1
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Hsi ZY, Theil JH, Ma BW, Oates RS. Effects of Buprenorphine and Carprofen on Appetite in New Zealand White Rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2022; 61:672-677. [PMID: 36270749 PMCID: PMC9732778 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-22-000057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rabbits are especially susceptible to adverse effects related to surgery, which can lead to inappetence and gastrointestinal (GI) stasis. However, these adverse effects may be related to discomfort from the procedure, anesthesia, the analgesics used, and the stress of restraint for analgesic administration. Opioid and NSAID analgesics which are frequently used in rabbits, can contribute to these adverse effects. This study compared the clinical GI side effects of buprenorphine and carprofen to saline controls in New Zealand White rabbits after a nonsurgical anesthetic event. Nine rabbits (3 females and 6 males, aged 8 to 20 mo) were randomly rotated through 5 treatment groups with a 7-d washout period between treatments: anesthesia control (no treatment), buprenorphine (0.05 mg/kg SC every 12 h for 72 h), carprofen (5 mg/kg SC every 24 h for 72 h), twice daily saline control (equivalent volume to buprenorphine SC every 12 h for 72 h), and once daily saline control (equivalent volume to carprofen SC every 24 h for 72 h). All rabbits were anesthetized 5 times and received initial treatments on the day of anesthesia. Generalized linear mixed models were used to assess food intake, water intake, and fecal output score for 7 days after anesthesia. Analysis showed that buprenorphine-treated rabbits had a significant 4-d decrease in food intake and a 3-d decrease in fecal output score compared with baseline. None of the other treatment groups showed any changes in food intake or fecal output score compared with baseline. These findings demonstrate that in the absence of pain, buprenorphine significantly depresses food intake in rabbits and that restraint and injections have minimal effect on food intake despite the possibility of increased stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Y Hsi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California,,Campus Veterinary Services, University of California, Davis, Davis, California,Corresponding author.
| | - Jacob H Theil
- Campus Veterinary Services, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Betty W Ma
- Campus Veterinary Services, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Rhonda S Oates
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California,,Campus Veterinary Services, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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2
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Draper JMH, Savson DJ, Lavin ES, Feldman ER, Singh B, Martin-Flores M, Daugherity EK. Comparison of Effects of Capromorelin and Mirtazapine on Appetite in New Zealand White Rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus). J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2022; 61:495-505. [PMID: 35981857 PMCID: PMC9536823 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-22-000003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inappetence is a welfare concern in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), as it can lead to potentially fatal gastrointestinal stasis. In other species, inappetence is commonly treated with appetite stimulants; however, few published studies have evaluated the efficacy of appetite stimulants in rabbits. We performed 2 studies to evaluate the effects of capromorelin and mirtazapine on appetite in New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. In the first study, healthy rabbits ( n = 9) were evaluated using a randomized crossover design and 9 treatments: capromorelin 4 mg/kg oral (PO) once a day (SID), capromorelin 8 mg/kg PO SID, saline control PO SID, capromorelin 4 mg/kg PO twice a day (BID), capromorelin 8 mg/kg PO BID, saline control PO BID, mirtazapine 0.5 mg/kg transdermal (TD) SID, mirtazapine 1 mg/kg TD SID, and saline control TD SID for 3 d with a 1-wk washout period between treatments. Treatment efficacy was assessed by measuring daily feed intake and fecal output and by weighing rabbits twice a week. Overall, feed intake and fecal output were higher for all treatments as compared with controls, except for fecal output in the capromorelin 4 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg PO SID groups. Feed intake and fecal output were significantly higher with mirtazapine as compared with capromorelin. Body weight and erythema/petechia of the pinnae were greater in the mirtazapine 1 mg/kg TD SID group than in the control group. A second study evaluated rabbits that had undergone surgery (castration, n = 7) and then received one of 3 treatments: capromorelin 8 mg/kg PO BID, mirtazapine 1 mg/kg TD SID, or saline PO BID for 3 d postoperatively. Feed intake and fecal output in the postoperative mirtazapine group were not significantly different from those of the capromorelin and control groups. Due to its superior efficacy as compared with capromorelin in healthy NZW rabbits, we recommend considering mirtazapine as a treatment for inappetence in NZW rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Manuel Martin-Flores
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
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3
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Vélez C, Paz M, Silvernale C, Stratton LW, Kuo B, Staller K. Factors Associated With Chronic De Novo Post-Coronavirus Disease Gastrointestinal Disorders in a Metropolitan US County. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:e1488-e1492. [PMID: 34687967 PMCID: PMC8529223 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic surge harshly impacted the medically underserved populations of the urbanized northeastern United States. SARS-CoV-2 virions infect the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and GI symptoms are common during acute infection.1 Post-COVID syndromes increasingly are recognized as important public health considerations.2 Postinfectious disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBIs; formerly known as functional gastrointestinal disorders) can occur after enteric illness; the COVID-19 pandemic is anticipated to provoke DGBI development3 within a rapidly evolving post-COVID framework of illness. Here, we evaluate factors associated with DGBI-like post-COVID gastrointestinal disorders (PCGIDs) in our hospital's surrounding communities comprised predominantly of racial/ethnic minorities and those of reduced socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Vélez
- Center for Neurointestinal Health, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Mary Paz
- Center for Neurointestinal Health, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Casey Silvernale
- Center for Neurointestinal Health, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lawrence W Stratton
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Braden Kuo
- Center for Neurointestinal Health, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kyle Staller
- Center for Neurointestinal Health, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Japinga
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Washington, District of Columbia.
| | - Anna Bartz
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Robert Saunders
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Mark McClellan
- Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy, Washington, District of Columbia
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5
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Blackett JW, Wainberg M, Elkind MSV, Freedberg DE. Potential Long Coronavirus Disease 2019 Gastrointestinal Symptoms 6 Months After Coronavirus Infection Are Associated With Mental Health Symptoms. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:648-650.e2. [PMID: 34728186 PMCID: PMC8556689 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John W. Blackett
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: John W. Blackett, MD, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st Street NW, Rochester, Minnesota 10032
| | - Milton Wainberg
- Department of Psychiatry, New York Presbyterian Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Mitchell S V Elkind
- Department of Neurology, New York Presbyterian Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Daniel E Freedberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, New York Presbyterian Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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6
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Srinivasan S, Sundaram S, Emura F, Reddy N, Faigel DO, Repici A, Parasa S, Sharma P. Ongoing Global Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Endoscopy: A Subsequent International Survey of 121 Centers From 35 Countries. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:328-330.e3. [PMID: 34563474 PMCID: PMC8459464 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabian Emura
- Gastroenterology Division, Universidad de La Sabana, Chía, Columbia; Advanced Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Emura Center Latino America, Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia
| | | | - Douglas O Faigel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | - Alessandro Repici
- Endoscopy Department, Instituto Clinico Humanitas at the Humanitas University, School of Medicine in Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sravanthi Parasa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Prateek Sharma
- VA Medical Center Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas.
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7
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Ashktorab H, Pizuorno A, Aduli F, Laiyemo AO, Oskrochi G, Brim H. Elevated Liver Enzymes, Ferritin, C-reactive Protein, D-dimer, and Age Are Predictive Markers of Outcomes Among African American and Hispanic Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:345-349. [PMID: 33811923 PMCID: PMC8010341 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC.
| | - Antonio Pizuorno
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, La Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Zulia state, Venezuela
| | - Farshad Aduli
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Adeyinka O. Laiyemo
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
| | - Gholamreza Oskrochi
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Hassan Brim
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Center, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC
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8
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Khan A, Bilal M, Morrow V, Cooper G, Thakkar S, Singh S. Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Gastrointestinal Procedures and Cancers in the United States: A Multicenter Research Network Study. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:2602-2604.e5. [PMID: 33662388 PMCID: PMC7919513 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Khan
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Charleston Division, Charleston, West Virginia
| | - Mohammad Bilal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Vincent Morrow
- Department of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Gregory Cooper
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Shyam Thakkar
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Shailendra Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
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9
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Jin RU, Brown JW, Li QK, Bayguinov PO, Wang JS, Mills JC. Tropism of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 for Barrett's Esophagus May Increase Susceptibility to Developing Coronavirus Disease 2019. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:2165-2168.e4. [PMID: 33484686 PMCID: PMC7816599 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon U Jin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey W Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
| | - Qing Kay Li
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter O Bayguinov
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jean S Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
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10
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Ashktorab Y, Brim A, Pizuorno A, Gayam V, Nikdel S, Brim H. COVID-19 Pediatric Patients: Gastrointestinal Symptoms, Presentations, and Disparities by Race/Ethnicity in a Large, Multicenter US Study. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1842-1844. [PMID: 33421514 PMCID: PMC7787077 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ashktorab
- Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC
| | - Anas Brim
- Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC
| | - Antonio Pizuorno
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, La Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Zulia state, Venezuela
| | - Vijay Gayam
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Downstate University Hospital, New York
| | - Sahar Nikdel
- Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC
| | - Hassan Brim
- Department of Medicine, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington DC.
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11
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García A, Fox JG. A One Health Perspective for Defining and Deciphering Escherichia coli Pathogenic Potential in Multiple Hosts. Comp Med 2021; 71:3-45. [PMID: 33419487 PMCID: PMC7898170 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-20-000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
E. coli is one of the most common species of bacteria colonizing humans and animals. The singularity of E. coli 's genus and species underestimates its multifaceted nature, which is represented by different strains, each with different combinations of distinct virulence factors. In fact, several E. coli pathotypes, or hybrid strains, may be associated with both subclinical infection and a range of clinical conditions, including enteric, urinary, and systemic infections. E. coli may also express DNA-damaging toxins that could impact cancer development. This review summarizes the different E. coli pathotypes in the context of their history, hosts, clinical signs, epidemiology, and control. The pathotypic characterization of E. coli in the context of disease in different animals, including humans, provides comparative and One Health perspectives that will guide future clinical and research investigations of E. coli infections.
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Key Words
- aa, aggregative adherence
- a/e, attaching and effacing
- aepec, atypical epec
- afa, afimbrial adhesin
- aida-i, adhesin involved in diffuse adherence
- aiec, adherent invasive e. coli
- apec, avian pathogenic e. coli
- atcc, american type culture collection
- bfp, bundle-forming pilus
- cd, crohn disease
- cdt, cytolethal distending toxin gene
- clb, colibactin
- cnf, cytotoxic necrotizing factor
- cs, coli surface (antigens)
- daec, diffusely adhering e. coli
- db, dutch belted
- eae, e. coli attaching and effacing gene
- eaec, enteroaggregative e. coli
- eaf, epec adherence factor (plasmid)
- eahec, entero-aggregative-hemorrhagic e. coli
- east-1, enteroaggregative e. coli heat-stable enterotoxin
- e. coli, escherichia coli
- ed, edema disease
- ehec, enterohemorrhagic e. coli
- eiec, enteroinvasive e. coli
- epec, enteropathogenic e. coli
- esbl, extended-spectrum β-lactamase
- esp, e. coli secreted protein
- etec, enterotoxigenic e. coli
- expec, extraintestinal pathogenic e. coli
- fyua, yersiniabactin receptor gene
- gi, gastrointestinal
- hly, hemolysin
- hus, hemolytic uremic syndrome
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- la, localized adherence
- lee, locus of enterocyte effacement
- lpf, long polar fimbriae
- lt, heat-labile (enterotoxin)
- mlst, multilocus sequence typing
- ndm, new delhi metallo-β-lactamase
- nzw, new zealand white
- pap, pyelonephritis-associated pilus
- pks, polyketide synthase
- sfa, s fimbrial adhesin
- slt, shiga-like toxin
- st, heat-stable (enterotoxin)
- stec, stx-producing e. coli
- stx, shiga toxin
- tepec, typical epec
- upec, uropathogenic e. coli
- uti, urinary tract infection
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis García
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico; Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts;,
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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12
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Aversa M, Benvenuto L, Anderson M, Shah L, Robbins H, Pereira M, Scheffert J, Carroll M, Hum J, Nolan M, Reilly G, Lemaitre P, Stanifer BP, D’Ovidio F, Sonett J, Arcasoy S. COVID-19 in lung transplant recipients: A single center case series from New York City. Am J Transplant 2020; 20:3072-3080. [PMID: 32881315 PMCID: PMC7436464 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
There are limited data describing COVID-19 in lung transplant recipients. We performed a single center, retrospective case series study of lung transplant patients followed by the Columbia Lung Transplant program who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 between March 19 and May 19, 2020. Thirty-two lung transplant patients developed mild (16%), moderate (44%), or severe (41%) COVID-19. The median age of patients was 65 years, and the median time from lung transplant was 5.6 years. Symptoms included cough (66%), dyspnea (50%), fever (47%), and gastrointestinal upset (44%). Patients received hydroxychloroquine (84%), azithromycin (75%), augmented steroids (44%), tocilizumab (19%), and remdesivir (9%). Eleven patients (34%) died at a median time of 14 days from admission. Complications during admission included: acute kidney injury (63%), transaminitis (31%), shock (31%), acute respiratory distress syndrome (25%), neurological events (25%), arrhythmias (22%), and venous thromboembolism (9%). Compared to patients with moderate COVID-19, patients with severe COVID-19 had higher peak white blood cell counts (15.8 vs 7 × 103 /uL, P = .019), C-reactive protein (198 vs. 107 mg/L, P = .010) and D-dimer (8.6 vs. 2.1 ug/mL, P = .004) levels, and lower nadir lymphocyte counts (0.09 vs. 0.4 × 103 /uL, P = .006). COVID-19 is associated with severe illness and a high mortality rate in lung transplant recipients.
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Key Words
- clinical research/practice
- complication: infectious
- infection and infectious agents - viral
- lung failure/injury
- lung transplantation/pulmonology
- patient survival
- aki, acute kidney injury
- alt, alanine aminotransferase
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- ast, aspartate aminotransferase
- bid, bis in die
- bmi, body mass index
- bos, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome
- c. albicans, candida albicans
- cf, cystic fibrosis
- ckd, chronic kidney disease
- copd, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- crp, c-reactive protein
- e. faecalis, enterococcus faecalis
- egfr, estimated glomerular filtration rate
- esr, erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- gi, gastrointestinal
- icu, intensive care unit
- il-6, interleukin-6
- ild, interstitial lung disease
- iqr, interquartile range
- ishlt, international society of heart and lung transplantation
- iv, intravenous
- k. pneumoniae, klebsiella pneumoniae
- kg, kilogram
- ldh, lactate dehydrogenase
- m. morganii, morganella morganii
- mg, milligram
- mrsa, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
- mssa, methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus
- p. aeruginosa, pseudomonas aerugoinosa
- pah, pulmonary arterial hypertension
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- pft, pulmonary function test
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- vte, venous thromboembolism
- wbc, white blood cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Aversa
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA,Correspondence Meghan Aversa
| | - Luke Benvenuto
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michaela Anderson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lori Shah
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hilary Robbins
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Marcus Pereira
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jenna Scheffert
- Department of Pharmacy, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
| | - Maggie Carroll
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jamie Hum
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Margaret Nolan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Genevieve Reilly
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Philippe Lemaitre
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bryan P. Stanifer
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Frank D’Ovidio
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joshua Sonett
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Selim Arcasoy
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Dobrusin A, Hawa F, Gladshteyn M, Corsello P, Harlen K, Walsh CX, Alaparthi L, Weinstein M, Baig N, Sousa A, Gunaratnam NT. Gastroenterologists and Patients Report High Satisfaction Rates With Telehealth Services During the Novel Coronavirus 2019 Pandemic. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18:2393-2397.e2. [PMID: 32663521 PMCID: PMC7352104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Avi Dobrusin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University/Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Fadi Hawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Joseph Mercy Ann Arbor Hospital, Ypsilanti, Michigan
| | | | - Paul Corsello
- Huron Gastroenterology Associates, Ypsilanti, Michigan
| | - Kevin Harlen
- PE Practice Solutions, Silver Spring, Maryland,Digestive Health Physicians Association, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Nadeem Baig
- Allied Digestive Health, Red Bank, New Jersey
| | - Andrew Sousa
- Digestive Health Physicians Association, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Naresh T. Gunaratnam
- Huron Gastroenterology Associates, Ypsilanti, Michigan,Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Naresh T. Gunaratnam, MD, Huron Gastroenterology Associates, 5300 Elliott Drive, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197; fax: (734) 712-2820
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14
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Aghemo A, Piovani D, Parigi TL, Brunetta E, Pugliese N, Vespa E, Omodei PD, Preatoni P, Lleo A, Repici A, Voza A, Cecconi M, Malesci A, Bonovas S, Danese S. COVID-19 Digestive System Involvement and Clinical Outcomes in a Large Academic Hospital in Milan, Italy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18:2366-2368.e3. [PMID: 32437870 PMCID: PMC7211605 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since February 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has spread to Italy affecting more than 100,000 people. Several studies have reported a high prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, and investigated their potential association with clinical outcomes.1 The timing, clinical significance, and possible impact on viral spread of GI symptoms presentation have not been fully elucidated. Elevation of liver function tests and other laboratory values has also been reported; however, their prognostic significance has not been clearly established.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Aghemo
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Daniele Piovani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Enrico Brunetta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Pugliese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vespa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dario Omodei
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paoletta Preatoni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Lleo
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Repici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; Endoscopy Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Voza
- Emergency Department, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Cecconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Malesci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefanos Bonovas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvio Danese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IBD Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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15
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Ferm S, Fisher C, Pakala T, Tong M, Shah D, Schwarzbaum D, Cooley V, Hussain S, Kim SH. Analysis of Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in 892 Patients in Queens, NY. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18:2378-2379.e1. [PMID: 32497637 PMCID: PMC7263206 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an RNA virus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).1,2 The virus enters cells via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, which is present in enterocytes in the ileum and colon.3 Gastrointestinal (GI) manifestations include diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, and the prevalence of GI symptoms varies greatly, with a range between 2% and 57%.4 In addition, abnormal liver chemistries are reported commonly.4 As a medical center at the forefront of the early epidemic in the United States, we seek to contribute to the growing body of literature that outlines the gastrointestinal and hepatic manifestations of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Ferm
- Division of Gastroenterology, New York-Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York.
| | - Constantine Fisher
- Division of Gastroenterology, New York-Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York
| | - Tina Pakala
- Division of Gastroenterology, New York-Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York
| | - Michelle Tong
- Division of Gastroenterology, New York-Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York
| | - Disha Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology, New York-Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York
| | - David Schwarzbaum
- Division of Gastroenterology, New York-Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York
| | - Victoria Cooley
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill-Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Syed Hussain
- Division of Gastroenterology, New York-Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, New York-Presbyterian Queens Hospital, Flushing, New York
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16
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Massironi S, Viganò C, Dioscoridi L, Filippi E, Pagliarulo M, Manfredi G, Conti CB, Signorelli C, Redaelli AE, Bonato G, Iiritano E, Frego R, Zucchini N, Ungari M, Pedaci M, Bono F, Di Bella C, Buscarini E, Mutignani M, Penagini R, Dinelli ME, Invernizzi P. Endoscopic Findings in Patients Infected With 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Lombardy, Italy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18:2375-2377. [PMID: 32480008 PMCID: PMC7260560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a major worldwide threat caused by a novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), rapidly spreading to a global pandemic. As of May 11, 2020, 4,176,346 cases have been reported worldwide, 219,814 in Italy, and of them, 81,871 occurred in the Lombardy region.1 Although the respiratory manifestations of COVID-19 have been widely described, the impact on the gastrointestinal (GI) system remains less clear. The reported prevalence of digestive symptoms ranges from 3% to 79%, depending on the setting,2-5 but data on GI endoscopic and histologic findings in COVID-19 patients are lacking. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe the GI endoscopic and histologic findings in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Massironi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, and European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza.
| | - Chiara Viganò
- Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, and European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza
| | - Lorenzo Dioscoridi
- Niguarda Hospital, Diagnostic and Interventional Digestive Endoscopy Milano, Lombardia
| | - Elisabetta Filippi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan,Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Guido Manfredi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Maggiore Hospital, ASST Crema, Crema
| | | | | | | | - Giulia Bonato
- Niguarda Hospital, Diagnostic and Interventional Digestive Endoscopy Milano, Lombardia
| | - Elena Iiritano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Maggiore Hospital, ASST Crema, Crema
| | | | - Nicola Zucchini
- Division of Pathology, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, Monza
| | | | - Marianna Pedaci
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Maggiore Hospital, ASST Crema, Crema
| | - Francesca Bono
- Division of Pathology, San Gerardo Hospital, ASST Monza, Monza
| | | | - Elisabetta Buscarini
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Maggiore Hospital, ASST Crema, Crema
| | | | - Roberto Penagini
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan
| | | | - Pietro Invernizzi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, and European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, Monza
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17
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Sultan S, Lim JK, Altayar O, Davitkov P, Feuerstein JD, Siddique SM, Falck-Ytter Y, El-Serag HB. AGA Rapid Recommendations for Gastrointestinal Procedures During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:739-758.e4. [PMID: 32247018 PMCID: PMC7118600 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Key Words
- aga, american gastroenterological association
- cdc, centers for disease control and prevention
- ci, confidence interval
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- gi, gastrointestinal
- grade, grading of recommendations assessment, development and evaluation
- mers-cov, middle east respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus
- or, odds ratio
- papr, powered air-purifying respirator
- ppe, personal protective equipment
- rr, risk ratio
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- who, world health organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Sultan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Joseph K. Lim
- Yale Liver Center and Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Osama Altayar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Perica Davitkov
- Division of Gastroenterology, Northeast Ohio Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Joseph D. Feuerstein
- Division of Gastroenterology and Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shazia M. Siddique
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yngve Falck-Ytter
- Division of Gastroenterology, Northeast Ohio Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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18
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Tariq R, Saha S, Furqan F, Hassett L, Pardi D, Khanna S. Prevalence and Mortality of COVID-19 Patients With Gastrointestinal Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2020; 95:1632-1648. [PMID: 32753138 PMCID: PMC7284248 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the prevalence of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosed. METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Scopus was performed from December 1, 2019 to May 7, 2020. Observational studies including adults with COVID-19 infection and reporting GI symptoms were included. The primary outcome was assessing the weighted pooled prevalence (WPP) of GI symptoms in patients with COVID-19 infection. Secondary outcomes were WPP of overall mortality, and mortality in patients with COVID-19 infection with GI symptoms. RESULTS A total of 78 studies with 12,797 patients were included. Among GI symptoms (at onset of illness in 6, at admission in 17, data given separately for both in 3, and data unavailable in 52 studies), the WPP of diarrhea was 12.4% (95% CI, 8.2% to 17.1%), I2=94%; nausea and/or vomiting, 9.0% (95% CI, 5.5% to 12.9%), I2=93%; loss of appetite, 22.3% (95% CI, 11.2% to 34.6%, I2=94%; and abdominal pain, 6.2% (95% CI, 2.6% to 10.3%), I2=92%. Mortality among patients with GI symptoms (0.4%; 95% CI, 0% to 1.1%; I2=74%) was similar to overall mortality (2.1%; 95% CI, 0.2% to 4.7%; I2=94%), P=.15. Most studies had high risk of bias and overall quality of evidence was low to very low for all outcomes. CONCLUSION Gastrointestinal symptoms are seen in up to 1 in 5 patients with COVID-19 infection. More high-quality evidence is needed to confirm these findings and explore factors causing mortality in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raseen Tariq
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY
| | - Srishti Saha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Fateeha Furqan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rochester General Hospital, Rochester, NY
| | | | - Darrell Pardi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Sahil Khanna
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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19
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Aroniadis OC, DiMaio CJ, Dixon RE, Elmunzer BJ, Kolb JM, Mendelsohn R, Ordiah CO, Rockey DC, Singal AG, Spitzer RL, Tierney WM, Wani S, Yadav D. Current Knowledge and Research Priorities in the Digestive Manifestations of COVID-19. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 18:1682-1684. [PMID: 32334083 PMCID: PMC7194582 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga C. Aroniadis
- Division of Gastroenterology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Christopher J. DiMaio
- Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Rebekah E. Dixon
- Dr. Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - B. Joseph Elmunzer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina,Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: B. Joseph Elmunzer, MD, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, MSC 702, 114 Doughty Street, Suite 249, Charleston, South Carolina 29425. fax: (843) 876-7232.
| | - Jennifer M. Kolb
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Robin Mendelsohn
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Collins O. Ordiah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Don C. Rockey
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Amit G. Singal
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rebecca L. Spitzer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - William M. Tierney
- Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Sachin Wani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dhiraj Yadav
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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20
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Ding S, Liang TJ. Is SARS-CoV-2 Also an Enteric Pathogen With Potential Fecal-Oral Transmission? A COVID-19 Virological and Clinical Review. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:53-61. [PMID: 32353371 PMCID: PMC7184994 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In as few as 3 months, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread and ravaged the world at an unprecedented speed in modern history, rivaling the 1918 flu pandemic. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, the culprit virus, is highly contagious and stable in the environment and transmits predominantly among humans via the respiratory route. Accumulating evidence suggest that this virus, like many of its related viruses, may also be an enteric virus that can spread via the fecal-oral route. Such a hypothesis would also contribute to the rapidity and proliferation of this pandemic. Here we briefly summarize what is known about this family of viruses and literature basis of the hypothesis that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 is capable of infecting the gastrointestinal tract and shedding in the environment for potential human-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri.
| | - T. Jake Liang
- Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland,Correspondence Address correspondence to: T. Jake Liang, MD, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bldg10-9B16, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD
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21
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Walsh KT, Zemper AE. The Enteric Nervous System for Epithelial Researchers: Basic Anatomy, Techniques, and Interactions With the Epithelium. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:369-378. [PMID: 31108231 PMCID: PMC6718943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium does not function in isolation, but interacts with many components including the Enteric Nervous System (ENS). Understanding ENS and intestinal epithelium interactions requires multidisciplinary approaches to uncover cells involved, mechanisms used, and the ultimate influence on intestinal physiology. This review is intended to serve as a reference for epithelial biologists interested in studying these interactions. With this in mind, this review aims to summarize the basic anatomy of the epithelium and ENS, mechanisms by which they interact, and techniques used to study these interactions. We highlight in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo techniques. Additionally, ENS influence on epithelial proliferation and gene expression within stem and differentiated cells as well as gastrointestinal cancer are discussed.
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Key Words
- 5-ht, 5-hydroxytryptamine
- 5-ht3r, 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor
- ach, acetylcholine
- aitc, allyl isothicyanate
- cpi, crypt proliferation index
- eec, enteroendocrine cell
- ens, enteric nervous system
- gi, gastrointestinal
- hio, human intestinal organoid
- isc, intestinal stem cell
- lgr5, leucine-rich repeat–containing g protein–coupled receptor
- ne, norepinephrine
- ngf, nerve growth factor
- si, small intestine
- ta, transit-amplifying
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen T. Walsh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon,Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Anne E. Zemper
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon,Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Anne E. Zemper, PhD, University of Oregon, 218 Streisinger Hall, 1370 Franklin Boulevard, Eugene, Oregon 97401. fax: (541) 346–6056.
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22
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Hung LY, Boonma P, Unterweger P, Parathan P, Haag A, Luna RA, Bornstein JC, Savidge TC, Foong JPP. Neonatal Antibiotics Disrupt Motility and Enteric Neural Circuits in Mouse Colon. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 8:298-300.e6. [PMID: 31022477 PMCID: PMC6717783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Y Hung
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Prapaporn Boonma
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas; Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Petra Unterweger
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pavitha Parathan
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony Haag
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Ruth Ann Luna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tor C Savidge
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
| | - Jaime P P Foong
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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23
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Becker L, Spear ET, Sinha SR, Haileselassie Y, Habtezion A. Age-Related Changes in Gut Microbiota Alter Phenotype of Muscularis Macrophages and Disrupt Gastrointestinal Motility. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:243-245.e2. [PMID: 30585161 PMCID: PMC6305843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Diarrhea in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has proven to be both a diagnostic and treatment challenge since the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virus more than 30 years ago. Among the main etiologies of diarrhea in this group of patients are infectious agents that span the array of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, parasites, and fungal organisms. In many instances, highly active antiretroviral therapy remains the cornerstone of therapy for both AIDS and AIDS-related diarrhea, but other targeted therapies have been developed as new pathogens are identified; however, some infections remain treatment challenges. Once identifiable infections as well as other causes of diarrhea are investigated and excluded, a unique entity known as AIDS enteropathy can be diagnosed. Known as an idiopathic, pathogen-negative diarrhea, this disease has been investigated extensively. Atypical viral pathogens, including HIV itself, as well as inflammatory and immunologic responses are potential leading causes of it. Although AIDS enteropathy can pose a diagnostic challenge so too does the treatment of it. Highly active antiretroviral therapy, nutritional supplementation, electrolyte replacements, targeted therapy for infection if indicated, and medications for symptom control all are key elements in the treatment regimen. Importantly, a multidisciplinary approach among the gastroenterologist, infectious disease physician, HIV specialists, oncology, and surgery is necessary for many patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Cello
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Division, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California 94110, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Studies of microbial pathogens and the toxins they produce are important for determining the mechanisms by which they cause disease and spread throughout a population. Some bacteria produce secretory enterotoxins (such as cholera toxin or the heat-labile or stable enterotoxins produced by Escherichia coli) that invade cells directly. Others invade cells or produce cytotoxins (such as those produced by Shigella, enteroinvasive E coli, or Clostridium difficile) that damage cells or trigger host responses that cause small or large bowel diseases (such as enteroaggregative or enteropathogenic E coli or Salmonella). Viruses (such as noroviruses and rotaviruses) and protozoa (such as Cryptosporidium, Giardia, or Entamoeba histolytica) disrupt cell functions and cause short- or long-term disease. Much epidemiologic data about these pathogens have been collected from community- and hospital-acquired settings, as well as from patients with traveler's or persistent diarrhea. These studies have led to practical approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
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Key Words
- camp, cyclic adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphate
- cdi, clostridium difficile infection
- eaec, enteroaggregative escherichia coli
- ehec, enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli
- eiec, enteroinvasive escherichia coli
- elisa, enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay
- epec, enteropathogenic escherichia coli
- etec, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli
- gi, gastrointestinal
- pcr, polymerase chain reaction
- pi-ibs, postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard Guerrant
- Reprint requests Address requests for reprints to: Richard Guerrant, Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908. fax: (434) 982-0591
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Barrett MT, Yeung KY, Ruzzo WL, Hsu L, Blount PL, Sullivan R, Zarbl H, Delrow J, Rabinovitch PS, Reid BJ. Transcriptional analyses of Barrett's metaplasia and normal upper GI mucosae. Neoplasia 2002; 4:121-8. [PMID: 11896567 PMCID: PMC1550324 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2001] [Accepted: 09/14/2001] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) has increased dramatically in the US and Western Europe. It has been shown that EAs evolve from premalignant Barrett's esophagus (BE) tissue by a process of clonal expansion and evolution. However, the molecular phenotype of the premalignant metaplasia, and its relationship to those of the normal upper gastrointestinal (GI) mucosae, including gastric, duodenal, and squamous epithelium of the esophagus, has not been systematically characterized. Therefore, we used oligonucleotide-based microarrays to characterize gene expression profiles in each of these tissues. The similarity of BE to each of the normal tissues was compared using a series of computational approaches. Our analyses included esophageal squamous epithelium, which is present at the same anatomic site and exposed to similar conditions as Barrett's epithelium, duodenum that shares morphologic similarity to Barrett's epithelium, and adjacent gastric epithelium. There was a clear distinction among the expression profiles of gastric, duodenal, and squamous epithelium whereas the BE profiles showed considerable overlap with normal tissues. Furthermore, we identified clusters of genes that are specific to each of the tissues, to the Barrett's metaplastic epithelia, and a cluster of genes that was distinct between squamous and non-squamous epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Barrett
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA 98109, USA
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