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Park JW, Lee EJ, Moon E, Kim HL, Kim IB, Hodzic D, Kim N, Kweon HS, Kim JW. Orthodenticle homeobox 2 is transported to lysosomes by nuclear budding vesicles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1111. [PMID: 36849521 PMCID: PMC9971051 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are transported from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and disappear from the nucleus after they regulate gene expression. Here, we discover an unconventional nuclear export of the TF, orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2), in nuclear budding vesicles, which transport OTX2 to the lysosome. We further find that torsin1a (Tor1a) is responsible for scission of the inner nuclear vesicle, which captures OTX2 using the LINC complex. Consistent with this, in cells expressing an ATPase-inactive Tor1aΔE mutant and the LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) breaker KASH2, OTX2 accumulated and formed aggregates in the nucleus. Consequently, in the mice expressing Tor1aΔE and KASH2, OTX2 could not be secreted from the choroid plexus for transfer to the visual cortex, leading to failed development of parvalbumin neurons and reduced visual acuity. Together, our results suggest that unconventional nuclear egress and secretion of OTX2 are necessary not only to induce functional changes in recipient cells but also to prevent aggregation in donor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Eunyoung Moon
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, South Korea
| | - Hong-Lim Kim
- Integrative Research Support Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Integrative Research Support Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Didier Hodzic
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Namsuk Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.,Neurovascular Unit, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, South Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Kweon
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, South Korea
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
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Rizvi I, Hisamuddin M, Malik A, Khan RH. Identification of mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) Rep interacting partners using phage display and influence of Arabidopsis thaliana MCM3 on geminivirus DNA replication. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:10507-10517. [PMID: 34121621 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1935319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Geminiviruses consist of a single-stranded DNA genome that replicates by a rolling circle (RCR) and recombination-dependent (RDR) modes of replication. The AC1 or Rep is the indispensable viral protein required for the RCR mode of replication. Since these viruses encode only a few proteins, they depend on several host factors for replication, transcription, and other physiological processes. To get insights into the repertoire of host factors influencing the replication of geminiviruses, we performed phage display experiments which led to the identification of putative mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) Rep interacting host proteins. These proteins might directly or indirectly participate in geminivirus biology. MCM3 was one of the Rep-interacting partners obtained in the phage display results. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), the interaction of the MYMIV Rep with Arabidopsis thaliana MCM3 (AtMCM3) was confirmed. We report the involvement of AtMCM3 in the replication of MYMIV DNA through an ex vivo system. The physiological relevance of the interaction between AtMCM3 and MYMIV Rep is reflected by yeast replication assay.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irum Rizvi
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.,International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Malik Hisamuddin
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Ajamaluddin Malik
- Department of Biochemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rizwan Hasan Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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Wu X, Kong J, Yao Z, Sun H, Liu Y, Wu Z, Liu J, Zhang H, Huang H, Wang J, Chen M, Zeng Y, Huang Y, Chen F, Xie Q, Zhang X. A new rapid and sensitive method for detecting chicken infectious anemia virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:994651. [PMID: 36246275 PMCID: PMC9558101 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.994651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) was discovered in 1979, which has been reported as an economically significant and immunosuppressive poultry disease in the world. A novel clinical detection method for the prevention and control of CIAV in the poultry sector is urgently needed. Here, we established a real-time recombinase-aided amplification assay (RAA) for CIAV on-site with a rapid, highly sensitive, strongly specific, low-cost, and simple operational molecular diagnosis detection method. The primers and probe were developed using the CIAV VP2 gene sequence, which has a 117-bp specific band. This assay, which could be carried out at 41°C and completed in 30 min without cross-reactivity with other viruses, had the lowest detection limit of 10 copies of CIAV DNA molecules per reaction. Furthermore, the kappa value of this assay was 0.947, the sensitivity was 93.33%, and the specificity was 100% when compared to the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay (real-time qPCR). These results indicate that using a real-time RAA assay to detect CIAV on-site could be beneficial. In the future, the real-time RAA test may be a regular assay for the prevention and control of CIAV, as well as help the reduction of economic losses in the poultry business.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhong Wu
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Kong
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqi Yao
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hejing Sun
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanjia Liu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Wen’s Group Academy, Wen’s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, Xinxing, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- Wen’s Group Academy, Wen’s Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd, Yunfu, Xinxing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haohua Huang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengjun Chen
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yichen Zeng
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinpeng Huang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qingmei Xie,
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- Heyuan Branch, Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Vector Vaccine of Animal Virus, Guangzhou, China
- South China Collaborative Innovation Center for Poultry Disease Control and Product Safety, Guangzhou, China
- Xinheng Zhang,
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Chen JK, Hsiao C, Lo AR, Wang CY. Characterization of the nuclear localization sequence of beak and feather disease virus capsid proteins and their assembly into virus-like particles. Virus Res 2020; 289:198144. [PMID: 32889107 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) is a single-stranded circular DNA icosahedral virus that belongs to the Circoviridae family. This virus is the causative pathogen of beak and feather disease, which leads to feather loss, malformed claws, and immunosuppression of psittacine birds. Our study produced BFDV virus-like particles (VLPs) including capsid proteins, mutant Cap proteins (Cap ΔNLS54, Cap ΔNLS62, Cap C228S, and Cap ΔNES) and chimeric Cap proteins carrying the epitope (amino acid residues 64-70) of the replication-associated protein (R-Cap, Cap-R, R-Cap ΔNLS54, and Cap ΔNLS54-R). All of the aforementioned VLPs were observed via transmission electron microscopy and verified through immunogold labeling. The nuclear localization sequence (NLS) of the Cap protein was identified between amino acid residues 55-62. Nuclear export of the Cap protein depended on the nuclear export sequence (NES). All VLPs except Cap ΔNLS62 and Cap ΔNES entered the cells 2 h post-infection (hpi) and were shuttled into the nucleus at 8 hpi. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) blocked the nuclear entry of Cap proteins at 8 hpi and the nuclear export of Cap proteins at 16 hpi was inhibited by leptomycin B. The nuclear entry of Cap protein was inhibited by importin α and importin β inhibitors, as well as NLS peptides. Moreover, the interactions of Cap proteins and Cap VLPs with both importin α and importin β were characterized via the GST pull-down and immunofluorescence assays. These interactions were blocked by the presence of importin α and importin β inhibitors, as well as NLS peptides. Therefore, our study is the first to describe the precise position of the NLS of the BFDV Cap protein and the interaction of Cap protein with importin α and importin β in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Kai Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chiaolong Hsiao
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - An-Ru Lo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Young Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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Wu Q, Xu X, Chen Q, Ji J, Kan Y, Yao L, Xie Q. Genetic Analysis of Avian Gyrovirus 2 Variant-Related Gyrovirus Detected in Farmed King Ratsnake ( Elaphe carinata): The First Report from China. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040185. [PMID: 31614719 PMCID: PMC6963503 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian gyrovirus 2 (AGV2), which is similar to chicken infectious anemia virus, is a new member of the genus Gyrovirus. AGV2 has been detected not only in chicken but also in human tissues and feces. This study analyzed 91 samples (8 from liver tissue and 83 from fecal samples) collected from king ratsnakes (Elaphe carinata) from 7 separate farms in Hubei and Henan, China, for AGV2 DNA using PCR. The results demonstrated a low positive rate of AGV2 (6.59%, 6/91) in the snakes, and all the positive samples were collected from the same farm. The AGV2 strain HB2018S1 was sequenced, and its 2376 nt genome comprised three partially overlapping open reading frames: VP1, VP2, and VP3. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HB2018S1 and NX1506-1 strains from chickens in China belong to the same clade and that they have a nucleotide identity as high as 99.5%. Additionally, recombination analysis showed that HB2018S1 might originate from the recombination of viruses similar to those detected in chickens and a ferret. A total of 10 amino acid mutation sites (44(R/K), 74(T/A), 256 (C/R), 279(L/Q), and 373(V/A) in AGV2 VP1; 60(I/T), 125(T/I), 213(D/N), and 215(L/S) in AGV2 VP2; and 83(H/Y) in AGV2 VP3) different from those observed in most reference strains were found in the genome of HB2018S1, indicating that the differences may be related to a transboundary movement among hosts, which needs further elucidation. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report on an AGV2-infected poikilotherm, suggesting that cross-host transmission of viruses with circular single-stranded DNA genomes would be a public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Xin Xu
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Qinxi Chen
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Jun Ji
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Yunchao Kan
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Lunguang Yao
- Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, Henan Provincial Engineering and Technology Center of Health Products for Livestock and Poultry, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
| | - Qingmei Xie
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Cheng JH, Lai GH, Lien YY, Sun FC, Hsu SL, Chuang PC, Lee MS. Identification of nuclear localization signal and nuclear export signal of VP1 from the chicken anemia virus and effects on VP2 shuttling in cells. Virol J 2019; 16:45. [PMID: 30953524 PMCID: PMC6451244 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND VP1 of the chicken anemia virus (CAV) is a structural protein that is required for virus encapsulation. VP1 proteins are present both in the nucleus and cytoplasm; however, the functional nuclear localization signal (NLS) and nuclear export signal (NES) of VP1 are still unknown. This study aimed to characterize the NLS and NES motifs of VP1 using bioinformatics methods and multiple-site fragment deletions, and investigate shuttling of VP2 from nucleus to cytoplasm by co-transfection with VP1. METHODS Two putative NLS motifs were predicted by the WoLF PSORT and NLStradamus programs from the amino acid sequence of VP1. Three NES motifs of VP1 were predicted by the NetNES 1.1 Server and ELM server programs. All mutants were created by multiple-site fragment deletion mutagenesis. VP1 and VP2 were co-expressed in cells using plasmid transfection. RESULTS A functional NLS motif was identified at amino acid residues 3 to 10 (RRARRPRG) of VP1. Critical amino acids 3 to 10 were significantly involved in nuclear import in cells and were evaluated using systematic deletion mutagenesis. Three NES motifs of VP1 were predicted by the NetNES 1.1 Server and ELM server programs. A functional NES was identified at amino acid residues 375 to 388 (ELDTNFFTLYVAQ). Leptomycin B (LMB) treatment demonstrated that VP1 export from nucleus to cytoplasm occurred through a chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1)-dependent pathway. With co-expression of VP1 and VP2 in cells, we observed that VP1 may transport VP2 from nucleus to cytoplasm. CONCLUSION Our data showed that VP1 of CAV contained functional NLS and NES motifs that modulated nuclear import and export through a CRM1-dependent pathway. Further, VP1 may play a role in the transport of VP2 from nucleus to cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai-Hong Cheng
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Tai-Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 833
| | - Guan-Hua Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40402 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yang Lien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
- Research Center of Animal Biologics, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chun Sun
- Department of Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Ling Hsu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine; Fooyin University, School of Nursing, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chin Chuang
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, 123 Tai-Pei Road, Niao Sung District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 833
| | - Meng-Shiou Lee
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, 91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan
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Identification of the interaction and interaction domains of chicken anemia virus VP2 and VP3 proteins. Virology 2017; 513:188-194. [PMID: 29100148 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Chicken anemia virus (CAV) is a small, single-stranded DNA virus of Anelloviridae family. Its genome segments encode three proteins, VP1, VP2, and VP3. This study identified an interaction between VP2 and VP3 and mapped the interaction domains. Through the yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) system, VP2 was found to interact with VP3. The presence of the VP2-VP3 complex in CAV-infected chicken cells was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation. Confocal microscopy showed that VP2 and VP3 were expressed in the cytoplasm in cotransfected Vero cells. In the Y2H system, the interaction domains were identified as being within the N-terminal aa 1-30 and C-terminal aa 17-60 for VP2 and the N-terminal aa 46-60 and C-terminal aa 1-7 for VP3. This study showed the interaction between VP2 and VP3 of CAV and identified multiple independent interactive domains within the two proteins. This provides novel information for investigating the biological functions of these proteins.
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Lai GH, Lien YY, Lin MK, Cheng JH, Tzen JT, Sun FC, Lee MS, Chen HJ, Lee MS. VP2 of Chicken Anaemia Virus Interacts with Apoptin for Down-regulation of Apoptosis through De-phosphorylated Threonine 108 on Apoptin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14799. [PMID: 29093508 PMCID: PMC5665943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14558-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicken anaemia virus (CAV) is an important contagious agent that causes immunosuppressive disease in chickens. CAV Apoptin is a nucleoplasmic shuffling protein that induces apoptosis in chicken lymphoblastoid cells. In the present study, confocal microscopy revealed co-localisation of expressed CAV non-structural protein VP2 with Apoptin in the nucleus of MDCC-MSB1 cells and the nucleoplasmic compartment of CHO-K1 cells. In vitro pull-down and ex vivo biomolecular fluorescent complementation (BiFC) assays further showed that the VP2 protein directly interacts with Apoptin. Transient co-expression of VP2 and Apoptin in MDCC-MSB1 cells significantly decreased the rate of apoptosis compared with that in cells transfected with the Apoptin gene alone. In addition, the phosphorylation status of threonine 108 (Thr108) of Apoptin was found to decrease upon interaction with VP2. Although dephosphorylated Thr108 did not alter the subcellular distribution of Apoptin in the nucleus of MDCC-MSB1 cells, it did suppress apoptosis. These findings provide the first evidence that VP2 directly interacts with Apoptin in the nucleus to down-regulate apoptosis through alterations in the phosphorylation status of the latter. This information will be useful to further elucidate the underlying mechanism of viral replication in the CAV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hua Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yang Lien
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Kuem Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Jai-Hong Cheng
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, 83301, Taiwan
| | - Jason Tc Tzen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chun Sun
- Department of Bioresources, Da-Yeh University, Changhua, 515, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shiunn Lee
- Research Assistance Center, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Jien Chen
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei, 24301, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shiou Lee
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Science and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.
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Lai GH, Lin MK, Lien YY, Fu JH, Chen HJ, Huang CH, Tzen JTC, Lee MS. Expression and characterization of highly antigenic domains of chicken anemia virus viral VP2 and VP3 subunit proteins in a recombinant E. coli for sero-diagnostic applications. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:161. [PMID: 23937712 PMCID: PMC3751357 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chicken anemia virus (CAV) is an important viral pathogen that causes anemia and severe immunodeficiency syndrome in chickens worldwide. Generally, CAV infection occurs via vertical transmission in young chicks that are less than two weeks old, which are very susceptible to the disease. Therefore, epidemiological investigations of CAV infection and/or the evaluation of the immunization status of chickens is necessary for disease control. Up to the present, systematically assessing viral protein antigenicity and/or determining the immunorelevant domain(s) of viral proteins during serological testing for CAV infection has never been performed. The expression, production and antigenic characterization of CAV viral proteins such as VP1, VP2 and VP3, and their use in the development of diagnostic kit would be useful for CAV infection prevention. Results Three CAV viral proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 was separately cloned and expressed in recombinant E. coli. The purified recombinant CAV VP1, VP2 and VP3 proteins were then used as antigens in order to evaluate their reactivity against chicken sera using indirect ELISA. The results indicated that VP2 and VP3 show good immunoreactivity with CAV-positive chicken sera, whereas VP1 was found to show less immunoreactivity than VP2 and VP3. To carry out the further antigenic characterization of the immunorelevant domains of the VP2 and VP3 proteins, five recombinant VP2 subunit proteins (VP2-435N, VP2-396N, VP2-345N, VP2-171C and VP2-318C) and three recombinant VP3 subunit proteins (VP3-123N, VP3-246M, VP3-366C), spanning the defined regions of VP2 and VP3 were separately produced by an E. coli expression system. These peptides were then used as antigens in indirect ELISAs against chicken sera. The results of these ELISAs using truncated recombinant VP2 and VP3 subunit proteins as coating antigen showed that VP2-345N, VP2-396N and VP3-246M gave good immunoreactivity with CAV-positive chicken sera compared to the other subunit proteins. Moreover, the VP2-396N and VP2-345 based ELISAs had better sensitivity (97.5%) and excellent specificity (100%) during serodiagnosis testing using a mean plus three standard deviations cut-off. The VP3-246M based ELISA showed a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 100% at the same cut-off value. Conclusions This is the first report to systematically assess the antigenic characteristics of CAV viral proteins for sero-diagnosis purposes. Purified recombinant VP2-396N and VP2-345N subunit proteins, which span defined regions of VP2, were demonstrated to have good antigenicity and higher sensitivities than VP3-246M and were able to recognize CAV-positive chicken serum using an ELISA assay. The defined antigenicity potential of these chimeric subunit proteins produced by expression in E. coli seem to have potential and could be useful in the future for the development of the CAV diagnostic tests based on a subunit protein ELISA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Hua Lai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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