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Dahiya D, Péter-Szabó Z, Senanayake M, Pingali SV, Leite WC, Byrnes J, Buchko GW, Sivan P, Vilaplana F, Master E, O'Neill H. SANS investigation of fungal loosenins reveal substrate dependent impacts of protein 1 action on inter-fibril distance and packing order of cellulosic substrates. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4769386. [PMID: 39184091 PMCID: PMC11343303 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4769386/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial expansin-related proteins include fungal loosenins, which have been previously shown to disrupt cellulose networks and enhance the enzymatic conversion of cellulosic substrates. Despite showing beneficial impacts to cellulose processing, detailed characterization of cellulosic materials after loosenin treatment is lacking. In this study, small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used to investigate the effects of three recombinantly produced loosenins that originate from Phanerochaete carnosa, PcaLOOL7, PcaLOOL9, and PcaLOOL12, on the organization of holocellulose preparations from Eucalyptus and Spruce wood samples. RESULTS Whereas the SANS analysis of Spruce holocellulose revealed an increase in interfibril spacing of neighboring cellulose microfibrils following treatment with PcaLOOL12 and to a lesser extent PcaLOOL7, the analysis of Eucalyptus holocellulose revealed a reduction in packing number following treatment with PcaLOOL12 and to a lesser extent PcaLOOL9. Parallel SEC-SAXS characterization of PcaLOOL7, PcaLOOL9, and PcaLOOL12 indicated the proteins likely function as monomers; moreover, all appear to retain a flexible disordered N-terminus and folded C-terminal region. The comparatively high impact of PcaLOOL12 motivated its NMR structural characterization, revealing a double-psi b-barrel (DPBB) domain surrounded by three alpha-helices - the largest nestled against the DPBB core and the other two part of loops extending from the core. CONCLUSIONS The SANS analysis of PcaLOOL action on holocellulose samples confirms their ability to disrupt cellulose fiber networks and suggests a progression from reducing microfibril packing to increasing interfibril distance. The most impactful PcaLOOL, PcaLOOL12, was previously observed to be the most highly expressed loosenin in P. carnosa. Its structural characterization herein reveals its stabilization through two disulfide linkages, and an extended N-terminal region distal to a negatively charged and surface accessible polysaccharide binding groove.
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2
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Yu J, Del Mundo JT, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Schaible E, Gomez EW, Gomez ED, Cosgrove DJ. Dynamic Structural Change of Plant Epidermal Cell Walls under Strain. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311832. [PMID: 38386283 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The molecular foundations of epidermal cell wall mechanics are critical for understanding structure-function relationships of primary cell walls in plants and facilitating the design of bioinspired materials. To uncover the molecular mechanisms regulating the high extensibility and strength of the cell wall, the onion epidermal wall is stretched uniaxially to various strains and cell wall structures from mesoscale to atomic scale are characterized. Upon longitudinal stretching to high strain, epidermal walls contract in the transverse direction, resulting in a reduced area. Atomic force microscopy shows that cellulose microfibrils exhibit orientation-dependent rearrangements at high strains: longitudinal microfibrils are straightened out and become highly ordered, while transverse microfibrils curve and kink. Small-angle X-ray scattering detects a 7.4 nm spacing aligned along the stretch direction at high strain, which is attributed to distances between individual cellulose microfibrils. Furthermore, wide-angle X-ray scattering reveals a widening of (004) lattice spacing and contraction of (200) lattice spacing in longitudinally aligned cellulose microfibrils at high strain, which implies longitudinal stretching of the cellulose crystal. These findings provide molecular insights into the ability of the wall to bear additional load after yielding: the aggregation of longitudinal microfibrils impedes sliding and enables further stretching of the cellulose to bear increased loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yu
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Joshua T Del Mundo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Eric Schaible
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Esther W Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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3
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Sivaraman D, Nagel Y, Siqueira G, Chansoria P, Avaro J, Neels A, Nyström G, Sun Z, Wang J, Pan Z, Iglesias-Mejuto A, Ardao I, García-González CA, Li M, Wu T, Lattuada M, Malfait WJ, Zhao S. Additive Manufacturing of Nanocellulose Aerogels with Structure-Oriented Thermal, Mechanical, and Biological Properties. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307921. [PMID: 38477181 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is widely recognized as a versatile tool for achieving complex geometries and customized functionalities in designed materials. However, the challenge lies in selecting an appropriate AM method that simultaneously realizes desired microstructures and macroscopic geometrical designs in a single sample. This study presents a direct ink writing method for 3D printing intricate, high-fidelity macroscopic cellulose aerogel forms. The resulting aerogels exhibit tunable anisotropic mechanical and thermal characteristics by incorporating fibers of different length scales into the hydrogel inks. The alignment of nanofibers significantly enhances mechanical strength and thermal resistance, leading to higher thermal conductivities in the longitudinal direction (65 mW m-1 K-1) compared to the transverse direction (24 mW m-1 K-1). Moreover, the rehydration of printed cellulose aerogels for biomedical applications preserves their high surface area (≈300 m2 g-1) while significantly improving mechanical properties in the transverse direction. These printed cellulose aerogels demonstrate excellent cellular viability (>90% for NIH/3T3 fibroblasts) and exhibit robust antibacterial activity through in situ-grown silver nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeptanshu Sivaraman
- Laboratory for Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Nagel
- Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Gilberto Siqueira
- Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Parth Chansoria
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Avaro
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Neels
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Cellulose and Wood Materials Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
- Department of Health Science and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Zhaoxia Sun
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Zhengyuan Pan
- School of Light Industry and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
| | - Ana Iglesias-Mejuto
- AerogelsLab, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Inés Ardao
- BioFarma Research group, Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Innopharma Drug Screening and Pharmacogenomics Platform, Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CiMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Carlos A García-González
- AerogelsLab, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Mengmeng Li
- Laboratory for Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Tingting Wu
- Laboratory for Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Wim J Malfait
- Laboratory for Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Shanyu Zhao
- Laboratory for Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
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4
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Siemianowski O, Rongpipi S, Del Mundo JT, Freychet G, Zhernenkov M, Gomez ED, Gomez EW, Anderson CT. Flexible Pectin Nanopatterning Drives Cell Wall Organization in Plants. JACS AU 2024; 4:177-188. [PMID: 38274264 PMCID: PMC10806874 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are abundant sources of materials and energy. Nevertheless, cell wall nanostructure, specifically how pectins interact with cellulose and hemicelluloses to construct a robust and flexible biomaterial, is poorly understood. X-ray scattering measurements are minimally invasive and can reveal ultrastructural, compositional, and physical properties of materials. Resonant X-ray scattering takes advantage of compositional differences by tuning the energy of the incident X-ray to absorption edges of specific elements in a material. Using Tender Resonant X-ray Scattering (TReXS) at the calcium K-edge to study hypocotyls of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, we detected distinctive Ca features that we hypothesize correspond to previously unreported Ca-Homogalacturonan (Ca-HG) nanostructures. When Ca-HG structures were perturbed by chemical and enzymatic treatments, cellulose microfibrils were also rearranged. Moreover, Ca-HG nanostructure was altered in mutants with abnormal cellulose, pectin, or hemicellulose content. Our results indicate direct structural interlinks between components of the plant cell wall at the nanoscale and reveal mechanisms that underpin both the structural integrity of these components and the molecular architecture of the plant cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Siemianowski
- Department
of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Faculty of
Biology, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa Street 1, 02-096 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Sintu Rongpipi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Joshua T. Del Mundo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Guillaume Freychet
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Esther W. Gomez
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department
of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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5
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Choi J, Makarem M, Lee C, Lee J, Kiemle S, Cosgrove DJ, Kim SH. Tissue-specific directionality of cellulose synthase complex movement inferred from cellulose microfibril polarity in secondary cell walls of Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22007. [PMID: 38086837 PMCID: PMC10716418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In plant cells, cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) are nanoscale machines that synthesize and extrude crystalline cellulose microfibrils (CMFs) into the apoplast where CMFs are assembled with other matrix polymers into specific structures. We report the tissue-specific directionality of CSC movements of the xylem and interfascicular fiber walls of Arabidopsis stems, inferred from the polarity of CMFs determined using vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy. CMFs in xylems are deposited in an unidirectionally biased pattern with their alignment axes tilted about 25° off the stem axis, while interfascicular fibers are bidirectional and highly aligned along the longitudinal axis of the stem. These structures are compatible with the design of fiber-reinforced composites for tubular conduit and support pillar, respectively, suggesting that during cell development, CSC movement is regulated to produce wall structures optimized for cell-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juseok Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mohamadamin Makarem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Chonghan Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jongcheol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Sarah Kiemle
- Materials Characterization Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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6
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Building a Cell House from Cellulose: The Case of the Soil Acidobacterium Acidisarcina polymorpha SBC82T. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10112253. [DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidisarcina polymorpha SBC82T is a recently described representative of the phylum Acidobacteriota from lichen-covered tundra soil. Cells of this bacterium occur within unusual saccular chambers, with the chamber envelope formed by tightly packed fibrils. These extracellular structures were most pronounced in old cultures of strain SBC82T and were organized in cluster-like aggregates. The latter were efficiently destroyed by incubating cell suspensions with cellulase, thus suggesting that they were composed of cellulose. The diffraction pattern obtained for 45-day-old cultures of strain SBC82T by using small angle X-ray scattering was similar to those reported earlier for mature wood samples. The genome analysis revealed the presence of a cellulose biosynthesis locus bcs. Cellulose synthase key subunits A and B were encoded by the bcsAB gene whose close homologs are found in genomes of many members of the order Acidobacteriales. More distant homologs of the acidobacterial bcsAB occurred in representatives of the Proteobacteria. A unique feature of bcs locus in strain SBC82T was the non-orthologous displacement of the bcsZ gene, which encodes the GH8 family glycosidase with a GH5 family gene. Presumably, these cellulose-made extracellular structures produced by A. polymorpha have a protective function and ensure the survival of this acidobacterium in habitats with harsh environmental conditions.
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7
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Sivaraman D, Siqueira G, Maurya AK, Zhao S, Koebel MM, Nyström G, Lattuada M, Malfait WJ. Superinsulating nanocellulose aerogels: Effect of density and nanofiber alignment. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 292:119675. [PMID: 35725170 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose aerogels are potential alternatives to silica aerogels with advantages in cost, sustainability and mechanical properties. However, the density dependence of thermal conductivity (λ) for cellulose aerogels remains controversial. Cellulose aerogels were produced by gas-phase pH induced gelation of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and supercritical drying. Their properties are evaluated by varying the CNF concentration (5-33 mg·cm-3) and by uniaxial compression (9-115 mg·cm-3). The aerogels are transparent with specific surface areas of ~400 m2·g-1, mesopore volumes of ~2 cm3·g-1 and a power-law dependence of the E-modulus (α ~ 1.53, and the highest reported E of ~1 MPa). The dataset confirms that λ displays a traditional U-shaped density dependence with a minimum of 18 mW·m-1·K-1 at 0.065 g·cm-3. For a given density, λ is ~5 mW·m-1·K-1 lower for compressed aerogels due to the alignment of nanofibers, confirmed by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeptanshu Sivaraman
- Empa - Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Gilberto Siqueira
- Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Anjani K Maurya
- Empa - Center for X-ray Analytics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Shanyu Zhao
- Empa - Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Matthias M Koebel
- Empa - Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Lattuada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Wim J Malfait
- Empa - Building Energy Materials and Components, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
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8
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Makarem M, Nishiyama Y, Xin X, Durachko DM, Gu Y, Cosgrove DJ, Kim SH. Distinguishing Mesoscale Polar Order (Unidirectional vs Bidirectional) of Cellulose Microfibrils in Plant Cell Walls Using Sum Frequency Generation Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:8071-8081. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamadamin Makarem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | | | - Xiaoran Xin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Daniel M. Durachko
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Ying Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Daniel J. Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Seong H. Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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9
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Falcioni R, Moriwaki T, Perez-Llorca M, Munné-Bosch S, Gibin MS, Sato F, Pelozo A, Pattaro MC, Giacomelli ME, Rüggeberg M, Antunes WC. Cell wall structure and composition is affected by light quality in tomato seedlings. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 203:111745. [PMID: 31931381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Light affects many aspects of cell development. Tomato seedlings growing at different light qualities (white, blue, green, red, far-red) and in the dark displayed alterations in cell wall structure and composition. A strong and negative correlation was found between cell wall thickness and hypocotyl growth. Cell walls was thicker under blue and white lights and thinner under far-red light and in the dark, while intermediate values was observed for red or green lights. Additionally, the inside layer surface of cell wall presented random deposited microfibrillae angles under far-red light and in the dark. However, longitudinal transmission electron microscopy indicates a high frequency of microfibrils close to parallels related to the elongation axis in the outer layer. This was confirmed by ultra-high resolution small angle X-ray scattering. These data suggest that cellulose microfibrils would be passively reoriented in the longitudinal direction. As the cell expands, the most recently deposited layers (inside) behave differentially oriented compared to older (outer) layers in the dark or under FR lights, agreeing with the multinet growth hypothesis. High Ca and pectin levels were found in the cell wall of seedlings growing under blue and white light, also contributing to the low extensibility of the cell wall. Low Ca and pectin contents were found in the dark and under far-red light. Auxins marginally stimulated growth in thin cell wall circumstances. Hypocotyl growth was stimulated by gibberellins under blue light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Falcioni
- Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thaise Moriwaki
- Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marina Perez-Llorca
- Antiox Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Munné-Bosch
- Antiox Research Group, Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal, 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariana Sversut Gibin
- Optical Spectroscopy and Thermophysical Properties Research Group, Department of Physics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Francielle Sato
- Optical Spectroscopy and Thermophysical Properties Research Group, Department of Physics, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andressa Pelozo
- Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Plant Anatomy Laboratory, Department of Biology, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mariana Carmona Pattaro
- Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Marina Ellen Giacomelli
- Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Markus Rüggeberg
- Wood Material Science, Institute for Building Materials, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH Zurich), Schafmattstrasse 6, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Camargos Antunes
- Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biology, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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10
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Chen D, Melton LD, McGillivray DJ, Ryan TM, Harris PJ. Changes in the orientations of cellulose microfibrils during the development of collenchyma cell walls of celery (Apium graveolens L.). PLANTA 2019; 250:1819-1832. [PMID: 31463558 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During development, cellulose microfibrils in collenchyma walls become increasingly longitudinal, as determined by small-angle X-ray scattering, despite the walls maintaining a fine structure indicative of a crossed-polylamellate structure. Collenchyma cells have thickened primary cell walls and provide mechanical support during plant growth. During their development, these cells elongate and their walls thicken considerably. We used microscopy and synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering to study changes in the orientations of cellulose microfibrils that occur during development in the walls of collenchyma cells present in peripheral strands in celery (Apium graveolens) petioles. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the walls consisted of many lamellae (polylamellate), with lamellae containing longitudinally oriented cellulose microfibrils alternating with microfibrils oriented at higher angles. The lamellae containing longitudinally oriented microfibrils predominated at later stages of development. Nevertheless, transmission electron microscopy of specially stained, oblique sections provided evidence that the cellulose microfibrils were ordered throughout development as crossed-polylamellate structures. These results are consistent with our synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering results that showed the cellulose microfibrils become oriented increasingly longitudinally during development. Some passive reorientation of cellulose microfibrils may occur during development, but extensive reorientation throughout the wall would destroy ordered structures. Atomic force microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the orientations of newly deposited cellulose microfibrils. These were found to vary widely among different cells, which could be consistent with the formation of crossed-polylamellate structures. These newly deposited cellulose microfibrils are deposited in a layer of pectic polysaccharides that lies immediately outside the plasma membrane. Overall, our results show that during development of collenchyma walls, the cellulose microfibrils become increasingly longitudinal in orientation, yet organized, crossed-polylamellate structures are maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Chen
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Laurence D Melton
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Duncan J McGillivray
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Timothy M Ryan
- The MacDiarmid Institute, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
- The Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Rd, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Philip J Harris
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland Mail Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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11
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Weise LD, ten Tusscher KHWJ. Discrete mechanical growth model for plant tissue. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221059. [PMID: 31404094 PMCID: PMC6690522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a discrete mechanical model to study plant development. The method is built up of mass points, springs and hinges mimicking the plant cell wall’s microstructure. To model plastic growth the resting lengths of springs are adjusted; when springs exceed a threshold length, new mass points, springs and hinges, are added. We formulate a stiffness tensor for the springs and hinges as a function of the fourth rank tensor of elasticity and the geometry of the mesh. This allows us to approximate the material law as a generalized orthotropic Hooke’s law, and control material properties during growth. The material properties of the model are illustrated in numerical simulations for finite strain and plastic growth. To solve the equations of motion of mass points we assume elastostatics and use Verlet integration. The method is demonstrated in simulations when anisotropic growth causes emergent residual strain fields in cell walls and a bending of tissue. The method can be used in multilevel models to study plant development, for example by coupling it to models for cytoskeletal, hormonal and gene regulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis D. Weise
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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12
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Rongpipi S, Ye D, Gomez ED, Gomez EW. Progress and Opportunities in the Characterization of Cellulose - An Important Regulator of Cell Wall Growth and Mechanics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1894. [PMID: 30881371 PMCID: PMC6405478 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a dynamic network of several biopolymers and structural proteins including cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose and lignin. Cellulose is one of the main load bearing components of this complex, heterogeneous structure, and in this way, is an important regulator of cell wall growth and mechanics. Glucan chains of cellulose aggregate via hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces to form long thread-like crystalline structures called cellulose microfibrils. The shape, size, and crystallinity of these microfibrils are important structural parameters that influence mechanical properties of the cell wall and these parameters are likely important determinants of cell wall digestibility for biofuel conversion. Cellulose-cellulose and cellulose-matrix interactions also contribute to the regulation of the mechanics and growth of the cell wall. As a consequence, much emphasis has been placed on extracting valuable structural details about cell wall components from several techniques, either individually or in combination, including diffraction/scattering, microscopy, and spectroscopy. In this review, we describe efforts to characterize the organization of cellulose in plant cell walls. X-ray scattering reveals the size and orientation of microfibrils; diffraction reveals unit lattice parameters and crystallinity. The presence of different cell wall components, their physical and chemical states, and their alignment and orientation have been identified by Infrared, Raman, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Sum Frequency Generation spectroscopy. Direct visualization of cell wall components, their network-like structure, and interactions between different components has also been made possible through a host of microscopic imaging techniques including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. This review highlights advantages and limitations of different analytical techniques for characterizing cellulose structure and its interaction with other wall polymers. We also delineate emerging opportunities for future developments of structural characterization tools and multi-modal analyses of cellulose and plant cell walls. Ultimately, elucidation of the structure of plant cell walls across multiple length scales will be imperative for establishing structure-property relationships to link cell wall structure to control of growth and mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sintu Rongpipi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Dan Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Esther W. Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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13
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Ye D, Kiemle SN, Rongpipi S, Wang X, Wang C, Cosgrove DJ, Gomez EW, Gomez ED. Resonant soft X-ray scattering reveals cellulose microfibril spacing in plant primary cell walls. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12449. [PMID: 30127533 PMCID: PMC6102304 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose microfibrils are crucial for many of the remarkable mechanical properties of primary cell walls. Nevertheless, many structural features of cellulose microfibril organization in cell walls are not yet fully described. Microscopy techniques provide direct visualization of cell wall organization, and quantification of some aspects of wall microstructure is possible through image processing. Complementary to microscopy techniques, scattering yields structural information in reciprocal space over large sample areas. Using the onion epidermal wall as a model system, we introduce resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSoXS) to directly quantify the average interfibril spacing. Tuning the X-ray energy to the calcium L-edge enhances the contrast between cellulose and pectin due to the localization of calcium ions to homogalacturonan in the pectin matrix. As a consequence, RSoXS profiles reveal an average center-to-center distance between cellulose microfibrils or microfibril bundles of about 20 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | - Sarah N Kiemle
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | - Sintu Rongpipi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, 94720, United States
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States
| | - Esther W Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, United States.
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14
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Ioelovich MY. Models of supramolecular structure and properties of cellulose. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x16060109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Saxe F, Burgert I, Eder M. Structural and mechanical characterization of growing Arabidopsis plant cell walls. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1242:211-227. [PMID: 25408456 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1902-4_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This book chapter describes how structural and mechanical properties of living Arabidopsis hypocotyls can be measured by using small-angle X-ray scattering and micromechanical tensile tests. This approach is particularly useful to detect structural differences between selected mutants and to show how these differences are reflected in the tensile properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Saxe
- Department of Biomaterials, Max-Planck-Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany,
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