle and Nervous System Diseases, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France [2] LUNAM Université, ONIRIS, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
| | - P Moullier
- 1] INSERM UMR1089, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France [2] Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - M-A Colle
- 1] INRA UMR703, Animal Pathophysiology and Biotherapy for Muscle and Nervous System Diseases, Atlantic Gene Therapies, Nantes, France [2] LUNAM Université, ONIRIS, Nantes-Atlantic National College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Nantes, France
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19
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Fagoe ND, van Heest J, Verhaagen J. Spinal cord injury and the neuron-intrinsic regeneration-associated gene program. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:799-813. [PMID: 25269879 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects millions of people worldwide and causes a significant physical, emotional, social and economic burden. The main clinical hallmark of SCI is the permanent loss of motor, sensory and autonomic function below the level of injury. In general, neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) are incapable of regeneration, whereas injury to the peripheral nervous system is followed by axonal regeneration and usually results in some degree of functional recovery. The weak neuron-intrinsic regeneration-associated gene (RAG) response upon injury is an important reason for the failure of neurons in the CNS to regenerate an axon. This response consists of the expression of many RAGs, including regeneration-associated transcription factors (TFs). Regeneration-associated TFs are potential key regulators of the RAG program. The function of some regeneration-associated TFs has been studied in transgenic and knock-out mice and by adeno-associated viral vector-mediated overexpression in injured neurons. Here, we review these studies and propose that AAV-mediated gene delivery of combinations of regeneration-associated TFs is a potential strategy to activate the RAG program in injured CNS neurons and achieve long-distance axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitish D Fagoe
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
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20
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Boada DM, Martin TJ, Peters CM, Hayashida K, Harris MH, Houle TT, Boyden ES, Eisenach JC, Ririe DG. Fast-conducting mechanoreceptors contribute to withdrawal behavior in normal and nerve injured rats. Pain 2014; 155:2646-2655. [PMID: 25267211 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2014.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fast-conducting myelinated high-threshold mechanoreceptors (AHTMR) are largely thought to transmit acute nociception from the periphery. However, their roles in normal withdrawal and in nerve injury-induced hyperalgesia are less well accepted. Modulation of this subpopulation of peripheral neurons would help define their roles in withdrawal behaviors. The optically active proton pump, ArchT, was placed in an adeno-associated virus-type 8 viral vector with the CAG promoter and was administered by intrathecal injection resulting in expression in myelinated neurons. Optical inhibition of peripheral neurons at the soma and transcutaneously was possible in the neurons expressing ArchT, but not in neurons from control animals. Receptive field characteristics and electrophysiology determined that inhibition was neuronal subtype-specific with only AHTMR neurons being inhibited. One week after nerve injury the AHTMR are hyperexcitable, but can still be inhibited at the soma and transcutaneously. Withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimuli in normal and in hyperalgesic nerve-injured animals also were increased by transcutaneous light to the affected hindpaw. This suggests that AHTMR neurons play a role not only in threshold-related withdrawal behavior in the normal animal, but also in sensitized states after nerve injury. This is the first time this subpopulation of neurons has been reversibly modulated to test their contribution to withdrawal-related behaviors before and after nerve injury. This technique may prove useful to define the role of selective neuronal populations in different pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo M Boada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA The Synthetic Neurobiology Group, Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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21
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Pleticha J, Heilmann LF, Evans CH, Asokan A, Samulski RJ, Beutler AS. Preclinical toxicity evaluation of AAV for pain: evidence from human AAV studies and from the pharmacology of analgesic drugs. Mol Pain 2014; 10:54. [PMID: 25183392 PMCID: PMC4237902 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-10-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy with adeno-associated virus (AAV) has advanced in the last few years from promising results in animal models to >100 clinical trials (reported or under way). While vector availability was a substantial hurdle a decade ago, innovative new production methods now routinely match the scale of AAV doses required for clinical testing. These advances may become relevant to translational research in the chronic pain field. AAV for pain targeting the peripheral nervous system was proven to be efficacious in rodent models several years ago, but has not yet been tested in humans. The present review addresses the steps needed for translation of AAV for pain from the bench to the bedside focusing on pre-clinical toxicology. We break the potential toxicities into three conceptual categories of risk: First, risks related to the delivery procedure used to administer the vector. Second, risks related to AAV biology, i.e., effects of the vector itself that may occur independently of the transgene. Third, risks related to the effects of the therapeutic transgene. To identify potential toxicities, we consulted the existing evidence from AAV gene therapy for other nervous system disorders (animal toxicology and human studies) and from the clinical pharmacology of conventional analgesic drugs. Thereby, we identified required preclinical studies and charted a hypothetical path towards a future phase I/II clinical trial in the oncology-palliative care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andreas S Beutler
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Oncology, and the Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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22
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Pleticha J, Maus TP, Christner JA, Marsh MP, Lee KH, Hooten WM, Beutler AS. Minimally invasive convection-enhanced delivery of biologics into dorsal root ganglia: validation in the pig model and prospective modeling in humans. Technical note. J Neurosurg 2014; 121:851-8. [PMID: 24995785 DOI: 10.3171/2014.6.jns132364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are critical anatomical structures involved in nociception. Intraganglionic (IG) drug delivery is therefore an important route of administration for novel analgesic therapies. Although IG injection in large animal models is highly desirable for preclinical biodistribution and toxicology studies of new drugs, no method to deliver pharmaceutical agents into the DRG has been reported in any large species. The present study describes a minimally invasive technique of IG agent delivery in domestic swine, one of the most common large animal models. The technique utilizes CT guidance for DRG targeting and a custom-made injection assembly for convection enhanced delivery (CED) of therapeutic agents directly into DRG parenchyma. The DRG were initially visualized by CT myelography to determine the optimal access route to the DRG. The subsequent IG injection consisted of 3 steps. First, a commercially available guide needle was advanced to a position dorsolateral to the DRG, and the dural root sleeve was punctured, leaving the guide needle contiguous with, but not penetrating, the DRG. Second, the custom-made stepped stylet was inserted through the guide needle into the DRG parenchyma. Third, the stepped stylet was replaced by the custom-made stepped needle, which was used for the IG CED. Initial dye injections performed in pig cadavers confirmed the accuracy of DRG targeting under CT guidance. Intraganglionic administration of adeno-associated virus in vivo resulted in a unilateral transduction of the injected DRG, with 33.5% DRG neurons transduced. Transgene expression was also found in the dorsal root entry zones at the corresponding spinal levels. The results thereby confirm the efficacy of CED by the stepped needle and a selectivity of DRG targeting. Imaging-based modeling of the procedure in humans suggests that IG CED may be translatable to the clinical setting.
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23
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Pleticha J, Jeng-Singh C, Rezek R, Zaibak M, Beutler AS. Intraneural convection enhanced delivery of AAVrh20 for targeting primary sensory neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2014; 60:72-80. [PMID: 24769104 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy using adeno-associated virus (AAV) is an attractive strategy to treat disorders of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), such as chronic pain or peripheral neuropathies. Although intrathecal (IT) administration of AAV has been the standard in the field for targeting the PNS, it lacks anatomical specificity and results in wide rostro-caudal distribution of the vector. An alternative approach is to deliver AAV directly to the peripheral nerve axon. The present study employed convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of a novel AAV serotype, AAVrh20, expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) into rat sciatic nerve investigating its efficacy, anatomical selectivity, and safety, compared to the IT route. Intraneural CED resulted in transduction confined to the ipsilateral L4 and L5 DRG while IT administration led to promiscuous DRG transduction encompassing the entire lumbar region bilaterally. The transduction rate for intraneural AAV administration was similar to IT delivery (24% for L4 and 31.5% for L5 DRG versus 50% for L4 and 19.5% for L5 DRG). The use of hyperosmotic diluent did not further improve the transduction efficiency. AAVrh20 was superior to reference serotypes previously described to be most active for each route. Intraneural CED of AAV was associated with transient allodynia that resolved spontaneously. These findings establish intraneural CED as an alternative to IT administration for AAV mediated gene transfer to the PNS and, based on a reference rodent model, suggest AAVrh20 as a superior serotype for targeting the PNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Pleticha
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Rahaf Rezek
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Manal Zaibak
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andreas S Beutler
- Departments of Anesthesiology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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24
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Fagoe ND, Eggers R, Verhaagen J, Mason MRJ. A compact dual promoter adeno-associated viral vector for efficient delivery of two genes to dorsal root ganglion neurons. Gene Ther 2013; 21:242-52. [PMID: 24285216 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2013.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors based on serotype 5 are an efficient means to target dorsal root ganglia (DRG) to study gene function in the primary sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system. In this study, we have developed a compact AAV dual promoter vector composed of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) and chicken beta-actin (CAG) promoters in a back-to-back configuration with a shared enhancer, and show efficient expression of two proteins simultaneously in DRG neurons. We demonstrate how this is useful for experiments on axonal regeneration, by co-expressing a gene of interest and an axonal marker. Using a farnesylated form of eGFP, which is actively transported along axons, we show superior long-distance labelling of axons of DRG neurons compared with normal eGFP. Additionally, we have efficiently transduced lumbar DRG neurons by injecting the AAV dual promoter vector into the dorsal intrathecal space, which is a less invasive delivery method. In summary, we have developed an AAV dual promoter vector designed for simultaneous expression of a gene of interest and a fluorescent protein to label long-distance axonal projections, which allows specific quantification of axons from transduced neurons after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Fagoe
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Eggers
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Verhaagen
- 1] Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands [2] Center for Neurogenomics and Cognition Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Vrije Universtiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M R J Mason
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Wagner A, Röhrs V, Kedzierski R, Fechner H, Kurreck J. A novel method for the quantification of adeno-associated virus vectors for RNA interference applications using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and purified genomic adeno-associated virus DNA as a standard. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2013; 24:355-63. [PMID: 23987130 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2013.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are promising tools in gene therapy, but accurate quantification of the vector dose remains a critical issue for their successful application. We therefore aimed at the precise determination of the titer of self-complementary AAV (scAAV) vectors to improve the reliability of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated knockdown approaches. Vector titers were initially determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) using four primer sets targeting different regions within the AAV vector genome (VG) and either coiled or linearized plasmid standards. Despite very low variability between replicates in each assay, these quantification experiments revealed up to 20-fold variation in vector titers. Therefore, we developed a novel approach for the reproducible determination of titers of scAAV vectors based on the use of purified genomic vector DNA as a standard (scAAVStd). Consistent results were obtained in qPCR assays using the four primer sets mentioned above. RNAi-mediated silencing of human cyclophilin B (hCycB) by short hairpin RNA-expressing scAAV vectors was investigated in HeLa cells using two independent vector preparations. We found that the required vector titers for efficient knockdown differed by a factor of 3.5 between both preparations. Hence, we also investigated the number of internalized scAAV vectors, termed transduction units (TUs). TUs were determined by qPCR applying the scAAVStd. Very similar values for 80% hCycB knockdown were obtained for the two AAV vector preparations. Thus, only the determination of TUs, rather than vector concentration, allows for reproducible results in functional analyses using AAV vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Wagner
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin , Berlin 13355, Germany
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Yang SL, Mu YM, Tang KQ, Jiang XK, Bai WK, Shen E, Hu B. Enhancement of recombinant adeno-associated virus mediated transgene expression by targeted echo-contrast agent. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2013; 12:1318-26. [PMID: 23661455 DOI: 10.4238/2013.april.25.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) has been recently developed for destroying bubbles carrying drugs or genes, thereby permitting local release of these target molecules. We investigated whether SonoVue®, a new contrast agent that contains phospholipid-stabilized microbubbles filled with sulfur hexafluoride vapor, is effective at delivering a recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector to the rat heart by UTMD. Serotype-2 (rAAV2) marked with green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter gene was attached to the surface of sulfur hexafluoride-filled microbubbles. Microbubbles were infused into the tail vein of rats with or without simultaneous echocardiography. Additional controls included ultrasound microbubbles that did not contain virus, virus alone, and virus plus ultrasound. One group underwent echocardiographic destruction of microbubbles followed by rAAV2-GFP infusion. Rats were killed after 4 weeks and examined for GFP expression. Green fluorescence was detected in all groups that received the rAAV2-GFP vector, indicating expression of the rAAV2 transgene; however, GFP expression in the UTMD group was significantly higher than that in control groups. We conclude that ultrasound-mediated destruction mediated by SonoVue is a promising method for delivery of rAAV2 to the heart in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Yang
- Department of Echocardiography, First Teaching Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Global CNS gene delivery and evasion of anti-AAV-neutralizing antibodies by intrathecal AAV administration in non-human primates. Gene Ther 2013; 20:450-9. [PMID: 23303281 PMCID: PMC3618620 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2012.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Injection of AAV into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) offers a means to achieve widespread transgene delivery to the central nervous system, where the doses can be readily translated from small to large animals. In contrast to studies with other serotypes (AAV2, AAV4, AAV5) in rodents, we report that a naturally-occurring capsid (AAV9) and rationally-engineered capsid (AAV2.5) are able to achieve broad transduction throughout the brain and spinal cord parenchyma following a single injection into the CSF (via cisterna magna or lumbar cistern) in non-human primates (NHP). Using either vector at a dose of ~2×1012 vg per 3-6 kg animal, approximately 2% of the entire brain and spinal cord was transduced, covering all regions of the CNS. AAV9 in particular displayed efficient transduction of spinal cord motor neurons. The peripheral organ biodistribution was highly reduced compared to intravascular delivery, and the presence of circulating anti-AAV neutralizing antibodies up to a 1:128 titer had no inhibitory effect on CNS gene transfer. Intra-CSF delivery effectively translates from rodents to NHPs, which provides encouragement for the use of this approach in humans to treat motor neuron and lysosomal storage diseases.
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Abstract
This review aims to provide a broad overview of the targets, challenges and potential for gene therapy in the CNS, citing specific examples. There are a broad range of therapeutic targets, with very different requirements for a suitable viral vector. By utilizing different vector tropisms, novel routes of administration and engineered promoter control, transgenes can be targeted to specific therapeutic applications. Viral vectors have proven efficacious in preclinical models for several disease applications, spurring several clinical trials. While the field has pushed the limits of existing adeno-associated virus-based vectors, a next generation of vectors based on rational engineering of viral capsids should expand the application of gene therapy to be more effective in specific therapeutic applications.
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Jacques SJ, Ahmed Z, Forbes A, Douglas MR, Vigenswara V, Berry M, Logan A. AAV8(gfp) preferentially targets large diameter dorsal root ganglion neurones after both intra-dorsal root ganglion and intrathecal injection. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012; 49:464-74. [PMID: 22425560 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) are increasingly used to deliver therapeutic genes to the central nervous system (CNS) where they promote transgene expression in post mitotic neurones for long periods with little or no toxicity. In adult rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG), we investigated the cellular tropism of AAV8 containing the green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) after either intra-lumbar DRG or intrathecal injection and showed that transduced DRG neurones (DRGN) expressed GFP irrespective of the delivery route, while non-neuronal cells were GFP(-). After intra-DRG delivery of AAV8(gfp), the mean DRGN transduction rate was 11%, while intrathecal delivery transduced a mean of 1.5% DRGN. After intra-DRG injection, 2% of small DRGN (<30 μm in diameter) were GFP(+) compared with 32% of large DRGN (>60 μm in diameter). Axons of transduced DRGN were also GFP(+); no intra-spinal neurones were transduced. A small number of contralateral DRGN were transduced after intra-DRG injection, suggesting that AAV8 may diffuse from injected DRG into the spinal canal. Microglia and astrocytes were highly ramified with increased GFAP(+) immunoreactivity (i.e. activated) in the neuropil around GFP(+) DRG axon projections within the cord after intra-DRG injection. This study showed that after both intra-DRG and intrathecal delivery, strong preferential AAV8 tropism exists for large DRGN unassociated with cell death, but GFP(+) axons projecting in the spinal cord induced local glial activation. These results open up opportunities for targeted delivery of therapeutics such as neurotrophic factors to the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Jacques
- Neuropharmacology and Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Verhaagen J, Van Kesteren RE, Bossers KAM, Macgillavry HD, Mason MR, Smit AB. Molecular target discovery for neural repair in the functional genomics era. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 109:595-616. [PMID: 23098739 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52137-8.00037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathways activated by traumatic neural injury is of major importance for the development of treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI). High-throughput gene expression profiling is a powerful approach to reveal genome-wide changes in gene expression during a specific biological process. Microarray analysis of injured nerves or neurons would ideally generate new hypotheses concerning the progression or deregulation of injury- and repair-related biological processes, such as neural scar formation and axon regeneration. These hypotheses should subsequently be tested experimentally and would eventually provide the molecular substrates for the development of novel therapeutics. Over the last decade, this approach has elucidated numerous extrinsic (mostly neural scar-associated) as well as neuron-intrinsic genes that are regulated following an injury. To date, the main challenge is to translate the observed injury-induced gene expression changes into a mechanistic framework to understand their functional implications. To achieve this, research on neural repair will have to adopt the conceptual advances and analytical tools provided by the functional genomics and systems biology revolution. Based on progress made in bioinformatics, high-throughput and high-content functional cellular screening, and in vivo gene transfer technology, we propose a multistep "roadmap" that provides an integrated strategy for molecular target discovery for repair of the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Verhaagen
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Federici T, Taub JS, Baum GR, Gray SJ, Grieger JC, Matthews KA, Handy CR, Passini MA, Samulski RJ, Boulis NM. Robust spinal motor neuron transduction following intrathecal delivery of AAV9 in pigs. Gene Ther 2011; 19:852-9. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kumar S, Ruchi R, James SR, Chidiac EJ. Gene therapy for chronic neuropathic pain: how does it work and where do we stand today? PAIN MEDICINE 2011; 12:808-22. [PMID: 21564510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic neuropathic pain has been an enigma to physicians and researchers for decades. A better understanding of its pathophysiology has given us more insight into its various mechanisms and possible treatment options. We now have an understanding of the role of various ionic channels, biologically active molecules involved in pain, and also the intricate pain pathways where possible interventions might lead to substantial pain relief. The recent research on laboratory animals using virus-based vectors for gene transfer at targeted sites is very promising and may lead to additional human clinical trials. However, one needs to be aware that this "novel" approach is still in its infancy and that many of its details need to be further elucidated. The purpose of this article is to thoroughly review the current available literature and analyze the deficiencies in our current knowledge. DESIGN Literature review. METHODS After an extensive online literature search, a total of 133 articles were selected to synthesize a comprehensive review about chronic neuropathic pain and gene therapy in order to understand the concepts and mechanisms. RESULTS Most of the studies have shown benefits of gene therapy in animal models, and recently, phase 1 human trials using herpes simplex virus vector have started for intractable cancer pain. CONCLUSION Although animal data have shown safety and efficacy, and initial human trials have been promising, additional studies in humans are required to more completely understand the actual benefits and risks of using gene therapy for the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wayne State University/Detroit Medical Center, Harper University Hospital, MI 48201, USA
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Handy CR, Krudy C, Boulis N. Gene therapy: a potential approach for cancer pain. PAIN RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2011:987597. [PMID: 22110939 PMCID: PMC3196247 DOI: 10.1155/2011/987597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is experienced by as many as 90% of cancer patients at some point during the disease. This pain can be directly cancer related or arise from a sensory neuropathy related to chemotherapy. Major pharmacological agents used to treat cancer pain often lack anatomical specificity and can have off-target effects that create new sources of suffering. These concerns establish a need for improved cancer pain management. Gene therapy is emerging as an exciting prospect. This paper discusses the potential for viral vector-based treatment of cancer pain. It describes studies involving vector delivery of transgenes to laboratory pain models to modulate the nociceptive cascade. It also discusses clinical investigations aimed at regulating pain in cancer patients. Considering the prevalence of pain among cancer patients and the growing potential of gene therapy, these studies could set the stage for a new class of medicines that selectively disrupt nociceptive signaling with limited off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalonda R. Handy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Rm 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Christina Krudy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Rm 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Nicholas Boulis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Rm 6339, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Franz S, Weidner N, Blesch A. Gene therapy approaches to enhancing plasticity and regeneration after spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2011; 235:62-9. [PMID: 21281633 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During the past decades, new insights into mechanisms that limit plasticity and functional recovery after spinal cord injury have spurred the development of novel approaches to enhance axonal regeneration and rearrangement of spared circuitry. Gene therapy may provide one means to address mechanisms that underlie the insufficient regenerative response of injured neurons and can also be used to identify factors important for axonal growth. Several genetic approaches aimed to modulate the environment of injured axons, for example by localized expression of growth factors, to enhance axonal sprouting and regeneration and to guide regenerating axons towards their target have been described. In addition, genetic modification of injured neurons via intraparenchymal injection, or via retrograde transport of viral vectors has been used to manipulate the intrinsic growth capacity of injured neurons. In this review we will summarize some of the progress and limitations of cell transplantation and gene therapy to enhance axonal bridging and regeneration across a lesion site, and to maximize the function, collateral sprouting and connectivity of spared axonal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Franz
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany
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Beutler AS. AAV provides an alternative for gene therapy of the peripheral sensory nervous system. Mol Ther 2010; 18:670-3. [PMID: 20357781 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Beutler
- Departments of Oncology and Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Kao JH, Chen SL, Ma HI, Law PY, Tao PL, Loh HH. Intrathecal delivery of a mutant micro-opioid receptor activated by naloxone as a possible antinociceptive paradigm. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 334:739-45. [PMID: 20554907 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.165399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct injection of double-stranded adeno-associated virus type 2 (dsAAV2) with a mu-opioid receptor (MOR) mutant [S4.45(196)A], and a reporter protein (enhanced green fluorescent protein) into the spinal cord (S2/S3) dorsal horn region of ICR mice resulted in antinociceptive responses to systemic injection of opioid antagonist naloxone without altering the acute agonist morphine responses and no measurable tolerance or dependence development during subchronic naloxone treatment. To develop further such mutant MORs into a therapeutic agent in pain management, a less invasive method for virus delivery is needed. Thus, in current studies, the dsAAV2 was locally injected into the subarachnoid space of the spinal cord by intrathecal administration. Instead of using the MORS196A mutant, we constructed the dsAAV2 vector with the MORS196ACSTA mutant, a receptor mutant in which naloxone has been shown to exhibit full agonistic properties in vitro. After 2 weeks of virus injection, naloxone (10 mg/kg s.c.) elicited antinociceptive effect (determined by tail-flick test) without tolerance (10 mg/kg s.c., b.i.d. for 6 days) and significant withdrawal symptoms. On the other hand, subchronic treatment with morphine (10 mg/kg s.c., b.i.d.) for 6 days induced significant tolerance (4.8-fold) and withdrawal symptoms. Furthermore, we found that morphine, but not naloxone, induced the rewarding effects (determined by conditioned place preference test). These data suggest that local expression of MORS196ACSTA in spinal cord and systemic administration of naloxone has the potential to be developed into a new strategy in the management of pain without addiction liability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kao
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
Chronic pathological pain is characterized by extensive plasticity of the systems involved in pain signal transmission and modulation and tissue remodeling in several CNS structures. These long-lasting alterations are mediated by, or associated with, changes in the production of key molecules of nociceptive processing. Gene-based approaches offer the unique possibility of using local or even cell-type specific interventions to correct the abnormal production of some of these proteins, modulate the activity of signal transduction pathways, or overproduce various therapeutic secreted proteins. We showed that certain viral-derived vectors are particularly suitable for mediating gene transfer highly preferential for instance into the primary sensory neurons or into the spinal cord glial cells that represent particularly pertinent targets in the search for new therapeutic strategies of pathological pain.
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Mason MRJ, Ehlert EME, Eggers R, Pool CW, Hermening S, Huseinovic A, Timmermans E, Blits B, Verhaagen J. Comparison of AAV serotypes for gene delivery to dorsal root ganglion neurons. Mol Ther 2010; 18:715-24. [PMID: 20179682 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
For many experiments in the study of the peripheral nervous system, it would be useful to genetically manipulate primary sensory neurons. We have compared vectors based on adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8, and lentivirus (LV), all expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), for efficiency of transduction of sensory neurons, expression level, cellular tropism, and persistence of transgene expression following direct injection into the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), using histological quantification and qPCR. Two weeks after injection, AAV1, AAV5, and AAV6 had transduced the most neurons. The time course of GFP expression from these three vectors was studied from 1 to 12 weeks after injection. AAV5 was the most effective serotype overall, followed by AAV1. Both these serotypes showed increasing neuronal transduction rates at later time points, with some injections of AAV5 yielding over 90% of DRG neurons GFP(+) at 12 weeks. AAV6 performed well initially, but transduction rates declined dramatically between 4 and 12 weeks. AAV1 and AAV5 both transduced large-diameter neurons, IB4(+) neurons, and CGRP(+) neurons. In conclusion, AAV5 is a highly effective gene therapy vector for primary sensory neurons following direct injection into the DRG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R J Mason
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Institute of the Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Snyder BR, Boulis NM, Federici T. Viral vector-mediated gene transfer for CNS disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:381-94. [DOI: 10.1517/14712590903514074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kim J, Kim SJ, Lee H, Chang JW. Effective neuropathic pain relief through sciatic nerve administration of GAD65-expressing rAAV2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 388:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.07.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Towne C, Pertin M, Beggah AT, Aebischer P, Decosterd I. Recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 6 (rAAV2/6)-mediated gene transfer to nociceptive neurons through different routes of delivery. Mol Pain 2009; 5:52. [PMID: 19737386 PMCID: PMC2747840 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-5-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gene transfer to nociceptive neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) is a promising approach to dissect mechanisms of pain in rodents and is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of persistent pain disorders such as neuropathic pain. A number of studies have demonstrated transduction of DRG neurons using herpes simplex virus, adenovirus and more recently, adeno-associated virus (AAV). Recombinant AAV are currently the gene transfer vehicles of choice for the nervous system and have several advantages over other vectors, including stable and safe gene expression. We have explored the capacity of recombinant AAV serotype 6 (rAAV2/6) to deliver genes to DRG neurons and characterized the transduction of nociceptors through five different routes of administration in mice. Results Direct injection of rAAV2/6 expressing green fluorescent protein (eGFP) into the sciatic nerve resulted in transduction of up to 30% eGFP-positive cells of L4 DRG neurons in a dose dependant manner. More than 90% of transduced cells were small and medium sized neurons (< 700 μm2), predominantly colocalized with markers of nociceptive neurons, and had eGFP-positive central terminal fibers in the superficial lamina of the spinal cord dorsal horn. The efficiency and profile of transduction was independent of mouse genetic background. Intrathecal administration of rAAV2/6 gave the highest level of transduction (≈ 60%) and had a similar size profile and colocalization with nociceptive neurons. Intrathecal administration also transduced DRG neurons at cervical and thoracic levels and resulted in comparable levels of transduction in a mouse model for neuropathic pain. Subcutaneous and intramuscular delivery resulted in low levels of transduction in the L4 DRG. Likewise, delivery via tail vein injection resulted in relatively few eGFP-positive cells within the DRG, however, this transduction was observed at all vertebral levels and corresponded to large non-nociceptive cell types. Conclusion We have found that rAAV2/6 is an efficient vector to deliver transgenes to nociceptive neurons in mice. Furthermore, the characterization of the transduction profile may facilitate gene transfer studies to dissect mechanisms behind neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Towne
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Wu R, Wang H, Xia X, Zhou H, Liu C, Castro M, Xu Z. Nerve injection of viral vectors efficiently transfers transgenes into motor neurons and delivers RNAi therapy against ALS. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:1523-34. [PMID: 19344276 PMCID: PMC2842583 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) mediates sequence-specific gene silencing, which can be harnessed to silencing disease-causing genes for therapy. Particularly suitable diseases are those caused by dominant, gain-of-function type of gene mutations. In these diseases, the mutant gene generates a mutant protein or RNA product, which possesses toxic properties that harm cells. By silencing the mutant gene, the toxicity can be lessened because the amount of the toxic product is lowered in cells. In this report, we tested RNAi therapy in a mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which causes motor neuron degeneration, paralysis, and death. We used a transgenic model that overexpresses mutant Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1G93A), which causes ALS by a gained toxic property. We delivered RNAi using recombinant adenovirus (RAd) and adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2). We compared the efficiency of RNAi delivery between injecting the viral vectors into muscle and into nerve, and found that nerve injetion is more efficient in delivering RNAi to motor neurons. Based on this data, we conducted therapeutic trials in the mouse model and found that nerve injection of RAd, but not AAV2, at the disease onset had a modest therapeutic efficacy. These results highlight the potential and the challenges in delivering RNAi therapy by gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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Intravenous administration of self-complementary AAV9 enables transgene delivery to adult motor neurons. Mol Ther 2009; 17:1187-96. [PMID: 19367261 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2009.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 391] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic gene delivery to the whole spinal cord is a major challenge for the treatment of motor neuron (MN) diseases. Systemic administration of viral gene vectors would provide an optimal means for the long-term delivery of therapeutic molecules from blood to the spinal cord but this approach is hindered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we describe the first successful study of MN transduction in adult animals following intravenous (i.v.) delivery of self-complementary (sc) AAV9 vectors (up to 28% in mice). Intravenous MN transduction was achieved in adults without pharmacological disruption of the BBB and transgene expression lasted at least 5 months. Importantly, this finding was successfully translated to large animals, with the demonstration of an efficient systemic scAAV9 gene delivery to the neonate and adult cat spinal cord. This new and noninvasive procedure raises the hope of whole spinal cord correction of MN diseases and may lead to the development of new gene therapy protocols in patients.
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Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors consisting of self-complementary genomes and packaged in certain capsids can target primary sensory neurons efficiently and can control neuropathic pain long term by expressing opioid or non-opioid analgesic genes. This review examines the therapeutic potential of the approach in five sections: Pain control in oncology (including a discussion of cancer centers as translational pain research environment); vector biology; safety considerations and immunological lessons learned from rAAV clinical trials of other disorders; development of intrathecal rAAV therapy in rodent models of pain; and preclinical steps towards clinical translation of rAAV for pain. In the field of analgesic drug development, clinical validation of new approaches identified in rodents is currently a critical limiting step. Small-molecule therapeutics suitable as conventional drugs to probe novel targets in clinical trials are often unavailable. In this context, gene therapy could fill an important gap in the drug development process facilitating first-into-human trials of untested targeted treatments, each instantiated as a therapeutic gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Beutler
- Department of Medicine (Hematology/Oncology), Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Activated glial cells in the dorsal spinal cord participate in the development and maintenance of pain after peripheral nerve injury. Our understanding of mechanisms involved in functional changes of spinal glia remains incomplete. Excepting drugs that completely disrupt glial function, pharmacological studies fail to target glia and to modify locally its function to really discriminate the function of neuronal versus glial cells in chronic pain. Lentivirus-derived vectors fulfill several criteria that make them potentially interesting for this preferential targeting of glial cells in the spinal cord. We showed that in vivo single microdelivery of vesicular stomatitis virus G pseudotyped lentiviral vectors into the rat dorsal spinal cord led to a highly preferential expression of transgenes in astrocytes and microglial cells. This local and glia-targeted intervention allowed, for instance, the blockade of intracellular nuclear factor kappaB signaling pathway leading then to downregulation of the enhanced expression of several markers related to inflammation and pain, and, finally, to prolonged antihyperalgesic and antiallodynic effects. Targeted modulation of the expression of gene of interest in glial cells, closely restricted to a particular region of the spinal cord, may thus represent an interesting approach to refine the understanding of mechanisms by which spinal glial cells participate in pain processing.
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Sensory neuron targeting by self-complementary AAV8 via lumbar puncture for chronic pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:1055-60. [PMID: 18215993 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708003105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumbar puncture (LP) is an attractive route to deliver drugs to the nervous system because it is a safe bedside procedure. Its use for gene therapy has been complicated by poor vector performance and failure to target neurons. Here we report highly effective gene transfer to the primary sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) with self-complementary recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 8 (sc-rAAV8) modeling an LP. Transgene expression was selective for these neurons outlining their cell bodies in the DRGs and their axons projecting into the spinal cord. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated transduction of cells positive for the nociceptive neuron marker vanilloid receptor subtype 1, the small peptidergic neuron markers substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, and the nonpeptidergic neuron marker griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4. We tested the efficacy of the approach in a rat model of chronic neuropathic pain. A single administration of sc-rAAV8 expressing the analgesic gene prepro-beta-endorphin (ppbetaEP) led to significant (P < 0.0001) reversal of mechanical allodynia for >/=3 months. The antiallodynic effect could be reversed by the mu-opioid antagonist naloxone 4 months after gene transfer (P < 0.001). Testing of an alternative nonopioid analgesic gene, IL-10, alone or in combination with ppbetaEP was equally effective (P < 0.0001). All aspects of the procedure, such as the use of an atraumatic injection technique, isotonic diluent, a low-infusion pressure, and a small injection volume, are consistent with clinical practice of intrathecal drug use. Therefore, gene transfer by LP may be suitable for developing gene therapy-based treatments for chronic pain.
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