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Longobardi C, Damiano S, Ferrara G, Esposito R, Montagnaro S, Florio S, Ciarcia R. Green tea extract reduces viral proliferation and ROS production during Feline Herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1) infection. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:374. [PMID: 39175036 PMCID: PMC11340149 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04227-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline Herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1) is a worldwide spread pathogen responsible for viral rhinotracheitis and conjunctivitis in cats that, in the most severe cases, can lead to death. Despite the availability of a variety of antiviral medications to treat this illness, mainly characterized by virostatic drugs that alter DNA replication, their use is often debated. Phytotherapeutic treatments are a little-explored field for FHV-1 infections and reactivations. In this scenario, natural compounds could provide several advantages, such as reduced side effects, less resistance and low toxicity. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential inhibitory effects of the green tea extract (GTE), consisting of 50% of polyphenols, on FHV-1 infection and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. RESULTS Crandell-Reese feline kidney (CRFK) cells were treated with different doses of GTE (10-400 µg/mL) during the viral adsorption and throughout the following 24 h. The MTT and TCID50 assays were performed to determine the cytotoxicity and the EC50 of the extract, determining the amounts of GTE used for the subsequent investigations. The western blot assay showed a drastic reduction in the expression of viral glycoproteins (i.e., gB and gI) after GTE treatment. GTE induced not only a suppression in viral proliferation but also in the phosphorylation of Akt protein, generally involved in viral entry. Moreover, the increase in cell proliferation observed in infected cells upon GTE addition was supported by enhanced expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL anti-apoptotic proteins. Finally, GTE antioxidant activity was evaluated by dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assays. The ROS burst observed during FHV-1 infection was mitigated after GTE treatment, leading to a reduction in the oxidative imbalance. CONCLUSIONS Although further clinical trials are necessary, this study demonstrated that the GTE could potentially serve as natural inhibitor of FHV-1 proliferation, by reducing viral entry. Moreover, it is plausible that the extract could inhibit apoptosis by modulating the intrinsic pathway, thus affecting ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consiglia Longobardi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino n. 1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Sara Damiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino n. 1, Naples, 80137, Italy.
| | - Gianmarco Ferrara
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino n. 1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Riccardo Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino n. 1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino n. 1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Salvatore Florio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino n. 1, Naples, 80137, Italy
| | - Roberto Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino n. 1, Naples, 80137, Italy
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Deng M, Liang H, Xu Y, Shi Q, Bao F, Mei C, Dai Z, Huang X. Identification, Genetic Characterization, and Pathogenicity of Three Feline Herpesvirus Type 1 Isolates from Domestic Cats in China. Vet Sci 2024; 11:285. [PMID: 39057969 PMCID: PMC11281335 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11070285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Feline herpesvirus (FHV-1) is a significant pathogen in cats, causing respiratory and ocular diseases with consequential economic and welfare implications. (2) Methods: This study aimed to isolate and characterize FHV-1 from clinical samples and assess its pathogenicity. We collected 35 nasal and ocular swabs from cats showing symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection and FHV positivity detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Viral isolation was carried out using feline kidney (F81) cell lines. Confirmation of FHV-1 presence was achieved through PCR detection, sequencing, electron microscopy, and indirect immunofluorescence assay. The isolated strains were further characterized by evaluating their titers, growth kinetics, and genetic characteristics. Additionally, we assessed the pathogenicity of the isolated strains in a feline model, monitoring clinical signs, viral shedding, and histopathological changes. (3) Results: Three strains of FHV-1 were isolated, purified, and identified. The isolated FHV-1 strains exhibited high homology among themselves and with domestic isolates and FHV-1 viruses from around the world. However, they showed varying degrees of virulence, with one strain (FHV-A1) causing severe clinical signs and histopathological lesions. (4) Conclusion: This study advances our understanding of the genetic and pathogenic characteristics of FHV-1 in China. These findings underscore FHV-A1 isolate as a potentially ideal candidate for establishing a challenge model and as a potential vaccine strain for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Haiyang Liang
- Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Qiwen Shi
- Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Fang Bao
- Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Caiying Mei
- Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Zhihong Dai
- Ningbo Sansheng Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Xianhui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
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Jiang F, Liu Y, Yang X, Li Y, Huang J. Ultrasensitive and visual detection of Feline herpesvirus type-1 and Feline calicivirus using one-tube dRPA-Cas12a/Cas13a assay. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:106. [PMID: 38493286 PMCID: PMC10943893 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV) and Feline calicivirus (FCV) are the primary co-infecting pathogens that cause upper respiratory tract disease in cats. However, there are currently no visual detection assays available for on-site testing. Here, we develop an ultrasensitive and visual detection method based on dual recombinase polymerase amplification (dRPA) reaction and the hybrid Cas12a/Cas13a trans-cleavage activities in a one-tube reaction system, referred to as one-tube dRPA-Cas12a/Cas13a assay. RESULTS The recombinant plasmid DNAs, crRNAs, and RPA oligonucleotides targeting the FCV ORF1 gene and FHV-1 TK gene were meticulously prepared. Subsequently, dual RPA reactions were performed followed by screening of essential reaction components for hybrid CRISPR-Cas12a (targeting the FHV-1 TK gene) and CRISPR-Cas13a (targeting the FCV ORF1 gene) trans-cleavage reaction. As a result, we successfully established an ultra-sensitive and visually detectable method for simultaneous detection of FCV and FHV-1 nucleic acids using dRPA and CRISPR/Cas-powered technology in one-tube reaction system. Visual readouts were displayed using either a fluorescence detector (Fluor-based assay) or lateral flow dipsticks (LDF-based assay). As expected, this optimized assay exhibited high specificity towards only FHV-1 and FCV without cross-reactivity with other feline pathogens while achieving accurate detection for both targets with limit of detection at 2.4 × 10- 1 copies/μL for the FHV-1 TK gene and 5.5 copies/μL for the FCV ORF1 gene, respectively. Furthermore, field detection was conducted using the dRPA-Cas12a/Cas13a assay and the reference real-time PCR methods for 56 clinical samples collected from cats with URTD. Comparatively, the results of Fluor-based assay were in exceptional concordance with the reference real-time PCR methods, resulting in high sensitivity (100% for both FHV-1 and FCV), specificity (100% for both FHV-1 and FCV), as well as consistency (Kappa values were 1.00 for FHV-1 and FCV). However, several discordant results for FHV-1 detection were observed by LDF-based assay, which suggests its prudent use and interpretaion for clinical detection. In spite of this, incorporating dRPA-Cas12a/Cas13a assay and visual readouts will facilitate rapid and accurate detection of FHV-1 and FCV in resource-limited settings. CONCLUSIONS The one-tube dRPA-Cas12a/Cas13a assay enables simultaneously ultrasensitive and visual detection of FHV-1 and FCV with user-friendly modality, providing unparalleled convenience for FHV-1 and FCV co-infection surveillance and decision-making of URTD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yunjia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaonong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China.
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, No. 16, South 4th Section, 1st-Ring Road, Wuhou, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
| | - Jian Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province, China.
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China.
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, No. 16, South 4th Section, 1st-Ring Road, Wuhou, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China.
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Tang A, Zhu M, Zhu J, Zhang D, Zhu S, Wang X, Meng C, Li C, Liu G. Pathogenicity and immunogenicity of gI/gE/TK-gene-deleted Felid herpesvirus 1 variants in cats. Virol J 2023; 20:87. [PMID: 37143065 PMCID: PMC10157573 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Felid herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) is a major pathogenic agent of upper respiratory tract infections and eye damage in felines worldwide. Current FHV-1 vaccines offer limited protection of short duration, and therefore, do not reduce the development of clinical signs or the latency of FHV-1. METHODS To address these shortcomings, we constructed FHV ∆gIgE-eGFP, FHV ∆TK mCherry, and FHV ∆gIgE/TK eGFP-mCherry deletion mutants (ΔgI/gE, ΔTK, and ΔgIgE/TK, respectively) using the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISP-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system (CRISPR/Cas9), which showed safety and immunogenicity in vitro. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the deletion mutants administered with intranasal (IN) and IN + subcutaneous (SC) vaccination protocols. Cats in the vaccination group were vaccinated twice at a 4-week interval, and all cats were challenged with infection 3 weeks after the last vaccination. The cats were assessed for clinical signs, nasal shedding, and virus-neutralizing antibodies (VN), and with postmortem histological testing. RESULTS Vaccination with the gI/gE-deleted and gI/gE/TK-deleted mutants was safe and resulted in significantly lower clinical disease scores, fewer pathological changes, and less nasal virus shedding after infection. All three mutants induced virus-neutralizing antibodies after immunization. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study demonstrates the advantages of FHV-1 deletion mutants in preventing FHV-1 infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoxing Tang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Meng Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, 200241, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Da Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shiqiang Zhu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chunchun Meng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chuangfeng Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Guangqing Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, 200241, China.
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A Retrospective Study of Viral Molecular Prevalences in Cats in Southern Italy (Campania Region). Viruses 2022; 14:v14112583. [PMID: 36423192 PMCID: PMC9699332 DOI: 10.3390/v14112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2019 to 2021, a retrospective molecular study was conducted in the Campania region (southern Italy) to determine the prevalence of viral diseases in domestic cats. A total of 328 dead animals were analyzed by Real-Time PCR for the presence of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline enteric coronavirus (FCoV), rotavirus (RVA), feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1), and feline calicivirus (FCV). The possible presence of SARS-CoV-2 was also investigated by Real-Time PCR. The cats included in this study were specifically sourced and referred by local veterinarians and local authorities to the Zooprofilactic Experimental Institute of Southern Italy (IZSM) for pathological evaluation. The samples consisted of owners, catteries, and stray cats. Results revealed: 73.5% positive cats for FPV (189/257), 23.6% for FeLV (21/89), 21.5% for FCoV (56/266), 11.4% for RVA (16/140), 9.05% for FeHV-1 (21/232), and 7.04 for FCV (15/213). In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 was never detected. FPV was more prevalent in winter (p = 0.0027). FCoV FHV-1, FCV, and RVA predominated in autumn, whereas FeLV predominated in summer. As expected, viral infections were found more frequently in outdoor and shelter cats than in indoor ones, although no statistical association was found between animal lifestyle and viral presence. The study showed a high prevalence of FPV, FeLV, and FCoV and a moderate prevalence of RVA, FHV-1, and FCV. Moreover, the prevalence of these pathogens varied among the cat populations investigated.
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6
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Magouz A, Lokman MS, Albrakati A, Elmahallawy EK. First Report of Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Felid Herpesvirus-1 from Symptomatic Domestic Cats in Egypt. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9020081. [PMID: 35202334 PMCID: PMC8874770 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) is one of the main causes of upper respiratory tract infection in cats. Despite its veterinary importance, no previous studies investigated the occurrence of this virus in Egypt. In the present work, a total number of one hundred forty (N = 140) conjunctival and/or oropharyngeal swabs were collected from symptomatic cats during veterinary clinic visits located in two Egyptian provinces. Virus isolation was performed in the Chorioallantoic membranes (CAMs) of 12-days-old SPF eggs. Interestingly, the embryos showed stunting growth and abnormal feathering and infected CAMs showed edematous thickening and cloudiness with characteristic white opaque pock lesions. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the thymidine kinase gene (TK) was successful in 16/140 (11.4%) of the suspected cases. Two of the amplified genes were sequenced and the TK gene sequences of the FHV-1 isolates were highly similar to other reference strains in the GenBank database. Given the above information, the present study represents the first report of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) in domestic cats in Egypt. Further studies on the causes of upper respiratory tract infections in cats as well as vaccine efficacy are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Magouz
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (E.K.E.)
| | - Maha S. Lokman
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdul Aziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Ashraf Albrakati
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.M.); (E.K.E.)
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7
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Cao N, Tang Z, Zhang X, Li W, Li B, Tian Y, Xu D. Development and Application of a Triplex TaqMan Quantitative Real-Time PCR Assay for Simultaneous Detection of Feline Calicivirus, Feline Parvovirus, and Feline Herpesvirus 1. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:792322. [PMID: 35211534 PMCID: PMC8861203 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.792322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As companion animals, felines play an important role in human's family life, and their healthcare has attracted great attention. Viruses such as feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), and feline parvovirus virus (FPV) are the most common pathogens that cause severe infectious disease in baby cats. Thus, preclinical detection and intervention of these three viruses is an effective means to prevent diseases and minimize their danger condition. In this study, a triplex TaqMan quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay was developed to detect these three viruses simultaneously. The detection limit of FPV, FCV, and FHV-1 was 5 × 101 copies/assay, which exhibited higher sensitivity (about 10- to100-fold) than conventional PCR. The coefficients of variation (CVs) of the intra-assay variability were lower than 1.86%, and that of inter-assay variability were lower than 3.19%, indicating the excellent repeatability and reproducibility of the triplex assay. Additionally, the assay showed good specificity. Finally, samples from 48 cats were analyzed using the established assay and commercial kits. As a result, the total positive rates for these viruses were 70.83 or 62.5%, respectively, which demonstrated that the developed qRT-PCR assay was more accurate than the commercial kits and could be used in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Cao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihui Tang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wanyan Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingxin Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunbo Tian
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danning Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Waterfowl Healthy Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Danning Xu
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8
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Ledbetter EC, Joslin AR, Spertus CB, Badanes Z, Mohammed HO. In vivo confocal microscopic features of naturally acquired canine herpesvirus-1 and feline herpesvirus-1 dendritic and punctate ulcerative keratitis. Am J Vet Res 2021; 82:903-911. [PMID: 34669494 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.11.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) features of the corneal epithelium and stroma in dogs and cats with herpetic dendritic ulcerative keratitis. ANIMALS 6 client-owned dogs and 10 client-owned cats with herpetic dendritic ulcerative keratitis (affected group) and 10 dogs and 10 cats from specific-pathogen-free laboratory colonies (nonaffected group). PROCEDURES After complete ophthalmic examination, IVCM corneal examination was performed on the clinically diseased eyes of animals in the affected group and on both eyes of animals in the nonaffected group. Results by species were compared between groups. RESULTS In the affected group, all 6 dogs had unilateral ocular lesions (total, 6 eyes examined), whereas 7 cats had unilateral lesions and 3 cats had bilateral lesions (total, 13 eyes examined). For the nonaffected group, 20 cat eyes and 20 dog eyes were examined. Corneal epithelial morphological abnormalities were identified in all examined eyes of animals in the affected group and in no examined eyes of the nonaffected group. Hyperreflective punctate opacities and inflammatory cells were present in all epithelial layers in examined eyes of affected animals but were absent in nonaffected animals. Similarly, Langerhans cells and anterior stromal dendritic cells were identified in corneas of eyes examined for animals in the affected group but not in any eye of animals in the nonaffected group. Stromal changes were less consistent in the affected group, but absent in the nonaffected group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that herpetic dendritic ulcerative keratitis in dogs and cats is associated with microanatomic corneal abnormalities that can be detected by IVCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C Ledbetter
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Amanda R Joslin
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Chloe B Spertus
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Zachary Badanes
- From the Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Hussni O Mohammed
- From the Department Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Paungpin W, Thongdee M, Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan S, Sariya L, Sirimanapong W, Kasantikul T, Phonarknguen R, Darakamas P, Arya N. Coinfection of Chlamydia spp. and herpesvirus in juvenile farmed Siamese crocodiles ( Crocodylus siamensis) in Thailand. Vet World 2021; 14:1908-1914. [PMID: 34475716 PMCID: PMC8404128 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.1908-1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim For a decade, chlamydial and herpesvirus infections have caused significant morbidity and mortality in farmed crocodiles. In September 2017, a total of 160 juvenile freshwater Siamese crocodiles (Crocodylus siamensis) with conjunctivitis/pharyngitis lesions were admitted at the Veterinary Aquatic Animal Research Health Care Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University. All crocodiles did not respond well to antibiotics or supportive treatments and died. This study aimed to detect and identify the causative agents associated with conjunctivitis/pharyngitis and fatal outcomes in juvenile farmed Siamese crocodiles. Materials and Methods A total of 138 pharyngeal and conjunctival swabs and conjunctival scrapes were collected from live crocodiles. All swab and scrape samples were DNA-extracted and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using Chlamydiaceae- and herpesvirus-specific primers. Tissue samples (brain, lung, liver, heart, spleen, and intestine) were collected from two representative postmortem animals. All tissue samples were processed for molecular and pathological analyses. Results PCR examinations identified chlamydial and herpesvirus DNA in 92% (126/138) and 100% (138/138), respectively, of the tested swab and scrape samples. Of those positive samples, 79% (26/33), 67% (4/6), and 98% (97/99) of the pharyngeal swabs, conjunctival swabs, and conjunctival scrapes, respectively, were positive for both chlamydial and herpesvirus DNA. Histopathological examination indicated necrosis and mononuclear cell infiltration in the liver, kidney, and intestine of the affected animals. The intracytoplasmic accumulation of Chlamydia was randomly observed in the examined tissue sample. Moreover, the presence of chlamydial and herpesvirus DNA was also detected in the tissue samples, including the heart, intestine, brain, lung, liver, and spleen, of the affected animals by PCR. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Chlamydia spp. detected in the juvenile Siamese crocodiles was notably different from other known species in the Chlamydia genus, while the herpesvirus detected in the crocodiles was closely related to crocodyline herpesvirus 1. Conclusion Based on histopathological and molecular examinations, this report provided the first evidence of coinfection of Chlamydia spp. and crocodyline herpesvirus 1 in juvenile Siamese crocodiles in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weena Paungpin
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Metawee Thongdee
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Somjit Chaiwattanarungruengpaisan
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Ladawan Sariya
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Wanna Sirimanapong
- The Veterinary Aquatic Animal Research Health Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Tanit Kasantikul
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Clemson Livestock Poultry Health, 500 Clemson Rd, Columbia, SC 29229, USA
| | - Rassameepen Phonarknguen
- The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Poonnut Darakamas
- Prasu-Arthorn Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Nlin Arya
- Department of Pre-clinic and Applied animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Samoilowa S, Giessler KS, Torres CEM, Hussey GS, Allum A, Fux R, Jerke C, Kiupel M, Matiasek K, Sledge DG, Goehring LS. Equid herpesvirus-1 Distribution in Equine Lymphoid and Neural Tissues 70 Days Post Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060707. [PMID: 34198884 PMCID: PMC8228440 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) causes respiratory disease, abortion and myeloencephalopathy in horses worldwide. As member of the Alphaherpesvirinae, latency is key to EHV-1 epidemiology. EHV-1 latent infection has been detected in the trigeminal ganglion (TG), respiratory associated lymphoid tissue (RALT) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) but additional locations are likely. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of viral DNA throughout the equine body. Twenty-five horses divided into three groups were experimentally infected via intranasal instillation with one of three EHV-1 viruses and euthanized on Day 70, post infection. During necropsy, TG, various sympathetic/parasympathetic ganglia of head, neck, thorax and abdomen, spinal cord dorsal root ganglia, RALT, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and PBMC of each horse were collected. Genomic viral loads and L-(late) gene transcriptional activity in each tissue and PBMC were measured using qPCR. In addition, immunohistochemistry (IHC) was applied on neural parenchyma tissue sections. EHV-1 DNA was detected in many neural and lymphoid tissue sections, but not in PBMC. L-gene transcriptional activity was not detected in any sample, and translational activity was not apparent on IHC. Tissue tropism differed between the Ab4 wild type and the two mutant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Samoilowa
- Equine Hospital, Division of Medicine and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.S.G.); (C.E.M.T.); (C.J.); (L.S.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kim S. Giessler
- Equine Hospital, Division of Medicine and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.S.G.); (C.E.M.T.); (C.J.); (L.S.G.)
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (G.S.H.); (A.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Carlos E. Medina Torres
- Equine Hospital, Division of Medicine and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.S.G.); (C.E.M.T.); (C.J.); (L.S.G.)
| | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (G.S.H.); (A.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Allison Allum
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (G.S.H.); (A.A.); (M.K.)
| | - Robert Fux
- Division of Virology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Christin Jerke
- Equine Hospital, Division of Medicine and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.S.G.); (C.E.M.T.); (C.J.); (L.S.G.)
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (G.S.H.); (A.A.); (M.K.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Kaspar Matiasek
- Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians Universitaet München, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Dodd G. Sledge
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Lutz S. Goehring
- Equine Hospital, Division of Medicine and Reproduction, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80539 Munich, Germany; (K.S.G.); (C.E.M.T.); (C.J.); (L.S.G.)
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Lee Y, Maes RK, Kruger JM, Kiupel M, Giessler KS, Soboll Hussey G. Safety and Efficacy of Felid Herpesvirus-1 Deletion Mutants in Cats. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020163. [PMID: 33499363 PMCID: PMC7911815 DOI: 10.3390/v13020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Felid herpesvirus-1 (FeHV-1) is an important respiratory and ocular pathogen of cats and current vaccines are limited in duration and efficacy because they do not prevent infection, viral nasal shedding and latency. To address these shortcomings, we have constructed FeHV-1 gE-TK- and FeHV-1 PK- deletion mutants (gE-TK- and PK-) using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) mutagenesis and shown safety and immunogenicity in vitro. Here, we compare the safety and efficacy of a prime boost FeHV-1 gE-TK- and FeHV-1 PK- vaccination regimen with commercial vaccination in cats. Cats in the vaccination groups were vaccinated at 3-week intervals and all cats were challenge infected 3 weeks after the last vaccination. Evaluations included clinical signs, nasal shedding, virus neutralizing antibodies (VN), cytokine mRNA gene expression, post-mortem histology and detection of latency establishment. Vaccination with gE-TK- and PK- mutants was safe and resulted in significantly reduced clinical disease scores, pathological changes, viral nasal shedding, and viral DNA in the trigeminal ganglia (the site of latency) following infection. Both mutants induced VN antibodies and interferons after immunization. In addition, after challenge infection, we observed a reduction of IL-1β expression, and modulation of TNFα, TGFβ and IL10 expression. In conclusion, this study shows the merits of using FeHV-1 deletion mutants for prevention of FeHV-1 infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
| | - Roger K. Maes
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - John M. Kruger
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - Kim S. Giessler
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
| | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (Y.L.); (R.K.M.); (M.K.); (K.S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-517-432-3273
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Sadeghinezhad J, Aghabalazadeh Asl M, Saeidi A, De Silva M. Morphometrical study of the cat cerebellum using unbiased design‐based stereology. Anat Histol Embryol 2020; 49:788-797. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sadeghinezhad
- Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Mahdi Aghabalazadeh Asl
- Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Ava Saeidi
- Department of Basic Sciences Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Margherita De Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences (UNI EN ISO 9001:2008) University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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Zhang J, Li Z, Huang J, Yin H, Tian J, Qu L. miR-26a Inhibits Feline Herpesvirus 1 Replication by Targeting SOCS5 and Promoting Type I Interferon Signaling. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010002. [PMID: 31861450 PMCID: PMC7020096 DOI: 10.3390/v12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to viral infection, host cells activate various antiviral responses to inhibit virus replication. While feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) manipulates the host early innate immune response in many different ways, the host could activate the antiviral response to counteract it through some unknown mechanisms. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) which serve as a class of regulatory factors in the host, participate in the regulation of the host innate immune response against virus infection. In this study, we found that the expression levels of miR-26a were significantly upregulated upon FHV-1 infection. Furthermore, FHV-1 infection induced the expression of miR-26a via a cGAS-dependent pathway, and knockdown of cellular cGAS significantly blocked the expression of miR-26a induced by poly (dA:dT) or FHV-1 infection. Next, we investigated the biological function of miR-26a during viral infection. miR-26a was able to increase the phosphorylation of STAT1 and promote type I IFN signaling, thus inhibiting viral replication. The mechanism study showed that miR-26a directly targeted host SOCS5. Knockdown of SOCS5 increased the phosphorylation of STAT1 and enhanced the type I IFN-mediated antiviral response, and overexpression of suppressor of the cytokine signalling 5 (SOCS5) decreased the phosphorylation of STAT1 and inhibited the type I IFN-mediated antiviral response. Meanwhile, with the knockdown of SOCS5, the upregulated expression of phosphorylated STAT1 and the anti-virus effect induced by miR-26a were significantly inhibited. Taken together, our data demonstrated a new strategy of host miRNAs against FHV-1 infection by enhancing IFN antiviral signaling.
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A New Genotype of Feline Morbillivirus Infects Primary Cells of the Lung, Kidney, Brain and Peripheral Blood. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020146. [PMID: 30744110 PMCID: PMC6410220 DOI: 10.3390/v11020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Paramyxoviruses comprise a large number of diverse viruses which in part give rise to severe diseases in affected hosts. A new genotype of feline morbillivirus, tentatively named feline morbillivirus genotype 2 (FeMV-GT2), was isolated from urine of cats with urinary tract diseases. Whole genome sequencing showed about 78% nucleotide homology to known feline morbilliviruses. The virus was isolated in permanent cell lines of feline and simian origin. To investigate the cell tropism of FeMV-GT2 feline primary epithelial cells from the kidney, the urinary bladder and the lung, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), as well as organotypic brain slice cultures were used for infection experiments. We demonstrate that FeMV-GT2 is able to infect renal and pulmonary epithelial cells, primary cells from the cerebrum and cerebellum, as well as immune cells in the blood, especially CD4⁺ T cells, CD20⁺ B cells and monocytes. The cats used for virus isolation shed FeMV-GT2 continuously for several months despite the presence of neutralizing antibodies in the blood. Our results point towards the necessity of increased awareness for this virus when clinical signs of the aforementioned organs are encountered in cats which cannot be explained by other etiologies.
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15
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Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay-A Simple, Fast and Cost-Effective Alternative to Real Time PCR for Specific Detection of Feline Herpesvirus-1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0166903. [PMID: 28045956 PMCID: PMC5207716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), an enveloped dsDNA virus, is one of the major pathogens of feline upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) and ocular disease. Currently, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) remains the gold standard diagnostic tool for FHV-1 infection but is relatively expensive, requires well-equipped laboratories and is not suitable for field tests. Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), an isothermal gene amplification technology, has been explored for the molecular diagnosis of infectious diseases. In this study, an exo-RPA assay for FHV-1 detection was developed and validated. Primers targeting specifically the thymidine kinase (TK) gene of FHV-1 were designed. The RPA reaction was performed successfully at 39°C and the results were obtained within 20 min. Using different copy numbers of recombinant plasmid DNA that contains the TK gene as template, we showed the detection limit of exo-RPA was 102 copies DNA/reaction, the same as that of real time PCR. The exo-RPA assay did not cross-detect feline panleukopenia virus, feline calicivirus, bovine herpesvirus-1, pseudorabies virus or chlamydia psittaci, a panel of pathogens important in feline URTD or other viruses in Alphaherpesvirinae, demonstrating high specificity. The assay was validated by testing 120 nasal and ocular conjunctival swabs of cats, and the results were compared with those obtained with real-time PCR. Both assays provided the same testing results in the clinical samples. Compared with real time PCR, the exo-RPA assay uses less-complex equipment that is portable and the reaction is completed much faster. Additionally, commercial RPA reagents in vacuum-sealed pouches can tolerate temperatures up to room temperature for days without loss of activity, suitable for shipment and storage for field tests. Taken together, the exo-RPA assay is a simple, fast and cost-effective alternative to real time PCR, suitable for use in less advanced laboratories and for field detection of FHV-1 infection.
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Vaz PK, Job N, Horsington J, Ficorilli N, Studdert MJ, Hartley CA, Gilkerson JR, Browning GF, Devlin JM. Low genetic diversity among historical and contemporary clinical isolates of felid herpesvirus 1. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:704. [PMID: 27589862 PMCID: PMC5010698 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Felid herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) causes upper respiratory tract diseases in cats worldwide, including nasal and ocular discharge, conjunctivitis and oral ulceration. The nature and severity of disease can vary between clinical cases. Genetic determinants of virulence are likely to contribute to differences in the in vivo phenotype of FHV-1 isolates, but to date there have been limited studies investigating FHV-1 genetic diversity. This study used next generation sequencing to compare the genomes of contemporary Australian clinical isolates of FHV-1, vaccine isolates and historical clinical isolates, including isolates that predated the introduction of live attenuated vaccines into Australia. Analysis of the genome sequences aimed to assess the level of genetic diversity, identify potential genetic markers that could influence the in vivo phenotype of the isolates and examine the sequences for evidence of recombination. Results The full genome sequences of 26 isolates of FHV-1 were determined, including two vaccine isolates and 24 clinical isolates that were collected over a period of approximately 40 years. Analysis of the genome sequences revealed a remarkably low level of diversity (0.0–0.01 %) between the isolates. No potential genetic determinants of virulence were identified, but unique single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the UL28 and UL44 genes were detected in the vaccine isolates that were not present in the clinical isolates. No evidence of FHV-1 recombination was detected using multiple methods of recombination detection, even though many of the isolates originated from cats housed in a shelter environment where high infective pressures were likely to exist. Evidence of displacement of dominant FHV-1 isolates with other (genetically distinct) FHV-1 isolates over time was observed amongst the isolates obtained from the shelter-housed animals. Conclusions The results show that FHV-1 genomes are highly conserved. The lack of recombination detected in the FHV-1 genomes suggests that the risk of attenuated vaccines recombining to generate virulent field viruses is lower than has been suggested for some other herpesviruses. The SNPs detected only in the vaccine isolates offer the potential to develop PCR-based methods of differentiating vaccine and clinical isolates of FHV-1 in order to facilitate future epidemiological studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3050-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola K Vaz
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Natalie Job
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Jacquelyn Horsington
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Present address: Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Nino Ficorilli
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Michael J Studdert
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Carol A Hartley
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - James R Gilkerson
- Centre for Equine Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Glenn F Browning
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Joanne M Devlin
- Asia Pacific Centre for Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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Shilton CM, Jerrett IV, Davis S, Walsh S, Benedict S, Isberg SR, Webb GJW, Manolis C, Hyndman TH, Phalen D, Brown GP, Melville L. Diagnostic investigation of new disease syndromes in farmed Australian saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) reveals associations with herpesviral infection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:279-90. [PMID: 27075848 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716642268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2006, 3 new disease syndromes have emerged in farmed saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in the Northern Territory of Australia. We describe the syndromes through a retrospective study of laboratory findings from 187 diagnostic cases submitted to Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories between 2005 and 2014. The first syndrome was characterized by conjunctivitis and/or pharyngitis (CP), primarily in hatchlings. Herpesviruses were isolated in primary crocodile cell culture, or were detected by PCR directly from conjunctiva or pharyngeal tissue, in 21 of 39 cases of CP (54%), compared with 9 of 64 crocodiles without the syndrome (14%, p < 0.0001). Chlamydiaceae were detected by PCR in conjunctiva or pharyngeal tissue of 55% of 29 CP cases tested, and of these, 81% also contained herpesvirus. The second syndrome occurred in juveniles and growers exhibiting poor growth, and was characterized histologically by systemic lymphoid proliferation and nonsuppurative encephalitis (SLPE). Herpesviruses were isolated or detected by PCR from at least 1 internal organ in 31 of 33 SLPE cases (94%) compared with 5 of 95 crocodiles without the syndrome (5%, p < 0.0001). The third syndrome, characterized by multifocal lymphohistiocytic infiltration of the dermis (LNS), occurred in 6 harvest-sized crocodiles. Herpesviruses were isolated from at least 1 skin lesion in 4 of these 6 cases. Although our study revealed strong associations between herpesvirus and the CP and SLPE syndromes, the precise nature of the role of herpesvirus, along with the pathogenesis and epidemiology of the syndromes, requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Shilton
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Ian V Jerrett
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Steven Davis
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Susan Walsh
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Suresh Benedict
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Sally R Isberg
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Grahame J W Webb
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Charlie Manolis
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Timothy H Hyndman
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - David Phalen
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Gregory P Brown
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
| | - Lorna Melville
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Northern Territory Government, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Shilton, Davis, Walsh, Benedict, Melville)AgriBio Centre, Victorian Government, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia (Jerrett)The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Isberg, Phalen, Brown)Centre for Crocodile Research, Noonamah, Northern Territory, Australia (Isberg)Wildlife Management International Pty Limited, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb, Manolis)Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia (Webb)School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia (Hyndman)
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Li Y, Van Cleemput J, Qiu Y, Reddy VRAP, Mateusen B, Nauwynck HJ. Ex vivo modeling of feline herpesvirus replication in ocular and respiratory mucosae, the primary targets of infection. Virus Res 2015; 210:227-31. [PMID: 26277778 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Feline herpesvirus 1 (FeHV-1) is a major cause of rhinotracheitis and ocular diseases in cats. In the present study, the viral replication at the primary infection sites was studied using feline respiratory and ocular mucosa explants. The explants of three cats were maintained in an air-liquid culture up to 96 hours without loss of viability. After inoculation with FeHV-1 (C27), no evidence of infection was noted in corneal epithelium, while plaque-wise replication was observed in conjunctival and tracheal mucosae beginning from 24 h post inoculation (hpi). The viral plaque diameters increased over time in trachea and conjunctiva and were larger in tracheal explants than in conjunctival explants at 48 hpi. FeHV-1 penetrated the basement membrane in conjunctival and tracheal explants between 24 and 48 hpi. At 48 and 72 hpi, viral invasion was going deeper in tracheal explants than in conjunctival explants. Our study indicates that FeHV-1 has a better capacity to invade the respiratory mucosa than the conjunctival mucosa, and prefers the conjunctiva, but not the cornea as a portal of entry during ocular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewei Li
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jolien Van Cleemput
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Yu Qiu
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Vishwanatha R A P Reddy
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Mateusen
- Dierenartsencentrum Vaccavet, Gravin Madeleine d'Alcantaralaan 41, 9971 Lembeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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