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Khasapane NG, Byaruhanga C, Thekisoe O, Nkhebenyane SJ, Khumalo ZTH. Prevalence of subclinical mastitis, its associated bacterial isolates and risk factors among cattle in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:123. [PMID: 37573335 PMCID: PMC10422699 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is one of the most economically important diseases affecting the dairy industry. The SCM does not cause visible changes in the udder or physical changes of the milk as compared to clinical mastitis, and a clear overview of the prevalence and risk factors in the different regions of Africa is still lacking. The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of SCM and assess the associated risk factors and dominant bacterial pathogens among cattle in Africa. MATERIALS AND METHODS We gathered and systematically reviewed literature concerning SCM, published in English from January 2010 through December 2020 in two databases (PubMed and Web of Science), and meta-analysis was conducted using the 'meta' and 'metafor' packages in the R statistical software. RESULTS A total of 258 studies were retrieved and at the end of the screening, 82 full-texts were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of SCM was reported in 11 countries in five regions of Africa, and the random-effects model showed that the weighted pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) was 48.2% (95% CI: 43.6-52.8%). Heterogeneity was high and statistically significant as I2 (proportion of observed variation) was 98.1% (95% CI: 98.0-98.3%), τ2 (true between-study variance) was 0.0433 (95% CI: 0.0322-0.0611), and the Cochran Q statistic was 4362.8 (p < 0.0001). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses showed that East Africa had significantly (p = 0.0092) the highest PPE of SCM (67.7%, 95% CI: 55.7-78.7) followed by West Africa (50.5%, 95%CI: 31.4-69.5), and the lowest was in North Africa (40.3%, 95%: 32.2-48.6). Other significant moderators for SCM were age (p < 0.0001), breed (p = 0.0002), lactation stage (p = 0.019) and parity (p = 0.0008) of cattle. Staphylococcus species (prevalence 43.7%) were the most predominant pathogens, followed by Streptococcus (18.2%) and Escherichia species (9.5%). CONCLUSION The present study showed a high variation of SCM prevalence in various parts of Africa, although there is a need for more data in some regions. The reported prevalence is a clear sign of inappropriate management practices among cattle herds and an indicator of the threat that SCM poses to the dairy industry. The information about the predisposing factors may guide effective management and control strategies to reduce transmission of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntelekwane G Khasapane
- Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, 1 Park Road, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
| | - Charles Byaruhanga
- Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P/Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Sebolelo J Nkhebenyane
- Centre for Applied Food Safety and Biotechnology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Technology, 1 Park Road, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Zamantungwa T H Khumalo
- ClinVet International, Study Management, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
- Vectors and Vector-borne Diseases Research Programme, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, P/Bag X04, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, 0110, South Africa
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Rust JD, Christian MJ, Vance CJ, Bolajoko MB, Wong JT, Suarez-Martinez J, Allan FK, Peters AR. A study of the effectiveness of a detergent-based California mastitis test (CMT), using Ethiopian and Nigerian domestic detergents, for the detection of high somatic cell counts in milk and their reliability compared to the commercial UK CMT. Gates Open Res 2023; 5:146. [PMID: 37362381 PMCID: PMC10285044 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13369.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The California mastitis test (CMT) is a simple cow-side indicator of the somatic cell count (SCC) in milk, providing a useful tool in identifying cases of subclinical mastitis in cattle. Mastitis, and in particular subclinical mastitis, is a major concern in Ethiopia and Nigeria, yet detection is challenging due to cost and access to commercial CMT reagents. Methods: Commercially available domestic detergents from Ethiopia and Nigeria were compared (n = 3 for each country) with the UK commercial CMT reagent in their ability to detect high SCC (>400,000 cells/ml milk). Sensitivity and specificity of the CMT test were calculated for the different detergents and positive and negative predictive values were established. Results: The average sensitivities of the tests ranged from 28-75% for the Ethiopian detergents and 68-80% for the Nigerian detergents, compared to 76% for the UK domestic detergent. Test specificities were 84-98%, 93-97% and 96%, respectively. Conclusions: Overall, the detergents demonstrated higher specificity than sensitivity. Nigerian detergents performed better than the Ethiopian products, however, the study identified suitable domestic detergents from both Ethiopia and Nigeria, comparable to the UK commercial CMT reagent, and we recommend their use as alternative CMT reagents for livestock-keepers to aid in cost-effective diagnosis of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D. Rust
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Michael J. Christian
- Centre for Supporting Evidence Based Interventions-Livestock, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Ciara J. Vance
- Centre for Supporting Evidence Based Interventions-Livestock, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | | - Johanna T. Wong
- Centre for Supporting Evidence Based Interventions-Livestock, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jeimmy Suarez-Martinez
- Centre for Supporting Evidence Based Interventions-Livestock, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Fiona K. Allan
- Centre for Supporting Evidence Based Interventions-Livestock, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Andrew R. Peters
- Centre for Supporting Evidence Based Interventions-Livestock, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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Pangprasit N, Srithanasuwan A, Intanon M, Suriyasathaporn W, Chaisri W. Clinical field trial of parenteral amoxicillin for the treatment of clinical and subclinical mastitis in smallholder dairy farms in the upper region of Northern Thailand. Vet World 2023; 16:792-798. [PMID: 37235160 PMCID: PMC10206963 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.792-798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Mastitis, primarily caused by intramammary bacterial infection, is the most expensive disease in the global dairy industry due to its negative impact on milk composition and manufacturing properties. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of parenteral amoxicillin in the treatment of clinical and subclinical mastitis in smallholder dairy farms in Northern Thailand. Materials and Methods A total of 51 cows with clinical and subclinical mastitis from dairy cooperatives in Lamphun and Chiang Mai provinces, Northern Thailand, were enrolled in this study. Conventional bacteriological procedures were applied to identify the causative bacteria in milk samples from these cows before and 7 days after treatment, and antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted using the disk diffusion method for all bacteria isolated before treatment. All cows with mastitis were administered 15 mg/kg of amoxicillin (LONGAMOX®, Syva Laboratories SA, Spain) intramuscularly every other day for 3 days. Results Environmental streptococcal bacteria (Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus spp.) were commonly isolated from infected quarters and were highly susceptible to amoxicillin (100%). The clinical efficacy of amoxicillin treatment for clinical mastitis cases was 80.43%, and the bacteriological efficacy was 47.82%, with opportunistic staphylococcal bacteria (coagulase-negative staphylococci) and contagious streptococcal bacteria (Streptococcus agalactiae) being the most sensitive microorganisms (100%). In subclinical mastitis cases, the bacteriological efficacy of parenteral amoxicillin was 70.45%, with environmental streptococcal bacteria (S. uberis) being the most (100%) sensitive microorganisms. Conclusion Amoxicillin is highly efficacious and can be used to treat clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cows, particularly mastitis caused by environmental Streptococcus spp. These findings could be used to guide treatment regimens in veterinary practice in smallholder dairy farms in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noppason Pangprasit
- Department of Livestock Clinics, Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thamarat 80160, Thailand
- Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Anyaphat Srithanasuwan
- Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Montira Intanon
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Witaya Suriyasathaporn
- Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Wasana Chaisri
- Department of Food Animal Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
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Feyissa N, Alemu T, Jirata Birri D, Desalegn A, Sombo M, Abera S. Isolation and Determination of Antibacterial Sensitivity Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus from Lactating Cows in West Shewa Zone, Ethiopia. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:3142231. [PMID: 37025105 PMCID: PMC10072958 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3142231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus (S.) aureus is one of the etiologies of bovine mastitis, hindering milk production and productivity in dairy farms. This study was aimed at assessing the distribution of bovine mastitis and the isolation rate of S. aureus in milked cows of West Shewa Zone. The clinical mastitis was diagnosed by physical methods including observation and palpation, whereas the subclinical mastitis was tested by the California mastitis test (CMT). All of the cows tested for mastitis were aseptically sampled (teat-milk) for bacteriology. The bacterium was primarily identified based on colony characterization, catalase, coagulase tests, and Gram stain reaction. Finally, MALDI-TOF Biotyper confirmed the species. The antibacterial sensitivity characteristics of the isolates to different antibacterial drugs were tested by the disk diffusion method. The drugs were selected based on the frequent usage in veterinary medicine in the study area. By using particular primers, the presence of the resistance (mecA and blaZ), and thermonuclease (nuc) genes were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The data were analyzed by R statistical software. The associations between the dependent variables (prevalence of mastitis and S. aureus) and the explanatory variables were analysed by chi-square (χ2) and logistic regression tests at a 95% confidence interval (CI). Accordingly, 258 lactating cows were examined, of which 97 (37.6%) were mastitis positive. Of these mastitis positive cows, 59 (60.8%) were subclinical and 38 (39.2%) were clinical. Among the 258 milk samples, 43 (16.7%) were positive for S. aureus. According to the results of the current investigation, subclinical mastitis was significantly more prevalent than clinical mastitis (
). The disease was found varied with the lactation stage of the animal, milking with washed hand, udder washing before milking, and tick infestation of the teat. In comparison to animals from farms with lower number of lactating cows, the prevalence of the bacteria was significantly higher in animals managed in farms with large (OR = 12.58, 95% CI = 2.33–68.54, and
) and medium (OR = 12.58, 95% CI = 2.33–68.54, and
) population of lactating cows per herd. The isoation rate of the bacterium was also found significantly higher in tick-infested cows (OR = 27.69, 95% CI = 9.71–93.01, and
) than tick free cows. The antibiogram tests revealed that the isolates resisted penicillin G and tetracycline group drugs (oxytetracycline and tetracycline). Moreover, the nuc gene was confirmed to be present in all of the examined isolates. However, they were not found harboring blaZ and mecA genes. We concluded that S. aureus is sustaining as a main causative agent of bovine mastitis, and they were resistant to the frequently used antibiotics in public and veterinary medicines in the study areas. Therefore, research-based interventions need to be taken in action to combat the pathogen.
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Bacterial Etiologies of Subclinical Mastitis in Cows Jos Metropolis, Nigeria. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2022-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of subclinical mastitis and its contagious and environmental bacterial causes in dairy cows in Jos Metro polis of Plateau State. A total of 208 milk samples were collected aseptically from 52 lactating cows and subjected to the California Mastitis Tests (CMT). Milk samples were transferred into peptone water broth for enrichment, followed with bacteriological assays and biochemical identification of bacteria. Using R Commander version 3.6.2, data such as: breed, age, parity, lactation, and management system of cows were collected, and analysed to determine their relationship with bovine subclinical mastitis. Out of 208 quarter milk samples collected from 52 cows, 35.09 % showed subclinical mastitis. While the Cross-breed cows had 15 % subclinical mastitis recorded, the White Fulani had 78.13 %. Cows of the age 3 to 5 years had the highest prevalence of mastitis, while cows with 4 to 6 calves showed the highest prevalence in the parity category. The early lactation stage of these cows showed the highest prevalence. The environmental bacteria isolated where E. coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, C. freundii, K. aerogenes, and Proteus sp. with E. coli having the highest frequency of 40.86 %, followed by K. Pneumoniae with 17.79 %. The contagious bacteria isolated were S. aureus, S. agalactiae, and Corynebacterium sp. with S. aureus occurring most with 69.71 %. This study concluded that the prevalence of subclinical mastitis is high in cows in the study area. It was also discovered that the breed of cow, age of cow, parity number, stage of lactation and husbandry systems have an impact on subclinical mastitis. S. aureus with the highest frequency, indicated that contagious microbes have more effect on subclinical mastitis than environmental microbes.
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Safety and Quality of Milk and Milk Products in Senegal—A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213479. [PMID: 36360092 PMCID: PMC9656659 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically, local milk production in Senegal has struggled to keep up with the demands of consumers, so there has been a heavy reliance on imported milk and milk products. More recently, efforts have been made to improve local dairy production by establishing large, organized dairies that collect milk from rural production areas and developing small-scale processing units, such as mini dairies. The local dairy value chain in Senegal consists of (1) informal collection systems where farmers commonly deliver milk directly to dairies; (2) traditional and artisanal processing using simple equipment and techniques; and (3) short local marketing and sale circuits. Most West African dairy sectors are dominated by raw, unpasteurized milk or traditional, spontaneously fermented milk products, such as lait caillé in Senegal, sold through small-scale channels without a cold chain, so the risk of food safety hazards may be increased. Microbiological, chemical, and physical hazards have been found in milk and milk products across West Africa. There is a need to educate milk producers, small-scale processors, and vendors on the importance of refrigerating milk immediately after milking as well as maintaining the cold chain until the milk is heat treated and, subsequently, until the milk is marketed to the consumer. However, without assistance, obtaining the equipment necessary for cold storage and processing of milk can be challenging.
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Aqib AI, Muzammil I, Naseer MA, Shoaib M, Bakht P, Zaheer T, Khan YR, Khan RL, Usman M, Shafeeq M, Tanveer Q, Hussain HI, Saleem A, Prince K. Pathological insights into camel mastitis. Acta Trop 2022; 231:106415. [PMID: 35421382 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Camel is a multipurpose animal bred to produce milk, meat, and transport and serves as a financial reserve for pastoralists by playing an important role in social prestige and prosperity. Camel milk is a good substitute for human milk because of its exceptional nutritional properties. Udder infections are considered one of the main limitations to camel farming. In recent decades, the disease has been reported by numerous camel-producing countries in Africa and Asia, such as Egypt, Somalia, Sudan, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, and Iraq. The current review provides an overview of the forms of camel mastitis, which can be clinical mastitis characterized by hardening and swelling of the breast, pain on palpation, and visible changes in the colour and texture of the milk or subclinical mastitis refers to the presence of inflammation with no obvious signs and it can be detected by indirect tests such as the California mastitis test (CMT), somatic cell count (SCC), and microbiological examination. Major pathogens of camel mastitis are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, and Corynebacterium bovis. Regarding the risk factors for camel mastitis, this study provides an overview of the most important risk factors such as severe tick infestation, teat injuries, hygienic milking protocols, and physiological disorders causing mastitis. The use of indirect tests and bacteriological studies as diagnostic tools and their values for detecting camel mastitis will also be reviewed. Based on the above, further epidemiological studies on camel mastitis are needed to have solid scientific data on disease transmission, pathogen characterization, other possible risk factors or diagnostic methods, and the impact of the disease on public health. Proper control strategies should be adopted through early diagnosis, treatment and by avoiding potential risk factors to get good quality milk from camels.
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Saleem HD, Razooqi MA, Gharban HAJ. Cumulative Effect of Subclinical Mastitis on Immunological and Biochemical Parameters in Cow Milk. ARCHIVES OF RAZI INSTITUTE 2021; 76:1629-1638. [PMID: 35546972 PMCID: PMC9083874 DOI: 10.22092/ari.2021.356311.1819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mastitis is a complex and multifactorial disease that leads to chemical, physical, and bacteriological changes in milk, which is associated with great economic losses. This study was carried out on lactating cows to investigate the effect of subclinical mastitis (SCM) on milk production through the estimation of immunological and biochemical characteristics of milk. Therefore, a total of 200 apparently-healthy lactating cows were randomly selected from different areas in Baghdad and Maysan provinces in Iraq from April to July 2021, and 100 ml of fresh milk was directly collected from each cow. Milk samples were examined by the California mastitis test (CMT), and IgG concentration in milk was estimated by the ELISA method. Moreover, the changes in biochemical parameters and enzymatic parameters were analyzed to determine the prevalence of SCM. Based on the results of the CMT test, the prevalence of SCM was 41.5% with a significant increase in a mild degree of severity (61.45%). IgG antibodies increased significantly in positive cows (4.92± 0.21 µg/ml). Significant prevalence of infection was observed among cows ≥5 years old compared to those <5 years, crossbred ones compared to natives, and those with lower milk production without udder/milk abnormalities, compared to cows with normal milk production. However, a significant difference was observed between the two regions under investigation (i.e., Baghdad and Maysan provinces of Iraq). Results of biochemical and enzymatic parameters showed significant increases in the concentration of Cl, FFA, and Na, and a reduction in LAC and TP, though not in Ca and K. The pH of mastitis milk was significantly higher. Although no significant difference was observed in the values of ALT and LDH, AST was increased in mastitis milk. In conclusion, this study is one of the first reports on the estimated concentration of IgG in mastitis milk samples in Iraq. Increases in the concentration of SSCs and IgG in milk can apply to the detection of intra-mammary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D Saleem
- Department of Density, Al-Manara College of Medical Sciences, Al-Manara, Iraq
| | - M A Razooqi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq
| | - H A J Gharban
- Department of Internal and Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wasit, Wasit, Iraq
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Fesseha H, Mathewos M, Aliye S, Wolde A. Study on Prevalence of Bovine Mastitis and Associated Risk Factors in Dairy Farms of Modjo Town and Suburbs, Central Oromia, Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2021; 12:271-283. [PMID: 34676155 PMCID: PMC8517530 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s323460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background In the global dairy industry, mastitis is the main economic significant disease of cattle. Milk and other dairy outputs are scarce in developed countries, including Ethiopia. Methods In this cross-sectional investigation in the Modjo district, milk samples were collected aseptically from 384 randomly selected lactating cattle to investigate the prevalence of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis and determine the possible risk factors and isolate bacterial pathogens causing mastitis. Besides, clinical mastitis cases have been reported by veterinarians based on milk, udder, or systemic cow anomalies, whereas the presence of subclinical mastitis was determined using California Mastitis Test (CMT). Results The research revealed that subclinical mastitis (71.02%) is more prevalent in dairy farms of the study area than in the clinical type (28.9%). The quarter-level frequency was 36.9%; from which, 34.9% and 3.4% were from subclinical form and blind teat, respectively. There was a significant correlation between the frequency of mastitis in lactating cows (p < 0.05) and factors, such as breed, age, body condition score, herd size, milking mastitic cow at the end, and previous mastitis history. The dominant mastitis-causing agents isolated in this study were Staphylococcus aureus (40.3%), Streptococcus species (24.3%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (12.5%), E. coli (8.3%), Staphylococcus hyicus (3.5%), and Staphylococcus intermedius (1.4%). The high occurrence of mastitis, particularly sub-clinical mastitis, revealed significant economic potential losses in dairy farms in the research district. Conclusion Therefore, appropriate measures aimed at increasing the understanding and hygiene milking methods of dairy farmers, routine monitoring for subclinical mastitis, dry cow therapy, and culling of chronically contaminated cows to reduce bovine mastitis and its impact on milk production and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haben Fesseha
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Mathewos
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Saliman Aliye
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Amanuel Wolde
- College of Agriculture, Department of Animal Health, Jinka University, Jinka, Ethiopia
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Khasanah H, Setyawan HB, Yulianto R, Widianingrum DC. Subclinical mastitis: Prevalence and risk factors in dairy cows in East Java, Indonesia. Vet World 2021; 14:2102-2108. [PMID: 34566327 PMCID: PMC8448626 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2102-2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is a disease that frequently attacks lactating dairy cows and possibly decreases production, causing economic losses to farmers. This study aimed to define the prevalence of SCM and risk factor-associated related management practice by dairy farmers in East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods The milk sample per quarter of individual lactating Friesian-Holstein cows (592 samples) was collected from 148 cows from 62 selected farms in the region with high dairy cattle populations in Malang, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto, Probolinggo, Pasuruan, Lumajang, Jember, and Banyuwangi. SCM determination was performed using the California mastitis test. A survey including field observation and interviews with farmers was conducted to find out the management practices of the selected farms. The analysis of risk factors was conducted by multinomial regression using the IBM SPSS version 26.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, Chicago, USA). Results In addition, 68.18% and 66.72% at the cow and quarter levels, respectively, of the lactating dairy cows examined had SCM. In multinomial regression, four variables were significantly given impact in association with the SCM prevalence in identifying related lactation stage (odds ratio [OR]: 1-2 months=5.67, 2-6 months=9.435), teat wiping after milking (OR=42.197), house cleanliness (OR: dirty=0.120, moderate=0.527), and location (regencies) of raising the cows (OR: Sidoarjo=0.076, Mojokerto=0.165, Jember=1.210, Probolinggo=3.449, Lumajang=1.638, Malang=1.210, and Pasuruan=0.681). Conclusion The SCM prevalence in East Java is relatively high and a threat to the dairy industry's performance. This study found a significant association with SCM that needs to be considered in the practice of management to prevent and control SCM. However, the finding also suggested that hygienic management practices performed by farmers need to be improved to reduce SCM incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himmatul Khasanah
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember, Jl. Kalimantan No 37, Jember 68121, Indonesia
| | - Hidayat Bambang Setyawan
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember, Jl. Kalimantan No 37, Jember 68121, Indonesia
| | - Roni Yulianto
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember, Jl. Kalimantan No 37, Jember 68121, Indonesia
| | - Desy Cahya Widianingrum
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember, Jl. Kalimantan No 37, Jember 68121, Indonesia
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Rust JD, Christian MJ, Vance CJ, Bolajoko MB, Wong JT, Suarez-Martinez J, Allan FK, Peters AR. A study of the effectiveness of a detergent-based California mastitis test (CMT), using Ethiopian and Nigerian domestic detergents, for the detection of high somatic cell counts in milk and their reliability compared to the commercial UK CMT. Gates Open Res 2021. [DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.13369.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The California mastitis test (CMT) is a simple cow-side indicator of the somatic cell count (SCC) in milk, providing a useful tool in identifying cases of subclinical mastitis in cattle. Mastitis, and in particular subclinical mastitis, is a major concern in Ethiopia and Nigeria, yet detection is challenging due to cost and access to commercial CMT reagents. Methods: Commercially available domestic detergents from Ethiopia and Nigeria were compared (n = 3 for each country) with the UK commercial CMT reagent in their ability to detect high SCC (>400,000 cells/ml milk). Sensitivity and specificity of the CMT test were calculated for the different detergents and positive and negative predictive values were established. Results: The average sensitivities of the tests ranged from 28-75% for the Ethiopian detergents and 68-80% for the Nigerian detergents, compared to 76% for the UK domestic detergent. Test specificities were 84-98%, 93-97% and 96%, respectively. Conclusions: Overall, the detergents demonstrated higher specificity than sensitivity. Nigerian detergents performed better than the Ethiopian products, however, the study identified suitable domestic detergents from both Ethiopia and Nigeria, comparable to the UK commercial CMT reagent, and we recommend their use as alternative CMT reagents for livestock-keepers to aid in cost-effective diagnosis of mastitis.
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Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Potential of Qicao Rukang Powder in Bovine Subclinical Mastitis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:2148186. [PMID: 34484387 PMCID: PMC8416365 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2148186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Subclinical mastitis is one of the most common reproductive diseases in dairy cows. Qicao Rukang powder is a Chinese herbal compound mixture developed to treat subclinical mastitis in dairy cows by clearing heat, tonifying qi, and improving blood and milk circulation. The study aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial efficacy of Qicao Rukang powder in treating subclinical mastitis in dairy cows at the manufacturer's recommended dose. Methods Forty (40) Holstein dairy cows with milk somatic cell count (SCC) ≥ 500,000 cellml−1 were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 20) and control (n = 20) groups. Cows in the treatment group were administered with 150 grams of Qicao Rukang powder orally for five days, while the control group received no treatment. The authors analyzed the milk SCC, milk composition, bacteriological cure rate of the drug, blood serum levels of interleukins (IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and interferon gamma (INF-γ) quantified by using ELISA kits on day 0 and day 6. Results SCC of the treated group reduced very significantly (P < 0.001) compared with the control group. Milk fat, protein, and total solids increased significantly (P < 0.05) after treatment, whereas lactose and milk urea nitrogen levels showed a nonsubstantial rise. The bacteriological cure percentage of Qicao Rukang powder therapy was 77.8% for Aeromonas spp. (14 of 18), 75% for Pseudomonas spp. (6 of 8), and 100% for Acinetobacter spp. and Enterococcus spp. giving 81.8% cured for all isolates (27 of 33). Only 26.7% (8 of 30) of untreated cows recovered spontaneously. Analysis of IL-1β, IL-6, and INF-γ in the blood serum of the treated group revealed a significant decrease (P < 0.01) with nonsignificant rises in TNF-α and IL-8 levels. Conclusions This research demonstrates that Qicao Rukang powder has potent antibacterial and anti-inflammatory actions, supporting its use as an alternative to conventional treatment for subclinical dairy cow mastitis. However, further investigations will be required to explain the role of the active ingredients and the mechanisms involved in the pharmacological activities of the Qicao Rukang powder.
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Amuta PO, Okolocha EC, Kudi CA, Gates MC. Assessing the perceptions and practices of peri-urban dairy farmers regarding bovine mastitis management in North-Western Nigeria. Prev Vet Med 2021; 194:105442. [PMID: 34371250 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peri-urban dairy farming is an emerging industry in sub-Saharan Africa that risks being undermined by diseases like bovine mastitis (BM) if farmers do not implement appropriate management programmes. However, little is currently known about farmer perceptions and practices towards BM due to challenges with accessing these herds for research. In this study, 49 intensive and 53 extensive peri-urban dairy farmers having ≥10 milking cows in Kaduna and Zaria metropolises, North-Western Nigeria were recruited through snowball sampling and on-farm interviews were conducted to collect information on herd demographics, milking procedures, and mastitis management. Descriptive statistics were provided for all study variables and statistical comparisons were made between intensive and extensive herds. The mean herd size was 33 milking cows (range: 11-62). A greater proportion of extensive herds contained only indigenous breeds of cattle (36/53; 68 %) compared with intensive herds (6/49; 12 %). Hand milking was the most common milking method across both herd types (93/102; 92 %). Intensive herds had better hand washing and udder cleaning practices, but there was no statistical difference between management systems with regards to floor, udder, and tail cleanliness. Only a small number of farms performed on-farm diagnosis of BM via strip cup test (4/102; 4%) or rapid mastitis test (3/102; 3%). Treatment of clinical mastitis was typically by intramuscular antibiotic injection (71/102; 70 %) or topically applied herbal preparations (14/102; 14 %). Dry cow intramammary therapy was only used by 6/46 intensive farms (13 %) and 1/53 extensive farms (2%). Most extensive herds (40/53; 76 %) reported milking cows with clinical mastitis after apparently healthy cows, however this practice was less common among intensive herds (5/49; 10 %). Extensive herds were less likely to request veterinary assistance for mastitis than intensive herds (17/53; 32 % versus 28/49; 57 %) and had higher perceived costs for treating BM cases. Intensive farmers reportedly received higher prices for milk than extensive farmers and perceived that BM was causing significantly more production losses in their herds. Only a small number of farmers (20/102; 20 %) kept mastitis treatment records for their herds. Overall, the study findings indicate that peri-urban dairy farmers may be lacking in awareness of BM impacts and access to basic resources to implement good practices such as hand washing between milking cows and antibiotic intramammary infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O Amuta
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Nigeria.
| | | | - Caleb A Kudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Kitila G, Kebede B, Wakgari M. Prevalence, aetiology and risk factors of mastitis of dairy cows kept under extensive management system in west Wollega, western Oromia, Ethiopia. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:1593-1599. [PMID: 33955690 PMCID: PMC8464273 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland that could either be clinical or subclinical, and can be caused by infectious agents. It has different aetiological pathogens such as Staphylococcusaureus, Streptococcusagalactiae, Escherichia coli that pose different economic and health impacts. In Ethiopia, previous studies on mastitis have been focused on semi‐intensive and intensive dairy production system. The objectives of this study were therefore to estimate prevalence, aetiology of causative pathogens and identify different risk factors of mastitis in extensive management systems. A total of 532 lactating cows were randomly selected for a cross‐sectional study carried out in four districts of west Wollega, western Oromia, Ethiopia. Result Based on the clinical examination and California mastitis test, 39.67% overall prevalence of mastitis on cow level was recorded. Of them, 16.70% and 22.70% were clinical and subclinical mastitis, respectively. Among 2,128 quarters examined 210 were blind teats. The associated risk factors age ≥8 years (16.35%), parity 1–3 calving (27.63%), milk yield 1–2 litres (21.98%), lactation stage <4 months (18.04%) and tick infestation (26.70%) were significantly associated in the occurrence of mastitis. Staphylococcus spp. (15.60%) were the dominant bacteria isolated from collected mastitic milk. Conclusion Mastitis is an important disease for dairy cows kept under an extensive management system. Its occurrence is determined by risk factors like age, parity, milk yield, lactation stage and tick infestation. This study is indicated Staphylococcus species as the major bacteria isolated from mastitic milk. This study warrants further study on the prevalence, aetiology, economic impact and potential risk factors of mastitis in dairy cows kept in extensive production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gutu Kitila
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Bedaso Kebede
- Veterinary Drug and Animal Feed Administration and Control Authority, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Moti Wakgari
- Bedelle Regional Veterinary Laboratory Center, Bedelle, Ethiopia.,College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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Krishnamoorthy P, Goudar AL, Suresh KP, Roy P. Global and countrywide prevalence of subclinical and clinical mastitis in dairy cattle and buffaloes by systematic review and meta-analysis. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:561-586. [PMID: 33892366 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CM) prevalence for various countries in the World were calculated by using online and offline databases. The SCM and CM prevalence studies reported during 1967-2019 were collected, reviewed, and a meta-analysis was done in R-Software. A total of 222 and 150 studies from the World and 103 and 37 studies from India on SCM and CM, respectively were included. The pooled prevalence of SCM and CM were 42% [Confidence Interval (CI) 38-45%, Prediction Interval (PI) 10-83%] and 15% [CI 12-19%, PI 1-81%] in the World respectively, 45% [CI 40-49%, PI 11-84%] and 18% [CI 14-23%, PI 3-60%] in India respectively. Continent-wise analysis indicated a higher prevalence of SCM in North America and CM in Europe and among the countries, a higher SCM prevalence in Uganda and CM in the United Kingdom was observed. Further, species-wise indicated a higher SCM and CM prevalence in buffaloes of the World than the cattle. Based on method-wise, SCM and CM prevalence were high in somatic cell count and clinical examination, respectively in the World. The SCM prevalence was higher than CM and indicated the importance of SCM in dairy cattle. This might result in low milk productivity in dairying and may set off losses to dairy farmers. Hence, there is an urgent need to reduce the SCM and CM prevalence by implementing scientific dairy management, good feeding practices, and timely therapeutic interventions for increasing the benefits from dairying to the farmers in the World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramanandham Krishnamoorthy
- Pathoepidemiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India.
| | - Akshata Lokanath Goudar
- Pathoepidemiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh
- Pathoepidemiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Pathoepidemiology Laboratory, ICAR- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Post Box No.6450, Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, India
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Campbell Z, Coleman P, Guest A, Kushwaha P, Ramuthivheli T, Osebe T, Perry B, Salt J. Prioritizing smallholder animal health needs in East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia using three approaches: Literature review, expert workshops, and practitioner surveys. Prev Vet Med 2021; 189:105279. [PMID: 33581421 PMCID: PMC8024747 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Managing the health needs of livestock contributes to reducing poverty and improving the livelihoods of smallholder and pastoralist livestock keepers globally. Animal health practitioners, producers, policymakers, and researchers all must prioritize how to mobilize limited resources. This study employed three approaches to prioritize animal health needs in East and West Africa and South Asia to identify diseases and syndromes that impact livestock keepers. The approaches were a) systematic literature review, b) a series of expert workshops, and c) a practitioner survey of veterinarians and para-veterinary professionals. The top constraints that emerged from all three approaches include endo/ ectoparasites, foot and mouth disease, brucellosis, peste des petits ruminants, Newcastle disease, and avian influenza. Expert workshops additionally identified contagious caprine pleuropneumonia, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, mastitis, and reproductive disorders as constraints not emphasized in the literature review. Practitioner survey results additionally identified nutrition as a constraint for smallholder dairy and pastoralist small ruminant production. Experts attending the workshops agreed most constraints can be managed using existing veterinary technologies and best husbandry practices, which supports a shift away from focusing on individual diseases and new technologies towards addressing systemic challenges that limit access to veterinary services and inputs. Few research studies focused on incidence/ prevalence of disease and impact, suggesting better incorporation of socio-economic impact measures in future research would better represent the interests of livestock keepers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë Campbell
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
| | - Paul Coleman
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Guest
- H20 Venture Partners, 33-35 George Street, Oxford, OX1 2AY, United Kingdom
| | - Peetambar Kushwaha
- GALVmed Asia Office, Unit 118 & 120 B, Splendor Forum, Plot No 3, Jasola District Centre, Jasola, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Thembinkosi Ramuthivheli
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tom Osebe
- GALVmed Africa Office, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Swing One, Naivasha Road, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian Perry
- Nuffield College of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Arthurstone House, Meigle, Blairgowrie, PH12 8QW, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Salt
- GALVmed UK Office, Doherty Building, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik Edinburgh, EH26 0PZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Rahularaj R, Deshapriya RMC, Ranasinghe RMSBK. Influence of bovine sub-clinical mastitis and associated risk factors on calving interval in a population of crossbred lactating cows in Sri Lanka. Trop Anim Health Prod 2019; 51:2413-2419. [PMID: 31187408 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-01957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A study was carried out to identify prevalence and risk factors for bovine subclinical mastitis (SCM) in crossbred lactating cows within the Kurunagala district of Sri Lanka. In this study, 283 crossbred cows (Jersey x Shahiwal) from randomly selected medium- and relatively large-scale dairy farms were screened for SCM. The Californian mastitis test (CMT) plus microbiological analyses were employed for screening. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect information on the cows and their management. When screening was based only on CMT, the prevalence of SCM was 49%, and it was 44% if based on both CMT and pathogen isolation. The isolated pathogens were Staphylococcus spp. (80%, 98/123), Escherichia coli (14%, 17/123), Streptococcus spp. (3%, 4/123) and Pasteurella multocida (3%, 4/123). The age, parity and milk yield showed positive correlations with SCM (p < 0.05). The prevalence of SCM was relatively high after the fifth parity (p = 0.03, odds ratio = 9.49). A positive correlation of increase in calving interval (more than 18 months) with SCM was observed. The prevalence of SCM on the dairy farms can be reduced by implementing more hygienic management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rahularaj
- Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - R M C Deshapriya
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.
| | - R M S B K Ranasinghe
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
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Tesfaye B, Matios L, Getachew T, Tafesse K, Abebe O, Letebrihan Y, Mekdes T, Tilaye D. Study on bovine mastitis with isolation of bacterial and fungal causal agents and assessing antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolated Staphylococcus species in and around Sebeta town, Ethiopia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2018.8909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Pang M, Xie X, Bao H, Sun L, He T, Zhao H, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Zhang H, Wei R, Xie K, Wang R. Insights Into the Bovine Milk Microbiota in Dairy Farms With Different Incidence Rates of Subclinical Mastitis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2379. [PMID: 30459717 PMCID: PMC6232673 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis continues to be a complex disease associated with significant economic loss in dairy industries worldwide. The incidence rate of subclinical mastitis (IRSCM) can show substantial variation among different farms; however, the milk microbiota, which have a direct influence on bovine mammary gland health, have never been associated with the IRSCM. Here, we aimed to use high-throughput DNA sequencing to describe the milk microbiota from two dairy farms with different IRSCMs and to identify the predominant mastitis pathogens along with commensal or potential beneficial bacteria. Our study showed that Klebsiella, Escherichia-Shigella, and Streptococcus were the mastitis-causing pathogens in farm A (with a lower IRSCM), while Streptococcus and Corynebacterium were the mastitis-causing pathogens in farm B (with a higher IRSCM). The relative abundance of all pathogens in farm B (22.12%) was higher than that in farm A (9.82%). However, the genus Bacillus was more prevalent in farm A. These results may be helpful for explaining the lower IRSCM in farm A. Additionally, the gut-associated genera Prevotella, Ruminococcus, Bacteroides, Rikenella, and Alistipes were prevalent in all milk samples, suggesting gut bacteria can be one of the predominant microbial contamination in milk. Moreover, Listeria monocytogenes (a foodborne pathogen) was found to be prevalent in farm A, even though it had a lower IRSCM. Overall, our study showed complex diversity between the milk microbiota in dairy farms with different IRSCMs. This suggests that variation in IRSCMs may not only be determined by the heterogeneity and prevalence of mastitis-causing pathogens but also be associated with potential beneficial bacteria. In the future, milk microbiota should be considered in bovine mammary gland health management. This would be helpful for both the establishment of a targeted mastitis control system and the control of the safety and quality of dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoda Pang
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Ministry of Agriculture, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongduo Bao
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lichang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao He
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruicheng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Kaizhou Xie
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Control Technology and Standard for Agro-product Safety and Quality, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Hambali IU, Bhutto KR, Jesse FFA, Lawan A, Odhah MN, Wahid AH, Azmi MLM, Zakaria Z, Arsalan M, Muhammad NA, Jefri MN. Clinical responses in cows vaccinated with a developed prototype killed Staphylococcus aureus mastitis vaccine. Microb Pathog 2018; 124:101-105. [PMID: 30114463 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the udder that occurs as a result of the release of leucocytes into the udder in a response to bacterial invasion. The major causes of mastitis are an array of gram positive and negative bacteria, however, algae, virus, fungi, mechanical or thermal injury to the gland have also been identified as possible causes. Mastitis vaccines are yet to be developed using Malaysian local isolate of bacteria. The objective of the present experimental trial was to develop a monovalent vaccine against mastitis using S. aureus of Malaysian isolate and to evaluate the clinical responses such as temperature, respiratory rates and heart rates in vaccinated cows. S. aureus is a major causative bacteria in clinical and subclinical types of mastitis in cows. Four concentrations of the bacterin (106, 107, 108 and 109 cfu/ml of the local isolate of S. aureus) were prepared using Aluminium potassium sulfate adjuvant. Thirty cows were grouped into four treatment groups (B, C, D and E) with a fifth group as control (A). These groups were vaccinated intramuscularly(IM) with the prepared monovalent vaccine and its influence on the vital signs were intermittently measured. The mean of rectal temperature was significantly different (p˂ 0.05) at 0hr Post Vaccination [1]" in groups D and E (39.5 ± 0.15 °C and 39.4 ± 0.15 °C respectively) and at 3 h PV in groups C, D and E (39.8 ± 0.14 °C, 39.9 ± 0.14 °C and 40.3 ± 0.14 °C respectively) compared to the control group. This indicated a sharp increased rectal temperatures between 0hr and 3 h PV in groups C, D and E which later declined at 24 h PV. The mean of rectal temperature of group E was significantly different (p˂ 0.05) at weeks 1 and 2 PV (39.87 ± 0.19 °C and 39.80 ± 0.18 °C respectively) compared to the control group. The mean of heart rate was significantly different (p˂ 0.05) at week 1 PV in groups D and E (83.0 ± 3.8 beats/minute and 80.0 ± 3.8 °C respectively) compared to control. A trending decrease was however observed in heart rates of group E from weeks through 4 PV and in group D from weeks 1 through 3 PV. The mean of respiratory rates was significantly different (p˂ 0.05) at week 3 PV in group B and D (31.0 ± 1.2 breaths/minute and 28.0 ± 1.2 breaths/minute) compared to control. In conclusion, this study highlights responses of these vital signs due to vaccination against S. aureus causing mastitis in cows. To the best of our knowledge the findings of this study adds value to the shallow literature on vital signs alterations in cows vaccinated against mastitis as elevated levels of temperature and heart rates of group D and E indicated obvious response.
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Affiliation(s)
- I U Hambali
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Public health and Preventive Medicine, University of Maiduguri, 600233, Nigeria.
| | - K R Bhutto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Directorate of Veterinary Research and Diagnosis, Livestock and Fisheries Department, 70050, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - F F A Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Research Centre for Ruminant Disease, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - A Lawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, 600233, Nigeria
| | - M N Odhah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, 39, Yemen
| | - A H Wahid
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M L Mohd Azmi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Z Zakaria
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M Arsalan
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Directorate of Animal Health, Livestock and Dairy Development Department Baluchistan, 87300, Pakistan
| | - N A Muhammad
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary and Animal Science Lahore, 54500, Pakistan
| | - M N Jefri
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Olatoye O, Amosun A, Ogbu U, Okunlade Y. Bulk tank somatic cell count and associated microbial quality of milk from selected dairy cattle herds in Oyo State, Nigeria. Ital J Food Saf 2018; 7:7130. [PMID: 30046555 PMCID: PMC6036998 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2018.7130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvement of traditional and nomadic milk production through dairy development program in Nigeria requires routine quality and safety monitoring of milk both at herd level and milk collection centers. A total of 411 bulk raw milk samples aseptically obtained from Ibarapa, Oyo and Oke-Ogun industrial milk collection centers were subjected to California Mastitis Test (CMT), Bulk Somatic Cell Count (BSCC) and bacteriological analysis for assessment of quality and safety of milk from the herds. One hundred and seven (26.0%) of the samples were CMT positive, while 74.0% were negative to CMT. The overall mean BSCC, TAC and TCC were 1.27×103 ± cells/mL, 1.12×103± 34 cfu/mL, 97.8±9.8 cfu/mL in the CMT negative milk samples while for the strong positive samples the mean BSCC, TAC and TCC were 4.33×106 ± cells/mL, 2.35×106 ± 453 cfu/mL, 189.3±41.1 cfu/mL respectively; these were higher than the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance acceptable limits. Positive correlation was found between CMT scores and bacterial contamination and between CMT scores and SCC was recorded. About 26.0% of the samples with positive CMT could be considered unsafe due to strong correlation with microbial contamination that could result in milk borne zoonoses and public health hazards. However, a greater proportion (76.9%) of the milk with negative CMT scores could be safe for human consumption after post-harvest pasteurization. Consequently, there is need to improve handling, environmental and milking hygiene; as well as proper herd and udder health management to improve quality and safety of Nigeria dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olufemi Olatoye
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.,Paul Allen G. School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Adesola Amosun
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Uzo Ogbu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Yemi Okunlade
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ibadan, Nigeria
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Kher MN, Sheth NR, Bhatt VD. In Vitro Antibacterial Evaluation of Terminalia chebula as an Alternative of Antibiotics against Bovine Subclinical Mastitis. Anim Biotechnol 2018; 30:151-158. [PMID: 29592658 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2018.1451752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The extent of subclinical mastitis in three breeds of cattle, Kankrej, Gir, and Crossbred, was performed at cattle farms in Anand town of Gujarat State, India. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis in crossbred cattle was higher compared to local breed of cattle. Causative agents identified using 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular method were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus megaterium. In vitro antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extract of plant Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae) was checked by agar well diffusion method against four isolated and molecularly identified microorganisms. Ethyl acetate extract shows antimicrobial activity with varying magnitudes against all identified isolates. Among the three different concentrations, 500 µg/mL conc. of extract is as effective as that of standard amoxicillin. In vitro results support the use of plant extract from T. chebula as an alternative to antibiotics therapy against bovine subclinical mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh N Kher
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat , India
| | - Navin R Sheth
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat , India
| | - Vaibhav D Bhatt
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Saurashtra University , Rajkot , Gujarat , India
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Suleiman TS, Karimuribo ED, Mdegela RH. Prevalence of bovine subclinical mastitis and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of major mastitis pathogens isolated in Unguja island of Zanzibar, Tanzania. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 50:259-266. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1424-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Relationship between teat morphological traits and subclinical mastitis in Frieswal dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:1623-1629. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abebe R, Hatiya H, Abera M, Megersa B, Asmare K. Bovine mastitis: prevalence, risk factors and isolation of Staphylococcus aureus in dairy herds at Hawassa milk shed, South Ethiopia. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:270. [PMID: 27912754 PMCID: PMC5135792 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastitis is a disease of major economic importance in dairy industry worldwide. It is of particular concern in developing countries like Ethiopia, where milk and milk products are scarce. The objectives of the study were to estimate the prevalence of mastitis, identify the cow-and herd-level potential risk factors and isolate Staphylococcus aureus, one of etiological agents for contagious mastitis, from cows positive for mastitis. A total of 529 lactating cows selected randomly from 95 herds were screened by California mastitis test (CMT) for sub-clinical mastitis. Also 172 milk samples collected from CMT positive cows were cultured for isolation of S. aureus. RESULTS Based on CMT result and clinical examination, the prevalence of mastitis at herd-level was 74.7% (95% CI: 64.5, 82.8). The corresponding cow-level prevalence was 62.6% (95% CI: 58.3, 66.7), of which 59.2 and 3.4% were sub-clinical and clinical mastitis cases, respectively. S. aureus was isolated from 51.2% of the milk samples cultured and 73.2% of the herds affected with mastitis. In the multivariable logistic regression model, the herd-level factors significantly associated (p < 0.05) with the presence of mastitis were herd size, bedding material, and milking mastitic cows last, while at cow-level, breed, parity, stage of lactation, udder and leg hygiene, and teat end shape were noted to have a significant effect on mastitis occurrence. CONCLUSION The very high prevalence of mastitis, more importantly the sub-clinical one, in the herds examined revealed the huge potential economic loss the sector suffers. Perhaps this was attributed to lack of implementation of the routine mastitis prevention and control practices by all of the herd owners. The findings of this study warrants the need for strategic approach including dairy extension that focus on enhancing dairy farmers' awareness and practice of hygienic milking, regular screening for sub-clinical mastitis, dry cow therapy and culling of chronically infected cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmeto Abebe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O.Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Hagere Hatiya
- Animal and Fisheries Resources Development Bureau of Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples' Regional State, P.O.Box 309, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Mesele Abera
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O.Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Bekele Megersa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O.Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Asmare
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O.Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia
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Suleiman A, Bello M, Dzikwi AA, Talba AM, Grema HA, Geidam YA. Serological prevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in agro-pastoral areas of Nigeria. Trop Anim Health Prod 2015; 47:1033-42. [PMID: 25894821 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0824-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), an infection of cattle caused by the small colony biotype of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides (MmmSC), is a significant constraint to improved pastoral cattle productivity in sub-Saharan Africa. This cross-sectional study was aimed to estimate serological prevalence of CBPP and identify risk factors for herd sero-positivity within agro-pastoral areas of Nigeria. RESULTS The herd level prevalence of CBPP was 54.7% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.7-62.0), and proportion of animals with detectable MmmSC monoclonal antibody was 30.2% (95% CI = 26.3-34.4). Herds were more likely to be sero-positive if they were potentially exposed to recent CBPP outbreaks (odds ratio (OR) = 4.9, 95% CI = 2.4-10.1) or of larger sizes (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.2-7.5). Herds vaccinated against the disease had lower odds of being sero-positive (OR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.02-0.6) than unvaccinated herds. CONCLUSIONS CBPP is endemic to agro-pastoral areas, and it is doubtful if the current control strategies are making real impact in reducing production losses. Although eradication is more likely to be achieved through regional approaches, enhanced vaccination coverage supported with targeted surveillance and a trace back system based on cattle trade and movement records will sustain effective control of the disease in the Nigerian cattle population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Suleiman
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru Campus, Zaria, Nigeria,
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The prevalence of heifer mastitis and its associated risk factors in Huanggang, Central China. Trop Anim Health Prod 2014; 47:87-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-014-0689-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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