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Ruano ZM, Mateus TL, Chorense A, Santos-Silva S, Vieira-Pinto M. Seroprevalence study of brucellosis in wild boar hunted for private consumption in northeast Portugal. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1859-1865. [PMID: 38315322 PMCID: PMC11147839 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Brucellosis is an important infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. In the northeast region of Portugal, infection with Brucella melitensis is endemic in small ruminants, and there are also humans' cases. However, the epidemiological role of the wild boar in the dynamics of this disease in this region is unknown. In this study, a total of 332 blood samples were collected from wild boar hunted in thirty-six hunting areas during the 2022/2023 hunting season. All were taken by the hunters for private consumption, with no evisceration or examination in the field. Serum samples were tested by indirect ELISA (i-ELISA). It was observed that 88 wild boars were exposed to Brucella spp., pointing to a seroprevalence of 26.5% (95% CI: 21.8 - 31.3%). This high prevalence underlines the importance that wild boar may have in the dynamics of this disease in the region and its potential transmission to other animals, and to humans (for example, during the handling of carcasses). Increased awareness and knowledge of brucellosis in wild boar is essential for the implementation of effective practices and habits and, consequently, for the control and prevention of this important zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Martins Ruano
- Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Teresa Letra Mateus
- Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal.
- Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems ad Sustainability (CISAS), Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal.
- EpiUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Laboratório para a investigação integrativa e translacional em saúde populacional (ITR), Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº135, 4050-091, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Chorense
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Santos-Silva
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Vieira-Pinto
- Veterinary and Animal Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Lisbon, Portugal
- Center for Research and Development in Agrifood Systems ad Sustainability (CISAS), Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, 4900-347, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Apartado 1013, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
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Aurich S, Schneider J, Brangsch H, Koets A, Melzer F, Ewers C, Prenger-Berninghoff E. Brucella suis biovar 1 infection in a dog with orchitis in Germany. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1233118. [PMID: 37601758 PMCID: PMC10435866 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1233118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2021, a case of canine brucellosis diagnosed in a dog with orchitis was presented to a veterinary practice in Germany. Serological testing excluded Brucella (B.) canis as a causative agent, but molecular analysis revealed the presence of B. suis biovar 1. Since biovar 1 is not endemic in Europe and the dog had no history of travel to endemic areas, a comprehensive epidemiological investigation was conducted using whole genome sequence data to determine the source of infection. We describe the clinical progress of the animal and the potential infection of a veterinary clinic employee. The findings highlight the importance of considering less common Brucella species as possible causes of canine brucellosis. The data also emphasize that it is quite challenging to identify Brucella species in a routine diagnostic laboratory and to conduct epidemiological investigations to unveil possible transmission routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Aurich
- Department of Veterinary Science, Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Juliane Schneider
- Tierärztliche Klinik für Kleintiere am Kaiserberg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Hanka Brangsch
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Ad Koets
- Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Falk Melzer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Christa Ewers
- Department of Veterinary Science, Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Department of Veterinary Science, Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Rossi A, Santi A, Barsi F, Casadei G, Di Donato A, Fontana MC, Galletti G, Garbarino CA, Lombardini A, Musto C, Prosperi A, Pupillo G, Rugna G, Tamba M. Eleven Years of Health Monitoring in Wild Boars ( Sus scrofa) in the Emilia-Romagna Region (Italy). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1832. [PMID: 37889705 PMCID: PMC10252029 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the growth of wild ungulates has increased the focus on their health monitoring. In particular, the health status of wild boars is relevant for the economic impact on the pig industry. The Emilia-Romagna region activated a wildlife monitoring plan to better evaluate the health status of the wild boar population. Between 2011 and 2021, samples of found dead and hunted wild boar have been examined for trichinellosis, tuberculosis, brucellosis, african swine fever, classical swine fever, Aujeszky's disease, swine vesicular disease, and swine influenza A. Trichinella britovi was identified in 0.001% of the examined wild boars; neither M. bovis nor M. tuberculosis were found in M. tuberculosis complex positive samples; 2.3% were positive for Brucella suis; 29.4% of the sera were positive for Aujeszky's disease virus; and 0.9% of the samples were positive for swine influenza A virus. With an uncertain population estimate, the number of animals tested, the number of positives, and the sampling method do not allow us to make many inferences but suggest the need to implement and strengthen the existing surveillance activity, as it seems to be the only viable alternative for safeguarding animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Rossi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy (F.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.D.); (M.C.F.); (G.G.); (C.A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (G.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Annalisa Santi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy (F.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.D.); (M.C.F.); (G.G.); (C.A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (G.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Filippo Barsi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy (F.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.D.); (M.C.F.); (G.G.); (C.A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (G.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Gabriele Casadei
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy (F.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.D.); (M.C.F.); (G.G.); (C.A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (G.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Alessandra Di Donato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy (F.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.D.); (M.C.F.); (G.G.); (C.A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (G.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Maria Cristina Fontana
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy (F.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.D.); (M.C.F.); (G.G.); (C.A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (G.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Giorgio Galletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy (F.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.D.); (M.C.F.); (G.G.); (C.A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (G.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Chiara Anna Garbarino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy (F.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.D.); (M.C.F.); (G.G.); (C.A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (G.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Annalisa Lombardini
- Settore Prevenzione Collettiva e Sanità Pubblica, Direzione Generale Cura della Persona, Salute e Welfare, Emilia-Romagna Region, 40127 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Carmela Musto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Alice Prosperi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy (F.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.D.); (M.C.F.); (G.G.); (C.A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (G.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Giovanni Pupillo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy (F.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.D.); (M.C.F.); (G.G.); (C.A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (G.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Gianluca Rugna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy (F.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.D.); (M.C.F.); (G.G.); (C.A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (G.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Marco Tamba
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, 25124 Brescia, Italy (F.B.); (G.C.); (A.D.D.); (M.C.F.); (G.G.); (C.A.G.); (A.P.); (G.P.); (G.R.); (M.T.)
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Altissimi C, Noé-Nordberg C, Ranucci D, Paulsen P. Presence of Foodborne Bacteria in Wild Boar and Wild Boar Meat-A Literature Survey for the Period 2012-2022. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081689. [PMID: 37107481 PMCID: PMC10137515 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The wild boar is an abundant game species with high reproduction rates. The management of the wild boar population by hunting contributes to the meat supply and can help to avoid a spillover of transmissible animal diseases to domestic pigs, thus compromising food security. By the same token, wild boar can carry foodborne zoonotic pathogens, impacting food safety. We reviewed literature from 2012-2022 on biological hazards, which are considered in European Union legislation and in international standards on animal health. We identified 15 viral, 10 bacterial, and 5 parasitic agents and selected those nine bacteria that are zoonotic and can be transmitted to humans via food. The prevalence of Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, and Yersinia enterocolitica on muscle surfaces or in muscle tissues of wild boar varied from 0 to ca. 70%. One experimental study reported the transmission and survival of Mycobacterium on wild boar meat. Brucella, Coxiella burnetii, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacteria have been isolated from the liver and spleen. For Brucella, studies stressed the occupational exposure risk, but no indication of meat-borne transmission was evident. Furthermore, the transmission of C. burnetii is most likely via vectors (i.e., ticks). In the absence of more detailed data for the European Union, it is advisable to focus on the efficacy of current game meat inspection and food safety management systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Altissimi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - David Ranucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06121 Perugia, Italy
| | - Peter Paulsen
- Unit of Food Hygiene and Technology, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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First Report of Brucella Seroprevalence in Wild Boar Population in Serbia. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100575. [PMID: 36288188 PMCID: PMC9612294 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is one of the most important bacterial zoonotic diseases worldwide, characterized in domestic animals by long-term reproductive disorders. As known, wild boars (Sus scrofa) are natural hosts for Brucella suis biovar 2, in which the infection passes in inapparent form, increasing the pathogen transmission risk to domestic pigs, other domestic animals and humans. So far, no studies regarding brucellosis in wild boars in Serbia have been published. During the hunting season 2020/2021, 480 sera of wild boars living in Serbia were collected and tested for the presence of anti-Brucella antibodies. For the serological survey, the Rose Bengal Test (RBT) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) were used. Of the 480 sera, 45 sera tested positive, indicating the acquired Brucella seroprevalence in wild boars of 9.4%. The greatest numbers of Brucella seropositive animals were detected in the eastern parts of the country and in one of the central districts, i.e., Pomoravski, Branicevski, Borski and Juznobanatski. This study provides the first data regarding brucellosis in the wild boar population in Serbia, revealing the seroprevalence of Brucella, thus indicating that wild boars as natural hosts and/or vectors of Brucella likely present a risk for the infection of other animals.
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Touloudi A, McGiven J, Cawthraw S, Valiakos G, Kostoulas P, Duncombe L, Gortázar C, Boadella M, Sofia M, Athanasakopoulou Z, Chatzopoulos DC, Spyrou V, Petrovska L, Billinis C. Development of a Multiplex Bead Assay to Detect Serological Responses to Brucella Species in Domestic Pigs and Wild Boar with the Potential to Overcome Cross-Reactivity with Yersinia enterocolitica O:9. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071362. [PMID: 35889081 PMCID: PMC9324436 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a multiplex bead assay using a Brucella rLPS antigen, a Brucella suis smooth antigen, and a Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 antigen that not only discriminates Brucella-infected from Brucella-uninfected pigs and wild boar, but also overcomes the cross reactivity with Y. enterocolitica O:9. Sera from 126 domestic pigs were tested: 29 pigs were Brucella infected, 80 were non-infected and 17 were confirmed to be false positive serological reactors (FPSR). Sera from 49 wild boar were tested: 18 were positive and 31 were negative. Using the rLPS antigen, 26/29 Brucella-infected domestic pigs and 15/18 seropositive wild boar were positive, while 75/80 non-Brucella infected domestic pigs, all FPSR, and all seronegative wild boar were negative. Using the smooth B. suis 1330 antigen, all Brucella-infected domestic pigs, 9/17 FPSR and all seropositive wild boar were positive, while all non-infected pigs and 30/31 seronegative wild boar were negative. The ratio of the readouts from the smooth B. suis antigen and Y. enterocolitica O:9 antigen enabled discriminating all Brucella infected individuals from the FPSR domestic pigs. These results demonstrate the potential of this assay for use in the surveillance of brucellosis, overcoming the cross-reactivity with Y. enterocolitica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Touloudi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (A.T.); (G.V.); (M.S.); (Z.A.)
| | - John McGiven
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (J.M.); (S.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Shaun Cawthraw
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (J.M.); (S.C.); (L.D.)
| | - George Valiakos
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (A.T.); (G.V.); (M.S.); (Z.A.)
| | - Polychronis Kostoulas
- Faculty of Public and One Health, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (P.K.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Lucy Duncombe
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (J.M.); (S.C.); (L.D.)
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | | | - Marina Sofia
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (A.T.); (G.V.); (M.S.); (Z.A.)
| | - Zoi Athanasakopoulou
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (A.T.); (G.V.); (M.S.); (Z.A.)
| | - Dimitris C. Chatzopoulos
- Faculty of Public and One Health, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (P.K.); (D.C.C.)
| | - Vassiliki Spyrou
- Faculty of Animal Science, University of Thessaly, 412 22 Larissa, Greece;
| | - Liljana Petrovska
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, OIE/FAO Brucellosis Reference Laboratory, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (J.M.); (S.C.); (L.D.)
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (C.B.)
| | - Charalambos Billinis
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (A.T.); (G.V.); (M.S.); (Z.A.)
- Faculty of Public and One Health, University of Thessaly, 431 00 Karditsa, Greece; (P.K.); (D.C.C.)
- Correspondence: (L.P.); (C.B.)
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Ali S, Saeed U, Rizwan M, Hassan L, Syed MA, Melzer F, El-Adawy H, Neubauer H. Serosurvey and Risk Factors Associated with Brucella Infection in High Risk Occupations from District Lahore and Kasur of Punjab, Pakistan. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050620. [PMID: 34070142 PMCID: PMC8158371 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic disease, and occupations with a high risk of infection exist. Limited information is available on brucellosis for these employees at high risk in Pakistan. A total of 459 persons with high-risk occupations, i.e., 211 abattoir workers, 63 milkers, 52 dung cake makers, 44 veterinarians, 44 shepherds, and 45 veterinary students of the districts Kasur and Lahore, Pakistan, were tested in this study. Blood samples and information on place of residence, gender, age, urbanicity, type of occupation, socioeconomic status, contact with animals, consumption of raw milk, contact to women who had a miscarriage, contact to aborted animal fetus or abortion material, pregnancy, miscarriage history, or intrauterine fetal death were collected. Serum samples were examined using Rose Bengal tests for anti-Brucella antibodies and seropositive samples were subjected to genus-specific qPCR for the detection of DNA. Data were analyzed using chi-squared and binary regression. Twenty (4.35%) persons were seropositive for anti-Brucella antibodies. Out of these, 18 (90%) were tested positive by Brucella genus-specific qPCR. Positive sera were more often found in Lahore district (8.3%) than in Kasur district (3.1%). Persons older than 36 years were more often seropositive. Persons involved in the handing of milk and in contact with animals were more often seropositive. Contact with women who had had a miscarriage was also a significant factor for seropositivity for brucellosis. Place of residence, gender, age, urbanicity, and contact with animals were identified as potential risk factors in the present study. The present study confirmed that brucellosis is an occupation hazard for abattoir workers, milkers, dung cake makers, and veterinarians in the districts of Lahore and Kasur of Punjab, Pakistan. The study shows the need for strategies for safety at work to minimize the risk of infection. Raising awareness for the prevention and use of proper personal protection equipment during the slaughtering and treatment of animal is highly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Ali
- Wildlife Epidemiology and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory (One Health Research Group), Discipline of Zoology, Department of Wildlife & Ecology, Ravi Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pattoki 54000, Pakistan; (U.S.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Usama Saeed
- Wildlife Epidemiology and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory (One Health Research Group), Discipline of Zoology, Department of Wildlife & Ecology, Ravi Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pattoki 54000, Pakistan; (U.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Wildlife Epidemiology and Molecular Microbiology Laboratory (One Health Research Group), Discipline of Zoology, Department of Wildlife & Ecology, Ravi Campus, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pattoki 54000, Pakistan; (U.S.); (M.R.)
| | - Laiba Hassan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan; (L.H.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Muhammad Ali Syed
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22620, Pakistan; (L.H.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Falk Melzer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (F.M.); (H.E.-A.); (H.N.)
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (F.M.); (H.E.-A.); (H.N.)
- Faculty Medicine of Veterinary, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Naumburger Str. 96a, 07743 Jena, Germany; (F.M.); (H.E.-A.); (H.N.)
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Gong QL, Sun YH, Yang Y, Zhao B, Wang Q, Li JM, Ge GY, Chen ZY, Shi K, Leng X, Zong Y, Du R. Global Comprehensive Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Brucella spp. in Swine Based on Publications From 2000 to 2020. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:630960. [PMID: 34026886 PMCID: PMC8137890 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.630960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Brucellosis, a zoonotic disease, infects various hosts, including swine and humans. It has reemerged in recent years as a public health concern, and current studies on brucellosis infection in swine have been conducted worldwide. However, no meta-analyses of global brucellosis infection in swine have been published. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of Brucella species (spp.) in swine worldwide and the factors associated with its persistence. Results: We searched seven databases for published epidemiological studies on brucellosis in pigs, including the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, the VIP Chinese Journal Database and PubMed. We selected 119 articles published from January 1, 2000 to January 3, 2020 for inclusion in the meta-analysis and analyzed the data using a random-effects model. Funnel plots and Egger's test showed significant publication bias in the included studies. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that our study was relatively stable and reliable. The prevalence of brucellosis in swine was 2.1% (95% CI: 1.6–2.6), of which the highest infection rate, which was found in Europe, was 17.4% (95% CI: 11.1–24.9). The prevalence in feral pigs (15.0%, 95% CI: 8.4–23.2) was higher than that in domestic pigs (1.1%, 95% CI 0.2–2.5). The prevalence in high-income countries (15.7%, 95% CI 8.0–25.3) was significantly higher than that in middle- (0.8%, 95% CI 0.5–1.1), and low-income countries (0.1%, 95% CI 0.0–0.2). The prevalence was highest in finishing pigs at 4.9% (95% CI 0.9–11.0), and lowest among suckling pigs at 0% (95% CI 0.0–0.5). Conclusion: The Brucella prevalence in pig herds currently is distributed widely throughout the world. In some countries, swine brucellosis may be a neglected zoonotic disease. We recommend long-term monitoring of the prevalence of brucellosis in domestic and wild pig herds. Attention should also be paid to animal welfare on intensive pig farms; controlling the breeding density may play an important role in reducing the spread of brucellosis among pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Long Gong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Han Sun
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Gui-Yang Ge
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zi-Yang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Leng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China.,Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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9
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Genital Brucella suis Biovar 2 Infection of Wild Boar ( Sus scrofa) Hunted in Tuscany (Italy). Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030582. [PMID: 33809073 PMCID: PMC7998269 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonosis caused by different Brucella species. Wild boar (Sus scrofa) could be infected by some species and represents an important reservoir, especially for B. suis biovar 2. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Brucella spp. by serological and molecular assays in wild boar hunted in Tuscany (Italy) during two hunting seasons. From 287 animals, sera, lymph nodes, livers, spleens, and reproductive system organs were collected. Within sera, 16 (5.74%) were positive to both rose bengal test (RBT) and complement fixation test (CFT), with titres ranging from 1:4 to 1:16 (corresponding to 20 and 80 ICFTU/mL, respectively). Brucella spp. DNA was detected in four lymph nodes (1.40%), five epididymides (1.74%), and one fetus pool (2.22%). All positive PCR samples belonged to Brucella suis biovar 2. The results of this investigation confirmed that wild boar represents a host for B.suis biovar. 2 and plays an important role in the epidemiology of brucellosis in central Italy. Additionally, epididymis localization confirms the possible venereal transmission.
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10
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van Tulden P, Gonzales JL, Kroese M, Engelsma M, de Zwart F, Szot D, Bisselink Y, van Setten M, Koene M, Willemsen P, Roest HJ, van der Giessen J. Monitoring results of wild boar ( Sus scrofa) in The Netherlands: analyses of serological results and the first identification of Brucella suis biovar 2. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2020; 10:1794668. [PMID: 33224447 PMCID: PMC7595143 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2020.1794668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, wild boar populations pose an increasing risk for livestock and humans due to the transmission of animal and zoonotic infectious diseases, such as African swine fever and brucellosis. Brucella suis is widespread among wild boar in many European countries. In The Netherlands the prevalence of B. suis among wild boar has not been investigated so far, despite the high number of pig farms and the growing wild boar population. The Netherlands has a Brucella-free status for the livestock species. The objective of this study is to investigate the presence and distribution of B. suis in wild boars in The Netherlands and to assess the value of the different laboratory tests available for testing wild boars. A total of 2057 sera and 180 tonsils of wild boar were collected between 2010 and 2015. The sera were tested for Brucella antibodies and the tonsils were tested for Brucella spp. B. suis biovar 2 was detected by MLVA/MLST and culture in wild boar from the province of Limburg, while seropositive wild boar were obtained from the provinces of Limburg, Noord Brabant and Gelderland suggesting the northwards spread of B. suis biovar 2. In this paper, we describe the first isolation of B. suis biovar 2 in wild boar in The Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Tulden
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jose L Gonzales
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kroese
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Engelsma
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Frido de Zwart
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Dorota Szot
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette Bisselink
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Marga van Setten
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Koene
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Willemsen
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joke van der Giessen
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands.,National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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11
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Carvalho TF, Haddad JPA, Paixão TA, Santos RL. Meta-analysis of brucellosis vaccinology in natural hosts. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Brucellosis is a relevant zoonotic disease for which the most important tool for control is vaccination of susceptible animals. Assessment of vaccine efficacy in natural hosts is based on prevention of abortion and Brucella infection in organs of immunized animals. A meta-analysis of experimental vaccination of Brucella spp. natural hosts was performed, including 45 PubMed and/or Scopus-indexed publications, representing 116 individual experiments. Difference of risk was calculated as an indicator of protection, and a temporal analysis (1980-2016) demonstrated that experimental vaccines tested on natural hosts provided levels of protection that were stable over the past decades. The meta-regression model developed in this study included different vaccine categories (attenuated, inactivated, mutant, subunit, and vectored) considering the difference of risk as the dependent variable. The subcutaneous route of vaccination provided better protection when compared to the intramuscular and oral routes of vaccination. Surprisingly, inactivated vaccines provided better protection than live naturally attenuated vaccine strains (spontaneous mutations) that were considered the reference, whereas subunit vaccines provided lower levels of protection. This is the first meta-analysis of Brucella vaccinology in the natural hosts. These results are useful for the development of new vaccination protocols for controlling animal brucellosis.
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12
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A Serological Survey of Brucellosis in Eurasian Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in Campania Region, Italy. J Wildl Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.7589/2019-04-095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Phylogeography and epidemiology of Brucella suis biovar 2 in wildlife and domestic swine. Vet Microbiol 2019; 233:68-77. [PMID: 31176415 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Swine brucellosis due to Brucella suis biovar 2 (bv2) is enzootic in wild boar and hare in continental Europe and may cause major economic losses to the pig industry, mainly in free-ranged pig farms. The high nucleotide identity found among the B. suis biovar 2 isolates has long hindered the full understanding of the epidemiology and the phylogeography of the disease. Here, we used multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA) and whole-genome analysis to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in order to gain insights from the largest B. suis bv2 dataset analyzed so far composed of domestic pigs and wildlife isolates collected throughout Europe since the 1970s. We found four major clades with a specific phylogeographic pattern. The Iberian clade contains isolates exclusively from the Iberian Peninsula. The Central European clade includes most isolates from France, Northern Italy, Switzerland and an important proportion of those of Northern Spain. The Eastern European clade clustered isolates from Croatia and Hungary mainly but also from areas of France, Germany, Italy and Poland. Finally, a separated Sardinian clade grouped three isolates from this island. At fine scale, MLVA demonstrated an endemic status of the infection in Europe and it allowed tracking a large outbreak formed by different farms from Spain linked to the same infection source. The whole genome SNP analysis showed that the strains form genetically distinct clades, shared between wild boar and pigs, in agreement with the MLVA clades. Interestingly, all hare isolates clustered together within two groups composed exclusively of wildlife isolates. Our results support the hypothesis that maintenance and spread of B. suis bv2 in Europe is a dynamic process linked to the natural expansion of wild boar as the main wild reservoir of the infection, while spread over long distances is found largely dependent on anthropogenic activities.
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14
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Hanot Mambres D, Boarbi S, Michel P, Bouker N, Escobar-Calle L, Desqueper D, Fancello T, Van Esbroeck M, Godfroid J, Fretin D, Mori M. Imported human brucellosis in Belgium: Bio and molecular typing of bacterial isolates, 1996-2015. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174756. [PMID: 28384245 PMCID: PMC5383062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study was to characterize by classical biotyping and Multi-Locus variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) Analysis (MLVA) all Brucella spp. derived from human cases in Belgium from 1996 to 2015. Final goals were to determine the species and biovar, to trace-back on genetic grounds the origin of each strain when patient history and risk factors were missing, and to survey for particular trends at the national level. Methods A total of 37 Brucella strains, isolated from 37 patients in Belgium, were analyzed by both classical biotyping and MLVA, and the genetic patterns compared to those of human strains isolated worldwide. Results Classical biotyping revealed that isolates were mainly Brucella melitensis. Most of them belonged to biovar 3, the most abundant biovar in the Mediterranean region. MLVA confirmed that Brucella melitensis is too diverse in VNTRs to be able to make clusters associated to each biovar, but it allowed retrieving precious epidemiological information. The analysis highlighted the imported nature of the strains from all over the world with a dominant part from the Mediterranean countries. Findings of the MLVA11 testing were in line with the travel history of patients coming from Italy, Turkey, Lebanon and Peru. The analysis was particularly useful because it suggested the geographical origin of the infection for 12/16 patients for whom no case history was available. Conclusion Classical biotyping and MLVA analysis are not exclusive but remain complementary tools for Brucella melitensis strain surveillance. MLVA11 is sufficient for Brucella-free countries such as Belgium to trace the geographical origin of infection, but complete MLVA16 is needed to search for links with endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Hanot Mambres
- Bacterial Zoonoses of Livestock, Operational Directorate Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samira Boarbi
- Bacterial Zoonoses of Livestock, Operational Directorate Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Michel
- Bacterial Zoonoses of Livestock, Operational Directorate Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
- National Reference Centre for Human Brucellosis, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nora Bouker
- Bacterial Zoonoses of Livestock, Operational Directorate Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luisa Escobar-Calle
- Bacterial Zoonoses of Livestock, Operational Directorate Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damien Desqueper
- Bacterial Zoonoses of Livestock, Operational Directorate Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
- National Reference Centre for Human Brucellosis, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tiziano Fancello
- Bacterial Zoonoses of Livestock, Operational Directorate Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
- National Reference Centre for Human Brucellosis, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- National Reference Centre for Human Brucellosis, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jacques Godfroid
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - David Fretin
- Bacterial Zoonoses of Livestock, Operational Directorate Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
- National Reference Centre for Human Brucellosis, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marcella Mori
- Bacterial Zoonoses of Livestock, Operational Directorate Bacterial Diseases, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, CODA-CERVA, Brussels, Belgium
- National Reference Centre for Human Brucellosis, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ferreira AC, Dias R, de Sá MIC, Tenreiro R. Whole-genome mapping reveals a large chromosomal inversion on Iberian Brucella suis biovar 2 strains. Vet Microbiol 2016; 192:220-225. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Hanot Mambres D, Machelart A, Potemberg G, De Trez C, Ryffel B, Letesson JJ, Muraille E. Identification of Immune Effectors Essential to the Control of Primary and Secondary Intranasal Infection with Brucella melitensis in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3780-93. [PMID: 27036913 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mucosal immune system represents the first line of defense against Brucella infection in nature. We used genetically deficient mice to identify the lymphocytes and signaling pathways implicated in the control of primary and secondary intranasal infection with B. melitensis Our analysis of primary infection demonstrated that the effectors implicated differ at the early and late stages and are dependent on the organ. TCR-δ, TAP1, and IL-17RA deficiency specifically affects early control of Brucella in the lungs, whereas MHC class II (MHCII) and IFN-γR deficiency impairs late control in the lungs, spleen, and liver. Interestingly, IL-12p35(-/-) mice display enhanced Brucella growth in the spleen but not in the lungs or liver. Secondary intranasal infections are efficiently contained in the lung. In contrast to an i.p. infectious model, in which IL-12p35, MHCII, and B cells are strictly required for the control of secondary infection, we observed that only TCR-β deficiency or simultaneous neutralization of IL-12p35- and IL-17A-dependent pathways impairs the memory protective response against a secondary intranasal infection. Protection is not affected by TCR-δ, MHCII, TAP1, B cell, IL-17RA, or IL-12p35 deficiency, suggesting that CD4(+) and CD8(+) α/β(+) T cells are sufficient to mount a protective immune response and that an IL-17A-mediated response can compensate for the partial deficiency of an IFN-γ-mediated response to control a Brucella challenge. These findings demonstrate that the nature of the protective memory response depends closely on the route of infection and highlights the role of IFN-γ-and IL-17RA-mediated responses in the control of mucosal infection by Brucella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Hanot Mambres
- Microorganisms Biology Research Unit (URBM), Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Machelart
- Microorganisms Biology Research Unit (URBM), Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Georges Potemberg
- Microorganisms Biology Research Unit (URBM), Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Carl De Trez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Free University of Brussels (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Immunologie et Neurogénétique Expérimentales et Moléculaires - UMR7355 CNRS - Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orleans, France; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Capetown 7925, South Africa; and
| | - Jean-Jacques Letesson
- Microorganisms Biology Research Unit (URBM), Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Eric Muraille
- Microorganisms Biology Research Unit (URBM), Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium; Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
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17
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Thiry D, Mauroy A, Saegerman C, Licoppe A, Fett T, Thomas I, Brochier B, Thiry E, Linden A. Belgian Wildlife as Potential Zoonotic Reservoir of Hepatitis E Virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:764-773. [PMID: 26518619 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is an acute human liver disease in healthy individuals but may become chronic in immunocompromised patients. It is caused by the hepatitis E virus (HEV) and can have a zoonotic origin, particularly in high-income countries. In this study, 383 sera from wild boars were selected for serology; for virological analyses, 69 sera and 61 livers from young wild boars were used. A total of 189 and 235 sera of, respectively, red deer and roe deer were collected for serological analysis. For virological analyses, 84 and 68 sera and 29 and 27 livers from, respectively, red and roe deer were sampled. An apparent seroprevalence of 34% (95% CI 29.71-39.46) was found in wild boars, of 1% (95% CI 0-2.4) in red deer and 3% (95% CI 0.8-4.2) in roe deer. To assess the ELISA screening prevalence, Western blot (WB) analyses were carried out, a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed and different scenarios with varying ELISA specificities relative to WB were analysed. Seroprevalence remained high whatever the scenario in the wild boar population. In wild boar, 4 of 69 sera and 4 of 61 livers were detected as positive for HEV RNA. All sequences obtained from sera belonged to genotype HEV-3. HEV RNA, belonging to genotype HEV-3, was detected in one of 29 red deer livers. Wild boar can be considered as a host reservoir of the virus in Belgium. However, in contrast to the epidemiological role played by them in other countries, the low prevalence in deer makes these species an unlikely reservoir. This evidence needs further investigation to determine in which situation deer can serve as reservoir. These results also raise the question of the dynamics of HEV infection between wild fauna, domestic pigs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - A Mauroy
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - C Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULg), Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - A Licoppe
- Natural and Agricultural Environmental Studies Department, DEMNA, Service Public de Wallonie, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - T Fett
- Wildlife Health and Pathology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - I Thomas
- Virology, Operational Directorate Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Brochier
- Virology, Operational Directorate Communicable and Infectious Diseases, Scientific Institute of Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal Health Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - A Linden
- Wildlife Health and Pathology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, FARAH, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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19
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Ruiz-Fons F. A Review of the Current Status of Relevant Zoonotic Pathogens in Wild Swine (Sus scrofa) Populations: Changes Modulating the Risk of Transmission to Humans. Transbound Emerg Dis 2015; 64:68-88. [PMID: 25953392 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many wild swine populations in different parts of the World have experienced an unprecedented demographic explosion that may result in increased exposure of humans to wild swine zoonotic pathogens. Interactions between humans and wild swine leading to pathogen transmission could come from different ways, being hunters and game professionals the most exposed to acquiring infections from wild swine. However, increasing human settlements in semi-natural areas, outdoor activities, socio-economic changes and food habits may increase the rate of exposure to wild swine zoonotic pathogens and to potentially emerging pathogens from wild swine. Frequent and increasing contact rate between humans and wild swine points to an increasing chance of zoonotic pathogens arising from wild swine to be transmitted to humans. Whether this frequent contact could lead to new zoonotic pathogens emerging from wild swine to cause human epidemics or emerging disease outbreaks is difficult to predict, and assessment should be based on thorough epidemiologic surveillance. Additionally, several gaps in knowledge on wild swine global population dynamics trends and wild swine-zoonotic pathogen interactions should be addressed to correctly assess the potential role of wild swine in the emergence of diseases in humans. In this work, viruses such as hepatitis E virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Influenza virus and Nipah virus, and bacteria such as Salmonella spp., Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp. and Leptospira spp. have been identified as the most prone to be transmitted from wild swine to humans on the basis of geographic spread in wild swine populations worldwide, pathogen circulation rates in wild swine populations, wild swine population trends in endemic areas, susceptibility of humans to infection, transmissibility from wild swine to humans and existing evidence of wild swine-human transmission events.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ruiz-Fons
- Health & Biotechnology (SaBio) Group, Spanish Wildlife Research Institute (IREC; CSIC-UCLM-JCCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
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20
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Hänsel C, Mertens K, Elschner MC, Melzer F. Novel real-time PCR detection assay for Brucella suis. Vet Rec Open 2015; 2:e000084. [PMID: 26392898 PMCID: PMC4567156 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Brucella suis is the causative agent of brucellosis in suidae and is differentiated into five biovars (bv). Biovars 1 and 3 possess zoonotic potential and can infect humans, whereas biovar 2 represents the main source of brucellosis in feral and domestic pigs in Europe. Both aspects, the zoonotic threat and the economic loss, emphasize the necessity to monitor feral and domestic pig populations. Available serological or PCR based methods lack sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS Here a bioinformatics approach was used to identify a B. suis specific 17 bp repeat on chromosome II (BS1330_II0657 locus). This repeat is common for B. suis bv 1 to 4 and was used to develop a TaqMan probe assay. The average PCR efficiency was determined as 95% and the limit of detection as 12,5 fg/µl of DNA, equally to 3.7 bacterial genomes. This assay has the highest sensitivity of all previously described B. suis specific PCR assays, making it possible to detect 3-4 bacterial genomes per 1 µl of sample. The assay was tested 100% specific for B. suis and negative for other Brucella spp. and closely related non-Brucella species. CONCLUSIONS This novel qPCR assay could become a rapid, inexpensive and reliable screening method for large sample pools of B. suis 1 to 4. This method will be applicable for field samples after validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hänsel
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses , Jena, Thüringen , Germany
| | - K Mertens
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses , Jena, Thüringen , Germany
| | - M C Elschner
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses , Jena, Thüringen , Germany
| | - F Melzer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses , Jena, Thüringen , Germany
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Abstract
SUMMARYDuring a 4-year (2007–2010) survey, the presence of Brucella suis infection in domestic pigs in Sardinia was investigated. Serum samples were collected from breeding pigs located on 108 commercial farms with documented reproductive problems and analysed using the Rose Bengal (RBT) and complement fixation (CFT) tests for screening and confirmation of Brucella, respectively. Of the 1251 serum samples analysed by RBT, 406 sera, originating from 36 farms, were positive for B. suis. CFT was positive in 292/748 sera analysed, confirming positivity in all 36 pig herds. Pigs with international complement fixation test units per ml (ICFTU/ml) values ⩾160 were slaughtered, and their organs collected for bacteriological examination and testing by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Brucella spp. strains were isolated in culture from 13/502 organs analysed, and subsequently identified as B. suis biovar 2. PCR detected positivity to Brucella spp. in 19/285 organs analysed. These results confirm the presence and emergence of B. suis infection in domestic pigs in Sardinia.
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22
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Anka MS, Hassan L, Khairani-Bejo S, Zainal MA, Mohamad RB, Salleh A, Adzhar A. A case-control study of risk factors for bovine brucellosis seropositivity in Peninsular Malaysia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108673. [PMID: 25265020 PMCID: PMC4181650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine brucellosis was first reported in Peninsular Malaysia in 1950. A subsequent survey conducted in the country revealed that the disease was widespread. Current knowledge on the potential risk factors for brucellosis occurrence on cattle farms in Malaysia is lacking. Therefore, we conducted a case-control study to identify the potential herd-level risk factors for bovine brucellosis occurrence in four states in the country, namely Kelantan, Pahang, Selangor and Negeri Sembilan. Thirty-five cases and 36 controls of herds were selected where data on farm management, biosecurity, medical history and public health were collected. Multivariable logistic regression identified that Brucella seropositive herds were more likely to; have some interaction with wildlife (OR 8.9, 95% CI = 1.59–50.05); originated from farms where multiple species such as buffalo/others (OR 41.8, 95% CI = 3.94–443.19) and goat/sheep (OR 8.9, 95%Cl = 1.10–71.83) were reared, practice extensive production system (OR 13.6, 95% CI 1.31–140.24) and have had episodes of abortion in the past (OR 51.8, 95% CI = 4.54–590.90) when compared to seronegative herds. Considering the lack of information on the epidemiology of bovine brucellosis in peninsular Malaysia and absence of information on preventing the inception or spread of the disease, this report could contribute to the on-going area-wise national brucellosis eradication program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhtar Salihu Anka
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Latiffah Hassan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Siti Khairani-Bejo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Abidin Zainal
- Department of Agribusiness and information system, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Annas Salleh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azri Adzhar
- Epidemiology and Surveillance Unit, Department of Veterinary Services, Putrajaya, Malaysia
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Fretin D, Mori M, Czaplicki G, Quinet C, Maquet B, Godfroid J, Saegerman C. Unexpected Brucella suis biovar 2 Infection in a dairy cow, Belgium. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 19:2053-4. [PMID: 24274041 PMCID: PMC3840864 DOI: 10.3201/eid1912.130506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Abstract
Brucella spp. are facultative intracellular Gram-negative coccobacilli responsible for brucellosis, a worldwide zoonosis. We observed that Brucella melitensis is able to persist for several weeks in the blood of intraperitoneally infected mice and that transferred blood at any time point tested is able to induce infection in naive recipient mice. Bacterial persistence in the blood is dramatically impaired by specific antibodies induced following Brucella vaccination. In contrast to Bartonella, the type IV secretion system and flagellar expression are not critically required for the persistence of Brucella in blood. ImageStream analysis of blood cells showed that following a brief extracellular phase, Brucella is associated mainly with the erythrocytes. Examination by confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy formally demonstrated that B. melitensis is able to invade erythrocytes in vivo. The bacteria do not seem to multiply in erythrocytes and are found free in the cytoplasm. Our results open up new areas for investigation and should serve in the development of novel strategies for the treatment or prophylaxis of brucellosis. Invasion of erythrocytes could potentially protect the bacterial cells from the host's immune response and hamper antibiotic treatment and suggests possible Brucella transmission by bloodsucking insects in nature.
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Kreizinger Z, Foster JT, Rónai Z, Sulyok KM, Wehmann E, Jánosi S, Gyuranecz M. Genetic relatedness of Brucella suis biovar 2 isolates from hares, wild boars and domestic pigs. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:492-8. [PMID: 24962519 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine brucellosis generally manifests as disorders in reproductive organs potentially leading to serious losses in the swine industry. Brucella suis biovar 2 is endemic in European wild boar (Sus scrofa) and hare (Lepus europeus, Lepus capensis) populations, thus these species may play a significant role in disease spread and serve as potential sources of infection for domestic pigs. The aim of this study was an epidemiologic analysis of porcine brucellosis in Hungary and a comparative analysis of B. suis bv. 2 strains from Europe using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). MLVA-16 and its MLVA-11 subset were used to determine the genotypes of 68 B. suis bv. 2 isolates from Hungary and results were then compared to European MLVA genotypes. The analyses indicated relatively high genetic diversity of B. suis bv. 2 in Hungary. Strains isolated from hares and wild boars from Hungary showed substantial genetic divergence, suggesting separate lineages in each host and no instances of cross species infections. The closest relatives of strains from Hungarian wild boars and domestic pigs were mainly in the isolates from German and Croatian boars and pigs. The assessment of the European MLVA genotypes of wild boar isolates generally showed clustering based on geographic origin. The hare strains were relatively closely related to one another and did not cluster based on geographic origin. The limited relationships between geographic origin and genotype in isolates from hares might be the result of cross-border live animal translocation. The results could also suggest that certain B. suis strains are more adapted to hares. Across Europe, isolates from domestic pigs were closely related to isolates originating from both hares and wild boars, supporting the idea that wild animals are a source of brucellosis in domestic pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsa Kreizinger
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 18, 1581 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jeffrey T Foster
- Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011-4073, USA
| | - Zsuzsanna Rónai
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, P.O. Box 2, 1581 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga M Sulyok
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 18, 1581 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Wehmann
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 18, 1581 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Jánosi
- Veterinary Diagnostic Directorate, National Food Chain Safety Office, P.O. Box 2, 1581 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Gyuranecz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 18, 1581 Budapest, Hungary.
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Vitry MA, Hanot Mambres D, De Trez C, Akira S, Ryffel B, Letesson JJ, Muraille E. Humoral Immunity and CD4+Th1 Cells Are Both Necessary for a Fully Protective Immune Response upon Secondary Infection withBrucella melitensis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3740-52. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- H Roberts
- Veterinary and Science Policy Advice Team, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Defra, 17 Smith Square, London SW1P 3JR
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