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Awosile B, Fritzler J, Levent G, Rahman MK, Ajulo S, Daniel I, Tasnim Y, Sarkar S. Genomic Characterization of Fecal Escherichia coli Isolates with Reduced Susceptibility to Beta-Lactam Antimicrobials from Wild Hogs and Coyotes. Pathogens 2023; 12:929. [PMID: 37513776 PMCID: PMC10383658 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was carried out to determine the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes and mobile genetic elements of 16 Escherichia coli isolates-with reduced susceptibility to ceftazidime and imipenem-that were recovered from the fecal samples of coyotes and wild hogs from West Texas, USA. Whole-genome sequencing data analyses revealed distinct isolates with a unique sequence type and serotype designation. Among 16 isolates, 4 isolates were multidrug resistant, and 5 isolates harbored at least 1 beta-lactamase gene (blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-55, or blaCTX-M-27) that confers resistance to beta-lactam antimicrobials. Several isolates carried genes conferring resistance to tetracyclines (tet(A), tet(B), and tet(C)), aminoglycosides (aac(3)-IId, ant(3″)-Ia, aph(3')-Ia, aph(3″)-lb, aadA5, and aph(6)-ld), sulfonamides (sul1, sul2, and sul3), amphenicol (floR), trimethoprim (dfrA1 and dfrA17), and macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B (MLSB) agents (Inu(F), erm(B), and mph(A)). Nine isolates showed chromosomal mutations in the promoter region G of ampC beta-lactamase gene, while three isolates showed mutations in gyrA, parC, and parE quinolone resistance-determining regions, which confer resistance to quinolones. We also detected seven incompatibility plasmid groups, with incF being the most common. Different types of virulence genes were detected, including those that enhance bacterial fitness and pathogenicity. One blaCMY-2 positive isolate (O8:H28) from a wild hog was also a Shiga toxin-producing E. coli and was a carrier of the stx2A virulence toxin subtype. We report the detection of blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M-55, and blaCTX-M-27 beta-lactamase genes in E. coli from coyotes for the first time. This study demonstrates the importance of wildlife as reservoirs of important multi-drug-resistant bacteria and provides information for future comparative genomic analysis with the limited literature on antimicrobial resistance dynamics in wildlife such as coyotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babafela Awosile
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Jason Fritzler
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Gizem Levent
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Md Kaisar Rahman
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Samuel Ajulo
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Ian Daniel
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yamima Tasnim
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Sumon Sarkar
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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Eriksen EØ, Kudirkiene E, Barington K, Goecke NB, Blirup-Plum SA, Nielsen JP, Olsen JE, Jensen HE, Pankoke K, Larsen LE, Liu G, Pedersen KS. An observational field study of porcine post-weaning diarrhea: clinical and microbiological findings, and fecal pH-measurements as a potential diagnostic tool. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:33. [PMID: 37434248 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, in-feed medicinal zinc has been phased out in pig production in the European Union. This makes updated knowledge about porcine post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) crucial. The objectives of the present study were to investigate (i) the clinical presentation of PWD in pigs housed in Danish herds that did not use medicinal zinc, specifically the prevalence of diarrhea and whether PWD was associated to clinical signs of dehydration or altered body temperature; (ii) which microorganism are associated to PWD; and iii) whether measurements of the fecal pH have a potential to be used diagnostically to differentiate between infectious etiologies in cases of PWD. RESULTS The prevalence of diarrhea varied considerably between the outbreaks in the nine studied herds (median = 0.58, range = 0.10; 0.94). In a cross-sectional design (n = 923), diarrhea was associated with reduced rectal temperature and alkaline feces. Diarrhea was also associated with observably reduced skin elasticity, possibly indicating dehydration. In both diarrheic case pigs (n = 87) and control pigs (n = 86), the presence of Brachyspira pilosicoli, Clostridium perfringens, Cryptosporidium spp., Cystoisopora suis, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Lawsonia intracellularis, porcine circovirus types 2 and 3, rotavirus A, B, C, and H, Samonella enterica spp. enterica, and Trichuris suis was described. PWD was associated with high levels of enterotoxigenic E. coli shedding (odds ratio versus no E. coli detection = 4.79 [CI 1.14; 12.62]). Diarrhea was associated with high levels of rotavirus A shedding (odds ratio versus no/low rotavirus A = 3.80 [CI 1.33; 7.97]). The association between microbiological findings in diarrheic pigs and fecal pH was negligible. CONCLUSIONS Enterotoxigenic E. coli was confirmed to be a cause of PWD; however, cases of PWD where enterotoxigenic E. coli was not detected in high levels occurred commonly, and this adds to the increasing evidence suggesting that PWD is not necessarily a result of enteric colibacillosis. Rotaviral enteritis might be a differential diagnosis of PWD. pH-measurements cannot be used to differentiate between differential diagnoses for PWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esben Østergaard Eriksen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Egle Kudirkiene
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kristiane Barington
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Nicole Bakkegård Goecke
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sophie Amalie Blirup-Plum
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jens Peter Nielsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - John Elmerdahl Olsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karen Pankoke
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Gang Liu
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ken Steen Pedersen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Ø-Vet A/S, Køberupvej 33, 4700, Næstved, Denmark
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Barros MM, Castro J, Araújo D, Campos AM, Oliveira R, Silva S, Outor-Monteiro D, Almeida C. Swine Colibacillosis: Global Epidemiologic and Antimicrobial Scenario. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040682. [PMID: 37107044 PMCID: PMC10135039 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine pathogenic infection caused by Escherichia coli, known as swine colibacillosis, represents an epidemiological challenge not only for animal husbandry but also for health authorities. To note, virulent E. coli strains might be transmitted, and also cause disease, in humans. In the last decades, diverse successful multidrug-resistant strains have been detected, mainly due to the growing selective pressure of antibiotic use, in which animal practices have played a relevant role. In fact, according to the different features and particular virulence factor combination, there are four different pathotypes of E. coli that can cause illness in swine: enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) that comprises edema disease E. coli (EDEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Nevertheless, the most relevant pathotype in a colibacillosis scenario is ETEC, responsible for neonatal and postweaning diarrhea (PWD), in which some ETEC strains present enhanced fitness and pathogenicity. To explore the distribution of pathogenic ETEC in swine farms and their diversity, resistance, and virulence profiles, this review summarizes the most relevant works on these subjects over the past 10 years and discusses the importance of these bacteria as zoonotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Margarida Barros
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Joana Castro
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Daniela Araújo
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Ana Maria Campos
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
| | - Ricardo Oliveira
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Silva
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Divanildo Outor-Monteiro
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Carina Almeida
- I.P—National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinariay Research (INIAV), Rua dos Lagidos, 4485-655 Vila do Conde, Portugal; (M.M.B.); (J.C.); (D.A.); (A.M.C.); (R.O.); (S.S.)
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Vangroenweghe FACJ, Boone M. Vaccination with an Escherichia coli F4/F18 Vaccine Improves Piglet Performance Combined with a Reduction in Antimicrobial Use and Secondary Infections Due to Streptococcus suis. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12172231. [PMID: 36077950 PMCID: PMC9454454 DOI: 10.3390/ani12172231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) remains a major cause of economic losses for the pig industry. Therapy to combat PWD typically consists of antibiotic treatment or supplementation of zinc oxide to the feed. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance and new EU regulations prompt the need for alternative control strategies, such as immunization. The aim of the field study was to evaluate the effect of an oral live non-pathogenic E. coli vaccine on piglet performance, health, and antimicrobial use. We compared 10 batches receiving a standard antimicrobial control treatment to 10 batches vaccinated with the oral E. coli vaccine. The vaccine-treated groups demonstrated a significant improvement in performance, mortality weight, and antimicrobial use. In addition, secondary infections due to Streptococcus suis in the second part of nursery were reduced, as indicated by the reduction in amoxicillin use. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the efficacy of an oral live non-pathogenic E. coli vaccine for the active immunization of piglets against PWD under field conditions. Therefore, vaccination against PWD may be considered a valuable alternative for strengthening piglet performance while meeting the new EU requirements concerning the prudent use of antimicrobials in intensive pig production. Abstract Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) due to Escherichia coli (E. coli) remains a major cause of economic losses for the pig industry. Therapy to combat PWD typically consists of antibiotic treatment or supplementation of zinc oxide to the feed. The emergence of antimicrobial resistance to E. coli and new EU regulations prompt the need for alternative control strategies, such as immunization. The aim of the field study was to evaluate the effect of an oral live non-pathogenic E. coli vaccine on piglet performance, health, and antimicrobial use. We evaluated vaccination with an oral live non-pathogenic E. coli F4/F18 under field conditions in 10 consecutive batches against a standard antimicrobial treatment in 10 historical control batches. The vaccine-treated groups demonstrated a significant improvement in feed conversion rate, mortality weight, and antimicrobial use. From a general health perspective, secondary infections due to Streptococcus suis (S. suis) in the second part of nursery were markedly reduced, as indicated by the reduction in amoxicillin use. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the efficacy of an oral live non-pathogenic E. coli vaccine for active immunization of piglets against PWD under field conditions. The vaccine-treated groups showed an improvement in several economically important performance parameters while reducing the overall antimicrobial use and infection pressure due to S. suis. Therefore, vaccination against PWD may be considered a valuable alternative for consolidating piglet performance while meeting the new EU requirements concerning the prudent use of antimicrobials in intensive pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric A. C. J. Vangroenweghe
- Elanco Animal Health Benelux, BU Swine & Ruminants, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium
- Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine–Reproduction–Population Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-477-558-562
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Antimicrobial Resistance, Serologic and Molecular Characterization of E. coli Isolated from Calves with Severe or Fatal Enteritis in Bavaria, Germany. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 11:antibiotics11010023. [PMID: 35052900 PMCID: PMC8772957 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) cause neonatal diarrhea and high mortality rates in newborn calves, leading to great economic losses. In Bavaria, Germany, no recent facts are available regarding the prevalence of virulence factors or antimicrobial resistance of ETEC in calves. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 8713 E. coli isolates obtained from 7358 samples of diseased or deceased diarrheic calves were investigated between 2015 to 2019. Considerably high rates of 84.2% multidrug-resistant and 15.8% extensively drug-resistant isolates were detected. The resistance situation of the first, second and third line antimicrobials for the treatment, here amoxicillin-clavulanate, enrofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, is currently acceptable with mean non-susceptibility rates of 28.1%, 37.9% and 50.0% over the investigated 5-year period. Furthermore, the ETEC serotypes O101:K28, O9:K35, O101:K30, O101:K32, O78:K80, O139:K82, O8:K87, O141:K85 and O147:K89, as well as the virulence factors F17, F41, F5, ST-I and stx1 were identified in a subset of samples collected in 2019 and 2020. The substantially high rates of multi- and extensively drug-resistant isolates underline the necessity of continuous monitoring regarding antimicrobial resistance to provide reliable prognoses and adjust recommendations for the treatment of bacterial infections in animals.
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García A, Fox JG. A One Health Perspective for Defining and Deciphering Escherichia coli Pathogenic Potential in Multiple Hosts. Comp Med 2021; 71:3-45. [PMID: 33419487 PMCID: PMC7898170 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
E. coli is one of the most common species of bacteria colonizing humans and animals. The singularity of E. coli 's genus and species underestimates its multifaceted nature, which is represented by different strains, each with different combinations of distinct virulence factors. In fact, several E. coli pathotypes, or hybrid strains, may be associated with both subclinical infection and a range of clinical conditions, including enteric, urinary, and systemic infections. E. coli may also express DNA-damaging toxins that could impact cancer development. This review summarizes the different E. coli pathotypes in the context of their history, hosts, clinical signs, epidemiology, and control. The pathotypic characterization of E. coli in the context of disease in different animals, including humans, provides comparative and One Health perspectives that will guide future clinical and research investigations of E. coli infections.
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Key Words
- aa, aggregative adherence
- a/e, attaching and effacing
- aepec, atypical epec
- afa, afimbrial adhesin
- aida-i, adhesin involved in diffuse adherence
- aiec, adherent invasive e. coli
- apec, avian pathogenic e. coli
- atcc, american type culture collection
- bfp, bundle-forming pilus
- cd, crohn disease
- cdt, cytolethal distending toxin gene
- clb, colibactin
- cnf, cytotoxic necrotizing factor
- cs, coli surface (antigens)
- daec, diffusely adhering e. coli
- db, dutch belted
- eae, e. coli attaching and effacing gene
- eaec, enteroaggregative e. coli
- eaf, epec adherence factor (plasmid)
- eahec, entero-aggregative-hemorrhagic e. coli
- east-1, enteroaggregative e. coli heat-stable enterotoxin
- e. coli, escherichia coli
- ed, edema disease
- ehec, enterohemorrhagic e. coli
- eiec, enteroinvasive e. coli
- epec, enteropathogenic e. coli
- esbl, extended-spectrum β-lactamase
- esp, e. coli secreted protein
- etec, enterotoxigenic e. coli
- expec, extraintestinal pathogenic e. coli
- fyua, yersiniabactin receptor gene
- gi, gastrointestinal
- hly, hemolysin
- hus, hemolytic uremic syndrome
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- la, localized adherence
- lee, locus of enterocyte effacement
- lpf, long polar fimbriae
- lt, heat-labile (enterotoxin)
- mlst, multilocus sequence typing
- ndm, new delhi metallo-β-lactamase
- nzw, new zealand white
- pap, pyelonephritis-associated pilus
- pks, polyketide synthase
- sfa, s fimbrial adhesin
- slt, shiga-like toxin
- st, heat-stable (enterotoxin)
- stec, stx-producing e. coli
- stx, shiga toxin
- tepec, typical epec
- upec, uropathogenic e. coli
- uti, urinary tract infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis García
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts;,
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Sabala RF, Usui M, Tamura Y, Abd-Elghany SM, Sallam KI, Elgazzar MM. Prevalence of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli harbouring mcr-1 in raw beef and ready-to-eat beef products in Egypt. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Rawat C, Sahoo NR, Wagh SS, Kumar P, Kumar S, Sonwane A, Qureshi S, Kumar A, Panigrahi M. Association of ACK1, TFRC polymorphism with diarrhoeagenic E. coli adhesion patterns and their jejunal expression profile in Indian Ghurrah pigs. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:422. [PMID: 31696027 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 9 SNPs located in TFRC and ACK1 genes of SSC13q41 genomic region were examined for their association with the adhesion pattern of native Indian pigs using local isolate of diarrhoeagenic E. coli. Phenotypic evaluation of adhesion pattern of 150 pigs revealed 116 animals positive for adhesion, whereas 34 animals had non-adhesive phenotype. Among the adhesive animals, 6, 87 and 23 pigs were strongly adhesive, weakly adhesive and adhesive, respectively. PCR-RFLP study revealed 8 polymorphic SNPs with low to moderate PIC ranging from 7.39 to 37.25% and low to high heterozygosities (8-70%). The loci g.291 C > T, rs81218930 C > T, rs318751568 C > T of TFRC and g.93222 C > A g.94600 C > T of ACK1 showed significant departure from HWE. The genotypic frequencies of the SNPs as well as the haplotypes did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) across the adhesion patterns except one SNP (ACK1-g.107371 A > C). Among the g.107371 A > C genotypes observed, CA was associated with non-adhesive phenotype. Furthermore, TFRC mRNA expression levels were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) different among various adhesive phenotypes, whereas that of ACK1 was significantly (P < 0.05) different between non-adhesive and adhesive groups. The significant association of SNP (ACK1-g.107371 A > C), which was also previously reported to influence ETECF4 mediated diarrhoea susceptibility, implicates its wider application in genetic control of piglet diarrhoea. Furthermore, the up-regulation of TFRC gene expression in adhesive group supports its proposed role in activation of immune cells against E. coli and intracellular iron transport.
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Abubakar RH, Madoroba E, Adebowale O, Fasanmi OG, Fasina FO. Antimicrobial usage in pig production: Effects on Escherichia coli virulence profiles and antimicrobial resistance. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2019; 86:e1-e11. [PMID: 31714139 PMCID: PMC6852416 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials (AM) are used for growth promotion and therapy in pig production. Its misuse has led to the development of resistant organisms. We evaluated Escherichia coli virulence genes, and compared phenotypic-genotypic antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of faecal E. coli from pigs receiving routine farm treatment without antimicrobial agents against pigs treated routinely with AM over 70 days. Recovered E. coli were tested for AMR using disk diffusion and polymerase chain reaction. Virulence genes were detected in 24.8% of isolates from antimicrobial group and 43.5% from non-antimicrobial group (p = 0.002). The proportion of virulence genes heat-stable enterotoxins a b (STa, STb), enteroaggregative heat stable enterotoxin 1 [EAST1] and Shiga toxin type 2e [Stx2e]) were 18.1%, 0.0%, 78.7% and 3.0% for antimicrobial group and 14.8%, 8.5%, 85.1% and 12.7% for non-antimicrobial groups, respectively. Resistance to oxytetracycline was most common (p = 0.03) in samples collected between days 10 and 21. Resistance shifted to amoxicillin on days 56-70, and trimethoprim resistance was observed throughout. Seventeen phenotypic AMR combinations were observed and eight were multidrug resistant. At least one tetracycline resistance gene was found in 63.9% of the isolates. tet (A) (23.3%) was most common in the antimicrobial group, whereas tet (B) (43.5%) was prevalent in the non-antimicrobial group. Usage or non-usage of antimicrobial agents in growing pigs does not preclude virulence genes development and other complex factors may be involved as previously described. Heavily used AM correspond to the degree of resistance and tetracycline resistance genes were detected during the growth phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukayya H Abubakar
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
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Hussien H, Elbehiry A, Saad M, Hadad G, Moussa I, Dawoud T, Mubarak A, Marzouk E. Molecular characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from cheese and biocontrol of Shiga toxigenic E. coli with essential oils. Ital J Food Saf 2019; 8:8291. [PMID: 31632932 PMCID: PMC6784595 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2019.8291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The current research was carried out to study the incidence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in Egyptian cheese (Kariesh and Ras) and molecular characterization of certain E. coli virulence genes (stx1, stx2, eaeA, hlyA and fimH) using multiplex PCR technique. Biocontrol of E. coli with essential oils (clove and thyme oil) was also studied. A total of 150 random samples of Kariesh and Ras cheese (75 each) were collected from various areas in Governorate of Menoufia. According to our results, the frequency of E. coli isolated from Kariesh and Ras cheese was 16% and 5.3%, respectively. Serological identification classified the E. coli strains into two groups, enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) serogroup (O26: H11, O91: H21, O111: H2 and O103: H2). While the enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) serogroup were detected as O125: H21 which is the most prevalent strain. O171: H2, O86 and O119: H6 belonging to enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). The most prevalent gene detected in E. coli strains was stx1 (87.5%) followed by stx2 (86%), fimH (75%), hlyA (50%) and eaeA (25%) genes. Concerning the antimicrobial activity with essential oils, thyme oil (1%) is considered as the bactericidal effect against E. coli (ATCC35150) with improved the sensory evaluation than clove oil (1%). In conclusion, Kariesh and Ras cheese are extremely tainted with pathogenic E. coli strains, which represent a strong hazard on the human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Hussien
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ayman Elbehiry
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt.,Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Saad
- Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shebin Al-Kom, Menofia University, Egypt
| | - Ghada Hadad
- Department of Animal Hygiene and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Ihab Moussa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Turki Dawoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Mubarak
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Marzouk
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Luise D, Lauridsen C, Bosi P, Trevisi P. Methodology and application of Escherichia coli F4 and F18 encoding infection models in post-weaning pigs. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:53. [PMID: 31210932 PMCID: PMC6567477 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) expressing F4 and F18 fimbriae are the two main pathogens associated with post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in piglets. The growing global concern regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has encouraged research into the development of nutritional and feeding strategies as well as vaccination protocols in order to counteract the PWD due to ETEC. A valid approach to researching effective strategies is to implement piglet in vivo challenge models with ETEC infection. Thus, the proper application and standardization of ETEC F4 and F18 challenge models represent an urgent priority. The current review provides an overview regarding the current piglet ETEC F4 and F18 challenge models; it highlights the key points for setting the challenge protocols and the most important indicators which should be included in research studies to verify the effectiveness of the ETEC challenge. Based on the current review, it is recommended that the setting of the model correctly assesses the choice and preconditioning of pigs, and the timing and dosage of the ETEC inoculation. Furthermore, the evaluation of the ETEC challenge response should include both clinical parameters (such as the occurrence of diarrhea, rectal temperature and bacterial fecal shedding) and biomarkers for the specific expression of ETEC F4/F18 (such as antibody production, specific F4/F18 immunoglobulins (Igs), ETEC F4/F18 fecal enumeration and analysis of the F4/F18 receptors expression in the intestinal brush borders). On the basis of the review, the piglets’ response upon F4 or F18 inoculation differed in terms of the timing and intensity of the diarrhea development, on ETEC fecal shedding and in the piglets’ immunological antibody response. This information was considered to be relevant to correctly define the experimental protocol, the data recording and the sample collections. Appropriate challenge settings and evaluation of the response parameters will allow future research studies to comply with the replacement, reduction and refinement (3R) approach, and to be able to evaluate the efficiency of a given feeding, nutritional or vaccination intervention in order to combat ETEC infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Luise
- 1Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Charlotte Lauridsen
- 2Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Paolo Bosi
- 1Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- 1Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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12
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González Pasayo RA, Sanz ME, Padola NL, Moreira AR. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic calves in Argentina. Open Vet J 2019; 9:65-73. [PMID: 31086769 PMCID: PMC6500866 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the most common and global cause of neonatal calf diarrhea, but there is a little information regarding calf ETEC strains in Argentina. In this study, five ETEC isolates from diarrheic dairy calves (2–10 d old) from Buenos Aires and Cordoba, Argentina were characterized on the basis of virulence gene (VG) pattern, O:H serotyping, hemolytic phenotype, phylogenetic group affiliation, antimicrobial (AM) resistance profile, and presence of integron class 1 and 2. The five isolates were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of 18 bovine VGs and showed the following genotypes: F5+/F41+/sta+ (D242), F5+/sta+ (D158), F5+/sta+ (D157), F5+ (D151-9), and F5+/iucD+ (D151-5). These VGs confer pathogenic potential and most of them are associated with the ETEC pathotype. The five isolates showed a non-hemolytic phenotype, belonged to five different serotypes: O101:H−, O141:H−, O60:H−, ONT:H10, and ONT:H−, and were assigned to the phylogenetic group A by the quadruplex Clermont PCR method. The AM resistance of the three isolates D242, D157, and D151-5 was determined by agar disk diffusion method for 24 AMs and they exhibited a multi-resistance phenotype (resistance to four different AM classes: Cephalosporins, Penicillins, Macrolides, and Ansamycins). In addition, class 1 integrons were found in the isolate D151-5 containing the dfrA17-aadA5 gene cassette and in the bovine ETEC reference strain FV10191 containing the dfrA1-aadA1 gene cassette. The present study revealed for the first time the occurrence of multi-resistant ETEC associated with neonatal diarrhea in dairy calves in Argentina. This finding may be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón A González Pasayo
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, EEA INTA Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Marcelo E Sanz
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Nora L Padola
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Ana R Moreira
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, EEA INTA Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina
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13
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Gong Z, Lin L, Liu Z, Zhang S, Liu A, Chen L, Liu Q, Deng Y, Xiao W. Immune-modulatory effects and mechanism of action of l-theanine on ETEC-induced immune-stressed mice via nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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14
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García-Meniño I, García V, Mora A, Díaz-Jiménez D, Flament-Simon SC, Alonso MP, Blanco JE, Blanco M, Blanco J. Swine Enteric Colibacillosis in Spain: Pathogenic Potential of mcr-1 ST10 and ST131 E. coli Isolates. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2659. [PMID: 30455680 PMCID: PMC6230658 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a wide epidemiological study of 499 E. coli isolates recovered from 179 outbreaks of enteric colibacillosis from pig production farms in Spain during a period of 10 years. Most samples were of diarrheagenic cases occurred during the post-wean period (PWD) which showed to be significantly associated with ETEC (67%) followed by aEPEC (21.7%). On the contrary, aEPEC was more prevalent (60.3%) among diarrheas of suckling piglets, followed by ETEC (38.8%). STEC/ETEC or STEC were recovered in 11.3 and 0.9% of PWD and neonatal diarrhea, respectively. Detection of the F4 colonization factor was not significantly different between isolates recovered from neonatal pigs and those recovered post wean (40.5 versus 27.7%) while F18 was only present among PWD isolates (51.5% of ETEC, STEC, and STEC/ETEC isolates). We also found a high prevalence of resistance to colistin related to the presence of the mcr-1 gene (25.6% of the diarreagenic isolates). The characterization of 65 representative mcr-1 isolates showed that all were phenotypically resistant to colistin (>2 μg/ml), and most (61 of 65) multidrug-resistant (MDR). Six ETEC and one STEC mcr-1 isolates were also carriers of ESBL genes. In addition, other seven mcr-1 isolates harbored mcr-4 (three ETEC) and mcr-5 (two ETEC and two aEPEC) genes. In the phylogenetic analysis of the 65 mcr-1 diarrheagenic isolates we found that more than 50% (38 out of 65) belonged to A-ST10 Cplx and from those, 29 isolates showed the clonotype CH11-24. In this study, we also recovered 18 ST131 isolates including seven mcr-1 carriers. To the best of our knowledge, this would be the first report of ST131 mcr-1 isolation in pigs. Worryingly, the swine mcr-1 ST131 carriers also showed MDR, including to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tobramycin, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. In the PFGE-macrorestriction comparison of clinical swine and human ST131, we found high similarities (≥85%) between two pig and two human ST131 isolates of virotype D5. Acquisition of mcr-1 by this specific clone means an increased risk due to its special feature of congregating virulence and resistance traits, together with its spread capability. Here we show a potential zoonotic swine source of ST131.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidro García-Meniño
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - Vanesa García
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - Azucena Mora
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - Dafne Díaz-Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - Saskia C Flament-Simon
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - María Pilar Alonso
- Unidad de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Lucus Augusti (HULA), Lugo, Spain
| | - Jesús E Blanco
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - Miguel Blanco
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
| | - Jorge Blanco
- Laboratorio de Referencia de Escherichia coli (LREC), Departamento de Microbioloxía e Parasitoloxía, Facultade de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Lugo, Spain
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15
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Liu X, Liu H, Wang L, Peng Q, Li Y, Zhou H, Li Q. Molecular Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Multidrug Resistant Escherichia coli From Swine in Northwest China. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1756. [PMID: 30123199 PMCID: PMC6085443 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli collected from pig farms in Northwest China. Methods: Between May 2015 and June 2017, a total of 456 E. coli isolates were collected from fecal samples of healthy and diarrheal pigs in Northwest China to screen the ESBL producers. The β-lactamases, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes and virulence genes among ESBL producers were corroborated by PCR and sequencing. Finally, ESBL producers were further grouped according to phylogenetic background and genetic relatedness. Results: Forty-four (9.6%) out of the 456 E. coli isolates were identified as ESBL-producing isolates. All ESBL producers exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, and more than 90% of the ESBL producers were resistant to amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, oxytetracycline, enrofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. All ESBL producers harbored at least one type of β-lactamase, with blaCTX−M, blaTEM, blaSHV, blaOXA−48, and blaKPC−2 being detected in forty, thirty, seven, four, two and one isolates, respectively. Sequencing revealed the most common blaCTX−M subtype was blaCTX−M−14 (n = 24), followed by blaCTX−M−15 (n = 14), blaCTX−M−64 (n = 11), blaCTX−M−9 (n = 10) and blaCTX−M−123 (n = 9). qnrS (n = 23) was the predominant PMQR gene, and all PMQR genes were detected in co-existence with β-lactamase genes. estA (n = 18) and F4 (n = 18) were the most prevalent enterotoxin and fimbrial adhesin, respectively, and 27 different virotypes were found with respect to the association of enterotoxins and fimbrial adhesins. Twenty-four different sequence types (STs) were identified among 44 ESBL producers, and clones ST405, ST10 and ST648 were strongly present in more than one-third (34.1%) of ESBL producers. Conclusion: All ESBL-producing E. coli isolates exhibited MDR phenotype, and showed high prevalence of β-lactamase and PMQR genes. Especially, one isolate harbored ESBL genes blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX−M−9, blaCTX−M−14, blaCTX−M−64, and carbapenemase gene blaOXA−48 and blaKPC−2, as well as PMQR genes qnrS, qnrB, qnrD, qepA and aac(6')-Ib-cr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yinqian Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongchao Zhou
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qinfan Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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16
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De Lorenzo C, de Andrade CP, Machado VSL, Bianchi MV, Rolim VM, Cruz RAS, Driemeier D. Piglet colibacillosis diagnosis based on multiplex polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded tissues. J Vet Sci 2018; 19:27-33. [PMID: 28693311 PMCID: PMC5799396 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2018.19.1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) causes diarrhea in pigs, referred to as colibacillosis. The aim of this study was to optimize multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses of paraffin-embedded material to detect pathogenic E. coli strains causing colibacillosis in pigs. Multiplex PCR was optimized for fimbriae (F18, F4, F6, F5, and F41) and toxins (types A and B heat-stable toxins [STaP and STb], heat-labile toxin [LT], and type 2 Shiga toxin [STx2e]), and IHC was optimized for an anti-E. coli polyclonal antibody. Samples (132) from pigs received between 2006 and 2014 with clinical and histopathological diagnoses of colibacillosis were analyzed. E. coli was detected by IHC in 78.7%, and at least one virulence factor gene was detected in 71.2%. Pathogenic strains of ETEC with at least one fimbria and one toxin were detected in 40% of the samples in multiplex PCR. The most frequent virulence types were F18-STaP (7.5%), F18-STaP-STb (5.7%), and F4-STaP (3.8%). A statistically significant association was noted between virulence factors F4, F18, STaP, and STb and positive immunostaining results. Colibacillosis diagnosis through multiplex PCR and IHC of paraffin-embedded tissues is a practical approach, as samples can be fixed and stored for long periods before analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia De Lorenzo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil.,State Foundation of Livestock Research, Eldorado do Sul 92990-000, Brazil
| | - Caroline P de Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Verônica S L Machado
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Matheus V Bianchi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Veronica M Rolim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Raquel A S Cruz
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil.,State Foundation of Livestock Research, Eldorado do Sul 92990-000, Brazil
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Johura FT, Parveen R, Islam A, Sadique A, Rahim MN, Monira S, Khan AR, Ahsan S, Ohnishi M, Watanabe H, Chakraborty S, George CM, Cravioto A, Navarro A, Hasan B, Alam M. Occurrence of Hybrid Escherichia coli Strains Carrying Shiga Toxin and Heat-Stable Toxin in Livestock of Bangladesh. Front Public Health 2017; 4:287. [PMID: 28119905 PMCID: PMC5221120 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) are important causes of diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Although ruminant animals are the main source of STEC, diarrhea due to this pathotype is very low in Bangladesh where ETEC remains the predominant group associated with childhood diarrhea. In the present study, E. coli strains (n = 35) isolated from Bangladesh livestock (goats, sheep, and cattle) and poultry (chicken and ducks) were analyzed for the presence of major virulence factors, such as Shiga toxins (STX-1 and STX-2), heat-labile toxin, and heat-stable toxins (STa and STb). Multiplex polymerase chain reaction results revealed 23 (66%) E. coli strains to be virulent possessing either sta (n = 5), stx (stx1, n = 8; stx2, n = 2), or both (n = 8) genes in varying combinations. Thirty-four percent (8/23) of strains from livestock were hybrid type that carried both stx (either stx1 or stx2) and ETEC-specific enterotoxin gene sta. Serotyping results revealed that the ETEC strains belonged to five serotypes, namely O36:H5, O174:H-, O152:H8, O109:H51, and O8:H21, while the STEC-producing strains belonged to serotypes O76:H19 (n = 3), O43:H2 (n = 2), O87:H16 (n = 2), OR:H2 (n = 1), O110:H16 (n = 1), and O152:H8 (n = 1). The STEC-ETEC hybrid strains belonged to serotypes O76:H19 (n = 3), O43:H2 (n = 2), O87:H16, OR:H2, and O152:H8. Forty percent (2/5) of the ETEC and 20% (2/10) of the STEC strains were multidrug resistant with the highest drug resistance (50%) being found in the hybrid strains. Molecular fingerprinting determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and cluster analyses by dendrogram revealed that, genetically, STEC-ETEC hybrid strains were highly heterogeneous. Multidrug-resistant E. coli STEC-ETEC hybrid strains in domesticated animals pose a public health threat for humans in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema-Tuz Johura
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rozina Parveen
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Atiqul Islam
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdus Sadique
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Niaz Rahim
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shirajum Monira
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anisur R. Khan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sunjukta Ahsan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | - Alejandro Cravioto
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Armando Navarro
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Badrul Hasan
- Infectious Disease, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Munirul Alam
- International Center for Diarrheal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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18
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Banskar S, Bhute SS, Suryavanshi MV, Punekar S, Shouche YS. Microbiome analysis reveals the abundance of bacterial pathogens in Rousettus leschenaultii guano. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36948. [PMID: 27845426 PMCID: PMC5109407 DOI: 10.1038/srep36948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are crucial for proper functioning of an ecosystem. They provide various important services to ecosystem and environment. While, bats are well-known carrier of pathogenic viruses, their possible role as a potential carrier of pathogenic bacteria is under-explored. Here, using culture-based approach, employing multiple bacteriological media, over thousand bacteria were cultivated and identified from Rousettus leschenaultii (a frugivorous bat species), the majority of which were from the family Enterobacteriaceae and putative pathogens. Next, pathogenic potential of most frequently cultivated component of microbiome i.e. Escherichia coli was assessed to identify its known pathotypes which revealed the presence of virulent factors in many cultivated E. coli isolates. Applying in-depth bacterial community analysis using high-throughput 16 S rRNA gene sequencing, a high inter-individual variation was observed among the studied guano samples. Interestingly, a higher diversity of bacterial communities was observed in decaying guano representative. The search against human pathogenic bacteria database at 97% identity, a small proportion of sequences were found associated to well-known human pathogens. The present study thus indicates that this bat species may carry potential bacterial pathogens and advice to study the effect of these pathogens on bats itself and the probable mode of transmission to humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Banskar
- Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Shrikant S Bhute
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | | | - Sachin Punekar
- Biosphere, Eshwari, 52/403, Lakshminagar, Parvati, Pune-411009 (Maharashtra), India
| | - Yogesh S Shouche
- Microbial Culture Collection, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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19
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Dubreuil JD, Isaacson RE, Schifferli DM. Animal Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. EcoSal Plus 2016; 7:10.1128/ecosalplus.ESP-0006-2016. [PMID: 27735786 PMCID: PMC5123703 DOI: 10.1128/ecosalplus.esp-0006-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the most common cause of E. coli diarrhea in farm animals. ETEC are characterized by the ability to produce two types of virulence factors: adhesins that promote binding to specific enterocyte receptors for intestinal colonization and enterotoxins responsible for fluid secretion. The best-characterized adhesins are expressed in the context of fimbriae, such as the F4 (also designated K88), F5 (K99), F6 (987P), F17, and F18 fimbriae. Once established in the animal small intestine, ETEC produce enterotoxin(s) that lead to diarrhea. The enterotoxins belong to two major classes: heat-labile toxins that consist of one active and five binding subunits (LT), and heat-stable toxins that are small polypeptides (STa, STb, and EAST1). This review describes the disease and pathogenesis of animal ETEC, the corresponding virulence genes and protein products of these bacteria, their regulation and targets in animal hosts, as well as mechanisms of action. Furthermore, vaccines, inhibitors, probiotics, and the identification of potential new targets by genomics are presented in the context of animal ETEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Daniel Dubreuil
- Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec J2S 7C6, Canada
| | - Richard E Isaacson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Dieter M Schifferli
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Luppi A, Gibellini M, Gin T, Vangroenweghe F, Vandenbroucke V, Bauerfeind R, Bonilauri P, Labarque G, Hidalgo Á. Prevalence of virulence factors in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from pigs with post-weaning diarrhoea in Europe. Porcine Health Manag 2016; 2:20. [PMID: 28405446 PMCID: PMC5382528 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-016-0039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD), due to Escherichia coli, is an important cause of economic losses to the pig industry primarily as a result of mortality and worsened productive performance. In spite of its relevance, recent data about the prevalence of virulence genes and pathotypes among E. coli isolates recovered from cases of PWD in Europe are scarce. Results This study investigates the prevalence of fimbrial and toxin genes of E. coli by PCR among 280 farms with PWD across Europe. A total of 873 samples collected within the first 48 h after the onset of PWD (occurring 7–21 days post weaning) were submitted to the laboratory for diagnostic purposes. Isolation and identification of E. coli were performed following standard bacteriological methods and PCR assays for the detection of genes encoding for fimbriae (F4, F5, F6, F18 and F41) and toxins (LT, STa, STb and Stx2e). The prevalence of fimbriae and toxins among E. coli isolates from cases of PWD was: F4 (45.1 %), F18 (33.9 %), F5 (0.6 %), F6 (0.6 %), F41 (0.3 %), STb (59.1 %), STa (38.1 %), LT (31.9 %) and Stx2e (9.7 %). E. coli isolates carrying both fimbrial and toxin genes were detected in 52.5 % of the cases (178 out of 339 isolates), with 94.9 % of them being classified as enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). The most common virotype detected was F4, STb, LT. Conclusions This study confirms that ETEC is frequently isolated in pig farms with PWD across Europe, with F4- and F18-ETEC variants involved in 36.1 % and 18.2 % of the outbreaks, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Luppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), via Pitagora 2, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Mariavittoria Gibellini
- Elanco Animal Health, Divisione veterinaria Eli Lilly Italia Spa, Via A. Gramsci, 731, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI Italy
| | - Thomas Gin
- Elanco Animal Health, 24 Boulevard Vital Bouhot, 92521 Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| | - Frédéric Vangroenweghe
- Elanco Animal Health Benelux, Plantijn en Moretuslei 1 -3rd floor, 2018 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Rolf Bauerfeind
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University, Frankfurter Str. 85-89, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), via Pitagora 2, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Geoffrey Labarque
- Elanco Animal Health, 24 Boulevard Vital Bouhot, 92521 Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
| | - Álvaro Hidalgo
- Elanco Animal Health, Lilly House, Priestley Road, Basingstoke, RG249NL UK
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Fasina FO, Bwala DG, Madoroba E. Investigation of multidrug-resistant fatal colisepticaemia in weanling pigs. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2015; 82:986. [PMID: 26842367 PMCID: PMC6238774 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v82i1.986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli is usually a benign commensal of the gut microflora. However, when E. coli acquires virulence genes it can multiply rapidly and cause disease through colonisation of the intestinal mucosa. Escherichia coli can become a significant pathogen in young pigs. We report an investigation of fatal colisepticaemia in weanling pigs from emerging farms where piglets and weaners were diarrhoeic and the mortality rate ranged between 15% and 70% in each litter. Faecal and tissue samples were processed for histopathology, bacteriology and molecular biology (multiplex and monoplex polymerase chain reaction) and we recovered enteroaggregative multidrug-resistant E. coli producing EAST-1 enterotoxin. An association between poor housing conditions and the observed cases was established and future management programmes were recommended to reduce the impact of such pathogens. Enteroaggregative E. coli is becoming a major problem in the pig industry. It therefore becomes necessary to establish the full impact of E. coli on the South African pig industry and to determine the geographic extent of the problem.
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Moredo FA, Piñeyro PE, Márquez GC, Sanz M, Colello R, Etcheverría A, Padola NL, Quiroga MA, Perfumo CJ, Galli L, Leotta GA. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Subclinical Infection in Pigs: Bacteriological and Genotypic Characterization and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015. [PMID: 26217917 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.1959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the major pathogen responsible for neonatal diarrhea, postweaning diarrhea, and edema disease in pigs. Although it can be harmless, ETEC is also present in the intestines of other animal species and humans, causing occasional diarrhea outbreaks. The evaluation of this pathogen's presence in food sources is becoming an increasingly important issue in human health. In order to determine the prevalence of ETEC in nondiarrheic pigs, 990 animals from 11 pig farms were sampled. Using end-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), eltA, estI genes, or both, were detected in 150 (15.2%) animals. From the positive samples, 40 (26.6%) ETEC strains were isolated, showing 19 antibiotic-resistance patterns; 52.5% of these strains had multiple antibiotic resistances, and 17.5% carried the intI2 gene. The most prevalent genotypes were rfb(O157)/estII/aidA (32.5%) and estI/estII (25.0%). The estII gene was identified most frequently (97.5%), followed by estI (37.5%), astA (20.0%), and eltA (12.5%). The genes coding the fimbriae F5, F6, and F18 were detected in three single isolates. The aidA gene was detected in 20 ETEC strains associated with the estII gene. Among the isolated ETEC strains, stx(2e)/estI, stx(2e)/estI/estII, and stx(2e)/estI/estII/intI2 genotypes were identified. The ETEC belonged to 12 different serogroups; 37.5% of them belonged to serotype O157:H19. Isolates were grouped by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR into 5 clusters with 100.0% similarity. In this study, we demonstrated that numerous ETEC genotypes cohabit and circulate in swine populations without clinical manifestation of neonatal diarrhea, postweaning diarrhea, or edema disease in different production stages. The information generated is important not only for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes, but also for understanding the dynamics and ecology of ETEC in pigs in different production stages that can be potentially transmitted to humans from food animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana A Moredo
- 1 Cátedra de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo E Piñeyro
- 2 Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Gabriela C Márquez
- 3 Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Marcelo Sanz
- 4 Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología , CIVETAN-CONICET/CIC/FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rocío Colello
- 4 Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología , CIVETAN-CONICET/CIC/FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Etcheverría
- 4 Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología , CIVETAN-CONICET/CIC/FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora L Padola
- 4 Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología , CIVETAN-CONICET/CIC/FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María A Quiroga
- 5 Instituto de Patología Dr. B. Epstein, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos J Perfumo
- 5 Instituto de Patología Dr. B. Epstein, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata , Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Galli
- 6 Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing Fernando Noel Dulout ," CCT-La Plata, CONICET, FCV-UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerardo A Leotta
- 6 Instituto de Genética Veterinaria "Ing Fernando Noel Dulout ," CCT-La Plata, CONICET, FCV-UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Herrero-Fresno A, Larsen I, Olsen JE. Genetic relatedness of commensal Escherichia coli from nursery pigs in intensive pig production in Denmark and molecular characterization of genetically different strains. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 119:342-53. [PMID: 25963647 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To determine the genetic relatedness and the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes in commensal Escherichia coli from nursery pigs in Danish intensive production. METHODS AND RESULTS The genetic diversity of 1000 E. coli strains randomly picked (N = 50 isolates) from cultured faecal samples (N = 4 pigs) from five intensive Danish pigs farms was analysed by repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR (REP-PCR) and 42 unique REP-profiles were detected (similarity <92%). One profile was dominant (67.2% of strains) but farms differed significantly in the diversity of commensal E. coli: between eight and 21 different profiles per farm were detected. One to three strains representing each REP-profile were characterized by multilocus typing scheme-typing, as well as for presence of antimicrobial and virulence genes and serogrouping through microarray analysis. The 42 REP-profiles were classified into 22 different sequence types (ST) with ST10 being the most common, encompassing 10 REP-profiles. Resistance and virulence genes were detected in most of the isolates. Genes encoding AmpC-β-lactamases and quinolone resistance were found in one and three isolates, respectively. Toxin-producing genes were observed in 20 isolates. CONCLUSIONS A low genetic diversity was found in commensal gut E. coli from nursery pigs in Denmark. No correlation was observed between REP-profiles, ST-types and resistance/virulence patterns. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This is the first study analysing in depth the genetic variability of commensal E. coli from pigs in Danish intensive pig production. A tendency for higher diversity was observed with in nursery pigs that were treated with zinc oxide only, in absence of other antimicrobials. Strains with potential to disseminate virulence and antibiotic resistance genes to pathogenic subgroups of E. coli were found to be wide-spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Herrero-Fresno
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - I Larsen
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - J E Olsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) Oil to Tackle Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:343610. [PMID: 26064900 PMCID: PMC4433627 DOI: 10.1155/2015/343610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) oil (NO) was assayed against forty-eight isolates of Escherichia coli by standardised disc diffusion test and microdilution test. By molecular biology characterization, fourteen isolates resulted in diarrheagenic E. coli with sixteen primer pairs that specifically amplify unique sequences of virulence genes and of 16S rRNA. The NO showed biological activity against all isolates. The bacterial growth inhibition zone by disc diffusion method (100 µL NO) ranged between 9.50 ± 0.70 and 30.00 ± 1.00 mm. The antibacterial activity was furthermore determined at lower NO concentrations (1 : 10–1 : 10,000). The percent of growth reduction ranged between 23.71 ± 1.00 and 99.70 ± 1.53. The highest bacterial growth reduction was 1 : 10 NO concentration with 50 µL of bacterial suspension (ca. 1 × 106 CFU/mL). There is significant difference between the antibacterial activities against pathogenic and nonpathogenic E. coli, as well as NO and ciprofloxacin activities. Viable cells after the different NO concentration treatments were checked by molecular biology assay using PMA dye. On the basis of the obtained results, NO counteracts E. coli and also influences the virulence of E. coli viable cells after NO treatment. The NO metabolomic composition was obtained using fingerprint HPTLC.
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Diao H, Zheng P, Yu B, He J, Mao X, Yu J, Chen D. Effects of benzoic Acid and thymol on growth performance and gut characteristics of weaned piglets. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:827-39. [PMID: 25925060 PMCID: PMC4412979 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.14.0704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A total of 144 weaned crossed pigs were used in a 42-d trial to explore the effects of different concentrations/combinations of benzoic acid and thymol on growth performance and gut characteristics in weaned pigs. Pigs were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments: i) control (C), basal diet, ii) C+1,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol (BT1), iii) C+1,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+200 mg/kg thymol (BT2) and, iv) C+2,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol (BT3). Relative to the control, pigs fed diet BT3 had lower diarrhoea score during the overall period (p<0.10) and improved feed to gain ratio between days 1 to 14 (p<0.05), which was accompanied by improved apparent total tract digestibility of ether extract, Ca and crude ash (p<0.05), and larger lipase, lactase and sucrose activities in the jejunum (p<0.05) at d 14 and d 42. Similarly, relative to the control, pigs fed diet BT3 had higher counts for Lactobacillus spp in digesta of ileum at d 14 (p<0.05), and pigs fed diets BT1, BT2, or BT3 also had higher counts of Bacillus spp in digesta of caecum at d 14 (p<0.05), and lower concentration of ammonia nitrogen in digesta of caecum at d 14 and d 42 (p<0.05). Finally, pigs fed diet BT3 had higher concentration of butyric acid in digesta of caecum at d 42 (p<0.05), and a larger villus height:crypt depth ratio in jejunum and ileum at d 14 (p<0.05) than pigs fed the control diet. In conclusion, piglets fed diet supplementation with different concentrations/combinations of benzoic acid and thymol could improve feed efficiency and diarrhoea, and improve gut microfloral composition. The combination of 2,000 mg/kg benzoic acid+100 mg/kg thymol produced better effects than other treatments in most measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Diao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan 625014, China
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Rajkhowa S, Sarma DK. Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of porcine O157 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 46:931-7. [PMID: 24743858 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0587-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains in pigs as a possible STEC reservoir in India as well as to characterize the STEC strains and to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the strains. A total of 782 E. coli isolates from clinically healthy (n = 473) and diarrhoeic piglets (309) belonging to major pig-producing states of India were screened by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the presence of virulence genes characteristic for STEC, that is, Shiga toxin-producing gene(s) (stx1, stx2), intimin (eae), enterohemolysin (hlyA) and STEC autoagglutinating adhesin (Saa). Overall STEC were detected in 113 (14.4%) piglets, and the prevalence of E. coli O157 and non-O157 STEC were 4 (0.5%) and 109 (13.9%), respectively. None of the O157 STEC isolates carried gene encoding for H7 antigen (fliCh7). The various combinations of virulence genes present in the strains studied were stx1 in 4.6%, stx1 in combination with stx2 gene in 5.1%, stx1 in combination with stx2 and ehxA in 0.6%, stx1 in combination with stx2 and eae in 0.2% and stx2 alone in 3.7%. All STEC isolates were found negative for STEC autoagglutinating adhesin (Saa). The number of STEC isolates which showed resistance to antimicrobials such as ampicillin, tetracycline, streptomycin, lincomycin, nalidixic acid, sulfadiazine, penicillin, gentamicin, kanamycin and ceftriaxone were 100, 99, 98, 97, 95, 94, 92, 88, 85 and 85, respectively. Ninety-seven isolates showed resistance to more than 2 antimicrobials, and 8 resistance groups (R1 to R8) were observed. This study demonstrates that pigs in India harbour both O157 and non-O157 STEC, and this may pose serious public health problems in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaraj Rajkhowa
- National Research Centre on Pig, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Rani Guwahati, 781 131, Assam, India,
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Liu W, Yuan C, Meng X, Du Y, Gao R, Tang J, Shi D. Frequency of virulence factors in Escherichia coli isolated from suckling pigs with diarrhoea in China. Vet J 2014; 199:286-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli from farm-raised diarrheic sika deer in Northeastern China. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73342. [PMID: 24039919 PMCID: PMC3767801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In China, overuse and/or abuse of antimicrobials are common in stockbreeding, which possess high risks of antimicrobial-resistant contaminations. The serogroups, major virulence genes, and antimicrobial resistant patterns of the antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) were investigated in the feces of diarrheic farm-raised sika deer from 50 farms in three Northeastern provinces of China. A total of 220 E. coli isolates were obtained and characterized. Twenty-eight O serogroups were identified from the obtained E. coli isolates with O2, O26, O128, O142 and O154 being dominant. Nearly all the isolates were resistant to at least four of the tested antimicrobials. More than 90% of the E. coli isolates carried at least one of the tested virulence genes. About 85% of the E. coli isolates carried one or more antimicrobial-resistant genes responsible for resistant phenotypes of sulfonamides, streptomycin/spectionomycin or tetracycline. The antimicrobial resistant level and pathogenic group occurrences of the obtained E. coli isolates were higher than that of livestock and wild animals reported in some developed countries. Thus, the fecal-carrying antimicrobial-resistant E. coli from the farm-raised sika deer is potentially a significant contamination source for freshwater systems and food chain, and may pose great health risks for human and animals in Northeastern China.
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Ho WS, Tan LK, Ooi PT, Yeo CC, Thong KL. Prevalence and characterization of verotoxigenic-Escherichia coli isolates from pigs in Malaysia. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:109. [PMID: 23731465 PMCID: PMC3681573 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Postweaning diarrhea caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli, in particular verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC), has caused significant economic losses in the pig farming industry worldwide. However, there is limited information on VTEC in Malaysia. The objective of this study was to characterize pathogenic E. coli isolated from post-weaning piglets and growers with respect to their antibiograms, carriage of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, pathotypes, production of hemolysins and fimbrial adhesins, serotypes, and genotypes. Results PCR detection of virulence factors associated with different E. coli pathotypes (ETEC, EPEC, EHEC, and VTEC) revealed that VTEC was the only pathotype identified from six swine farms located at north-western Peninsular Malaysia. A low prevalence rate of VTEC was found among the swine samples (n = 7/345) and all 7 VTEC isolates were multidrug resistant. Five of these isolates from different hosts raised in the same pen were likely to be of the same clone as they shared identical sero-pathotypes (O139:H1, VT2e/α-hly/F18), resistance profiles and DNA fingerprinting profiles. Two other serotypes, O130: H26 (n = 1) and O168: H21 (n = 1) carrying virulence factors were also identified. O168: H21 is possibly a new serotype as this has not been previously reported. Conclusions The occurrence of VTEC with infrequently encountered serotypes that are multidrug resistant and harbouring virulence factors may be of public health concern. The detection of possible clones in this study also showed that the combination of different typing tools including phenotyping and genotyping methods is useful for molecular epidemiologic surveillance and studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Sze Ho
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Virulence profiles of enterotoxigenic, shiga toxin and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in South African pigs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2013; 45:1399-405. [PMID: 23417826 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-013-0377-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and shiga toxin E. coli (STEC) are important causes of colibacillosis in piglets. Recently, enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST-1) has been implicated in pig diarrhoea. This study investigated the prevalence of enterotoxin [heat-labile toxins (LT), heat-stable toxin a (STa), heat-stable toxin b (STb)], shiga toxins (Stx1, Stx2, Stx2e), enteroaggregative heat-stable E. coli (EAST-1), associated fimbriae (F4, F5, F6, F41, F18ab, F18ac) and non-fimbrial adhesins [adhesin involved in diffuse adherence 1 (AIDA-1), attaching and effacing factor, porcine attaching- and effacing-associated factor] in South African pigs. A total of 263 E. coli strains were isolated from Landrace (n = 24), Large White (n = 126), Duroc (n = 28) and indigenous (n = 85) breeds of piglets aged between 9 and 136 days. PCR was used in the analysis. Virulent genes were detected in 40.3% of the isolates, of which 18.6, 0.4 and 17.5% were classified as ETEC, STEC and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), respectively. Individual genes were found in the following proportions: STb (19.01%), LT (0.4%), STa (3.4%), St2xe (1.1%) and EAST-1 (20.2%) toxins. None of the tested fimbriae were detected in ETEC and STEC isolates. About one third of the ETEC and STEC isolates was tested negative for both fimbrial and non-fimbrial adhesins. Twenty-five pathotypes from ETEC-, EAEC- and STEC-positive strains were identified. Pathotypes EAST-1 (30.2%), STb (13.2%) and STb/AIDA-1 (10.4%) were most prevalent. The study provided insight on possible causes of colibacillosis in South African pigs.
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Zhou C, Liu Z, Jiang J, Yu Y, Zhang Q. Differential gene expression profiling of porcine epithelial cells infected with three enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:330. [PMID: 22823589 PMCID: PMC3472312 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the most important pathogenic bacteria causing severe diarrhoea in human and pigs. In ETEC strains, the fimbrial types F4 and F18 are commonly found differently colonized within the small intestine and cause huge economic losses in the swine industry annually worldwide. To address the underlying mechanism, we performed a transcriptome study of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) with and without infection of three representative ETEC strains. Results A total 2443, 3493 and 867 differentially expressed genes were found in IPEC-J2 cells infected with F4ab ETEC (CF4ab), with F4ac ETEC (CF4ac) and with F18ac ETEC (CF18ac) compared to the cells without infection (control), respectively. The number of differentially expressed genes between CF4ab and CF4ac, CF4ab and CF18ac, and CF4ac and CF18ac were 77, 1446 and 1629, respectively. The gene ontology and pathway analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes in CF4abvs control are significantly involved in cell-cycle progress and amino acid metabolism, while the clustered terms of the differentially expressed genes in CF4acvs control comprise immune, inflammation and wounding response and apoptosis as well as cell cycle progress and proteolysis. Differentially expressed genes between CF18acvs control are mainly involved in cell-cycle progression and immune response. Furthermore, fundamental differences were observed in expression levels of immune-related genes among the three ETEC treatments, especially for the important pro-inflammatory molecules, including IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, CCL20, CXCL2 etc. Conclusions The discovery in this study provides insights into the interaction of porcine intestinal epithelial cells with F4 ETECs and F18 ETEC, respectively. The genes induced by ETECs with F4 versus F18 fimbriae suggest why ETEC with F4 may be more virulent compared to F18 which seems to elicit milder effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanli Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, Peoples Republic of China
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Toledo A, Gómez D, Cruz C, Carreón R, López J, Giono S, Castro AM. Prevalence of virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from piglets in the suckling and weaning period in Mexico. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:148-156. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.031302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Toledo
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniela Gómez
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Celene Cruz
- Departamento de Producción Animal: cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Rosalba Carreón
- Departamento de Producción Animal: cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Jorge López
- Departamento de Producción Animal: cerdos, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Silvia Giono
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, DF, Mexico
| | - Ana María Castro
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, Mexico
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Duan Q, Yao F, Zhu G. Major virulence factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in pigs. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0279-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Evaluation of virulence factor profiling in the characterization of veterinary Escherichia coli isolates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:7509-13. [PMID: 20889790 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00726-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli has been used as an indicator organism for fecal contamination of water and other environments and is often a commensal organism in healthy animals, yet a number of strains can cause disease in young or immunocompromised animals. In this study, 281 E. coli isolates from bovine, porcine, chicken, canine, equine, feline, and other veterinary sources were analyzed by BOXA1R PCR and by virulence factor profiling of 35 factors to determine whether they had utility in identifying the animal source of the isolates. The results of BOXA1R PCR analysis demonstrated a high degree of diversity; less than half of the isolates fell into one of 27 clusters with at least three isolates (based on 90% similarity). Nearly 60% of these clusters contained isolates from more than one animal source. Conversely, the results of virulence factor profiling demonstrated clustering by animal source. Three clusters, named Bovine, Chicken, and Porcine, based on discriminant components analysis, were represented by 90% or more of the respective isolates. A fourth group, termed Companion, was the most diverse, containing at least 84% of isolates from canine, feline, equine, and other animal sources. Based on these results, it appears that virulence factor profiling may have utility, helping identify the likely animal host species sources of certain E. coli isolates.
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McLaughlin MR, Brooks JP, Adeli A, Read JJ. Comparison of selected nutrients and bacteria from common contiguous soils inside and outside swine lagoon effluent spray fields after long-term use. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2010; 39:1829-1840. [PMID: 21043289 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Swine (Sus scofa domestica) lagoon effluent is a valuable resource. In the U.S. Mid-South it is applied from April to September to fertilize grass hay in spray-irrigated fields. Lagoon levels of nutrients and bacteria, and soil levels of nutrients have been documented, but little was known of effluent bacterial levels in soil. The present study examined levels of selected effluent bacteria and nutrients in soils inside and outside spray fields after >15 yr of effluent irrigation. Samples were collected February to March 2009 from contiguous soils spanning adjacent irrigated and nonirrigated areas. Separate soil cores for bacterial and nutrient tests were collected in pairs <10 cm apart. Five cores each were collected at 15-m intervals and combined, respectively, to comprise inside and outside samples from each of 20 soils (four each from five farms/spray fields). Analyses of data combined across all soils showed higher pH and Mehlich-3-extracrable (M3-) P, Mg, K, Na, Cu, and Zn inside than outside spray fields, while total N, total C, M3-Ca, and M3-Mn did not differ. Bacterial levels were higher inside than outside spray fields for heterotrophic plate counts, thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., and Clostridium perfringens, but levels of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were not different. Cultural presence/absence tests for three pathogens (Listeria spp., Campylobacter spp., and Salmonella spp.) detected only Listeria spp., which did not differ inside (23% positive samples) and outside (28% positive). Molecular tests detected all three pathogens at low levels that were not different inside and outside. We found no evidence of cumulative buildup of Campylobacter spp., Listeria spp., or Salmonela s. in spray field soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R McLaughlin
- USDA-ARS, Genetics and Precision Agriculture Research Unit, P.O. Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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Becker PM, Widjaja-Greefkes HCA, van Wikselaar PG. Inhibition of binding of the AB5-type enterotoxins LT-I and cholera toxin to ganglioside GM1 by galactose-rich dietary components. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:225-33. [PMID: 19919285 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera, travelers' diarrhea, or colibacillosis in pigs can possibly be prevented or attenuated by dietary provision of competitive inhibitors that react with the GM1-binding sites of the enterotoxins cholera toxin (CT), human Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin of serogroup I (LTh-I), and porcine LT-I (LTp-I). The interfering efficiency of natural substances with binding of the toxins to the gangliosid receptor GM1 was tested using a specially adapted GM1-coated-microtiter-well enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The substances tested for their GM1 displacing capacity were galactose-containing or -related saccharides from bovine milk, skim milk powder, galactan from gum arabic, food stabilizers as well as ground fenugreek seed and soy bean constituents that contain galactomannans, the galactopolysaccharides agar and agarose, and larch wood and other plant materials that contain arabinogalactans. Skim milk powder, compared with the pure milk saccharides tested, interfered to a higher extent with LTh-I (65-66% inhibition at 5 mg test substance/mL) and CT binding (63-67% inhibition at 5 mg test substance/mL) when supplied before or simultaneously with the toxins in the GM1-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ground fenugreek seed counteracted GM1 binding of 5 ng LTh-I/mL as well as 5 ng and 1 microg LTp-I/mL (43-65% inhibition at 5 mg test substance/mL), and 4 ng CT/mL (61-92% inhibition at 5 mg test substance/mL) very efficiently when supplied before the toxin-GM1 complex had formed. With 50 mg/mL fenugreek seed, inhibition percentages of even 92-99% were reached for LTh-I and CT binding. Efforts to resolve already bound toxin from GM1 with the test substances were less effective than preincubations and concurrent incubations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra M Becker
- Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Madoroba E, Van Driessche E, De Greve H, Mast J, Ncube I, Read J, Beeckmans S. Prevalence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli virulence genes from scouring piglets in Zimbabwe. Trop Anim Health Prod 2009; 41:1539-47. [PMID: 19347597 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-009-9345-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
World-wide, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and verotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC)-induced diarrhea are economically important for porcine producers. Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of toxin and fimbrial genes among E. coli isolated from diarrheic piglets from randomly selected piggeries in Zimbabwe. We used multiplex PCR for screening STa, STb, LT, and Stx-2e toxins. Subsequently F4, F5, F6, F18 and F41 fimbriae genes were screened in toxin positive isolates. Toxin positive strains lacking tested fimbriae genes were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, agglutination and agglutination inhibition tests. Approximately 32% of the 1,984 isolates tested positive for STa, STb, LT or Stx-2e genes. Of these, approximately 81% had F4, F5, F6, F18 or F41 fimbriae genes. The remaining toxin positive strains lacked tested fimbriae genes and appeared to either express F1-like fimbriae, or lacked fimbriae. The data constitute an important framework for implementation of prevention measures, such as using relevant fimbriae-based vaccines against ETEC induced diarrhea or VTEC-induced edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Madoroba
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of Pretoria, 0002, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Vidotto MC, de Lima NCS, Fritzen JTT, de Freitas JC, Venâncio MJ, Ono MA. Frequency of virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from piglets with diarrhea in the North Parana State, Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2009; 40:199-204. [PMID: 24031344 PMCID: PMC3768501 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220090001000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of Escherichia coli causing porcine postweaning diarrhea requires knowledge regarding the prevalent pathotypes within a given region. A total of 100 Escherichia coli isolates from piglets with diarrhea in Londrina city, Parana State, South Brazil, were screened for the presence of genes for F4, F5, F6, F18, F41 fimbrial antigens by specific probes and for enterotoxins (STa, STb, LT and STx2e) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results showed that 60% of the isolates were positive for one or more of the fimbrial antigens and 92% were positive at least for one of the virulence factors examined. Virulence factor genes detected were F4 (44%), F18 (38%), F5 (30%), F41 (32%), F6 (25%), LTp-I (71%), STa (40%), STb (47%) and STx2e (3%). Twenty four patterns of virulence factor according to the different virulence genes form were found and the most frequent virulence gene pattern was F4, F18, F41, STa, STb and LT. Most of the isolates that carried genes for adhesins also harboured genes for toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilda C Vidotto
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva , Londrina, PR , Brasil
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