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Effects of ketamine, propofol and isoflurane on electrocardiographic variables in clinically healthy dogs premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2024; 15:187-194. [PMID: 38770200 PMCID: PMC11102798 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2024.2008055.3954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of three anesthetic agents, with premedication of medetomidine and midazolam, on electrocardiographic variables in dogs. Ten adult mixed breed dogs were used in a crossover design study, where they received ketamine, propofol and isoflurane treatments with a one-week washout period between them. In all three groups, medetomidine was administered first followed by midazolam after 15 min. Then, after 20 min, group 1 received ketamine intravenously (IV), group 2 received propofol (IV), and group 3 received isoflurane (inhalation). In all dogs, electrocardiographs were taken before and after premedication's, as well as every 15 min during anesthesia. Medetomidine significantly decreased heart rate and P wave amplitude and increased PR interval, R wave amplitude, QT interval, and T wave amplitude. Midazolam increased the amplitude of the R and T waves. Ketamine increased the heart rate and PR interval. Propofol increased the heart rate for up to 15 min, decreased the PR interval for up to 30 min, and the QT interval for up to 45 min. Isoflurane increased the heart rate and decreased the amplitude of R and T waves. The results showed that the drugs used in this study did not have many side effects on electrocardiographic variables and could be used without serious concern. The most important side effects observed were a severe reduction in heart rate and 1st degree atrioventricular (AV) block and, to a lesser extent, 2nd degree AV block caused by medetomidine and midazolam which were masked by the anesthetics.
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Hagan L, David EM, Horton AR, Marx JO. Effects of Midazolam/Dexmedetomidine with Buprenorphine or Extended-release Buprenorphine Anesthesia in C57BL/6 Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2024; 63:172-181. [PMID: 38307499 PMCID: PMC11022947 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-23-000063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The effects of commonly used injectable combinations of anesthetics such as ketamine and xylazine, with or without acepromazine, vary widely across individuals, have a shallow-dose response curve, and do not provide long-term analgesia. These drawbacks indicate the importance of continuing efforts to develop safe and effective injectable anesthetic combinations for mice. In this study, a series of experiments was designed to validate the use of dexmedetomidine and midazolam to provide chemical restraint for nonpainful procedures and the addition of buprenorphine or extended-release buprenorphine to reliably provide a surgical plane of anesthesia in C57BL/6J mice. Loss of consciousness was defined as the loss of the righting reflex (LORR); a surgical plane of anesthesia was defined as the LORR and loss of pedal withdrawal after application of a 300 g noxious stimulus to a hind paw. The combination of intraperitoneal 0.25 mg/kg dexmedetomidine and 6 mg/kg midazolam produced LORR, sufficient for nonpainful or noninvasive procedures, without achieving a surgical plane in 19 of 20 mice tested. With the addition of subcutaneous 0.1 mg/kg buprenorphine or 1 mg/kg buprenorphine-ER, 29 of 30 mice achieved a surgical plane of anesthesia. The safety and efficacy of the regimen was then tested by successfully performing a laparotomy in 6 mice. No deaths occurred in any trial, and, when administered 1 mg/kg atipamezole IP, all mice recovered their righting reflex within 11 min. The anesthetic regimen developed in this study is safe, is reversible, and includes analgesics that previous studies have shown provide analgesia beyond the immediate postsurgical period. Buprenorphine-ER can be safely substituted for buprenorphine for longer-lasting analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Hagan
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Emily M David
- Gene Therapy Program, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alanna R Horton
- Cornell University, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, New York
| | - James O Marx
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;,
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Powers JG, McCue JY, Handrigan MT, Stroh G, Black ND, Darracq MA, Buttke DE, Hilger KA, Chew SE, Lance WR, Kirschner SM, Ehrlich R, Hall E. PROTOCOL FOR HUMAN EXPOSURE TO OPIOIDS AND CONCENTRATED MEDETOMIDINE USED IN FIELD APPLICATIONS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 54:873-878. [PMID: 38252014 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Wildlife professionals routinely use potent sedatives and anesthetics when chemically immobilizing wildlife and zoo species in remote environments. Accidental exposure to these prescription veterinary drugs is rare but could be rapidly fatal. Commonly used agents include opioids and α2 adrenoreceptor agonists. These drugs can be reversed with specific antagonists; however, they are often not approved for human use. The protocol created here can be used by wildlife health professionals in a field setting with basic human emergency medical response training in coordination with local Emergency Medical Services (EMS). Key components include, building local relationships between EMS and wildlife professionals, focused EMS training, administering opioid and α2 adrenergic antagonists off label, and local evacuation procedures. This framework could allow wildlife management agencies or zoos to mitigate the risk of human exposures to these commonly used drugs, significantly improving occupational safety in an otherwise high-risk environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny G Powers
- National Park Service, Natural Resources Stewardship and Science, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA
| | - James Y McCue
- University of California San Francisco, Fresno Medical Education Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, Fresno, CA 93701, USA,
| | - Michael T Handrigan
- National Park Service, US Forest Service, Emergency Medical Services, Washington, DC 20240, USA
| | - Geoff Stroh
- University of California San Francisco, Fresno Medical Education Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, Fresno, CA 93701, USA
| | - Nicholas D Black
- University of California San Francisco, Fresno Medical Education Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, Fresno, CA 93701, USA
| | - Michael A Darracq
- University of California San Francisco, Fresno Medical Education Program, Division of Medical Toxicology, Fresno, CA 93701, USA
| | - Danielle E Buttke
- National Park Service, Natural Resources Stewardship and Science, Fort Collins, CO 80525, USA
| | | | - Scott E Chew
- Estes Park Emergency Medical Services, Estes Park, CO 80517, USA
| | - William R Lance
- Wyoming Wildlife Veterinary Consulting LLC, Casper, WY 82604, USA
| | | | - Robert Ehrlich
- National Park Service, US Forest Service, Emergency Medical Services, Washington, DC 20240, USA
| | - Elizabeth Hall
- Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Gatlinburg, TN 37738, USA
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Rashbrook VS, Denti L, Ruhrberg C. Tamoxifen exacerbates morbidity and mortality in male mice receiving medetomidine anaesthesia. Anim Welf 2023; 32:e78. [PMID: 38487465 PMCID: PMC10936365 DOI: 10.1017/awf.2023.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Tamoxifen-induced CreER-LoxP recombination is often used to induce spatiotemporally controlled gene deletion in genetically modified mice. Prior work has shown that tamoxifen and tamoxifen-induced CreER activation can have off-target effects that should be controlled. However, it has not yet been reported whether tamoxifen administration, independently of CreER expression, interacts adversely with commonly used anaesthetic drugs such as medetomidine or its enantiomer dexmedetomidine in laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Here, we report a high incidence of urinary plug formation and morbidity in male mice on a mixed C57Bl6/J6 and 129/SvEv background when tamoxifen treatment was followed by ketamine-medetomidine anaesthesia. Medetomidine is therefore contra-indicated for male mice after tamoxifen treatment. As dexmedetomidine causes morbidity and mortality in male mice at higher rates than medetomidine even without tamoxifen treatment, our findings suggest that dexmedetomidine is not a suitable alternative for anaesthesia of male mice after tamoxifen treatment. We conclude that the choice of anaesthetic drug needs to be carefully evaluated in studies using male mice that have undergone tamoxifen treatment for inducing CreER-LoxP recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S Rashbrook
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Laura Denti
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Christiana Ruhrberg
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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Munro BA, Merenick DR, Gee JM, Pang DSJ. Use of Loss of Righting Reflex to Assess Susceptibility to Carbon Dioxide Gas in Three Mouse Strains. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2023; 62:553-558. [PMID: 37770194 PMCID: PMC10772915 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-23-000035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to CO₂ gas is a common rodent euthanasia method. CO₂ activates nociceptors in rats and is painful to humans at concentrations equal to or greater than 32.5% The concentration of CO₂ at which rodents become unconsciousness is inadequately defined. We used loss of righting reflex (LORR) to identify the concentration at which CO₂ caused loss of consciousness in C57Bl/6, CD1 and 129P3J mice (16 females and 16 males per strain). We used a custom built, rotating, motorized cylinder to determine LORR as CO₂ concentrations were increased. Two LORR assessment methods were used: 1) a 1-Paw assessment in which the righting reflex was considered to be present if one or more paws contacted the cylinder after rotation into dorsal recumbency and 2) a 4-Paw assessment in which the righting reflex was considered to be present only if all 4 paws contacted the cylinder. LORR test data were analyzed with Probit regression and dose response curves were plotted. 1-Paw EC95 values (CO₂ concentration at which LORR occurred for 95% of the population) were: C57Bl/6; 30.7%, CD1; 26.2%, 129P3J; 20.1%. The EC95 for C57Bl/6 was significantly higher than that of the 129P3J mice, with no significant differences between other strains. Four-Paw EC95 values were: C57Bl/6; 22.8%, CD1; 25.3%, 129P3J; 20.1%. Values for 129P3J mice were significantly lower than those of CD1 mice), with no significant difference between other strains. The EC95 varied significantly between 1-Paw and 4-Paw methods only for C57Bl/6 mice. These results suggest a potential for nociception and pain to occur in some individuals of some mouse strains during CO₂ euthanasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany A Munro
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dexter R Merenick
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julia M Gee
- College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniel SJ Pang
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
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Fushuku S, Ushikai M, Arimura E, Komaki Y, Horiuchi M. Acute repeated cage exchange stress modifies urinary stress and plasma metabolic profiles in male mice. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292649. [PMID: 37815996 PMCID: PMC10564260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to a novel environment is psychologically and physically stressful for humans and animals. The response has been reported to involve enhanced sympathetic nervous system activity, but changes in nutrient levels under stress are not fully understood. As a form of exposure to a novel environment, repeated cage exchange (CE, four times at 2-h intervals for 8 h from 08:00 h) during the light phase with no restraint on movement was applied to A/J mice, a strain particularly prone to stress. Body temperature was measured with a temperature-sensing microchip implanted in the interscapular region. The stress conditions and anxiety level were evaluated by measuring urinary catecholamines and corticosterone and by performing an anxiety-like behavior test, respectively. Major nutrients such as glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids in the plasma were also examined. CE mice showed a significant increase in body temperature with each CE. They also showed a significantly greater reduction of body weight change, more water intake, and higher levels of urinary catecholamines and corticosterone and anxiety-like behavior score than control mice. The model revealed a significantly lower plasma glucose level and higher levels of several essential amino acids, such as branched-chain amino acids and phenylalanine, than those of control mice. Meanwhile, free fatty acids and several amino acids such as arginine, aspartic acid, proline, threonine, and tryptophan in both sets of mice were significantly decreased from the corresponding levels at 08:00 h, while similar plasma levels were exhibited between mice with and without CE. In conclusion, repeated CE stress was associated with changes in glucose and amino acids in plasma. Although further study is needed to clarify how these changes are specifically linked to anxiety-like behavior, this study suggests the potential for nutritional intervention to counter stress in humans exposed to novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Fushuku
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Miharu Ushikai
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Emi Arimura
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
- Major in Food and Nutrition, Department of Life and Environmental Science, Kagoshima Prefectural College, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuga Komaki
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masahisa Horiuchi
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Bunnag N, Akaraphutiporn E, Durongphongtorn S, Soontornvipart K, Sharp P, Pacharinsak C, Wangdee C. Assessment of a Combination of Tiletamine/Zolazepam, Ketamine, and Dexmedetomidine for Anesthesia of Swine (Sus domesticus). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2023; 62:423-429. [PMID: 37704401 PMCID: PMC10597335 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-22-000083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the induction of anesthesia in swine by injection of tiletamine/zolazepam and ketamine in combination with either dexmedetomidine (TKD) or xylazine (TKX). We hypothesized that TKD would accelerate anesthesia onset and prolong recovery as compared TKX in swine undergoing a noninvasive radiographic procedure. A randomized crossover experiment was performed on 6 healthy, intact, male miniature swine undergoing radiographic examination. Swine were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups: 1) 5mg/kg tiletamine/zolazepam, 2.5mg/kg ketamine, and 0.0125mg/kg dexmedetomidine (TKD) or 2) 5mg/kg tiletamine/zolazepam, 2.5mg/kg ketamine, and 2.5mg/kg xylazine (TKX). Either TKD or TKX was administered intramuscularly at 0.05mL/kg to provide anesthesia for a 45-min radiographic procedure. At 45min after drug administration, atipamezole was administered. During anesthesia, swine were monitored for duration parameters (time to sternal recumbency [onset of anesthesia], lateral recumbency, loss of palpebral reflex, return of the palpebral reflex, and return to sternal recumbency [onset of recovery]) and physiologic parameters (heart rate, %SpO₂, noninvasive blood pressure, and body temperature). Duration and physiologic parameters did not differ between groups at any time point. The results indicate TKD and TKX provide comparable general anesthesia in swine undergoing a radiographic examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadhapat Bunnag
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | - Patrick Sharp
- Department of Animal Research Services, University of California Merced
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western University, Australia
| | | | - Chalika Wangdee
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Veterinary Clinical Stem Cells and Bioengineering Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Ahmadi-Noorbakhsh S, Farajli Abbasi M, Ghasemi M, Bayat G, Davoodian N, Sharif-Paghaleh E, Poormoosavi SM, Rafizadeh M, Maleki M, Shirzad-Aski H, Kargar Jahromi H, Dadkhah M, Khalvati B, Safari T, Behmanesh MA, Khoshnam SE, Houshmand G, Talaei SA. Anesthesia and analgesia for common research models of adult mice. Lab Anim Res 2022; 38:40. [PMID: 36514128 PMCID: PMC9746144 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-022-00150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthesia and analgesia are major components of many interventional studies on laboratory animals. However, various studies have shown improper reporting or use of anesthetics/analgesics in research proposals and published articles. In many cases, it seems "anesthesia" and "analgesia" are used interchangeably, while they are referring to two different concepts. Not only this is an unethical practice, but also it may be one of the reasons for the proven suboptimal quality of many animal researches. This is a widespread problem among investigations on various species of animals. However, it could be imagined that it may be more prevalent for the most common species of laboratory animals, such as the laboratory mice. In this review, proper anesthetic/analgesic methods for routine procedures on laboratory mice are discussed. We considered the available literature and critically reviewed their anesthetic/analgesic methods. Detailed dosing and pharmacological information for the relevant drugs are provided and some of the drugs' side effects are discussed. This paper provides the necessary data for an informed choice of anesthetic/analgesic methods in some routine procedures on laboratory mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Ahmadi-Noorbakhsh
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Preclinical Core Facility (TPCF), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,grid.415814.d0000 0004 0612 272XThe National Ethics Committee for Biomedical Research, Floor 13th, Complex A, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Eyvanak Blvd., Shahrake Gharb, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farajli Abbasi
- grid.412105.30000 0001 2092 9755Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Maedeh Ghasemi
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XDepartment of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bayat
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Physiology-Pharmacology-Medical Physic, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Nahid Davoodian
- grid.412237.10000 0004 0385 452XEndocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ehsan Sharif-Paghaleh
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Preclinical Core Facility (TPCF), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, England
| | - Seyedeh Mahsa Poormoosavi
- grid.512425.50000 0004 4660 6569Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Melika Rafizadeh
- grid.411600.2Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Maleki
- grid.449129.30000 0004 0611 9408Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Hesamaddin Shirzad-Aski
- grid.411747.00000 0004 0418 0096Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Hossein Kargar Jahromi
- grid.444764.10000 0004 0612 0898Research Center for Non-Communicable Disease, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Dadkhah
- grid.411426.40000 0004 0611 7226Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Bahman Khalvati
- grid.413020.40000 0004 0384 8939Medicinal Plants Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Tahereh Safari
- grid.488433.00000 0004 0612 8339School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, PhD, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran ,grid.488433.00000 0004 0612 8339Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Behmanesh
- grid.512425.50000 0004 4660 6569Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Khoshnam
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Houshmand
- grid.411623.30000 0001 2227 0923Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Sayyed Alireza Talaei
- grid.444768.d0000 0004 0612 1049Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Effects of Atipamezole Preconditioning on Cognitive Function and Protein Expression in Related Brain Regions of Aged Rats after General Anesthesia. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:7731333. [PMID: 35531473 PMCID: PMC9068339 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7731333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To explore the possible mechanism of atipamezole in improving cognitive function after general anesthesia in aged rats, forty-five aged SD rats were separated into control, model, and atipamezole groups. Rats in the model group were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 75 mg/kg ketamine plus 5 mg/kg midazolam. Results showed that the escape incubation period of the atipamezole group versus model group on the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th days was shortened, residence time of platform quadrant was prolonged on the 5th day, and number of times of crossing platform quadrant was increased. Compared with the control group, the residence time in the central region of the model group was shortened on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd days. Atipamezole group's central residence time was prolonged on the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd days compared to the model group. Concentrations of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α in the hippocampus of the atipamezole group decreased significantly compared to the model group. The expressions of p-CREB and c-fos proteins in the prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of rats in the atimezazole group were higher than those in the model group. In conclusion, atipamezole preconditioning can reduce cognitive dysfunction in aged rats after general anesthesia, and its mechanism may be related to inhibiting hippocampal inflammatory reaction and improving protein expression levels of p-CREB and c-fos in related brain regions of aged rats.
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Chu Q, Mao M, Bai Y, Sun L, Zhang D, Zheng P, Jin X. Midazolam Attenuates Esketamine-Induced Overactive Behaviors in Mice Before the Sedation, but Not During the Recovery. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:829747. [PMID: 35478599 PMCID: PMC9036091 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.829747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Esketamine showed more potency, more rapid recovery from anesthesia, and less psychotomimetic side effects when compared with ketamine. However, the patients still experience psychotomimetic side effects of esketamine. In order to investigate whether midazolam can attenuate the esketamine-induced overactive behaviors and neuronal hyperactivities, midazolam 0, 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg combined with esketamine 50 mg/kg were administrated on Kunming mice to assess the behaviors changes during anesthesia. The indicators, including action time, duration of agitation before the sedation, duration of sedation, duration of loss of pedal withdrawal reaction (PWR), duration of loss of righting reaction (RR), duration of agitation during the recovery, and recovery time, were monitored for up to 3–4 h after intraperitoneal administration. The results demonstrated that midazolam 40, 80, and 120 mg/kg efficiently decreased the esketamine-induced overactive behaviors including ataxia, excitation, and catalepsy before sedation. Midazolam and esketamine synergically improved the anesthesia quality assessed by PWR and RR. However, even high doses of midazolam were not able to suppress the esketamine-induced psychotomimetic effects during the recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinjun Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qinjun Chu
| | - Meng Mao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yafan Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liwei Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- West Houston Family Practice, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaogao Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Center for Advanced Medicine, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Trauma Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- Xiaogao Jin
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Chu Q, Zhu K, Bai Y, Shang H, Zhang D, Zhao M, Zheng P, Jin X. A Single Low Dose of Dexmedetomidine Efficiently Attenuates Esketamine-Induced Overactive Behaviors and Neuronal Hyperactivities in Mice. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:735569. [PMID: 34712126 PMCID: PMC8545873 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.735569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Esketamine (Esk) (S(+)-ketamine) is now used as an alternative to its racemic mixture, i. e., ketamine in anesthesia. Esk demonstrated more powerful potency and rapid recovery in anesthesia and less psychotomimetic side effects comparing with ketamine, but Esk could still induce psychological side effects in patients. This study was to investigate whether dexmedetomidine (Dex) can attenuate the Esk-induced neuronal hyperactivities in Kunming mice. Methods: Dexmedetomidine 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg accompanied with Esk 50 mg/kg were administrated on Kunming mice to assess the anesthesia quality for 1 h. The indicators, such as time to action, duration of agitation, duration of ataxia, duration of loss pedal withdrawal reaction (PWR), duration of catalepsy, duration of righting reflex (RR) loss, duration of sedation, were recorded for 1 h after intraperitoneal administration. The c-Fos expression in the brain was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western Blot after 1 h of administration. Considering the length of recovery time for more than 1 h in Dex and Dex with Esk groups, other mice were repeatedly used to evaluate recovery time from the administration to emerge from anesthesia. Results: Dexmedetomidine dose-dependently increased recovery time when administrated with Esk or alone. Dex combined with Esk efficiently attenuated the duration of agitation, ataxia, and catalepsy. Dex synergically improved the anesthesia of Esk by increasing the duration of sedation, loss of RR, and loss of PWR. Esk induced the high expression of c-Fos in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and cerebellum 1 h after administration. Western Blot results indicated that Dex at doses of 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg could significantly alleviate the Esk-induced c-Fos expression in the mice brain. Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine ranged from 0.25 to 1 mg/kg could improve the anesthesia quality and decreased the neuronal hyperactivities and the overactive behaviors when combined with Esk. However, Dex dose-dependently increased the recovery time from anesthesia. It demonstrated that a small dose of Dex 0.25 mg/kg could be sufficient to attenuate Esk-induced psychotomimetic side effects without extension of recovery time in Kunming mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinjun Chu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Zhengzhou Center Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kuicheng Zhu
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yafan Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Zhengzhou Center Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huijie Shang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongqing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Zhengzhou Center Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- West Hoston Family Practice, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaogao Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Zhengzhou Center Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Metabolic Disease Research Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Center for Advanced Medicine, College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Research of Trauma Center, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Blevins CE, Celeste NA, Marx JO. Effects of Oxygen Supplementation on Injectable and Inhalant Anesthesia in C57BL/6 Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021; 60:289-297. [PMID: 33972009 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-20-000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen supplementation is rarely considered when anesthetizing laboratory mice, despite reports that mice become profoundly hypoxic under anesthesia. Little is known about the effects of hypoxia on anesthetic performance. This article focuses on the effects of oxygen supplementation on physiologic parameters and depth of anesthesia in male and female C57BL/6 mice. Anesthesia was performed via common injectable anesthetic protocols and with isoflurane. Mice anesthetized with injectable anesthesia received one of 3 drug protocols. Low-dose ketamine/xylazine (100/8 mg/kg) was chosen to provide immobilization of mice, suitable for imaging procedures. Medium-dose ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine (100/10/1 mg/kg) was chosen as a dose that has been recommended for surgical procedures. High-dose ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine (150/12/3 mg/kg) was chosen after pilot studies to provide a long duration of a deep plane of anesthesia. We also tested the effects of oxygen supplementation on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane in mice. Mice breathed supplemental 100% oxygen, room air, or medical air with 21% oxygen. Anesthetized mice that did not receive supplemental oxygen all became hypoxic, while hypoxia was prevented in mice that received oxygen. Oxygen supplementation did not affect the MAC of isoflurane. At the high injectable dose, all mice not receiving oxygen supplementation died while all mice receiving oxygen supplementation survived. At low and medium doses, supplemental oxygen reduced the duration of the surgical plane of anesthesia (low dose with oxygen: 22 ± 14 min; low dose without supplementation: 29 ± 18 min; medium dose with oxygen: 43 ± 18 min; medium dose without supplementation: 61 ± 27 min). These results suggest that mice anesthetized with injectable and inhalant anesthesia without supplemental oxygen are routinely hypoxic. This hypoxia prolongs the duration of anesthesia with injectable drug protocols and affects survival at high doses of injectable anesthetics. Because of variable responses to injectable anesthetics in mice, oxygen supplementation is recommended for all anesthetized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Blevins
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Dept. of Pathobiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Natalie A Celeste
- The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James O Marx
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Dept. of Pathobiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;,
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Steiner AR, Rousseau-Blass F, Schroeter A, Hartnack S, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R. Systematic Review: Anesthetic Protocols and Management as Confounders in Rodent Blood Oxygen Level Dependent Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (BOLD fMRI)-Part B: Effects of Anesthetic Agents, Doses and Timing. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010199. [PMID: 33467584 PMCID: PMC7830239 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary To understand brain function in rats and mice functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain is used. With this type of “brain scan” regional changes in blood flow and oxygen consumption are measured as an indirect surrogate for activity of brain regions. Animals are often anesthetized for the experiments to prevent stress and blurred images due to movement. However, anesthesia may alter the measurements, as blood flow within the brain is differently affected by different anesthetics, and anesthetics also directly affect brain function. Consequently, results obtained under one anesthetic protocol may not be comparable with those obtained under another, and/or not representative for awake animals and humans. We have systematically searched the existing literature for studies analyzing the effects of different anesthesia methods or studies that compared anesthetized and awake animals. Most studies reported that anesthetic agents, doses and timing had an effect on functional magnetic resonance imaging results. To obtain results which promote our understanding of brain function, it is therefore essential that a standard for anesthetic protocols for functional magnetic resonance is defined and their impact is well characterized. Abstract In rodent models the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) under anesthesia is common. The anesthetic protocol might influence fMRI readouts either directly or via changes in physiological parameters. As long as those factors cannot be objectively quantified, the scientific validity of fMRI in rodents is impaired. In the present systematic review, literature analyzing in rats and mice the influence of anesthesia regimes and concurrent physiological functions on blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI results was investigated. Studies from four databases that were searched were selected following pre-defined criteria. Two separate articles publish the results; the herewith presented article includes the analyses of 83 studies. Most studies found differences in BOLD fMRI readouts with different anesthesia drugs and dose rates, time points of imaging or when awake status was compared to anesthetized animals. To obtain scientifically valid, reproducible results from rodent fMRI studies, stable levels of anesthesia with agents suitable for the model under investigation as well as known and objectively quantifiable effects on readouts are, thus, mandatory. Further studies should establish dose ranges for standardized anesthetic protocols and determine time windows for imaging during which influence of anesthesia on readout is objectively quantifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline R. Steiner
- Section of Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Frédérik Rousseau-Blass
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada;
| | - Aileen Schroeter
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger
- Section of Anaesthesiology, Department of Clinical and Diagnostic Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
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14
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ANESTHETIC EFFECT OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINEMIDAZOLAM COMBINATION ADMINISTERED INTRAMUSCULARLY TO ZOO-HOUSED NAKED MOLE-RATS ( HETEROCEPHALUS GLABER). J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 51:59-66. [PMID: 32212547 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, adult intact male and female (n = 10) naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber) were anesthetized using a combination of dexmedetomidine (0.06 mg/kg intramuscularly [IM]), ketamine (20 mg/kg IM), and midazolam (1.0 mg/kg IM). Atipamezole (1.0 mg/kg IM) and flumazenil (0.1 mg/kg IM) were administered 40 min after induction. Induction and recovery times were monitored and recorded. Vital parameters, including heart rate, respiratory rate, and SpO2, and reflexes were monitored every 5 min during the anesthetic period. Anesthetic induction was smooth and rapid. All monitored reflexes were lost within a median time of 60 sec (interquartile range, 15 sec). Heart rate and respiratory rate were significantly decreased from baseline, whereas there was no difference in SpO2 over the anesthetic period. The mean time to recovery was 15 ± 7 min (mean ± SD). One animal was found dead 40 min after apparent recovery, which is suspected to be an anesthetic-related death. Based on these findings, dexmedetomidine-ketamine-midazolam anesthesia is an effective anesthetic protocol in naked mole rats that provides a consistent anesthetic plane but should be used with caution in animals with underlying conditions.
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15
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Eshar D, Beaufrère H. Anesthetic Effects of Alfaxalone-Ketamine, Alfaxalone-Ketamine-Dexmedetomidine, and Alfaxalone-Butorphanol-Midazolam Administered Intramuscularly in Five‑striped Palm Squirrels (Funambulus pennantii). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2020; 59. [PMID: 32471522 PMCID: PMC7338876 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Injectable anesthesia protocols for five-striped palm squirrels (Funambulus pennantii) are poorly described in the literature.In this study, male intact squirrels received intramuscular injections of either alfaxalone (6 mg/kg) and ketamine (40 mg/kg; AK group, n = 8); alfaxalone (6 mg/kg), ketamine (20 mg/kg), and dexmedetomidine (0.1 mg/kg; AKD group, n = 8); or alfaxalone (8 mg/kg), butorphanol (1 mg/kg), and midazolam (1 mg/kg; ABM group, n = 8). Atipamezole (0.15 mg/kg IM) and flumazenil (0.1 mg/kg IM) were administered 40 min after anesthesia induction (defined as loss of the righting reflex) with AKD and ABM, respectively. Heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and reflexes were recorded every 5 min during anesthesia. Anesthetic induction was rapid in all groups (AK: median, 49 s; range, 33 to 60 s; AKD, 60 s; 54 to 70 s; and ABM, 15 s; 5 to 58 s). The anesthetic duration (from induction to full recovery) for the AK group was 62 ± 3 min (mean ± 1 SD). Therewas no statistically significant difference between the ABM and AKD groups regarding recovery time after partial antagonist administration and was 51 ± 5 and 48 ± 5 min, respectively. All AK animals showed twitching and abnormal vocalization during recovery. The righting reflex was absent in all squirrels for 20 min in the AK treatment group and throughout the 40-min anesthetic period in the AKD and ABM groups. The frontlimb withdrawal response was absent in all squirrels for the 40-min anesthetic period in the AKD and ABM groups, with variable responses for the AK treatment. All tested protocols in this study provided safe and effective immobilization in five-striped palm squirrels, but oxygen and thermal support wereindicated. Anesthetic depth must be determined before surgical procedures are performed in palm squirrels anesthetized by using these regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Eshar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas; and
| | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Eshar D, Beaufrère H. Anesthetic effects of dexmedetomidine-ketamine-midazolam administered intramuscularly in five-striped palm squirrels ( Funambulus pennantii). Am J Vet Res 2019; 80:1082-1088. [PMID: 31763944 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.80.12.1082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate efficacy and safety of anesthesia with dexmedetomidine-ketamine-midazolam (DKM) in five-striped palm squirrels (Funambulus pennantii). ANIMALS 8 male squirrels. PROCEDURES Squirrels were anesthetized with DKM (dexmedetomidine, 0.1 mg/kg; ketamine hydrochloride, 30 mg/kg; and midazolam, 0.75 mg/kg) administered IM. Atipamezole (0.15 mg/kg) and flumazenil (0.1 mg/kg) were administered IM 40 minutes after induction of anesthesia. Vital signs and responses were recorded every 5 minutes during anesthesia. RESULTS Anesthetic induction and recovery from anesthesia were rapid and without complications in all squirrels. Median anesthetic induction time was 67.5 seconds (interquartile [25th to 75th percentile] range, 5.5 seconds), and mean ± SD recovery time after drug reversal was 147 ± 79 seconds. Heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature significantly decreased during the anesthetic period. All squirrels became hypothermic by 40 minutes after induction. The righting reflex was absent during the 40-minute anesthetic period in all squirrels, with variable responses for the palpebral reflex, jaw tone, forelimb withdrawal reflex, and hind limb withdrawal reflex. Only 2 of 8 squirrels had loss of the limb withdrawal reflex in both the forelimbs and hind limbs from anesthetic induction to 25 minutes after induction. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE DKM appeared to provide safe and effective anesthesia in five-striped palm squirrels, but oxygen and thermal support were indicated. At the doses administered, deep surgical anesthesia was not consistently achieved, and anesthetic depth of individual squirrels must be determined before surgical procedures are performed in palm squirrels anesthetized with this drug combination.
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17
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Fu X, Huang F, Chen Y, Deng Y, Wang Z. Application of dexmedetomidine-remifentanil in high-intensity ultrasound ablation of uterine fibroids: a randomised study. BJOG 2019; 124 Suppl 3:23-29. [PMID: 28856857 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.14740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of dexmedetomidine-remifentanil with the traditional analgesia and sedation regimen midazolam-remifentanil during HIFU treatment of uterine fibroids. DESIGN A randomised controlled trial. SETTING Department of Anesthesia in a single hospital. POPULATION Patients with uterine fibroids. METHODS A total of 80 patients diagnosed with uterine fibroids and scheduled for selective HIFU treatment were randomly divided into the dexmedetomidine group (the D group) and midazolam group (the M group). At 20 minutes before the HIFU procedure, patients in the D group received a loading dose of 0.8 μg/kg dexmedetomidine, followed by a continuous intravenous infusion of 0.2 μg/kg/hour until the end of the operation. Patients in the M group were given a corresponding amount of 0.9% saline. Patients in the M group received a slow intravenous infusion of 0.03 mg/kg midazolam before the procedure, an intravenous injection of 0.02 mg/kg 30 minutes later, another 0.02 mg/kg 60 minutes later, followed by 0.02 mg/kg at 40-minutes intervals. Patients in the D group were given a corresponding amount of 0.9% saline. During the HIFU procedure, patients in both groups were administered remifentanil at an effect site concentration of 1.0 ng/ml. Sedation and analgesia were rated using the Ramsay Sedation Scale (RSS) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) before drug administration (T1), after drug administration but before HIFU (T2), at the beginning of HIFU (T3), 15 minutes later (T4), 45 minutes later (T5), 75 minutes later (T6), and at the end of HIFU (T7). Patient satisfaction score and Steward recovery score survey were conducted 30 minutes after surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Different effects of the traditional midazolam-remifentanil regimen and dexmedetomidine-remifentanil. RESULTS All patients in both groups underwent a successful HIFU procedure without developing serious complications during the postoperative period. However, the D group reported significantly fewer cases of respiratory depression than the M group during HIFU treatment (P < 0.05). The pause during HIFU ablation in the D group was significantly shorter than that in the M group. HIFU ablation intensity, the number of patients with an RSS of 3 or 4 measured at different time points, and the number of patients with an RSS of 3 or 4 measured at arousal were significantly greater in the D than the M group (P < 0.05). Likewise, the D group scored significantly higher in the evaluation of patient satisfaction, recovery score, and surgeon satisfaction (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Both dexmedetomidine-remifentanil and midazolam-remifentanil met the requirements and ensured the safety of HIFU treatment of uterine fibroids. However, compared with the traditional midazolam-remifentanil regimen, dexmedetomidine-remifentanil was associated with more stable sedation in patients, more efficient HIFU treatment and higher degree of patient comfort. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Dexmedetomidine-remifentanil is associated with more stable sedation in patients, more efficient HIFU treatment and higher degree of patient comfort than is midazolam-remifentanil.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Fu
- Haifu Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - F Huang
- Haifu Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Chen
- Haifu Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Y Deng
- Haifu Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Z Wang
- Haifu Hospital of the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Engineering in Medicine Co-founded by Chongqing and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Bauer C, Schillinger U, Brandl J, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Ott A, Baumgartner C. Comparison of pre-emptive butorphanol or metamizole with ketamine +medetomidine and s-ketamine + medetomidine anaesthesia in improving intraoperative analgesia in mice. Lab Anim 2018; 53:459-469. [PMID: 30526293 DOI: 10.1177/0023677218815208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In accordance with the 'refinement' component of the 3Rs, the primary aim of this study was to investigate and compare ketamine + medetomidine (KM) and s-ketamine + medetomidine (SKM) anaesthetic protocols in C57BL/6J mice (both sexes). We sought to determine whether s-ketamine could provide adequate surgical tolerance at a 50% dose relative to that of ketamine racemate and whether antagonism of medetomidine could be initiated 15 min earlier. The second aim was to investigate the potential improvement in analgesia for both anaesthetic protocols by adding butorphanol or metamizole. Analgesia was tested via the pedal withdrawal reaction (PWR) to a painful stimulus. During anaesthesia, respiratory frequency, pulse oximetry, body temperature and PWR were monitored. Among the 16 mice in each group, the PWR was lost in all the KM + metamizole (35:56 ± 6:07 min), KM + butorphanol (43:45 ± 2:14 min) and SKM + butorphanol (24:03 ± 5:50 min) mice, 15 of the non-premedicated KM (37:00 ± 8:11 min) mice, and 9 of the pure SKM (20:00 ± 4:19 min) mice; the latter group increased to 11 mice (17:16 ± 5:10 min) with premedication of metamizole. In contrast to the racemic combination, s-ketamine at the dose used here did not lead to sufficient loss of the PWR. However, earlier partial antagonism of SKM resulted in a slightly shorter and qualitatively better recovery than later partial antagonism of SKM. The addition of metamizole or butorphanol to KM or SKM anaesthesia positively influences the analgesic quality. However, when butorphanol is added, controlled ventilation may be necessary, especially for male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bauer
- Centre of Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - U Schillinger
- Centre of Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - J Brandl
- Centre of Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - A Meyer-Lindenberg
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery and Reproduction, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - A Ott
- Institute for Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - C Baumgartner
- Centre of Preclinical Research, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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Browning GR, Eshar D, Beaufrere H. Comparison of Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine-Midazolam and Isoflurane for Anesthesia of Black-tailed Prairie Dogs ( Cynomys ludovicianus). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018; 58:50-57. [PMID: 30396377 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Few studies evaluate anesthesia in black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Isoflurane inhalant anesthesia is used in this species most commonly, but injectable protocols are poorly described. Here we compared the physiologic effects, including anesthetic depth, vital signs, and hematologic changes, of anesthetic protocols using isoflurane or a combination of dexmedetomidine, ketamine, and midazolam in black-tailed prairie dogs. In a randomized, complete crossover study design, intact male black-tailed prairie dogs (n = 9; age, 6 mo) were anesthetized by using a combination of dexmedetomidine (0.25 mg/kg IM), ketamine (40 mg/kg IM), and midazolam (1.5 mg/kg IM). For reversal, atipamezole (0.15 mg/kg) and flumazenil (0.05 mg/kg) were administered 45 min after induction. For comparison, isoflurane was administered at 5% in 100% oxygen at 5 L/min in an anesthetic induction chamber, followed by maintenance isoflurane 2% in 2 L/min oxygen through a tight-fitting facemask for 45 min. Induction and recovery time, respiratory rate, heart rate, body temperature, SpO₂, indirect blood pressure, and reflexes were monitored every 5 min during the anesthetic period. Blood samples for venous blood gases, PCV, and refractometric total protein were obtained from the cranial vena cava at 5 min and 45 min. Both protocols appeared to achieve safe and effective anesthesia. Except for blood pressure, all vital signs differed between the 2 treatments. Isoflurane anesthesia resulted in a slightly longer induction and lower respiratory rate and body temperature but increased likelihood of absent reflexes. DKM anesthesia resulted in a faster induction and less hypothermia but also prolonged recovery and lower heart rate and SpO₂ readings. These findings suggest that isoflurane provides a more stable and consistent anesthetic plane, whereas dexmedetomidine-ketamine-midazolam anesthesia may be an effective alternative for short procedures that require fast induction and limited analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey R Browning
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas;,
| | - David Eshar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Hugues Beaufrere
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Phenotypic effects of chronic and acute use of methiopropamine in a mouse model. Int J Legal Med 2018; 133:811-820. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-018-1891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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21
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Dholakia U, Clark-Price SC, Keating SCJ, Stern AW. Anesthetic effects and body weight changes associated with ketamine-xylazine-lidocaine administered to CD-1 mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184911. [PMID: 28910423 PMCID: PMC5599034 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anesthesia for mice is commonly performed through the injection of parenteral agents via the intraperitoneal (IP) route. Variability in anesthetic sensitivities has been noted in mice resulting in inconsistencies in anesthetic depth and/or mortality. Anesthetic protocols that improve consistency and safety are needed. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of intraperitoneal (IP) ketamine (95 mg/kg) and xylazine (7 mg/kg) alone or combined with lidocaine at 4, 8, or 16 mg/kg on time to loss (LRR) and return (RRR) of righting reflex, duration of immobilization and loss of pedal withdrawal response (PWR), body weight and histopathology in CD-1 mice. In a prospective, randomized trial, 36 male CD-1 mice, 4–6 weeks of age were randomly assigned to 5 groups: saline (SA, n = 4); ketamine-xylazine (KX, n = 8); ketamine-xylazine-lidocaine 4 mg/kg (KXL4, n = 8); ketamine-xylazine-lidocaine 8 mg/kg (KXL8, n = 8); ketamine-xylazine-lidocaine 16 mg/kg (KXL16, n = 8). Two mice in each group were euthanized at day 2 post-injection and the remaining mice were euthanized at day 11 post-injection. After IP injection, LRR and RRR, duration of immobilization and loss of PWR, body weight and histopathology were evaluated. LRR occurred sooner in mice receiving KXL16 compared with KX, with median (range) times of 78 (62–104) and 107 (91–298) seconds, respectively. Loss of PWR occurred in 1, 5, 4, 6 mice for groups KX, KXL4, KXL8, and KXL16 respectively. Median (range) duration of absent PWR was longer in mice receiving KXL16 at 13 (0–30) minutes, compared to KX at 0 (0–9) minutes. Duration of immobilization and RRR were not different between groups. Weight loss occurred 2 days following anesthesia but was not different between groups. Weight gain was significantly greater in all lidocaine groups 11 days post-injection compared to KX. No mortality or histopathologic abnormalities were observed in any group. Lidocaine administered with ketamine and xylazine shortens the onset of anesthesia in mice and improves anesthetic depth without prolonging recovery time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urshulaa Dholakia
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stuart C. Clark-Price
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephanie C. J. Keating
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Adam W. Stern
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
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Inada T, Sumi C, Hirota K, Shingu K, Okamoto A, Matsuo Y, Kamibayashi T. Mitigation of inflammation using the intravenous anesthetic dexmedetomidine in the mouse air pouch model. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2017; 39:225-232. [PMID: 28555511 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1327964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine, an α2-adrenergic/imidazoline receptor agonist, is a widely used intravenous anesthetic. Its primary current usage is for sedation of patients in the intensive care unit. The mouse air pouch model is versatile in studying the anti-inflammatory effect of a drug on a local inflammation, which is induced by a variety of substances. In the present study, using the carrageenan-induced air pouch inflammation model, we tested whether dexmedetomidine mitigates inflammation occurring locally in the mouse air pouch. We found that dexmedetomidine dose-dependently inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 in the pouch and decreased the number of white blood cells (WBC) recruited into the pouch. Dexmedetomidine also dose-dependently inhibited the production of neutrophil chemokines, cxcl1 and cxcl2. Furthermore, the dexmedetomidine-induced decreased recruitment of WBC into the pouch was successfully reversed with intra-pouch administration of cxcl1/cxcl2, but not TNF-α or IL-6. Lastly, the inhibition of the production of the cytokines and chemokines with dexmedetomidine was reversed by the treatment of yohimbine, suggesting that dexmedetomidine's anti-inflammatory effect is primarily via the stimulation of the α2-adrenergic receptor. We conclude that dexmedetomidine has an anti-inflammatory property in the carrageenan-induced mouse air pouch inflammation model, and that the dexmedetomidine-induced inhibition of production of the neutrophil chemokines, cxcl1 and cxcl2, may be related, at least in part, to the inhibition of WBC intra-pouch recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Inada
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Kansai Medical University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Chisato Sumi
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Kansai Medical University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Kiichi Hirota
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Kansai Medical University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Koh Shingu
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Kansai Medical University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Akihisa Okamoto
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Kansai Medical University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Matsuo
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Kansai Medical University , Osaka , Japan
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Xu HY, Nie EM, Deng G, Lai LZ, Sun FY, Tian H, Fang FC, Zou YG, Wu BL, Ou-Yang J. Periostin is essential for periodontal ligament remodeling during orthodontic treatment. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1800-1806. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Fandos Esteruelas N, Cattet M, Zedrosser A, Stenhouse GB, Küker S, Evans AL, Arnemo JM. A Double-Blinded, Randomized Comparison of Medetomidine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam and Dexmedetomidine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam Anesthesia in Free-Ranging Brown Bears (Ursus Arctos). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170764. [PMID: 28118413 PMCID: PMC5261618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared anesthetic features, blood parameters, and physiological responses to either medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam or dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam using a double-blinded, randomized experimental design during 40 anesthetic events of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) either captured by helicopter in Sweden or by culvert trap in Canada. Induction was smooth and predictable with both anesthetic protocols. Induction time, the need for supplemental drugs to sustain anesthesia, and capture-related stress were analyzed using generalized linear models, but anesthetic protocol did not differentially affect these variables. Arterial blood gases and acid-base status, and physiological responses were examined using linear mixed models. We documented acidemia (pH of arterial blood < 7.35), hypoxemia (partial pressure of arterial oxygen < 80 mmHg), and hypercapnia (partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide ≥ 45 mmHg) with both protocols. Arterial pH and oxygen partial pressure were similar between groups with the latter improving markedly after oxygen supplementation (p < 0.001). We documented dose-dependent effects of both anesthetic protocols on induction time and arterial oxygen partial pressure. The partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide increased as respiratory rate increased with medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam, but not with dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam, demonstrating a differential drug effect. Differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature among bears could not be attributed to the anesthetic protocol. Heart rate increased with increasing rectal temperature (p < 0.001) and ordinal day of capture (p = 0.002). Respiratory rate was significantly higher in bears captured by helicopter in Sweden than in bears captured by culvert trap in Canada (p < 0.001). Rectal temperature significantly decreased over time (p ≤ 0.05). Overall, we did not find any benefit of using dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam instead of medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam in the anesthesia of brown bears. Both drug combinations appeared to be safe and reliable for the anesthesia of free-ranging brown bears captured by helicopter or by culvert trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Fandos Esteruelas
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway
| | - Marc Cattet
- RGL Recovery Wildlife Health & Veterinary Services, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Environmental and Health Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Susanne Küker
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway
| | - Alina L. Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway
| | - Jon M. Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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Injectable Anesthesia for Mice: Combined Effects of Dexmedetomidine, Tiletamine-Zolazepam, and Butorphanol. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2017; 2017:9161040. [PMID: 28210272 PMCID: PMC5292157 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9161040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthetic protocols for murine models are varied within the literature and medetomidine has been implicated in the development of urethral plugs in male mice. Our objective was to evaluate the combination of butorphanol, dexmedetomidine, and tiletamine-zolazepam. A secondary objective was to identify which class of agent was associated with urethral obstructions in male mice. BALB/c male (n = 13) and female (n = 23) mice were assigned to dexmedetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam with or without butorphanol or to single agent dexmedetomidine or tiletamine-zolazepam. Anesthesia was achieved in 58% (14/24) of mice without butorphanol and in 100% (24/24) of mice with butorphanol. The combination of dexmedetomidine (0.2 mg/kg), tiletamine-zolazepam (40 mg/kg), and butorphanol (3 mg/kg) resulted in an induction and anesthetic duration of 12 and 143 minutes, respectively. Urethral obstructions occurred in 66% (25/38) of trials in male mice that received dexmedetomidine with a mortality rate of 38% (5/13). Tiletamine-zolazepam, when used alone, resulted in a 0% (0/21) incidence of urethral obstructions. Combination use of dexmedetomidine, tiletamine-zolazepam, and butorphanol results in a longer and more reliable duration of anesthesia than the use of dexmedetomidine and tiletamine-zolazepam alone. Dexmedetomidine is not recommended for use in nonterminal procedures in male mice due to the high incidence of urethral obstructions and resultant high mortality rate.
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Levin-Arama M, Abraham L, Waner T, Harmelin A, Steinberg DM, Lahav T, Harlev M. Subcutaneous Compared with Intraperitoneal KetamineXylazine for Anesthesia of Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2016; 55:794-800. [PMID: 27931319 PMCID: PMC5113882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mice are commonly anesthetized intraperitoneally with a ketamine-xylazine (KX) solution. Although this route of administration allows rapid uptake of the injected drugs, its disadvantages and potential risks include pain, peritoneal irritation, and perforation of an abdominal organ; some of the risks depend on the operator's experience. We compared the efficacy of intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration of KX in HSD:ICR, BALB/cOlaHsd, and C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice in terms of time to onset and duration of surgical anesthesia, procedure safety, and mortality. Male and female mice (n = 20 each sex and strain) were anesthetized by using the same dose of intraperitoneal or subcutaneous KX. Time to onset and duration of immobilization and time to onset and duration of surgical anesthesia according to the pedal reflex differed significantly between strains. Within each strain, the durations of immobilization and surgical anesthesia were comparable between the routes of administration. The sex of the mouse but not the route of administration influenced whether surgical anesthesia was achieved. None of the subcutaneously-injected mice died. After intraperitoneal injections, 30% of the female mice died, compared with 3% of the male. In addition, fewer female mice achieved surgical anesthesia, suggesting a narrow therapeutic window for intraperitoneal KX in female mice. In conclusion, surgical anesthesia of mice with subcutaneous KX (K, 191.25 mg/kg; X, 4.25 mg/kg) seems to be safe, and the subcutaneous route is generally just as effective as the intraperitoneal route. The variability among mouse strains and between sexes requires further investigation to determine the optimal dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Levin-Arama
- Veterinary Service Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lital Abraham
- Veterinary Service Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Trevor Waner
- Animal Facilities, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Alon Harmelin
- Department of Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David M Steinberg
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Lahav
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mickey Harlev
- Veterinary Service Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel;,
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Sandbaumhüter FA, Theurillat R, Bektas RN, Kutter AP, Bettschart-Wolfensberger R, Thormann W. Pharmacokinetics of ketamine and three metabolites in Beagle dogs under sevoflurane vs. medetomidine comedication assessed by enantioselective capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:436-444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Mattheis L, Jung JS, Hiebl B, Garrels W, Kielstein H, Spielmann J. Perioperative support reduces mortality of obese BALB/c mice after ovariectomy. Lab Anim (NY) 2016; 45:262-7. [PMID: 27327014 DOI: 10.1038/laban.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of obesity is on the rise in most western countries and represents major risks to health. Obesity causes complex metabolic dysfunctions and can be associated with a large number of secondary diseases. To investigate causal mechanisms of obesity and develop better options for treatment, researchers study the condition in animal models. In addition to genetically engineered animal models, diet-induced obesity is often used because it occurs similarly in animals as it does in humans. For several types of investigations that use obesity models, investigators must carry out surgical interventions and they frequently encounter severe perioperative complications induced by anesthesia. In an example of this problem, we observed 100% mortality in obese BALB/c mice after ovariectomy, despite no obvious surgical complications. We supposed that a failure to recover from surgery was the primary cause of this increased mortality. Therefore, to support their recovery from surgery we administered atropine to obese mice in order to facilitate blood circulation, and we also increased the oxygen content of the ambient air. With this specific support before and after surgery, we increased the survival rate of obese ovariectomized mice up to 83%. These results confirm the assumption that obesity is a risk factor for the recovery of obese animal models after ovariectomy, and they highlight the need to provide additional interventions for such experimental animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mattheis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Juliane-Susanne Jung
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hiebl
- Center for Medical Basic Research, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Wiebke Garrels
- Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Kielstein
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Julia Spielmann
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Landegger LD, Honeder C, Zhu C, Schöpper H, Engleder E, Gabor F, Gstoettner W, Arnoldner C. Noise trauma and systemic application of the selective glucocorticoid receptor modulator compound A. J Negat Results Biomed 2016; 15:10. [PMID: 27164957 PMCID: PMC4863352 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-016-0053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (SEGRMs) comprise a novel class of drugs promising both reduced side effects and similar pharmacological potency relative to glucocorticoids, which presently serve as the only clinical treatment for many otologic disorders. In the first otologic SEGRM experiment in an animal model of noise trauma, we compare the effects of Compound A (a SEGRM) and dexamethasone (potent glucocorticoid). METHODS Forty adult guinea pigs received experimental treatment once daily for ten days. The animals were divided into four cohorts based on the treatment received: Compound A (1 mg/kg or 3 mg/kg), dexamethasone (1 mg/kg) as gold standard, or water as negative control. After five applications, animals were exposed to broadband noise (8-16 kHz) at 115 dB for three hours. Hearing thresholds were determined by recording auditory brainstem responses to clicks and noise bursts (1-32 kHz) and were assessed a week prior to and immediately after exposure, as well as on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Cochleae were prepared as whole-mounts or embedded and sectioned for histological analysis. RESULTS Relative to the control treatments, Compound A failed to preserve auditory thresholds post-noise exposure with statistical significance. Histological analyses confirm the physiological result. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that Compound A does not have substantial otoprotective capacities in a noise trauma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas D Landegger
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Honeder
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Chengjing Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanna Schöpper
- Department of Pathobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Engleder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Gabor
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Gstoettner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Arnoldner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Ribeiro PO, Antunes LM, Nunes CS, Silva HB, Cunha RA, Tomé ÂR. The Effects of Different Concentrations of the α2-Adrenoceptor Agonist Medetomidine on Basal Excitatory Synaptic Transmission and Synaptic Plasticity in Hippocampal Slices of Adult Mice. Anesth Analg 2016; 120:1130-1137. [PMID: 25658314 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000000636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α2-Adrenoceptor agonists are used frequently in human and veterinary anesthesia as sedative/analgesic drugs. However, they can impair cognition. Little is known about the concentration-dependent effects of α2-adrenoceptor agonists on synaptic plasticity, the neurophysiological basis of learning and memory. Therefore, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of medetomidine, an α2-adrenoceptor agonist, on basal excitatory synaptic transmission and on 2 forms of synaptic plasticity: paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) and long-term potentiation (LTP). METHODS Evoked field excitatory postsynaptic potentials were recorded in Schaffer fibers-CA1 pyramidal cell synapses of mouse hippocampal slices, and the initial field excitatory postsynaptic potentials slope was measured. For basal synaptic transmission and PPF, increasing concentrations of medetomidine (1-200 μM) were applied to each slice. For LTP experiments, individual slices were used for each tested concentration of medetomidine (0.1-0.4 μM), where LTP induction and LTP maintenance were measured. RESULTS The lower tested concentrations of medetomidine decreased LTP in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas greater concentrations were required to decrease fiber volley amplitude and basal excitatory synaptic transmission. PPF was only affected by the greatest concentration (200 μM). CONCLUSIONS Medetomidine decreased LTP in the mouse hippocampus, in accordance with the ability of medetomidine to induce memory deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia O Ribeiro
- From the Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAD), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMC), Porto, Portugal; Department of Sciences and Technology, Portuguese Open University, Delegação do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Anaesthesiology Service, Clinical Anaesthesiology Research Centre, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; and Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Kierulf-Lassen C, Kristensen MLV, Birn H, Jespersen B, Nørregaard R. No Effect of Remote Ischemic Conditioning Strategies on Recovery from Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Protective Molecular Mediators. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0146109. [PMID: 26720280 PMCID: PMC4697851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is the major cause of acute kidney injury. Remote ischemic conditioning (rIC) performed as brief intermittent sub-lethal ischemia and reperfusion episodes in a distant organ may protect the kidney against IRI. Here we investigated the renal effects of rIC applied either prior to (remote ischemic preconditioning; rIPC) or during (remote ischemic perconditioning; rIPerC) sustained ischemic kidney injury in rats. The effects were evaluated as differences in creatinine clearance (CrCl) rate, tissue tubular damage marker expression, and potential kidney recovery mediators. One week after undergoing right-sided nephrectomy, rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham (n = 7), ischemia and reperfusion (IR; n = 10), IR+rIPC (n = 10), and IR+rIPerC (n = 10). The rIC was performed as four repeated episodes of 5-minute clamping of the infrarenal aorta followed by 5-minute release either before or during 37 minutes of left renal artery clamping representing the IRI. Urine and blood were sampled prior to ischemia as well as 3 and 7 days after reperfusion. The kidney was harvested for mRNA and protein isolation. Seven days after IRI, the CrCl change from baseline values was similar in the IR (δ: 0.74 mL/min/kg [-0.45 to 1.94]), IR+rIPC (δ: 0.21 mL/min/kg [-0.75 to 1.17], p > 0.9999), and IR+rIPerC (δ: 0.41 mL/min/kg [-0.43 to 1.25], p > 0.9999) groups. Kidney function recovery was associated with a significant up-regulation of phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAkt), extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (pERK1/2), and heat shock proteins (HSPs) pHSP27, HSP32, and HSP70, but rIC was not associated with any significant differences in tubular damage, inflammatory, or fibrosis marker expression. In our study, rIC did not protect the kidney against IRI. However, on days 3-7 after IRI, all groups recovered renal function. This was associated with pAkt and pERK1/2 up-regulation and increased HSP expression at day 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casper Kierulf-Lassen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Henrik Birn
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bente Jespersen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Renal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke Nørregaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Norton WB, Scavizzi F, Smith CN, Dong W, Raspa M, Parker-Thornburg JV. Refinements for embryo implantation surgery in the mouse: comparison of injectable and inhalant anesthesias - tribromoethanol, ketamine and isoflurane - on pregnancy and pup survival. Lab Anim 2015; 50:335-43. [PMID: 26566637 DOI: 10.1177/0023677215616530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An essential aspect of genetically-engineered mice (GEM) is the ability to produce live animals after the appropriate injection procedure. Animals are produced by implantation of manipulated embryos into pseudopregnant females for gestation, parturition, and growth to the weaning stage. This study was carried out to test whether the anesthesia used during surgery could affect the number of pups produced. Anesthetics commonly used for implant surgery include tribromoethanol (Avertin) delivered by intraperitoneal (IP) injection, IP-injected ketamine:xylazine or ketamine:medetomidine mix, and inhaled isoflurane. To determine if the anesthesia used might affect the number of animals produced, each anesthetic agent was tested in implant surgeries and the numbers of pups produced using both wild-type and GEM embryos were assessed. Parallel studies were conducted in institutions in the EU and in the USA. Based on a direct comparison of pregnancy status, number of pups born, and number of pups weaned for each agent, we found no statistical differences among the three anesthetics. We conclude that all three anesthetic agents tested are equally useful for implantation surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Norton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ferdinando Scavizzi
- CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology - Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Rome, Italy
| | - Chad N Smith
- Department of Genetics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wenli Dong
- Department of Biostatistics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Marcello Raspa
- CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology - Campus International Development (EMMA-INFRAFRONTIER-IMPC), Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Providing anesthesia and analgesia for mouse subjects is a common and critical practice in the laboratory setting. These practices are necessary for performing invasive procedures, achieving prolonged immobility for sensitive imaging modalities (magnetic resonance imaging for instance), and providing intra- and post-procedural pain relief. In addition to facilitating the procedures performed by the investigator, the provision of anesthesia and analgesia is crucial for the preservation of animal welfare and for humane treatment of animals used in research. Furthermore, anesthesia and analgesia are important components of animal use protocols reviewed by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees, requiring careful consideration and planning for the particular animal model. In this article, we provide technical outlines for the investigator covering the provision of anesthesia by two routes (injectable and inhalant), guidelines for monitoring anesthesia, current techniques for recognition of pain, and considerations for administering preventative analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Adams
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Cholawat Pacharinsak
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Albrecht M, Henke J, Tacke S, Markert M, Guth B. Influence of repeated anaesthesia on physiological parameters in male Wistar rats: a telemetric study about isoflurane, ketamine-xylazine and a combination of medetomidine, midazolam and fentanyl. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:310. [PMID: 25551200 PMCID: PMC4301083 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study evaluated the influence of repeated anaesthesia using isoflurane (ISO, 2–3 Vol%), ketamine-xylazine (KX, 100 mg·kg−1 + 5 mg·kg−1, i.m.) or a combination of medetomidine-midazolam-fentanyl (MMF, 0.15 mg·kg−1 + 2.0 mg·kg−1 + 0.005 mg·kg−1, i.m.) on heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure (BP), body temperature (BT), duration of anaesthetic intervals and body weight (BW) in Wistar rats. Rats were instrumented with a telemetric system for the measurement of systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure (SAP, DAP, MAP), pulse pressure (PP), HR and BT during induction, maintenance and recovery of anaesthesia. Each anaesthesia was performed six times within three weeks. KX was not antagonized, but ISO delivery was terminated 40 minutes after induction and MMF was reversed with atipamezole-flumazenil-naloxone (AFN, 0.75 mg·kg−1 + 0.2 mg·kg−1 + 0.12 mg·kg−1, s.c.). Results With repeated anaesthesia, ISO showed a decrease of HR and BP. A significant decrease of PP could be observed with repeated anaesthesia using MMF. HR and BP were not affected by repeated KX anaesthesia, but we noted a reduction of sleeping time and BW. Neither MMF nor ISO showed significant differences in the duration of anaesthetic intervals and BW. With KX we observed tissue necrosis at the injection site and surgical tolerance was not achieved in 25% of the anaesthesias performed. Conclusion HR, BP values, BT, duration of anaesthetic intervals and BW were affected differently by repeated anaesthesia performed with ISO, KX or MMF. ISO produced a reproducible anaesthesia, thereby being suitable for repeated use, but with a decrease of HR and BP throughout the six anaesthesias. The use of ISO in cases where these parameters should be unaffected is therefore not advised. The inability to produce a surgical tolerance, the reduction of sleeping time and BW, as well as the tissue necrosis are significant contraindications for a repeated use of KX. Only mild changes of BP were found with repeated MMF anaesthesia, so it seems suitable for serial use, unless the high BP and the low HR during the surgical plane of anaesthesia are undesirable for a special procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Albrecht
- Department of Nonclinical Drug Safety, Biological Laboratory Service, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Julia Henke
- Department of Nonclinical Drug Safety, Biological Laboratory Service, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Sabine Tacke
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Small Animals-Surgery, Justus-Liebig University, Frankfurter Str. 108, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Markert
- Department of Drug Discovery Support, General Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany.
| | - Brian Guth
- Department of Drug Discovery Support, General Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach, Germany.
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Liu LF, Huang CK, Zhang MZ. Reliability of Tonolab measurements in rats. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7:930-4. [PMID: 25540741 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.06.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the repeatability and reproducibility of Tonolab tonometer in rats with high intraocular pressure (IOP) and evaluate its ability to detect IOP changes in rats with general anaesthesia. METHODS Left eyes of adult Fischer rats (F344) were photocoagulated by 532 nm diode laser to induce high IOP. Hypertensive eyes of 30 conscious rats were randomly chosen to measure IOP on a single occasion. Two observers independently and alternately undertook IOP measurements consecutively for three times using the same Tonolab tonometer blind to the other observer's IOP measurements. The within subject standard deviation (Sw), coefficient of variation (CVw) (100×Sw/overall mean), and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated to evaluate intra-observer repeatability. Inter-observer difference was analysed by using 95% limits of agreement described by Bland-Altman and paired sample t-test. Also, another 13 normal F344 rats were intraperitoneally administrated with ketamine/xylazine or chloral hydrate, and IOPs of both eyes were measured by a single operator once every 5min until animals came to conscious. IOPs at various time points were compared by using one-way ANOVAs. RESULTS Mean IOP was 35.58 mm Hg (range 17.33 to 65.33 mm Hg). For intraobserver repeatability, the Sw, CVw and ICC of high IOP for two observers were 5.20 mm Hg/3.41 mm Hg, 9.98%/8.08% and 0.820/0.928 respectively. The inter-observer difference was 14.76%±19.76% of the mean IOP of two observers, with a 95% limits of agreement -23.97% to 53.50%, and the difference between mean IOP of these two observers was statistically significant (P=0.001). IOPs dropped slightly during the first 15min post-aneathesia, with a IOP change between 0.17 and 1.17 mm Hg. IOPs changed from basline of 11.75±2.05 mm Hg (n=12) to 8.75±1.06 mm Hg 20min post-anesthesia (P=0.001), and this hypotensive condition persisted until 80min post-anesthesia. CONCLUSION In this sample of hypertensive rats, Tonolab measurements demonstrated high levels of intraobserver repeatability, however, its interobserver reproducibility was poor. Longitudinal changes of IOP caused by genral anaesthesia can be sensitively detected by Tonolab. So we suggested that measurements of IOP using Tonolab are best measured by a single observer, and it could be included in experimental glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Liu
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chu-Kai Huang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Zhang
- Joint Shantou International Eye Center of Shantou University and the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
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Jaber SM, Hankenson FC, Heng K, McKinstry-Wu A, Kelz MB, Marx JO. Dose regimens, variability, and complications associated with using repeat-bolus dosing to extend a surgical plane of anesthesia in laboratory mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2014; 53:684-691. [PMID: 25650976 PMCID: PMC4253583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Extending a surgical plane of anesthesia in mice by using injectable anesthetics typically is accomplished by repeat-bolus dosing. We compared the safety and efficacy of redosing protocols administered either during an anesthetic surgical plane (maintaining a continuous surgical plane, CSP), or immediately after leaving this plane (interrupted surgical plane, ISP) in C57BL/6J mice. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine, xylazine, and acepromazine (80, 8, and 1 mg/kg IP, respectively), and redosing protocols included 25% (0.25K), 50% (0.5K), or 100% (1.0K) of the initial ketamine dose or 25% (0.25KX) or 50% (0.5KX) of the initial ketamine-xylazine dose. In the ISP group, the surgical plane was extended by 13.8 ± 2.1 min (mean ± SEM) after redosing for the 0.25K redose with 50% returning to a surgical plane, 42.7 ± 4.5 min for the 0.5K redose with 88% returning to a surgical plane, and 44.3 ± 15.4 min for the 1.0K redose, 52.8 ± 7.2 min for the 0.25KX redose, and 45.9 ± 2.9 min for the 0.5KX redose, with 100% of mice returning to a surgical plane of anesthesia in these 3 groups. Mortality rates for ISP groups were 0%, 12%, 33%, 12%, and 18%, respectively. Mice in CSP groups had 50% mortality, independent of the repeat-dosing protocol. We recommend redosing mice with either 50% of the initial ketamine dose or 25% of the initial ketamine-xylazine dose immediately upon return of the pedal withdrawal reflex to extend the surgical plane of anesthesia in mice, optimize the extension of the surgical plane, and minimize mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer M Jaber
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - F Claire Hankenson
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kathleen Heng
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Andrew McKinstry-Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Max B Kelz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James O Marx
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Izer JM, Whitcomb TL, Wilson RP. Atipamezole reverses ketamine-dexmedetomidine anesthesia without altering the antinociceptive effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in female C57BL/6J mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2014; 53:675-683. [PMID: 25650975 PMCID: PMC4253582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Butorphanol and buprenorphine are common analgesics used in laboratory mice. Inadvertent attenuation of the antinociceptive effects of these analgesics via the administration of an anesthetic reversal agent could result in postprocedural pain and distress, with subsequent negative effects on animal welfare, study outcomes, and regulatory compliance. This study was undertaken to determine whether atipamezole reverses ketamine-dexmedetomidine anesthesia and alters the antinociceptive effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine in female C57BL/6J mice. Atipamezole reliably reversed the anesthetic effects of ketamine-dexmedetomidine, and mice were ambulatory 17.4 ± 30.6 min after administration of the α2-adrenoreceptor antagonist. Atipamezole alone had no significant effect on tail-flick latency and did not alter the antinociceptive properties of butorphanol or low-dose (0.05 mg/kg) or high-dose (0.1 mg/kg) buprenorphine in female C57BL/6J mice. After reversal of ketamine-dexmedetomidine anesthesia, tail-flick latency at 30, 60, and 150 min after analgesic treatment differed significantly between mice treated with atipamezole alone and those given atipamezole followed by butorphanol or high-dose buprenorphine. These results suggest that the analgesic effects of butorphanol and buprenorphine are not affected by atipamezole. Buprenorphine (0.1 mg/kg) administered 30 min prior to or at the time of anesthesia resulted in a greater magnitude of antinociception after antagonism of anesthesia than when given at the time of reversal. Given these results, we recommend the use of ketamine-dexmedetomidine anesthesia with buprenorphine administered either preemptively or at the time of anesthetic induction to provide a defined period of surgical anesthesia that is effectively reversed by atipamezole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenelle M Izer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, MS Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Tiffany L Whitcomb
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, MS Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald P Wilson
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, MS Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kirihara Y, Takechi M, Kurosaki K, Kobayashi Y, Saito Y, Takeuchi T. Anesthetic effects of a three-drugs mixture--comparison of administrative routes and antagonistic effects of atipamezole in mice. Exp Anim 2014; 64:39-47. [PMID: 25223384 PMCID: PMC4329514 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.14-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The anesthetic mixture of medetomidine (MED), midazolam (MID) and butorphanol (BUT)
produced anesthetic duration of around 40 minutes (min) in ICR mice. We reported that this
anesthetic mixture produced almost the same anesthetic effects in both male and female
BALB/c and C57BL/6J strains. Intraperitoneal (IP) administration of drugs has been widely
used in mice. However, various injectable routes of the anesthetic mixture may cause
different anesthetic effects. First, we examined effects of the anesthetic mixture by
subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV) injection compared to IP injection. After injection
of the anesthetic mixture, administration of atipamezole (ATI) induced mice recovery from
anesthesia. Secondly, we examined how different dosage and optimum injection timing of ATI
affected mice recovery from anesthesia. We used an anesthetic score to measure anesthetic
duration and a pulse oximeter to monitor vital signs under anesthesia. Usually, drugs from
SC injection work more weakly than IP or IV injection. However, we found no significant
differences of anesthetic duration among the three different injection routes.
Antagonistic effects of ATI (0.3 mg/kg and 1.5 mg/kg) worked equally when administered at
30 min after injection of the anesthetic mixture. Antagonistic effects of ATI (1.5 mg/kg)
were stronger than ATI (0.3 mg/kg) at 10 min after injection of the anesthetic mixture.
The anesthetic mixture is a useful drug to induce nearly the same anesthetic effects by
different injection routes and has an antagonist of ATI which helps mice quickly recover
from anesthesia. These results may contribute to the welfare of laboratory animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Kirihara
- Department of Experimental Animals, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
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