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Wakahara M, Hosoya K, Ishii H, Umekita Y. Clinical Significance of Subcellular Localization of Maspin in Breast Carcinoma: An Immunohistochemical Study Using Two Different Antibodies. Yonago Acta Med 2023; 66:19-23. [PMID: 36820287 PMCID: PMC9937968 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Maspin is known to be a tumor suppressor protein: however, its prognostic value in patients with breast cancer remains controversial. The key influential factors contributing to this complexity may be the differences in antibodies used, as well as the positive criteria and sample size. To date, no study has investigated the prognostic significance of maspin expression by using two different antibodies in the same cohort. We aimed to clarify whether differences in antibodies could influence on the prognostic value of maspin in breast cancer patients. Methods Immunohistochemical analyses using an anti-maspin antibody (clone G167-70) were performed on 164 resected specimens of invasive carcinoma of no special type (NOS). The correlation with clinicopathological factors was compared to previous results using clone EAW24, with longer follow-up duration. Results The subcellular localization of maspin expression was as follows: cytoplasmic-only staining, 3 cases (1.8%), pancellular staining, 43 cases (26.2%); and no staining, 118 cases (72.0%). No nuclear-only staining was observed. There was no significant correlation between clinicopathological characteristics and the pancellualr expression of maspin. The pancellular expression group showed a significantly longer disease-free survival (DFS) than the other groups (P = 0.046). When clone EAW24 was used, the cytoplasmic-only staining group showed significantly shorter DFS than the pancellular staining group (P = 0.003). Conclusion Clone EAW24 may be superior to clone G167-70 in selecting breast carcinoma with an aggressive phenotype, while clone G167-70 may be superior to clone EAW24 in selecting non-aggressive breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Wakahara
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Keiko Hosoya
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ishii
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Umekita
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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Steiner C, Lescuyer P, Cutler P, Tille JC, Ducret A. Relative Quantification of Proteins in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Breast Cancer Tissue Using Multiplexed Mass Spectrometry Assays. Mol Cell Proteomics 2022; 21:100416. [PMID: 36152753 PMCID: PMC9638817 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2022.100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of clinically relevant biomarkers represents an important challenge in oncology. This problem can be addressed with biomarker discovery and verification studies performed directly in tumor samples using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. However, reliably measuring proteins in FFPE samples remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate the use of liquid chromatography coupled to multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC-MRM/MS) as an effective technique for such applications. An LC-MRM/MS method was developed to simultaneously quantify hundreds of peptides extracted from FFPE samples and was applied to the targeted measurement of 200 proteins in 48 triple-negative, 19 HER2-overexpressing, and 20 luminal A breast tumors. Quantitative information was obtained for 185 proteins, including known markers of breast cancer such as HER2, hormone receptors, Ki-67, or inflammation-related proteins. LC-MRM/MS results for these proteins matched immunohistochemistry or chromogenic in situ hybridization data. In addition, comparison of our results with data from the literature showed that several proteins representing potential biomarkers were identified as differentially expressed in triple-negative breast cancer samples. These results indicate that LC-MRM/MS assays can reliably measure large sets of proteins using the analysis of surrogate peptides extracted from FFPE samples. This approach allows to simultaneously quantify the expression of target proteins from various pathways in tumor samples. LC-MRM/MS is thus a powerful tool for the relative quantification of proteins in FFPE tissues and for biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Steiner
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland,BiOmics and Pathology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland,For correspondence: Carine Steiner
| | - Pierre Lescuyer
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland,Department of Medical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Cutler
- BiOmics and Pathology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Tille
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Diagnostic Department, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Axel Ducret
- BiOmics and Pathology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel, Switzerland
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The vulnerable primed cancer stem cells in disguise: demystifying the role of Maspin. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:965-974. [PMID: 36451067 PMCID: PMC9713111 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10070-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-specific Maspin is widely known as a tumor suppressor. However, while the level of maspin expression is inversely correlated with tumor grade and stage, emerging clinical evidence shows a correlation between seemingly better differentiated tumor cells that express Maspin in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, (n + c)Maspin, with a poor prognosis of many types of cancer. Biological studies demonstrate that Maspin plays an essential role in stem cell differentiation. In light of the recently established characterization of primed stem cells (P-SCs) in development, we propose, for the first time, that cancer stem cells (CSCs) also need to undergo priming (P-CSCs) before their transition to various progeny phenotypes. We envisage major differences in the steady state kinetics between P-SCs and P-CSCs. We further propose that P-CSCs of carcinoma are both marked and regulated by (n + c)Maspin. The concept of P-CSCs helps explain the apparent dichotomous relationships of (n + c)Maspin expression with cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and is supported by the evidence from mechanistic studies. We believe that the potential utility of (n + c)Maspin as a molecular marker of P-CSCs may significantly accelerate the advancement in our understanding of the genesis of tumor phenotypic plasticity in response to changes of tumor microenvironments (TME) or drug treatments. The vulnerabilities of the cellular state of (n + c)Maspin-expressing P-CSCs are also discussed as the rationale for future development of P-CSC-targeted chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Sakabe T, Wakahara M, Shiota G, Umekita Y. Role of cytoplasmic localization of maspin in promoting cell invasion in breast cancer with aggressive phenotype. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11321. [PMID: 34059749 PMCID: PMC8166868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary serine protease inhibitor (maspin) is a tumor suppressor gene that is downregulated during carcinogenesis and breast cancer progression. While the nuclear localization of maspin is essential for tumor suppression, we previously reported that the cytoplasmic localization of maspin was significantly correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. To understand the mechanisms that underlie oncogenic role of cytoplasmic maspin, we studied its biological function in breast cancer cell lines. Subcellular localization of maspin in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells was mainly detected in the cytoplasm, whereas in MCF10A mammary epithelial cells, maspin was present in both cytoplasm and nucleus. In MDA-MB-231 cells, maspin overexpression promoted cell proliferation and cell invasion, whereas maspin downregulation resulted in the opposite effect. Further, we observed that SRGN protein levels were increased in MDA-MB-231 cells stably overexpressing maspin. Finally, maspin overexpression in MDA-MB-231 cells resulted in the N-cadherin and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related transcription factors upregulation, and TGFβ signaling pathway activation. These results suggested that cytoplasmic maspin enhances the invasive and metastatic potential in breast cancer cells with aggressive phenotype by inducing EMT via SRGN/TGFβ axis. This study demonstrated a novel biological function of cytoplasmic maspin in progression of breast cancer cells with an aggressive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Sakabe
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Makoto Wakahara
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery and Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Goshi Shiota
- Division of Medical Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Genomic Medicine and Regenerative Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Umekita
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan.
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5
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Banias L, Jung I, Gurzu S. Subcellular expression of maspin – from normal tissue to tumor cells. World J Meta-Anal 2019; 7:142-155. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v7.i4.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maspin or SerpinB5, a member of the serine protease inhibitor family, was shown to function as a tumor suppressor, especially in carcinomas. It seems to inhibit invasion, tumor cells motility and angiogenesis, and promotes apoptosis. Maspin can also induce epigenetic changes such as cytosine methylation, de-acetylation, chromatin condensation, and histone modulation. In this review, a comprehensive synthesis of the literature was done to present maspin function from normal tissues to pathologic conditions. Data was sourced from MEDLINE and PubMed. Study eligibility criteria included: Published in English, between 1994 and 2019, specific to humans, and with full-text availability. Most of the 118 studies included in the present review focused on maspin immunostaining and mRNA levels. It was shown that maspin function is organ-related and depends on its subcellular localization. In malignant tumors, it might be downregulated or negative (e.g., carcinoma of prostate, stomach, and breast) or upregulated (e.g., colorectal and pancreatic tumors). Its subcellular localization (nuclear vs cytoplasm), which can be proved using immunohistochemical methods, was shown to influence both tumor behavior and response to chemotherapy. Although the number of maspin-related papers increased, the exact role of this protein remains unknown, and its interpretation should be done with extremely high caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Banias
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Tirgu-Mures, Tirgu Mures 540139, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Clinical County Emergency Hospital, Tirgu Mures 540139, Romania
| | - Ioan Jung
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Tirgu-Mures, Tirgu Mures 540139, Romania
| | - Simona Gurzu
- Department of Pathology, University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Tirgu-Mures, Tirgu Mures 540139, Romania
- Department of Pathology, Clinical County Emergency Hospital, Tirgu Mures 540139, Romania
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Umekita Y, Ohi Y, Iwaya O, Souda M, Sagara Y, Tamada S, Yotsumoto D, Tanimoto A. Maspin mRNA expression in sentinel lymph nodes predicts non-SLN metastasis in breast cancer patients with SLN metastasis. Histopathology 2018; 73:916-922. [PMID: 30035819 DOI: 10.1111/his.13718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Maspin is known to be a tumour suppressor protein, but its prognostic significance in breast cancer patients is controversial. There is no report focusing on maspin expression in metastatic carcinoma of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs); we thus investigated maspin mRNA expression in SLNs using the remaining specimens after the one-step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) assay. METHODS AND RESULTS Ninety-three breast cancer patients with SLNs metastasis detected by the OSNA assay were enrolled. All patients experienced additional axillary lymph nodes (LNs) dissection and all dissected LNs were examined histopathologically. Maspin mRNA expression in SLNs was detected in 49.5% (46 of 93) and was correlated significantly with the presence of non-SLN metastasis (P < 0.0001) and ≥4 LN metastases (P = 0.029). In a multivariate logistic analysis, maspin mRNA expression in SLNs (P = 0.0015) had the most significant effect on predicting non-SLN metastasis, followed by pathological tumour size (P = 0.0039) and lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.009). The status of maspin mRNA expression in SLNs was correlated significantly with that of maspin protein expression in the primary carcinoma (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study, to our knowledge, demonstrating that maspin mRNA expression in SLNs is an independent predictor of non-SLN metastasis and the presence of ≥4 LN metastases in breast cancer patients with SLN metastasis. The investigation of maspin mRNA expression in SLNs using the remaining specimens after the OSNA assay may be useful for predicting the further progression of metastatic carcinoma in breast cancer patients with SLNs metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Umekita
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Ohi
- Department of Pathology, Sagara Hospital, Social Medical Corporation Hakuaikai, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Orie Iwaya
- Department of Pathology, Field of Oncology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masakazu Souda
- Department of Pathology, Field of Oncology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Sagara
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Sagara Hospital, Social Medical Corporation Hakuaikai, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shugo Tamada
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Sagara Hospital, Social Medical Corporation Hakuaikai, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yotsumoto
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Sagara Hospital, Social Medical Corporation Hakuaikai, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihide Tanimoto
- Department of Pathology, Field of Oncology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Hardika AS, Fauziah D. Analysis of Maspin Expression in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma of the Breast on Stages IIA and IIIB. FOLIA MEDICA INDONESIANA 2018. [DOI: 10.20473/fmi.v54i1.8043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary Serine Protease Inhibitor (maspin) is a tumor suppressor gene, a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family that works by inhibiting motility of cell movement, invasion and metastasis. Maspin expression is expected to be a prognostic factor as well as a predictive factor in mammary tumors. However, in some recent studies, maspin has a variety of expressions. Although it is known that no maspine appears as an indicator of tumor progression and metastasis, recent study has shown that maspine expression is associated with an aggressive phenotype of breast cancer and with a poor prognosis. Correlations between maspine expression and poor prognosis have also been reported in pancreatic, ovarian, thyroid, bladder and lung cancers. Knowledge of the expression and role of this maspin as well as its relationship with the pathogenesis of breast invasive ductal carcinoma is still small. The aim of this study was to look at differences in maspin expression in breast-invasive ductal carcinoma of stage IIA and stage IIIB groups. This research method used analytic observational research with cross sectional approach. The samples were invasive carcinoma of NST paraffin at the Department of Anatomic Pathology of Dr Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, from January to December 2015. Thirty samples were divided into two groups, namely stage IIA and stage IIIB groups and immunohistochemical examination with maspin antibody was carried out. The difference of maspin expression in stage IIA and stage IIIB was analyzed using Mann-Whitney statistic test. There were significant differences in maspin expression between stage IIA and stage IIIB groups, where stage IIA has a high maspin expression rather than stage IIIB.
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8
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Bernardo MM, Dzinic SH, Matta MJ, Dean I, Saker L, Sheng S. The Opportunity of Precision Medicine for Breast Cancer With Context-Sensitive Tumor Suppressor Maspin. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:1639-1647. [PMID: 28262971 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To improve the precision of molecular diagnosis and to develop and guide targeted therapies of breast cancer, it is essential to determine the mechanisms that underlie the specific tumor phenotypes. To this end, the application of a snapshot of gene expression profile for breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis is fundamentally challenged since the tissue-based data are derived from heterogonous cell types and are not likely to reflect the dynamics of context-dependent tumor progression and drug sensitivity. The intricate network of epithelial differentiation program can be concertedly controlled by tumor suppressor maspin, a homologue of clade B serine protease inhibitors (serpin), through its multifaceted molecular interactions in multiple subcellular localizations. Unlike most other serpins that are expressed in multiple cell types, maspin is epithelial specific and has distinct roles in luminal and myoepithelial cells. Endogenously expressed maspin has been found in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and detected on the surface of cell membrane. It is also secreted free and as an exosomal cargo protein. Research in the field has led to the identification of the maspin targets and maspin-associated molecules, as well as the structural determinants of its suppressive functions. The current review discusses the possibility for maspin to serve as a cell type-specific and context-sensitive marker to improve the precision of breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis. These advancements further suggest a new window of opportunity for designing novel maspin-based chemotherapeutic agents with improved anti-cancer potency. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1639-1647, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida M Bernardo
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, Michigan
| | - Sijana H Dzinic
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, Michigan
| | - Maria J Matta
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, Michigan
| | - Ivory Dean
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, Michigan
| | - Lina Saker
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, Michigan
| | - Shijie Sheng
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit 48201, Michigan
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Gurzu S, Kadar Z, Sugimura H, Orlowska J, Bara T, Bara T, Szederjesi J, Jung I. Maspin-related Orchestration of Aggressiveness of Gastric Cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2016; 24:326-36. [PMID: 26067133 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM Although some hypotheses have been postulated on the genesis of gastric cancer (GC), the origin of this disease remains unclear. The aim of this study was to develop a hypothesis about gastric carcinogenesis based on our experience in the field of GC and on published reports on about 28 studies in the field of subcellular maspin expression in GC. In 180 cases of GC, the clinicopathologic features were correlated with the results obtained after paired immunohistochemical stains (tumor/normal mucosa) with 15 antibodies: E-cadherin, HER-2, VEGF, CD31, CD105, COX-2, maspin, bax, bcl-2, p53, Ki67, MLH-1, MSH-2, Mena protein, and vimentin. RESULTS Cytoplasmic maspin was observed in foveolar cells with intestinal metaplasia, whereas mixed (combined nuclear-cytoplasmic) expressions were more characteristic of the intramucosal foci of signet-ring cells and dysplastic cells. The tumor cells that expressed cytoplasmic maspin were mostly intestinal type bax/COX-2/Mena/E-cadherin-positive differentiated adenocarcinomas with nodular growth and more superficial invasion. The nuclear shift of maspin was more frequent in HER-2/p53-positive intestinal type adenocarcinomas with diffuse architecture at the invasion front, as well as for node-positive poorly cohesive carcinomas. Loss of maspin expression induced a higher risk of distant metastases, without differences in the survival rate. CONCLUSIONS In GC with associated metaplasia, cytoplasmic maspin is predominant; the nuclear shift induces local aggressiveness and risk of node metastases, whereas total loss can indicate a risk of distant metastases. In GC without associated metaplasia, nuclear expression of maspin is retained, indicating a more aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Gurzu
- Departments of *Pathology †Oncology ∥Surgery ¶Intensive Care Unit, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Tirgu-Mures, Romania ‡Department of Tumor Pathology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan §Department of Pathology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
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Matsuoka Y, Takagi Y, Nosaka K, Sakabe T, Haruki T, Araki K, Taniguchi Y, Shiomi T, Nakamura H, Umekita Y. Cytoplasmic expression of maspin predicts unfavourable prognosis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Histopathology 2016; 69:114-20. [PMID: 27297724 DOI: 10.1111/his.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Maspin is known to be a tumour suppressor protein, and its prognostic significance in patients with several types of cancer, including lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), has been reported. However, its prognostic impact on lung SCC has been controversial. We explored the prognostic value of maspin expression with particular reference to its subcellular localization in patients with lung SCC. METHODS AND RESULTS Paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 101 curatively resected patients with lung SCC were analysed immunohistochemically using an antibody for maspin. Maspin positivity was defined as strong expression in only the cytoplasm and observed in 25 patients (24.6%). It correlated significantly with the presence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.006) and higher pathological stage (P = 0.003). The patients were followed-up for 2-119 months (median: 50 months), and the maspin-positive group had shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) by log-rank test (P = 0.002, P = 0.016, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that the status of maspin was the only independent prognostic factor for DFS and DSS (P = 0.017, P = 0.047, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Cytoplasmic expression of maspin could be an independent unfavourable prognostic indicator in patients with lung SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Matsuoka
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.,Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yuzo Takagi
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan.,Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kanae Nosaka
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sakabe
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Haruki
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kunio Araki
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yuji Taniguchi
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Shiomi
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Nakamura
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Umekita
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Manna E, Bank S, Maiti S, Jana P, Sinha AK. Neutralization by Acetyl Salicylic Acid of the Testosterone induced Impaired Maspin Synthesis Stimulated by Estriol in Neutrophils through Nitric Oxide Synthesis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL SCIENCE : IJBS 2015; 11:176-84. [PMID: 26759534 PMCID: PMC4699133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maspin, an anti breast cancer protein in the mammary cell and normal neutrophil has been reported to be synthesised by the stimulation of NO production induced by estriol. The role of testosterone was investigated in the synthesis of maspin in relation to that of estriol. METHODS Fifty normal female between the ages of 25-65 years old participated in the study. Maspin synthesis was demonstrated by in vitro translation of maspin mRNA, followed by the quantification of maspin by enzyme linked immune absorbent assay. NO was determined by methomoglobin method. RESULTS Incubation of the neutrophils in HBSS both with 30 nM estriol resulted in the synthesis of 1.8 ngm maspin with simultaneous increase of NO synthesis. In contrast incubating neutrophils with 20 nM testosterone in the presence of estriol inhibited maspin synthesis to 0.33 nM with simultaneous inhibition of NO synthesis from 1.89 nM to 0 nM at the same time. Addition of 0.2µM flutamide, a testosterone receptor blocker to the incubation mixture restored the synthesis of maspin by 60.64 %. Incubation of 25µM aspirin that stimulated NO synthesis restored the inhibition of maspin synthesis by testosterone by 79.1%. I-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, abolished both maspin and NO synthesis. Scatchard plot of estriol binding in the presence of testosterone demonstrated that the male sex hormone inhibited the female sex hormone binding to its receptor by "cross talk" between the receptors. It was found that while 1.02 × 10(3) molecules of estriol bind each neutrophil at equilibrium, in the presence of testosterone (20nM) in the binding mixture decreases the binding of estriol to 0.5 × 10(3) with little change in the dissociation constant compared to controls. CONCLUTION Estriol was found to stimulate maspin synthesis through the stimulation of NO, testosterone inhibited maspin synthesis through the inhibition of NO synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emili Manna
- Sinha Institute of Medical Science & Technology, Garia, Calcutta-700084, India;,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Therapeutic Lab, OIST, Vidyasagar University, Midnapur, India
| | - Sarbashri Bank
- Sinha Institute of Medical Science & Technology, Garia, Calcutta-700084, India;,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Therapeutic Lab, OIST, Vidyasagar University, Midnapur, India
| | - Smarajit Maiti
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Therapeutic Lab, OIST, Vidyasagar University, Midnapur, India
| | - Pradipta Jana
- Sinha Institute of Medical Science & Technology, Garia, Calcutta-700084, India;,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Therapeutic Lab, OIST, Vidyasagar University, Midnapur, India
| | - Asru K. Sinha
- Sinha Institute of Medical Science & Technology, Garia, Calcutta-700084, India
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12
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Nosaka K, Horie Y, Shiomi T, Itamochi H, Oishi T, Shimada M, Sato S, Sakabe T, Harada T, Umekita Y. Cytoplasmic Maspin Expression Correlates with Poor Prognosis of Patients with Adenocarcinoma of the Uterine Cervix. Yonago Acta Med 2015; 58:151-156. [PMID: 26740733 PMCID: PMC4701986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maspin is known to be a tumor suppressor protein and its prognostic significance in patients with several types of cancer has been reported. To date, however, no study has focused on the association between maspin expression and the prognosis of patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. We explored the prognostic value of maspin expression with particular reference to its subcellular localization in patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. METHODS Paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 46 patients diagnosed as adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix were immunohistochemically analyzed using an antibody for maspin. The patients were followed up for 3 to 165 months (median: 64.2 months) and the prognostic value was evaluated by the log-rank test and the Cox regression hazard model. RESULTS A sample was considered maspin-positive if maspin was expressed in only the cytoplasm; 69.6% (32 cases) of the specimens were maspin-positive, and there was significant correlation between positivity and recurrence (P = 0.022). Maspin-positive patients had both shorter disease free survival and shorter overall survival by the log-rank test (P = 0.023, P = 0.043, respectively). By Cox's multivariate analysis, the International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FIGO) status was the only independent prognostic factor for disease free survival and overall survival in patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. CONCLUSION This is the first report to reveal an association between cytoplasmic maspin expression and the prognosis of patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix. Although further studies with a larger series of patients and a longer follow up period are necessary, the present results suggest that cytoplasmic maspin expression could be an indicator of unfavorable prognosis in patients with adenocarcinoma of the uterine cervix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Nosaka
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yasushi Horie
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Shiomi
- †Department of Pathology, Tottori University Hospital, Yonago 683-8504, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Itamochi
- ‡Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka 020-8505, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Oishi
- §Division of Reproductive-Perinatal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Muneaki Shimada
- §Division of Reproductive-Perinatal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- §Division of Reproductive-Perinatal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Sakabe
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Tasuku Harada
- §Division of Reproductive-Perinatal Medicine and Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Umekita
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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Takagi Y, Matsuoka Y, Shiomi T, Nosaka K, Takeda C, Haruki T, Araki K, Taniguchi Y, Nakamura H, Umekita Y. Cytoplasmic maspin expression is a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with lung adenocarcinoma measuring <3 cm. Histopathology 2014; 66:732-9. [PMID: 25322663 DOI: 10.1111/his.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Maspin is known to be a tumour suppressor protein, and few studies focused upon its prognostic significance in patients with small-size lung adenocarcinoma have been reported; however, its clinical significance remains controversial. We explored the prognostic value of maspin with particular reference to its subcellular localization in patients with resected lung adenocarcinoma measuring <3 cm. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemical analyses were performed on resected 110 specimens of lung adenocarcinoma measuring <3 cm. Maspin positivity was defined as strong expression in only the cytoplasm and was observed in 27 patients (24.5%). It correlated significantly with the presence of lymph node metastasis (P = 0.009) and micropapillary component (P < 0.001). The patients were followed-up for 6-88 months (median: 71 months), and the maspin-positive group had shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) by log-rank test (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, respectively). Using Cox's multivariate analysis, the status of maspin was an independent prognostic factor for DFS and OS (P = 0.004, P = 0.022, respectively), as well as lymph node metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Cytoplasmic maspin expression could be an independent poor prognostic indicator of patients with lung adenocarcinoma measuring <3 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzo Takagi
- Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan; Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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14
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Takeda C, Takagi Y, Shiomi T, Nosaka K, Yamashita H, Osaki M, Endo K, Minamizaki T, Teshima R, Nagashima H, Umekita Y. Cytoplasmic maspin expression predicts poor prognosis of patients with soft tissue sarcomas. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:205. [PMID: 25358722 PMCID: PMC4223157 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-014-0205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maspin is a 42 kDa protein known to act as a tumor suppressor. Although its function has not been fully elucidated, numerous reports have investigated the prognostic impact of maspin in patients with several types of cancer. However, there have been no reports on the association between maspin expression and the prognosis of patients with soft tissue sarcomas (STS). The aim of this study was thus to explore the association of maspin expression with the prognosis of patients with STS. METHODS One-hundred and eight paraffin-embedded STS tissue samples were immunohistochemically analyzed using antibodies for maspin and Ki-67 antigen. The patients were followed up for 1 to 300 months (median: 33 months) and the prognostic value was evaluated by log-rank test and Cox's regression hazard model. RESULTS Cytoplasmic maspin expression was observed in 48.1% of specimens, and was significantly correlated with a higher FNCLCC grade (P = 0.002) and the presence of distant metastases (P = 0.001), and those with cytoplasmic maspin expression had both shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) by log-rank test (P <0.001, P = 0.001, respectively). By Cox's multivariate analysis, the presence of distant metastases was the only prognostic factor for DFS and OS. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report to reveal an association between maspin expression and the prognosis of patients with STS. Although further studies with a larger series of patients and a longer follow-up period will be needed, cytoplasmic maspin expression could be an indicator of unfavorable prognosis in patients with STS. VIRTUAL SLIDES The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/13000_2014_205.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Takeda
- />Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
- />Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Yuzo Takagi
- />Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Tatsushi Shiomi
- />Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Kanae Nosaka
- />Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Hideki Yamashita
- />Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Mari Osaki
- />Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Koji Endo
- />Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Takeshi Minamizaki
- />Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Yonago Medical Center, 4-17-1 Kuzumo, Yonago, Tottori 683-0006 Japan
| | - Ryota Teshima
- />Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Hideki Nagashima
- />Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Umekita
- />Division of Organ Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishicho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8503 Japan
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Leidy J, Khan A, Kandil D. Basal-like breast cancer: update on clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:37-43. [PMID: 24377810 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2012-0439-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Basal-like breast carcinoma (BLBC) is a distinct molecular subtype of breast carcinoma identified through gene expression profiling studies. OBJECTIVE To provide the clinical background, the histologic profile, and the immunohistochemical profile of these tumors and discuss the current knowledge of their molecular signature and their implications on targeted molecular therapy. DATA SOURCES Data were obtained from review of the pertinent peer-reviewed literature. CONCLUSIONS Basal-like breast carcinomas are aggressive tumors with poor prognosis. Lack of targeted therapy makes their treatment a challenging task. Traditional chemotherapy is still associated with a high risk of relapse and death in a high percentage of patients. Platinum-based chemotherapy has been considered as a candidate for the treatment of BLBCs owing to their BRCA1 phenotype. Approximately 22% of patients treated with single-agent cisplatin show pathologic complete response, which is a comparable rate to that seen with nonplatinum agents. Antiangiogenic agents have been promising, but their currently demonstrated limited response is considered disappointing. Additionally, epidermal growth factor receptor was not shown to be a helpful target for BLBC. A recent study has shown that BLBC appears to be especially sensitive to MEK inhibitors, making it a promising therapeutic possibility. The list of new targets is still evolving and the "magic" therapeutic target is yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Leidy
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester
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Pföhler C, Knöpflen T, Körner R, Vogt T, Rösch A, Müller CSL. Maspin expression in the invasive margin of primary melanomas may reflect an aggressive tumor phenotype. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2013; 11:993-9. [PMID: 23848940 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of maspin has been discussed controversially in different tumors. In the majority of malignant tumors, maspin seems to act as a tumor suppressor. However, data about maspin expression as well as its function in melanoma are very inconsistent. OBJECTIVE To investigate the expression of maspin in melanomas and to correlate the intensity of maspin staining with prognostic parameters of the tumor and with progression-free and overall survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS Primary melanomas from 47 patients were investigated for maspin expression using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Maspin was heterogeneously expressed predominantly in the cytoplasm of melanoma cells. Maspin staining intensity in the invasive part of the tumor correlated with parameters of prognosis such as Clark level (p = 0.05), tumor thickness (p = 0.002) and stage of disease (p = 0.023). Maspin staining intensity in the invasive front of the tumor significantly correlated with death from disease (p = 0.007) and shortened overall survival (p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS In accordance with data concerning maspin expression in colorectal cancers, the expression of this protein in the invasive front of primary melanomas seems to correlate with local infiltration and tumor aggressiveness. Strong maspin expression in the invasive margin of primary melanomas therefore might reflect an aggressive tumor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pföhler
- Saarland University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Tobias Knöpflen
- Saarland University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Rebecca Körner
- Saarland University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Thomas Vogt
- Saarland University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Alexander Rösch
- Saarland University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Cornelia S L Müller
- Saarland University Hospital, Department of Dermatology, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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Bodenstine TM, Seftor REB, Khalkhali-Ellis Z, Seftor EA, Pemberton PA, Hendrix MJC. Maspin: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 31:529-51. [PMID: 22752408 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9361-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maspin, a non-inhibitory member of the serine protease inhibitor superfamily, has been characterized as a tumor suppressor gene in multiple cancer types. Among the established anti-tumor effects of Maspin are the inhibition of cancer cell invasion, attachment to extracellular matrices, increased sensitivity to apoptosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis. However, while significant experimental data support the role of Maspin as a tumor suppressor, clinical data regarding the prognostic implications of Maspin expression have led to conflicting results. This highlights the need for a better understanding of the context dependencies of Maspin in normal biology and how these are perturbed in the context of cancer. In this review, we outline the regulation and roles of Maspin in normal and developmental biology while discussing novel evidence and emerging theories related to its functions in cancer. We provide insight into the immense therapeutic potential of Maspin and the challenges related to its successful clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Bodenstine
- Children's Hospital of Chicago Research Center, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Box 222, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Teoh SSY, Wang H, Risbridger GP, Whisstock JC, Bird PI. A versatile monoclonal antibody specific to human SERPINB5. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2013; 31:333-9. [PMID: 23098299 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2012.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Maspin (SERPINB5) is a member of the Clade B subgroup of the large superfamily of serine protease inhibitors. It is proposed that maspin is a tumor suppressor; however, its molecular role remains to be elucidated. Here we report the characterization of a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against human maspin. This antibody, 16F7, recognizes maspin in both its native and denatured form, unlike several other commercial antibodies tested in this study. It will be a useful and versatile tool for future analyses of the biological function of maspin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia S Y Teoh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Maspin (mammary serine protease inhibitor), is a member of the serine protease inhibitor/non-inhibitor superfamily. Its expression is down-regulated in breast, prostate, gastric and melanoma cancers but over-expressed in pancreatic, gallbladder, colorectal, and thyroid cancers suggesting that maspin may play different activities in different cell types. However, maspin expression seems to be correlated with better prognosis in prostate, bladder, lung, gastric, colorectal, head and neck, thyroid and melanoma cancer. In breast and ovarian cancer maspin significance is associated with its subcellular localization: nucleus maspin expression correlates with a good prognosis, whilst in pancreatic cancer it predicts a poor prognosis. Since tumor metastasis requires the detachment and invasion of tumor cells through the basement membrane and stroma, a selectively increased adhesion by the presence of maspin may contribute to the inhibition of tumor metastasis. Furthermore the different position of maspin inside the cell or its epigenetic modifications may explain the different behavior of the expression of maspin between tumors. The expression of maspin might be useful as a prognostic and possibly predictive factor for patients with particular types of cancer and data can guide physicians in selecting therapy. Its expression in circulating tumor cells especially in breast cancer, could be also useful in clinical practice along with other factors, such as age, comorbidities, blood examinations in order to select the best therapy to be carried out. Focusing on the malignancies in which maspin showed a positive prognostic value, therapeutic approaches studied so far aimed to re-activate a dormant tumor suppressor gene by designed transcription factors, to hit the system that inhibits the expression of maspin, to identify natural substances that can determine the activation and the expression of maspin or possible “molecules binds” to introduce maspin in cancer cell and gene therapy capable of up-regulating the maspin in an attempt to reduce primarily the risk of metastasis. Further studies in these directions are necessary to better define the therapeutic implication of maspin.
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Abd El Atti RM. The significance of immunohistochemical expression of maspin in basal-like breast cancer. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 32:204-210. [DOI: 10.1097/01.xej.0000421478.65830.6e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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