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Long M, Grimm H, Jenner F, Cavalleri JMV, Springer S. "How long is life worth living for the horse?" A focus group study on how Austrian equine stakeholders assess quality of life for chronically ill or old horses. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:347. [PMID: 39107791 PMCID: PMC11302025 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04211-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quality of life (QoL) provides a comprehensive concept underpinning veterinary decision-making that encompasses factors beyond physical health. It becomes particularly pertinent when seeking responsible choices for chronically ill or old horses that emphasise their well-being and a good QoL over the extension of life. How different stakeholders use the concept of QoL is highly relevant when considering the complexity of these decisions in real-life situations. METHODS Seven focus group discussions (N = 39) were conducted to gain insights into how stakeholders assess and use equine QoL in veterinary care decisions for chronically ill and/or old horses. The discussions included horse owners (n = 17), equine veterinarians (n = 7), veterinary officers (n = 6), farriers (n = 4), and horse caregivers (n = 5). The combination of deductive and inductive qualitative content analysis of the group discussions focused on identifying both similarities and differences in the views of these groups regarding QoL for old and/or chronically ill horses. RESULTS Findings show agreement about two issues: the importance of the individuality of the horse for assessing QoL and the relevance of QoL in making decisions about veterinary interventions. We identified differences between the groups with respect to three issues: the time required to assess QoL, stakeholders' contributions to QoL assessments, and challenges resulting from those contributions. While owners and caregivers of horses emphasised their knowledge of a horse and the relevance of the time they spend with their horse, the veterinarians in the study focused on the differences between their own QoL assessments and those of horse owners. In response to challenges regarding QoL assessments and decision-making, stakeholders described different strategies such as drawing comparisons to human experiences. CONCLUSIONS Differences between stakeholders regarding equine QoL assessments contribute to challenges when making decisions about the care of chronically ill or old horses. The results of this study suggest that individual and collaborative reflection about a horse's QoL should be encouraged, for example by developing practicable QoL assessment tools that support relevant stakeholders in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariessa Long
- Messerli Research Institute, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Herwig Grimm
- Messerli Research Institute, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florien Jenner
- Equine Surgery Unit, Clinical Centre for Equine Health and Research, Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jessika-M V Cavalleri
- Equine Internal Medicine Unit, Clinical Centre for Equine Health and Research, Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Svenja Springer
- Messerli Research Institute, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Pound L, Farrow M, O'Neill D, Deane DJ, Packer RMA. 'All I do is fight fires': Qualitative exploration of UK veterinarians' attitudes towards and experiences of pre-purchase consultations regarding brachycephalic dogs. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3897. [PMID: 38379259 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demand for brachycephalic dogs has dramatically increased over the past decade, despite growing evidence of strong associations between brachycephaly and severe, chronic disease. Positive post-purchase attitudes of owners towards brachycephalic dogs are highly intractable, facilitated by normalisation of breed-related disease and strong dog-owner bonds. Veterinarian-led pre-purchase consultations (PPCs) have been promoted as an opportunity to influence acquisition decisions regarding brachycephalic dogs. METHODS Using reflexive thematic analysis, this qualitative study investigated veterinarians' attitudes towards, and experiences of, engaging in PPCs for brachycephalic dogs. RESULTS Veterinarians described significant structural barriers, such as lack of time and staff, and perceptual barriers, such as perceived futility, negative outcomes of PPCs and public distrust in the profession, that combine to inhibit many veterinarians from offering or delivering brachycephalic PPCs. Some of these barriers are intractable at an individual-veterinarian level and lead to moral distress due to conflicts between veterinarians' responsibilities to animal welfare versus clients' and business needs, with resultant censorship of authentic views on brachycephalic ownership compromising professional integrity and autonomy. LIMITATIONS Wider views and/or experiences may exist outside of the sampled population. CONCLUSION Stronger veterinary leadership, including from the RCVS, BVA and veterinary corporates, is now urgently required to build profession-wide solutions that overcome the barriers identified to create public-facing consensus and innovative solutions to the 'brachycephalic crisis'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Pound
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Michelle Farrow
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | - Dan O'Neill
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
| | | | - Rowena M A Packer
- Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, UK
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3
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Englar RE. Recasting the gold standard - part II of II: communicating healthcare options along a continuum of care. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231215639. [PMID: 38131202 PMCID: PMC10811761 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231215639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
SERIES OUTLINE This is the second part of a two-part series on spectrum of care that encourages practitioners to tailor case management to the patient along a continuum of acceptable options. Part I defined the spectrum of care and broadened its approach beyond initial cost-of-care considerations. This second article introduces strategies for initiating conversations with clients about their needs, wants and expectations specific to healthcare options and case management decisions. It will explore how open inquiry, reflective listening, transparency and unconditional positive regard facilitate dialogue between providers and their clients as they collaborate on decision-making along a spectrum of care. RELEVANCE Contextual case management prioritizes interventions that are appropriate for both the patient and the client. To identify and explore which healthcare options represent the best fit for those impacted most by medical decisions, veterinarians need to make space for clients to feel comfortable sharing their perspectives. Clients are more likely to be engaged in decision-making when their insight is actively solicited. They have much to share with us as experts about their cat's overall health and wellness needs. Inviting clients to contribute to the consultation and being receptive to hearing what motivates their choices helps us to structure conversations around healthcare options. The ability to communicate healthcare options is as vital as the provision of healthcare, if not more so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryane E Englar
- University of Arizona College of Veterinary Medicine, Oro Valley, AZ, USA
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Campbell M, Hagen BNM, Gohar B, Wichtel J, Jones-Bitton A. A qualitative study exploring the perceived effects of veterinarians' mental health on provision of care. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1064932. [PMID: 36825229 PMCID: PMC9941564 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1064932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Veterinary medicine is a rewarding, yet demanding profession with a myriad of occupational stressors that can impact the mental health of veterinarians. Stress, mental health outcomes, and associated risk factors amongst veterinarians have been well-researched. Much less research has investigated how high stress and/or poor mental health can impact veterinarians' provision of care. Methods One-on-one research interviews were conducted with 25 veterinarians at a Canadian veterinary conference in July 2016 and verbatim transcripts were produced from the audio recordings. The research team collaboratively analyzed the interviews using thematic analysis. Results Five themes described the perceived impacts of high stress and/or poor mental health: perceived negative impacts on interactions with (1) co-workers and (2) clients; (3) reduced concentration; (4) difficulty in decision making; and (5) reduced quality of care. Discussion These results highlight the perceived impacts of self-reported high stress and/or poor mental health on veterinary team dynamics, the potential to impact case outcomes, and possibly endanger patient safety. Interventions to help mitigate the impacts of high stress and poor mental health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Campbell
- Department of Population Medicine, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Megan Campbell ✉
| | - Briana N. M. Hagen
- Department of Population Medicine, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Basem Gohar
- Department of Population Medicine, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada,Centre for Research in Occupational Safety and Health, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Wichtel
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Andria Jones-Bitton
- Department of Population Medicine, The University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Hilton KR, Burke KJ, Signal T. Mental health in the veterinary profession: an individual or organisational focus? Aust Vet J 2023; 101:41-48. [PMID: 36369713 PMCID: PMC10100510 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The veterinary profession is experiencing a shortage of veterinarians, with attrition recognised as a substantial contributor. Research has also indicated increased levels of mental ill health and alarming suicide rates in practitioners. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the impact of eleven modifiable workplace factors on mental health outcomes, job appreciation and intention to leave the veterinary profession. The second aim was to ascertain whether workplace factors influence mental health outcomes after controlling for individual resilience. An online survey was completed by 73 practising Australian veterinarians. Unfavourable workplace factors correlated with adverse outcomes including depression, stress, reduced job appreciation and increased likelihood of leaving both the role and the profession. Workplace factors remained linked with the outcomes of job appreciation, depression and stress whilst controlling for practitioner resilience. Job appreciation was a significant predictor of intention to leave both the current role and the profession. Via multiple linear regression, two categories were identified as associated with improved psychological outcomes and job appreciation. These were workplace factors that represent breaks from workload and control or decision latitude in the workplace. Whilst resilience represents a key area for intervention, workplace factors potentially represent an easier-to-modify area for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Hilton
- College of Psychology, School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - K J Burke
- College of Psychology, School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - T Signal
- College of Psychology, School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
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Macía P, Goñi‐Balentziaga O, Vegas O, Azkona G. Professional quality of life among Spanish veterinarians. Vet Rec Open 2022; 9:e250. [PMID: 36419745 PMCID: PMC9677367 DOI: 10.1002/vro2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Spain, the perceived professional quality of life among veterinarians has not been explored. METHODS Veterinarians were invited to complete an online questionnaire in which they answered the Professional Quality of Life scale, the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey and the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale. Participants were asked whether they were receiving psychological therapy or were taking anxiolytics, hypnotics or antidepressant medication. Alcohol consumption was measured using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and nicotine dependence was assessed using the Fagerström test; participants were asked whether they took illegal drugs. RESULTS The study sample comprised a total of 602 veterinarians, most of whom reported average levels of compassion satisfaction, secondary stress trauma and burnout. Emotional support and mental wellbeing influenced participants' professional quality of life. The percentage of veterinarians in psychological therapy and/or taking anxiolytics was higher than in the general population. CONCLUSIONS A considerable number of clinical veterinarians in Spain may be suffering from work-related stress. Our study identifies salary, emotional support and mental wellbeing as important factors that affect the professional quality of life. Interventions to improve veterinary clinicians' professional quality of life should therefore focus on these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Macía
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their DevelopmentEuskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)DonostiaSpain
| | - Olatz Goñi‐Balentziaga
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology and Research MethodologyEuskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)DonostiaSpain
| | - Oscar Vegas
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their DevelopmentEuskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)DonostiaSpain
| | - Garikoitz Azkona
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their DevelopmentEuskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)DonostiaSpain
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Ashton-James CE, McNeilage AG. A Mixed Methods Investigation of Stress and Wellbeing Factors Contributing to Burnout and Job Satisfaction in a Specialist Small Animal Hospital. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:942778. [PMID: 35812873 PMCID: PMC9263834 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.942778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Occupational burnout is a critical issue affecting the welfare of veterinary care providers, their patients, and the sustainability of veterinary healthcare organizations. The current research aimed to evaluate the prevalence of and factors contributing to stress, wellbeing, burnout symptoms and job satisfaction among clinical and non-clinical staff at a large specialist small animal hospital in Australia. Participants completed an anonymous online survey including self-report measures of job satisfaction and symptoms of burnout, and open-text response questions probing sources of stress and wellbeing. Subsequently, participants rated how frequently they experienced commonly reported sources of veterinary stress, and a series of focus groups were conducted with clinical and non-clinical teams. The survey was completed by 249 participants (overall response rate = 70%; 67.1% “clinical;” 17.3% “non-clinical;” 5.6% “other”). Five focus groups (including 38 of the survey participants) were subsequently conducted with groups of clinical and non-clinical staff. The majority of respondents (80.7%) reported being satisfied, very satisfied, or extremely satisfied with their job. At the same time, 57.7% of respondents exceeded the threshold for burnout on at least one burnout dimension, with 48.1% reporting high levels of emotional exhaustion, 30.2% reported high levels of cynicism, and 16.3% reporting low levels of professional efficacy. Open text responses and focus group transcripts revealed three common sources of stress and wellbeing. Stressors included communication (conflict within teams), clients (dealing with client emotions and expectations), and heavy caseload. Wellbeing was enhanced by people (team cohesion, respect for colleagues), practice (variety, autonomy, challenge), and purpose (meaningful work and impact). Overall, for both clinical and non-clinical survey respondents, “heavy workload” was rated as the most frequent source of stress. Despite high levels of job satisfaction, approximately two thirds of respondents reported at least one symptom of burnout. Convergent results from the survey and focus groups indicated that strong relationships with colleagues and the intrinsic meaningfulness of the work were key sources of wellbeing and job satisfaction. On the other hand, challenging workplace interactions with colleagues and clients, as well as heavy workload, were identified as key stressors contributing to burnout symptoms.
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Rohlf VI, Scotney R, Monaghan H, Bennett P. Predictors of Professional Quality of Life in Veterinary Professionals. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2022; 49:372-381. [PMID: 34102096 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2020-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Working in the veterinary profession can be both stressful and rewarding. High workloads, long work hours, emotionally charged interactions with clients, and exposure to animal suffering and participation in euthanasia place many at risk of compassion fatigue, which then threatens their professional quality of life (ProQOL). Despite this risk, many veterinary professionals choose to stay within the profession. This study explores personal and organizational factors predicting compassion satisfaction (CS), burnout, and secondary traumatic stress (STS) in veterinary professionals, and the extent to which these aspects of ProQOL are linked with intentions to leave the profession. Regression results show that personal factors accounted for 31.1% of the variance in CS, 45.3% in burnout, and 33.8% in STS. Organizational factors significantly accounted for 33.3% of the variance in CS, 47.9% in burnout, and 32.7% in STS. Together, ProQOL accounted for 28.9% and 16.0% of the variance in intentions to leave one's current role and to leave the profession altogether, respectively. These results suggest that both personal and organizational factors play a role in veterinary professionals' ProQOL and highlight the importance of promoting CS and managing burnout and STS for the purpose of fostering veterinary staff well-being and retention.
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Rossi A, Calogiuri G, Maffi S, Pedreschi D, Clifton DA, Morelli D. Physiological recovery among workers in long-distance sleddog races: A case study on female veterinarians in Finnmarksløpet. Work 2022; 71:749-760. [DOI: 10.3233/wor-210331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: During Finnmarksløpet (FL, one of the longest distance sleddog races in the world), veterinarians are exposed to extreme environmental conditions and tight working schedules, with little and fragmented sleep. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this case study was to examine cardiovascular parameters and sleep-wake patterns among veterinarians working within FL, during and after (for a month) the end of the race. METHODS: Six female veterinarians volunteered for the study. The participants wore a wrist device for a total of eight weeks in order to passively and semi-continuously record physiological responses throughout the day (i.e., heart rate, heart rate variability, number of steps, and sleep quality). Moreover, perceived sleep quality was assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at three time-points. RESULTS: During and for one month after completion of the FL, most veterinarians presented an alteration of cardiovascular parameters and sleep quality. The heart rate circadian rhythm returned to pre-race values within about two weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The long-lasting alteration of the veterinarians’ cardiovascular parameters and sleep-wake patterns might have negative consequences for their health in the long-term, especially if similar experiences are repeated more times though the course of a year or season. More research is needed in order to understand the health risks, as well as how to prevent them, among veterinarians in long-distance sleddog races or other similar events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Calogiuri
- Centre for Health and Technology, Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Drammen, Norway
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Sergio Maffi
- Clinica Veterinaria Dott. Maffi Sergio, Palazzolo sull’Oglio, Italy
| | - Dino Pedreschi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - David A. Clifton
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Oxford, UK
| | - Davide Morelli
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Oxford, UK
- Huma Therapeutics Limited, London, UK
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Djokovic A, Cooper-Thomas HD, Gardner D. Expectations and experiences of practising veterinarians throughout an 8-week mindfulness-based stress reduction programme. N Z Vet J 2021; 70:304-312. [PMID: 34586965 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2021.1987349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To explore practising veterinarians' expectations of an 8-week mindfulness training programme, their perceived barriers to participating in the programme, their experiences of the programme and the extent to which they continued to engage in mindfulness practices following training. METHODS Participants were 10 companion animal veterinarians practising in Auckland, New Zealand. All took part in an 8-week mindfulness-based training programme. A longitudinal qualitative design was used: data were collected by structured interviews prior to the programme, upon completion of the programme and 3 months after completion. Data were analysed using thematic analysis to identify recurring themes, or patterns, within the data. RESULTS Before commencing the programme, participants generally thought mindfulness training would provide some benefits for wellbeing but were otherwise not clear on what to expect. The main concerns about taking part were time constraints and apprehensions about potentially having to share personal information, and consequently how they might be perceived by other participants. On completion of the training programme, the opportunity to share experiences within the group with the support of a trained facilitator was reported as the most valuable aspect of the programme, rather than the mindfulness practices themselves. At the 3-month follow-up, participants reported they had learnt some useful techniques for managing stressful thoughts and situations, but despite the perceived benefits, few were still practicing mindfulness techniques. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Training in mindfulness practices may have some value for helping practicing veterinarians manage their wellbeing, but it is not a complete solution in itself. Participants reported that the greatest benefits came from facilitated peer support.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Djokovic
- Human Resources Department, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - H D Cooper-Thomas
- Management Department, AUT Business School, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - D Gardner
- School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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11
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Clise MH, Matthew SM, McArthur ML. Sources of pleasure in veterinary work: A qualitative study. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e54. [PMID: 33818770 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the rise in positive psychology within organisational settings, less is known about the positive factors associated with veterinary work and veterinarian well-being. This qualitative study investigated sources of pleasure for veterinarians. METHOD A subset of archival data from a larger study on veterinary well-being was analysed. The current study was based on data from 273 veterinarians responding to a Ten Statements Test (TST) and demographic questions. In the TST, participants provided up to 10 responses to the prompt, 'I derive pleasure in my work as a veterinarian when…'. RESULTS Using the job demands-resources model as a framework, a total of 2536 responses were manually coded into themes relating to resources (positive responses) or demands (responses indicating a negative factor). In order of frequency, job resources are related to professional expertise (22%), positive outcomes (20%), job characteristics (19%), relationships (16%), recognition (10%), helping (7%) and personal resources (3%). Top job demands are related to stress and fatigue (17%) and poor work-life balance (16%). CONCLUSION The results suggest that there are an abundance of positive factors in veterinary work associated with feelings of pleasure, which may support veterinarian well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine H Clise
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Susan M Matthew
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Washington, USA
| | - Michelle L McArthur
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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12
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Whitnall VM, Simmonds JG. Occupational stress and coping strategies in experienced Australian veterinarians. Vet Rec 2021; 189:e202. [PMID: 33645680 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Veterinarians have been identified as being at particularly high risk of stress in the workplace, this predisposes them to anxiety, depression and suicide. Previous quantitative studies have identified causes of stress and common coping strategies used by veterinarians. The current research aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the experience of veterinarian stress and ways of coping using qualitative methods. METHOD Twelve practicing small animal veterinarians in Australia were recruited. They took part individually in semi-structured research interviews. Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) was used to design the study and to analyse the transcripts. RESULTS Analyses of the interview data identified an overarching theme: spending less time working in clinical settings and four main themes: Preoccupation, self-doubt, conflicting responsibilities (between care of the animal, the human client and financial demands of the business) and insufficient support. CONCLUSION The results give a deeper understanding of sources of stress and the difficulties experienced in coping. These findings can help explain why veterinarians are leaving the profession or reducing their work hours, as well as emphasize the importance of continuing education of veterinarians on self-care and coping with stress, help with resolving ethical dilemmas, and working as a team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Margot Whitnall
- Psychology Program, Faculty of Education Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Clise MH, Kirby N, McArthur ML. Is veterinary work more than satisfying? A critical review of the literature. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e77. [PMID: 34018567 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rise of positive psychology in recent times, research continues to emphasise the risks and negative outcomes associated with veterinary work. Understanding these challenges and risks is imperative in helping those affected and preventing or limiting exposure for future veterinarians. However, it is vital that positive factors associated with their well-being are concomitantly addressed. Drawing on an organisational psychology perspective and associated theories, this review critically analyses the literature on veterinary well-being, job satisfaction and the role of positive emotions at work. This perspective prompts a call to researchers to investigate the positive aspects of veterinary work and offers many suggestions for future research and associated implications. Drawing on an extensive evidence base of research pertaining to positive emotions and well-being in veterinarians, the development, implementation and validation of workplace interventions should follow. The veterinary profession is a highly rewarding one and a focus on pleasure in veterinary work and ways to encourage this, will only help veterinarians flourish and help to promote the profession in the way it deserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine H Clise
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Neil Kirby
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michelle L McArthur
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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14
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Arbe Montoya AI, Hazel SJ, Matthew SM, McArthur ML. Why do veterinarians leave clinical practice? A qualitative study using thematic analysis. Vet Rec 2021; 188:e2. [DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra I. Arbe Montoya
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science The University of Adelaide Roseworthy South Australia Australia
| | - Susan J. Hazel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science The University of Adelaide Roseworthy South Australia Australia
| | - Susan M. Matthew
- College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University Pullman Washington USA
| | - Michelle L. McArthur
- School of Animal and Veterinary Science The University of Adelaide Roseworthy South Australia Australia
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Musetti A, Schianchi A, Caricati L, Manari T, Schimmenti A. Exposure to animal suffering, adult attachment styles, and professional quality of life in a sample of Italian veterinarians. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237991. [PMID: 32853290 PMCID: PMC7451658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Contextual and individual risk factors of veterinarians’ professional quality of life are being debated. Research suggests that attachment styles are relevant predictors of professional quality of life; however, their role in work-related well-being of veterinarians is yet to be ascertained. In the present study, self-report measures on exposure to animal suffering, adult attachment styles, and professional quality of life were administered to 1,445 Italian veterinarians (70% females) aged 24 to 74 years old; sociodemographic information and information on workload were also collected. Female gender, higher levels of ordinary workload, on-call hours per week, exposure to animal suffering, together with fearful and preoccupied attachment styles were significantly associated with lower levels of veterinarians’ quality of life. This suggests that work-related factors may combine with individual psychological features in promoting or disadvantaging the professional quality of life of veterinarians. Implications of these findings for promoting veterinarians’ quality of life and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Musetti
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Luca Caricati
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Tommaso Manari
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Adriano Schimmenti
- Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, UKE - Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, Enna, Italy
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Armitage-Chan E. Best Practice in Supporting Professional Identity Formation: Use of a Professional Reasoning Framework. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2020; 47:125-136. [PMID: 31194617 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.0218-019r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Professional identity and professionalism education are increasingly important to veterinary education, but many of the concepts remain intangible to veterinary students, and engagement is a persistent challenge. While whole-curriculum integration is recommended for a successful professional studies program, this is complicated by clinical faculty's discomfort with the content. Where professional studies education is centered around professional identity formation, a key element of this is the multi-perspective nature of veterinary work, with the veterinarian negotiating the needs of multiple stakeholders in animal care. Constructing teaching around a framework of professional reasoning, which incorporates the negotiation of different stakeholder needs, ethical decision making, communication, teamwork, and outcome monitoring, offers the potential to make professional identity a concept more visible to students in veterinary work, and guides students in the contextualization of taught material. A framework is presented for veterinary professional reasoning that signposts wider curriculum content and helps illustrate where material such as veterinary business studies, animal welfare, the human-animal bond, and professional responsibility, as well as attributes such as empathy and compassion, all integrate in the decisions and actions of the veterinary professional. The aims of this framework are to support students' engagement in professional studies teaching and help them use workplace learning experiences to construct an appropriate professional identity for competence and resilience in the clinic. For faculty involved in curriculum design and clinical teaching, the framework provides a tool to support the integration of professional identity concepts across the extended curriculum.
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Emmett L, Aden J, Bunina A, Klaps A, Stetina BU. Feminization and Stress in the Veterinary Profession: a Systematic Diagnostic Approach and Associated Management. Behav Sci (Basel) 2019; 9:E114. [PMID: 31739637 PMCID: PMC6912712 DOI: 10.3390/bs9110114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the field of veterinary medicine the gender distribution has changed, since most graduates are now females. Studies show that female veterinarians represent a vulnerable group for stress and stress-related illnesses. The goal of the study was to identify typical profiles of stress management strategies and to clarify if vets are well-equipped to cope with occupational stressors. Within a cross-sectional design 78 female veterinarians from Austria and Germany were surveyed using a self-report test-battery assessing twenty different coping styles. Statistical analysis included one sample t-tests and Cohen`s d as a concurrent effect size measure. The results showed that female veterinarians are significantly more likely to use negative coping styles for their stress e.g. rumination (t(74) = 6.733, p = < 0.001, d = 0.726) or escapism (t(72) = 2.173, p = 0.033, d = 0.281) when compared to the norm population. Amongst other studies these findings contribute to a systematic diagnosis which is necessary for the development and implementation of standardized stress management interventions for the veterinary education and training e.g. courses for improving communication and stress management skills and regular supervision or intervision (exchange with professional peers). Due to existing stigmatization concerning mental health, low-barrier counseling services should be provided for veterinarians who already feel stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Emmett
- Psychological Outpatient Clinic, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, 1020 Vienna, Austria (B.U.S.)
- Psychological Faculty, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, 1020 Vienna, Austria; (J.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Jan Aden
- Psychological Faculty, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, 1020 Vienna, Austria; (J.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Anastasiya Bunina
- Psychological Faculty, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, 1020 Vienna, Austria; (J.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Armin Klaps
- Psychological Outpatient Clinic, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, 1020 Vienna, Austria (B.U.S.)
- Psychological Faculty, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, 1020 Vienna, Austria; (J.A.); (A.B.)
| | - Birgit U. Stetina
- Psychological Outpatient Clinic, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, 1020 Vienna, Austria (B.U.S.)
- Psychological Faculty, Sigmund Freud University Vienna, 1020 Vienna, Austria; (J.A.); (A.B.)
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Ergan M, Başkurt F, Başkurt Z. The examination of work-related musculoskeletal discomforts and risk factors in veterinarians. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2018; 68:198-205. [PMID: 28976885 DOI: 10.1515/aiht-2017-68-3011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the frequency of work-related musculoskeletal discomforts (WMSDs) observed in veterinarians and the risk factors that may bring about these. Two hundred and seven veterinarians working in three provinces in south west Turkey were included in the study. The demographic and occupational information on the participants was recorded. The Modified Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was used to evaluate the musculoskeletal problems of different body parts, which cause difficulties at work and result in staying away from work. 49.8 % of veterinarians mostly have problems with lower back, 41.1 % with back, and 39.1 % with neck. The frequency of WMSDs tends to increase with the progress of professional experience. Three work-related activities during which veterinarians experience most difficulties while at work are obstetric procedures (28 %), vaccination (25.6 %), and driving (23.2 %). It is statistically significant that arm problems are observed more in veterinarians working with large animal types (p<0.05). The high level of job related stress and low job satisfaction statistically significantly affect the formation of WMSDs (p<0.05). The study showed that a large number of veterinarians experienced work-related musculoskeletal pain and discomforts that could be caused by some physical and psychosocial risk factors. Therefore, it is recommended for veterinarians to receive education on ergonomics and exercise from the beginning of their professional lives to prevent WMSDs.
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Stoewen DL. Burnout: Prescription for a happier healthier you. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 2018; 59:537-540. [PMID: 29904210 PMCID: PMC5901844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Debbie L Stoewen
- Dr. Debbie Stoewen is the Director of Veterinary Affairs for LifeLearn, Guelph, Ontario. With a passion for lifelong learning, she contributes to designing innovative continuing education to help veterinarians and their teams address the challenges of modern veterinary practice
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Brannick EM, DeWilde CA, Frey E, Gluckman TL, Keen JL, Larsen MR, Mont SL, Rosenbaum MD, Stafford JR, Helke KL. Taking stock and making strides toward wellness in the veterinary workplace. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 247:739-42. [PMID: 26383746 DOI: 10.2460/javma.247.7.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Milner AJ, Niven H, Page K, LaMontagne AD. Suicide in veterinarians and veterinary nurses in Australia: 2001-2012. Aust Vet J 2016; 93:308-10. [PMID: 26313208 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether veterinarians have an elevated suicide rate compared with the general population is controversial. METHODS Reported cases of suicide among veterinarians and veterinary nurses in Australia over the period 2001 to 2012 were investigated in a retrospective case-series study. RESULTS The standardised mortality ratio of veterinarians (n = 18) was 1.92 (95% CI 1.14-3.03) and that of veterinary nurses (n = 7) to the general population was 1.24 (95% CI 0.80-1.85). Overdosing on drugs (pentobarbitone) was the main method of suicide in these occupations. CONCLUSION The reasons for veterinary suicides are likely to be multifactorial, including work- and life-related stressors, and individual characteristics. This research highlights the need for targeted suicide prevention and intervention for veterinarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Milner
- McCaughey VicHealth Centre for Community Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - H Niven
- McCaughey VicHealth Centre for Community Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - K Page
- McCaughey VicHealth Centre for Community Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - A D LaMontagne
- Population Health Strategic Research Centre, School of Health & Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Diulio AR, Dutta NM, Gauthier JM, Witte TK, Correia CJ, Angarano D. Associations among depressive symptoms, drinking motives, and risk for alcohol-related problems in veterinary students. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2015; 42:11-17. [PMID: 25547905 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.0914-093r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hazardous alcohol consumption among medical students appears to occur at a level comparable to the general population; however, among medical students, it has been found that the motivation to use alcohol partially stems from unique stressors related to their professional training. Although veterinary students may also experience psychological distress in association with their training, little work has focused on the way that these students use alcohol to cope with their distress. The current study sought to examine the severity of depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption among veterinary students as well as students' specific motives for drinking alcohol. The majority of our sample reported experiencing at least one depressive symptom, and a significant proportion engaged in high-risk drinking, with men reporting more harmful alcohol use patterns. Drinking motives related to managing internal bodily and emotional states accounted for variance in drinking patterns. Further, drinking to ameliorate negative emotions partially accounted for the relationship between psychological distress and high-risk drinking. The results of this study suggest that depressive symptoms among veterinary students may be related to harmful drinking patterns, due to alcohol being used as a coping mechanism to regulate emotions. The findings from this study can be used to develop targeted interventions to promote psychological well-being among veterinary students.
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Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Discomfort in Spay and Neuter Veterinarians. Animals (Basel) 2013; 3:85-108. [PMID: 26487311 PMCID: PMC4495518 DOI: 10.3390/ani3010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study examined musculoskeletal pain and discomfort in spay and neuter veterinarians using an internet-based questionnaire. Hand pain was most common in the right thumb and wrist, and body pain was most common in the lower back, shoulders, and neck. Several work-related risk factors for discomfort were discovered, including long career in spay and neuter, increasing weekly hours in surgery, and decreasing job satisfaction. Although most respondents felt posture during surgery was important, few spay and neuter veterinarians have received any instruction in posture or ergonomics in surgery. Abstract A cross-sectional study to investigate musculoskeletal discomfort (MSD) surveyed 219 veterinarians who currently or previously perform spays and neuters at least 4 hours per week. Participants were asked about the presence and severity of hand and body MSD during the previous month, whether MSD interfered with work or daily activities, whether they attributed their MSD to their spay/neuter work, and whether MSD had ever necessitated absence from work. The period prevalence of MSD was 99.1%, with 76.7% experiencing hand or wrist pain and 98.2% experiencing body pain. Hand discomfort was most commonly reported in the right thumb and/or thumb base (49.8%) and the right wrist (37.9%). Body discomfort was most commonly reported in the lower back (76.7%), shoulders (72.6%), and neck (71.7%). Increasing career length, increasing weekly hours in surgery and decreasing job satisfaction were the work-related factors with the greatest relative contribution accounting for variation in hand pain severity and total pain. Although 94.4% of respondents felt that posture during surgery is important, only 30.6% had received any instruction in posture and positioning for surgery. Future interventions should aim to optimize surgical efficiency, surgeon work schedules, and working environment. Analysis and intervention studies are required to determine further causes of MSD in these veterinarians and develop interventions to prevent MSD.
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Platt B, Hawton K, Simkin S, Mellanby RJ. Suicidal behaviour and psychosocial problems in veterinary surgeons: a systematic review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2012; 47:223-40. [PMID: 21181111 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-010-0328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rates of suicide are elevated among veterinary surgeons in several countries, yet little is known about contributory factors. We have conducted a systematic review of studies investigating suicidal behaviour and psychosocial problems in veterinary surgeons. METHODS A systematic search of the international research literature was performed in May 2008. Data from 52 studies of non-fatal suicidal behaviour, mental health difficulties, stress and burnout, occupational difficulties, and psychological characteristics of veterinary surgeons were extracted by two independent reviewers and analysed. Studies were rated for quality and greater emphasis placed on findings from higher quality studies. RESULTS The majority of studies were of stress and occupational difficulties experienced by veterinary surgeons. Occupational stressors included managerial aspects of the job, long working hours, heavy workload, poor work-life balance, difficult client relations, and performing euthanasia. Few studies investigated suicidal behaviour or mental health difficulties in the profession. Some studies suggested that young and female veterinarians are at greatest risk of negative outcomes such as suicidal thoughts, mental health difficulties, and job dissatisfaction. CONCLUSIONS The review highlights the difficulties faced by veterinary surgeons that may contribute to poor mental wellbeing and suicidal behaviour. Future research might include further examination of the influence of euthanasia on attitudes towards suicide and more direct examination of the impact that occupational risk factors might have on suicidal behaviour. Suggestions about the review's implications for suicide prevention in this group are also made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Platt
- Centre for Suicide Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
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