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Yang J, Barrila J, Nauman EA, Nydam SD, Yang S, Park J, Gutierrez-Jensen AD, Castro CL, Ott CM, Buss K, Steel J, Zakrajsek AD, Schuff MM, Nickerson CA. Incremental increases in physiological fluid shear progressively alter pathogenic phenotypes and gene expression in multidrug resistant Salmonella. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2357767. [PMID: 38783686 PMCID: PMC11135960 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2357767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of bacteria to sense and respond to mechanical forces has important implications for pathogens during infection, as they experience wide fluid shear fluctuations in the host. However, little is known about how mechanical forces encountered in the infected host drive microbial pathogenesis. Herein, we combined mathematical modeling with hydrodynamic bacterial culture to profile transcriptomic and pathogenesis-related phenotypes of multidrug resistant S. Typhimurium (ST313 D23580) under different fluid shear conditions relevant to its transition from the intestinal tract to the bloodstream. We report that D23580 exhibited incremental changes in transcriptomic profiles that correlated with its pathogenic phenotypes in response to these progressive increases in fluid shear. This is the first demonstration that incremental changes in fluid shear forces alter stress responses and gene expression in any ST313 strain and offers mechanistic insight into how forces encountered by bacteria during infection might impact their disease-causing ability in unexpected ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiseon Yang
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer Barrila
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Eric A. Nauman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Seth D. Nydam
- Department of Animal Care & Technologies, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Shanshan Yang
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Bioscience, Knowledge Enterprise, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jin Park
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ami D. Gutierrez-Jensen
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Christian L. Castro
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- JES Tech, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C. Mark Ott
- Biomedical Research and Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristina Buss
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Bioscience, Knowledge Enterprise, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jason Steel
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Bioscience, Knowledge Enterprise, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Anne D. Zakrajsek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Mary M. Schuff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Nickerson
- Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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2
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Qu M, Zhu H, Zhang X. Extracellular vesicle-mediated regulation of macrophage polarization in bacterial infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1039040. [PMID: 36619996 PMCID: PMC9815515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1039040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale membrane-enveloped vesicles secreted by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, which are commonly defined as membrane vesicles (MVs) and exosomes, respectively. They play critical roles in the bacteria-bacteria and bacteria-host interactions. In infectious diseases caused by bacteria, as the first line of defense against pathogens, the macrophage polarization mode commonly determines the success or failure of the host's response to pathogen aggression. M1-type macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory factors that support microbicidal activity, while alternative M2-type macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory factors that perform an antimicrobial immune response but partially allow pathogens to replicate and survive intracellularly. Membrane vesicles (MVs) released from bacteria as a distinctive secretion system can carry various components, including bacterial effectors, nucleic acids, or lipids to modulate macrophage polarization in host-pathogen interaction. Similar to MVs, bacteria-infected macrophages can secrete exosomes containing a variety of components to manipulate the phenotypic polarization of "bystander" macrophages nearby or long distance to differentiate into type M1 or M2 to regulate the course of inflammation. Exosomes can also repair tissue damage associated with the infection by upregulating the levels of anti-inflammatory factors, downregulating the pro-inflammatory factors, and regulating cellular biological behaviors. The study of the mechanisms by which EVs modulate macrophage polarization has opened new frontiers in delineating the molecular machinery involved in bacterial pathogenesis and challenges in providing new strategies for diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment for Animal Products, Jinan, China
| | - Xingxiao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai, China,Yantai Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogenetic Microbiology and Immunology, Yantai, China,Shandong Breeding Environmental Control Engineering Laboratory, Yantai, China,*Correspondence: Xingxiao Zhang, ✉
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3
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Characterization of Porcine Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Cultured in Serum-Reduced Medium. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101457. [PMID: 36290361 PMCID: PMC9598231 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to establish a cell culture system for the generation of porcine monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) under reduced-serum conditions. Cultures based on either the Nu-Serum™ Growth Medium Supplement (NUS) or a conventional fetal bovine serum (FBS) were compared, which included the assessment of FBS from two different providers (FBS1 and FBS2). The data obtained confirmed the significant impact of culture conditions on in vitro-generated MDMs. The MDMs cultured under reduced-serum conditions showed increased levels of IL-1β and CD86 mRNA and a proinflammatory cytokine profile, characterized by the increased mRNA expression of IL-23p19, CXCL10, and CCL5. Phagocytic and respiratory burst activities were not adversely affected. Surprisingly, the difference between the two FBSs was much more pronounced than the effect of the reduced-serum supplement. The FBS1 culture conditions gave rise to macrophages with higher surface levels of CD14, CD16, and CD163, a lower CD80 mRNA expression, and an increased induction of IL-10 gene expression. In contrast, none of these trends were observed in macrophage cultures supplemented with FBS2. Instead, the FBS2 culture showed increased levels of IL-1b and CD86 mRNA. In conclusion, reduced-serum culture is a useful tool for in vitro porcine MDM generation, in line with the current research trend of reducing FBS use in biological research.
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Jarosova R, Ondrackova P, Leva L, Nedbalcova K, Vicenova M, Masek J, Volf J, Gebauer J, Do T, Guran R, Sladek Z, Dominguez J, Faldyna M. Cytokine expression by CD163+ monocytes in healthy and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae-infected pigs. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:1-9. [PMID: 35901636 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Distinct monocyte subpopulations have been previously described in healthy pigs and pigs experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP). The CD163+ subpopulation of bone marrow (BM), peripheral blood (PB) and lung monocytes was found to play an important role in the inflammatory process. The inflammation is accompanied by elevation of inflammatory cytokines. The aim of the study was to evaluate the contribution of CD163+ monocytes and macrophages to cytokine production during APP-induced lung inflammation. Cytokine production was assessed by flow cytometry (FC) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) in CD163+ monocytes and by qPCR, immunohistochemistry/fluorescence in lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes (TBLN). Despite the systemic inflammatory response after APP infection, BM and PB CD163+ monocytes did not express elevated levels of a wide range of cytokines compared to control pigs. In contrast, significant amounts of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α were produced in lung lesions and IL-1β in the TBLN. At the protein level, TNF-α was expressed by both CD163+ monocytes and macrophages in lung lesions, whereas IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 expression was found only in CD163+ monocytes; no CD163+ macrophages were found to produce these cytokines. Furthermore, the quantification of CD163+ monocytes expressing the two cytokines IL-1β and IL-8 that were most elevated was performed. In lung lesions, 36.5% IL-1β positive CD163+ monocytes but only 18.3% IL-8 positive CD163+ monocytes were found. In conclusion, PB and BM CD163+ monocytes do not appear to contribute to the elevated cytokine levels in plasma. On the other hand, CD163+ monocytes contribute to inflammatory cytokine expression, especially IL-1β at the site of inflammation during the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rea Jarosova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Morphology, Physiology and Animal Genetics, The Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Lenka Leva
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | - Josef Masek
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiri Volf
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Gebauer
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Do
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman Guran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic; Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbysek Sladek
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Animal Genetics, The Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Javier Dominguez
- Departmento de Biotecnologia, Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria (CSIC-INIA), Madrid, Spain.
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Nicholson KR, Champion PA. Bacterial secretion systems: Networks of pathogenic regulation and adaptation in mycobacteria and beyond. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010610. [PMID: 35834482 PMCID: PMC9282442 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R. Nicholson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Patricia A. Champion
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
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6
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Oreskovic Z, Levá L, Chlebová K, Hlavová K, Tesařík R, Gebauer J, Faldyna M. Effects of IFNγ and IL4 rich microenvironment on porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cell activation in vitro. Res Vet Sci 2022; 145:54-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Duan B, Shao L, Liu R, Msuthwana P, Hu J, Wang C. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG defense against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection through modulation of M1 macrophage polarization. Microb Pathog 2021; 156:104939. [PMID: 33964416 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), a model probiotic strain, plays an important role in immune regulatory activity to prevent and treat intestinal inflammation or diarrhea. However, the effect of the immune modulation of LGG on macrophages to prevent Salmonella infection has not been thoroughly studied. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were pre-administered LGG for 7 days continuously, and then infected with Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium). The results of the in vivo study indicated that LGG could reduce body weight loss, death rate and intestinal inflammatory response caused by S. Typhimurium. LGG also limited S. Typhimurium dissemination to liver and spleen, and thereby protected against infection. In vitro study, we observed that LGG enhanced the phagocytic and bactericidal ability of macrophages and upregulated M1 macrophage characters (e.g. iNOS, NO and IL-12) against S. Typhimurium. In addition, LGG also elevated IL-10 secretion, which was helpful to ameliorate intestinal inflammatory injury caused by S. Typhimurium. In conclusion, LGG could modulate M1 macrophage polarization and offer protective effects against S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Lina Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Ruihan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Petunia Msuthwana
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
| | - Jingtao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.
| | - Chunfeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Changchun, China.
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8
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Matiašková K, Kavanová L, Kulich P, Gebauer J, Nedbalcová K, Kudláčková H, Tesařík R, Faldyna M. The Role of Antibodies Against the Crude Capsular Extract in the Immune Response of Porcine Alveolar Macrophages to In Vitro Infection of Various Serovars of Glaesserella ( Haemophilus) parasuis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635097. [PMID: 33968026 PMCID: PMC8101634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Glässer’s disease outbreaks, Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis has to overcome the non-specific immune system in the lower respiratory tract, the alveolar macrophages. Here we showed that porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) were able to recognize and phagocyte G. parasuis with strain-to-strain variability despite the presence of the capsule in virulent (serovar 1, 5, 12) as well in avirulent strains (serovar 6 and 9). The capsule, outer membrane proteins, virulence-associated autotransporters, cytolethal distending toxins and many other proteins have been identified as virulence factors of this bacterium. Therefore, we immunized pigs with the crude capsular extract (cCE) from the virulent G. parasuis CAPM 6475 strain (serovar 5) and evaluated the role of the anti-cCE/post-vaccinal IgG in the immune response of PAMs to in vitro infection with various G. parasuis strains. We demonstrated the specific binding of the antibodies to the cCE by Western-blotting assay and immunoprecipitation as well as the specific binding to the strain CAPM 6475 in transmission electron microscopy. In the cCE, we identified several virulence-associated proteins that were immunoreactive with IgG isolated from sera of immunized pigs. Opsonization of G. parasuis strains by post-vaccinal IgG led to enhanced phagocytosis of G. parasuis by PAMs at the first two hours of infection. Moreover, opsonization increased the oxidative burst and expression/production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The neutralizing effects of these antibodies on the antioxidant mechanisms of G. parasuis may lead to attenuation of its virulence and pathogenicity in vivo. Together with opsonization of bacteria by these antibodies, the host may eliminate G. parasuis in the infection site more efficiently. Based on these results, the crude capsular extract is a vaccine candidate with immunogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Matiašková
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lenka Kavanová
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Pavel Kulich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Gebauer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Nedbalcová
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Hana Kudláčková
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Radek Tesařík
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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9
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Wang B, Wu Y, Liu R, Xu H, Mei X, Shang Q, Liu S, Yu D, Li W. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG promotes M1 polarization in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages by activating TLR2/MyD88/MAPK signaling pathway. Anim Sci J 2020; 91:e13439. [PMID: 32779289 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is increasingly applied in functional food products and acts as a probiotic model in nutritious and clinical studies. Increasing evidences have revealed the immune modulation of LGG on macrophages. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of LGG on macrophage polarization of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). BMDMs were treated with 108 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml LGG for 1.5, 3, and 6 hr. Results showed that LGG obviously upregulated the mRNA expression of M1-associated cytokines (p < .05), including interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), whereas had no effect on the expression of M2-associated markers (p > .05), including arginase 1 (Arg1), mannose receptor, and chitinase-like protein 3 (YM1). Furthermore, LGG markedly increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-12p40, cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2], and interferon-γ [IFN-γ]) (p < .05) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-4, and transforming growth factor-β [TGF-β]) (p < .05). In addition, we also found that TLR2/MyD88/MAPK signaling pathway was required for LGG-induced M1 macrophage polarization and M1-related cytokines expression. Together, these findings demonstrate that probiotic LGG facilitates M1 polarization of BMDMs, suggesting that LGG may have an immunotherapeutic potential in regulating the host defense against pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Han Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinqin Shang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shijie Liu
- National Animal Husbandry Service, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyou Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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10
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Yolkin Isolated from Hen Egg Yolk as a Natural Immunoregulator, Activating Innate Immune Response in BMDM Macrophages. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:5731021. [PMID: 32509146 PMCID: PMC7245654 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5731021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the goals of biomedical sciences is to search and identify natural compounds that are safe, have no side effects, and possess immunostimulatory activity. It has been proven that medicines of natural origin can be effective agents, supporting the therapy of many diseases, not only in the weakened immune system of the body but also in the prevention of many diseases in healthy people. It has been shown that yolkin, a polypeptide complex isolated from hen egg yolk as a fraction accompanying immunoglobulin Y (IgY), possesses potential biological activity. However, the mechanism of its action has not been explained. The objective of this investigation was to examine the molecular mechanisms of innate immune response, activated in response to yolkin, in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). It was shown that yolkin induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-kinases (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and upregulated expression and production of type I interferons, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α), and nitric oxide (NO), in BMDM cells. Using pharmacological inhibitors of ERK 1/2 and JNK kinases, we revealed that the JNK signaling cascade is required for yolkin-induced inducible NOS expression and upregulation of NO production in mouse macrophages. Using the TLR4-deficient BMDM cell line, we established that yolkin can activate macrophages in a TLR4-dependent manner. It was also shown that NO, TNF-α, and type I IFNs (α/β) produced by BMDM cells in response to yolkin triggered antiviral activity. These data indicate that yolkin affects the regulation of the immune system and antiviral response; therefore, it can be used as an effective immunostimulator of the innate immunity or as a supplement of the conventional therapy of immunodeficiency.
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11
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SoxS is a positive regulator of key pathogenesis genes and promotes intracellular replication and virulence of Salmonella Typhimurium. Microb Pathog 2019; 139:103925. [PMID: 31838175 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is an important intracellular pathogen, causing gastroenteritis or severe systemic infection in a variety of hosts. During infection, S. Typhimurium must survive and replicate in host macrophages, which produce abundant oxidative compounds. SoxRS regulon is a well-known regulator that is activated in response to oxidative stress and promotes bacterial tolerance to oxidants in E. coli. However, the global regulatory function of SoxS in S. Typhimurium remains poorly characterized. Here, we used an RNA sequencing-based approach to investigate the role of SoxS in the expression of S. Typhimurium virulence genes. Besides the downregulation of genes related to resistance to oxidative stress, we found that in a soxS deletion mutant the expression of Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-2 genes, which are crucial for replication within macrophages, was significantly repressed. Moreover, immunofluorescence and mice infection experiments showed that soxS deletion inhibited replication in macrophages and decreased virulence upon intraperitoneal inoculation in mice, respectively. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that SoxS is a positive regulator of SPI-2 genes and, therefore, plays a crucial role in S. Typhimurium intracellular replication and virulence.
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12
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Lou L, Zhang P, Piao R, Wang Y. Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1) and Its Complex Regulatory Network. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:270. [PMID: 31428589 PMCID: PMC6689963 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella species can infect a diverse range of birds, reptiles, and mammals, including humans. The type III protein secretion system (T3SS) encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1) delivers effector proteins required for intestinal invasion and the production of enteritis. The T3SS is regarded as the most important virulence factor of Salmonella. SPI-1 encodes transcription factors that regulate the expression of some virulence factors of Salmonella, while other transcription factors encoded outside SPI-1 participate in the expression of SPI-1-encoded genes. SPI-1 genes are responsible for the invasion of host cells, regulation of the host immune response, e.g., the host inflammatory response, immune cell recruitment and apoptosis, and biofilm formation. The regulatory network of SPI-1 is very complex and crucial. Here, we review the function, effectors, and regulation of SPI-1 genes and their contribution to the pathogenicity of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Lou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rongli Piao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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13
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Fu A, Mo Q, Wu Y, Wang B, Liu R, Tang L, Zeng Z, Zhang X, Li W. Protective effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens against Salmonella via polarizing macrophages to M1 phenotype directly and to M2 depended on microbiota. Food Funct 2019; 10:7653-7666. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01651a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SC06 (BaSC06), a potential probiotic, plays a positive role in animal growth performance and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry
- College of Animal Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Qiufen Mo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry
- College of Animal Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry
- College of Animal Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry
- College of Animal Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Rongrong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry
- College of Animal Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry
- College of Animal Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Zhonghua Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry
- College of Animal Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- China National Bamboo Research Center
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Utilization of Bamboo of State Forestry Administration
- Hangzhou
- China
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry
- College of Animal Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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14
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Gupta PK, Kulkarni S. Polysaccharide rich extract (PRE) from Tinospora cordifolia inhibits the intracellular survival of drug resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages by nitric oxide induction. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 113:81-90. [PMID: 30514517 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plethora of clinical and scientific information obtained in recent past has strengthened the idea that targeting critical constituents of host immune system may have beneficial outcomes for the treatment of tuberculosis. Macrophages being the primary host for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, offer an attractive target for modulation. Owing to their negligible toxicity, plant derived polysaccharides with the ability to activate macrophages; are suitable candidates for immunomodulation. In the present study, effects of polysaccharide rich extract (PRE) isolated from Tinospora cordifolia, on the survival of intracellular MTB strains and activation of macrophages were investigated. PRE treatment up regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, and IFN-γ in RAW 264.7 cell line. Up regulation in the expression of NOS2 was observed along with concomitant enhanced nitric oxide production post PRE treatment. Surface expression of MHC-II and CD-86 was up regulated after PRE treatment. Above results suggested the classical activation of macrophages by PRE treatment. Furthermore, PRE treatment led to the activation of all the three classes of MAPK i.e p38, ERK and JNK MAPKs. Further, PRE up regulated the expression of cytokines, NOS-2, MHC-II and CD-86 in MTB infected macrophages. PRE treatment inhibited the intracellular survival of drug resistant MTB in macrophages which was partially attributed to PRE mediated NO induction. Thus our data demonstrate classical activation of macrophages by PRE treatment and killing of intracellular MTB by NO induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod Kumar Gupta
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, c/o TMH Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India.
| | - Savita Kulkarni
- Radiation Medicine Centre, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, c/o TMH Annexe, Parel, Mumbai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai, India.
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15
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Concurrent infection of monocyte-derived macrophages with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Haemophilus parasuis: A role of IFNα in pathogenesis of co-infections. Vet Microbiol 2018; 225:64-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Zhao X, Tang X, Guo N, An Y, Chen X, Shi C, Wang C, Li Y, Li S, Xu H, Liu M, Wang Y, Yu L. Biochanin a Enhances the Defense Against Salmonella enterica Infection Through AMPK/ULK1/mTOR-Mediated Autophagy and Extracellular Traps and Reversing SPI-1-Dependent Macrophage (MΦ) M2 Polarization. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:318. [PMID: 30271755 PMCID: PMC6142880 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel treatment regimen for bacterial infections is the pharmacological enhancement of the host's immune defenses. We demonstrated that biochanin A (BCA), an isoflavone constituent in some plants, could enhance both intra- and extracellular bactericidal activity of host cells. First, BCA could induce a complete autophagic response in nonphagocytic cells (HeLa) or macrophages (MΦ) via the AMPK/ULK1/mTOR pathway and Beclin-1-dependent manner, and BCA enhanced the killing of invading Salmonella by autophagy through reinforcing ubiquitinated adapter protein (LRSAM1, NDP52 and p62)-mediated recognition of intracellular bacteria and through the formation of autophagolysosomes. Second, we demonstrated that BCA could enhance the release of MΦ extracellular traps (METs) to remove extracellular Salmonella also via the AMPK/ULK1/mTOR pathway, not through reactive oxygen species (ROS) pathway. Furtherly, in a Salmonella-infected mouse model, BCA treatment increased intra- and extracellular bactericidal activity through the strengthening autophagy and MET production, respectively, in peritoneal MΦ, liver and spleen tissue. Additionally, our findings showed that BCA downregulated SPI-1 (Salmonella pathogenicity island 1) expression during Salmonella infection in vitro and in vivo to reverse the MΦ M2 polarization, which was different from the MΦ M1 phenotype caused by most of bacteria infection. Together, these findings suggest that BCA has an immunomodulatory effect on Salmonella-infected host cells and enhances their bactericidal activity in vitro and in vivo through autophagy, extracellular traps and regulation of MΦ polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingchen Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua, China
| | - Xudong Tang
- Key Lab for New Drug Research of TCM, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Na Guo
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan An
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiangrong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ce Shi
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shulin Li
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyue Xu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Jilin University, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food Science and Engineering, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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17
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Gupta PK, Rajan M, Kulkarni S. Activation of murine macrophages by G1-4A, a polysaccharide from Tinospora cordifolia, in TLR4/MyD88 dependent manner. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 50:168-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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18
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Fu A, Wang Y, Wu Y, Chen H, Zheng S, Li Y, Xu X, Li W. Echinacea purpurea Extract Polarizes M1 Macrophages in Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages Through the Activation of JNK. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2664-2671. [PMID: 28067413 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea is an indigenous North American purple cone flower used by North Americans for treatment of various infectious diseases and wounds. This study investigated the effect of polysaccharide enriched extract of Echinacea purpurea (EE) on the polarization of macrophages. The results showed that 100 µg/mL of EE could markedly activate the macrophage by increasing the expression of CD80, CD86, and MHCII molecules. Meanwhile, EE upregulated the markers of classically activated macrophages (M1) such as CCR7 and the production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p70, TNF-αand NO. The functional tests showed that EE enhanced the phagocytic and intracellular bactericidal activity of macrophage against ST. Furthermore, we demonstrated that JNK are required for EE-induced NO and M1-related cytokines production. Together, these results demonstrated that EE can polarize macrophages towards M1 phenotype, which is dependent on the JNK signaling pathways. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2664-2671, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Shandong Qilu Animal Health Co., Ltd, Jinan, Shangdong, China
| | - Shasha Zheng
- California Baptist University, Riverside, 92504, California
| | - Yali Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Nutrition of Education of Ministry, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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19
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Schultz BM, Paduro CA, Salazar GA, Salazar-Echegarai FJ, Sebastián VP, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM, Alvarez-Lobos M, Bueno SM. A Potential Role of Salmonella Infection in the Onset of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:191. [PMID: 28293241 PMCID: PMC5329042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes a set of pathologies that result from a deregulated immune response that may affect any portion of the gastrointestinal tract. The most prevalent and defined forms of IBD are Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Although the etiology of IBD is not well defined, it has been suggested that environmental and genetic factors contribute to disease development and that the interaction between these two factors can trigger the pathology. Diet, medication use, vitamin D status, smoking, and bacterial infections have been proposed to influence or contribute to the onset or development of the disease in susceptible individuals. The infection with pathogenic bacteria is a key factor that can influence the development and severity of this disease. Here, we present a comprehensive review of studies performed in human and mice susceptible to IBD, which supports the notion that infection with bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella, could promote the onset of IBD due to permanent changes in the intestinal microbiota, disruption of the epithelial barrier and alterations of the intestinal immune response after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara M Schultz
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Carolina A Paduro
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Geraldyne A Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Francisco J Salazar-Echegarai
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Valentina P Sebastián
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello , Santiago , Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Endocrinología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Manuel Alvarez-Lobos
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Gastroenterología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago , Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; INSERM, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
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20
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Zemankova N, Chlebova K, Matiasovic J, Prodelalova J, Gebauer J, Faldyna M. Bovine lactoferrin free of lipopolysaccharide can induce a proinflammatory response of macrophages. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:251. [PMID: 27829421 PMCID: PMC5103330 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0878-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lactoferrin (LF) is an 80 kDa glycoprotein which is known for its effects against bacteria, viruses and other pathogens. It also has a high potential in nutrition therapy and welfare of people and a variety of animals, including piglets. The ability to bind lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is one of the described anti-inflammatory mechanisms of LF. Previous studies suggested that cells can be stimulated even by LPS-free LF. Therefore, the aim of our study was to bring additional information about this possibility. Porcine monocyte derived macrophages (MDMF) and human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells were stimulated with unpurified LF in complex with LPS and with purified LF without bound LPS. Results Both cell types were stimulated with unpurified as well as purified LF. On the other hand, neither HEK0 cells not expressing any TLR nor HEK4a cells transfected with TLR4 produced any pro-inflammatory cytokine transcripts after stimulation with purified LF. This suggests that purified LF without LPS stimulates cells via another receptor than TLR4. An alternative, TLR4-independent, pathway was further confirmed by analyses of the NF-kappa-B-inducing kinase (NIK) activation. Western blot analyses showed NIK which activates different NFκB subunits compared to LF-LPS signaling via TLR4. Though, this confirmed an alternative pathway which is used by the purified LF free of LPS. This stimulation of MDMF led to low, but significant amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can be considered as a positive stimulation of the immune system. Conclusion Our results suggest that LF’s ability is not only to bind LPS, but LF itself may be a stimulant of pro-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Zemankova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarina Chlebova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Matiasovic
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Prodelalova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Gebauer
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 296/70, Brno, 621 00, Czech Republic.
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21
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Hu Y, Wang M, Zhang X, Wang P, Liu H, Wang Q. Heterogeneity of swine lung macrophages inoculated by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2016.1160366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, People's Republic of China 116622
| | - Meichen Wang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, People's Republic of China 116622
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, People's Republic of China 116622
| | - Huan Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, People's Republic of China 116622
| | - Qinfu Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, People's Republic of China 116622
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22
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Kavanová L, Prodělalová J, Nedbalcová K, Matiašovic J, Volf J, Faldyna M, Salát J. Immune response of porcine alveolar macrophages to a concurrent infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and Haemophilus parasuis in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Vicenova M, Nechvatalova K, Chlebova K, Kucerova Z, Leva L, Stepanova H, Faldyna M. Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of biologically active phospholipids with anti-neoplastic potential in porcine model. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:339. [PMID: 25234616 PMCID: PMC4179840 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aims to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of biologically active phospholipids (BAP) used in preparations for clinical practice in humans. Until date, except anti-neoplastic ability, little is known about anti-inflammatory property of the phospholipids. Methods While the course of bacterially induced acute pneumonia and markers of inflammation were studied in in vivo system in pigs orally supplemented with BAP, the pro- and anti-inflammatory response of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated porcine monocyte-derived macrophages to 24 h- and 48 h-treatmeant by BAP was investigated in in vitro system. In vivo, the animal health status was monitored and pro-inflammatory IL-1β and IL-8 in sera were detected by ELISA during the experiment, while bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) and the lungs were examined post-mortem. Total and differential counts of white blood cell (WBC) were determined in blood and BALF. In vitro, mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, CXCL10) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10 and Arg1) cytokines, and level of activated caspase 1 and phosphorylated protein kinase C epsilon (pPKCϵ), were studied using qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. For the purposes of both systems, 6 animals were used in each of the BAP-supplemented and the control groups. Results In vivo, BAP had a positive influence on the course of the disease. The immunomodulatory effects of BAP were confirmed by lower levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and a lower WBC count in the supplemented group in comparison with the control group. A lower percentage of lung parenchyma was affected in the supplemented group comparing to the control group (on average, 4% and 34% of tissue, respectively). In vitro, BAP suppressed mRNA expression of mRNA for IL-10 and all pro-inflammatory cytokines tested. This down-regulation was dose- and time-dependent. Arg1 mRNA expression remained unaffected. Further dose- and time-dependent suppression of the activated caspase 1 and pPKCϵ was detected in macrophages when treated with BAP. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that BAP has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties, thus emphasizing the potential of this compound as a natural healing agent.
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24
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Patel S, McCormick BA. Mucosal Inflammatory Response to Salmonella typhimurium Infection. Front Immunol 2014; 5:311. [PMID: 25071772 PMCID: PMC4082011 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The human intestinal epithelium consists of a single layer of epithelial cells that forms a barrier against food antigens and the resident microbiota within the lumen. This delicately balanced organ functions in a highly sophisticated manner to uphold the fidelity of the intestinal epithelium and to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms. On the luminal side, this barrier is fortified by a thick mucus layer, and on the serosal side exists the lamina propria containing a resident population of immune cells. Pathogens that are able to breach this barrier disrupt the healthy epithelial lining by interfering with the regulatory mechanisms that govern the normal balance of intestinal architecture and function. This disruption results in a coordinated innate immune response deployed to eliminate the intruder that includes the release of antimicrobial peptides, activation of pattern-recognition receptors, and recruitment of a variety of immune cells. In the case of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (S. typhimurium) infection, induction of an inflammatory response has been linked to its virulence mechanism, the type III secretion system (T3SS). The T3SS secretes protein effectors that exploit the host’s cell biology to facilitate bacterial entry and intracellular survival, and to modulate the host immune response. As the role of the intestinal epithelium in initiating an immune response has been increasingly realized, this review will highlight recent research that details progress made in understanding mechanisms underlying the mucosal inflammatory response to Salmonella infection, and how such inflammatory responses impact pathogenic fitness of this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
| | - Beth A McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester, MA , USA
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25
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Gyles C, Boerlin P. Horizontally Transferred Genetic Elements and Their Role in Pathogenesis of Bacterial Disease. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:328-40. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985813511131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the roles that laterally transferred genes (LTG) play in the virulence of bacterial pathogens. The features of LTG that allow them to be recognized in bacterial genomes are described, and the mechanisms by which LTG are transferred between and within bacteria are reviewed. Genes on plasmids, integrative and conjugative elements, prophages, and pathogenicity islands are highlighted. Virulence genes that are frequently laterally transferred include genes for bacterial adherence to host cells, type 3 secretion systems, toxins, iron acquisition, and antimicrobial resistance. The specific roles of LTG in pathogenesis are illustrated by specific reference to Escherichia coli, Salmonella, pyogenic streptococci, and Clostridium perfringens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Gyles
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - P. Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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